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However, there has been little empirical evaluation of automated assistance to determine if it is of real benefit for searchers. We report the results of empirical evaluation investigate how searchers use implicit feedback and automated assistance during the searching process. Results from the empirical evaluation indicate that searchers typically use multiple implicit feedback actions, usually <jats:italic>bookmark<\/jats:italic> \u2013 <jats:italic>copy<\/jats:italic>. The most commonly utilized automated assistance was for query refinement, notable the use of the thesaurus. We discuss the implications for Web systems and future research.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/meet.1450410133","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,9,22]],"date-time":"2005-09-22T14:08:23Z","timestamp":1127398103000},"page":"280-286","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Investigating automated assistance and implicit feedback for searching systems"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"41","author":[{"given":"Bernard J.","family":"Jansen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Michael D.","family":"McNeese","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2005,9,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Anick P.(2003).Using Terminological Feedback for Web Search Refinement \u2010 a Log\u2010Based Study. In Proceedings of the Twenty\u2010Sixth Annual International ACM SIGIR Conference on RE search and Everyone in Information Retrieval pp.88\u201395. Toronto Canada. 28 July \u20131 August.","DOI":"10.1145\/860435.860453"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0306-4573(91)90060-Y"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chin J. P. Diehl V. A. &Norman K. L.(1988).Development of an Instrument Measuring User Satisfaction of the Human\u2010Computer Interface. In Proceedings of the ACM International Conference on Computer Human Interaction pp.213\u2013218. Washington DC USA. 15\u201319 May.","DOI":"10.1145\/57167.57203"},{"volume-title":"A Practical Guide to Usability Testing","year":"1993","author":"Dumas J. S.","key":"e_1_2_8_5_1"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/944012.944015"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/378881.378888"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Harman D.(1992).Relevance Feedback Revisited. 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