{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,17]],"date-time":"2025-11-17T08:18:02Z","timestamp":1763367482376,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,29]],"date-time":"2021-04-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1619654400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/linproxy.fan.workers.dev:443\/https\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Virtual Real."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Humans rely on multiple senses to perceive their self-motion in the real world. For example, a sideways linear head translation can be sensed either by lamellar optic flow of the visual scene projected on the retina of the eye or by stimulation of vestibular hair cell receptors found in the otolith macula of the inner ear. Mismatches in visual and vestibular information can induce cybersickness during head-mounted display (HMD) based virtual reality (VR). In this pilot study, participants were immersed in a virtual environment using two recent consumer-grade HMDs: the Oculus Go (3DOF angular only head tracking) and the Oculus Quest (6DOF angular and linear head tracking). On each trial they generated horizontal linear head oscillations along the interaural axis at a rate of 0.5 Hz. This head movement should generate greater sensory conflict when viewing the virtual environment on the Oculus Go (compared to the Quest) due to the absence of linear tracking. We found that perceived scene instability always increased with the degree of linear visual-vestibular conflict. However, cybersickness was not experienced by 7\/14 participants, but was experienced by the remaining participants in at least one of the stereoscopic viewing conditions (six of whom also reported cybersickness in monoscopic viewing conditions). No statistical difference in spatial presence was found across conditions, suggesting that participants could tolerate considerable scene instability while retaining the feeling of being there in the virtual environment. Levels of perceived scene instability, spatial presence and cybersickness were found to be similar between the Oculus Go and the Oculus Quest with linear tracking disabled. The limited effect of linear coupling on cybersickness, compared with its strong effect on perceived scene instability, suggests that perceived scene instability may not always be associated with cybersickness. However, perceived scene instability does appear to provide explanatory power over the cybersickness observed in stereoscopic viewing conditions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/frvir.2021.582156","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,29]],"date-time":"2021-04-29T06:47:29Z","timestamp":1619678849000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/linproxy.fan.workers.dev:443\/https\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Effects of Linear Visual-Vestibular Conflict on Presence, Perceived Scene Stability and Cybersickness in the Oculus Go and Oculus Quest"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"2","author":[{"given":"Juno","family":"Kim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Stephen","family":"Palmisano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Wilson","family":"Luu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Shinichi","family":"Iwasaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","first-page":"2083","article-title":"Head tracking latency in virtual environments: psychophysics and a model","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 47th Annual Meeting","author":"Adelstein","year":"2003"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1109\/VR.2001.913793","article-title":"Tolerance of temporal delay in virtual environments","volume":"2001","author":"Allison","year":"2001","journal-title":"Proc. IEEE Virtual Real."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.displa.2018.07.001","article-title":"Postural stability predicts the likelihood of cybersickness in active HMD-based virtual reality","volume":"58","author":"Arcioni","year":"2019","journal-title":"Displays"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1068\/p6837","article-title":"Vection in depth during consistent and inconsistent multisensory stimulation","volume":"40","author":"Ash","year":"2011","journal-title":"Perception"},{"key":"B5","first-page":"10","article-title":"Acceleration-deceleration behaviour of various vehicle types","volume-title":"World Conference on Transport Research\u2014WCTR 2016","author":"Bokare","year":"2016"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.3233\/VES-1996-6505","article-title":"Torso rotation experiments; 1: adaptation to motion sickness does not correlate with changes in VOR gain","volume":"6","author":"Bouyer","year":"","journal-title":"J. Vestib. Res."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.3233\/VES-1996-6506","article-title":"Torso rotation experiments; 2: gaze stability during voluntary head movements improves with adaptation to motion sickness","volume":"6","author":"Bouyer","year":"","journal-title":"J. Vestib. Res."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.3233\/VES-1996-6507","article-title":"Torso rotation experiments; 3: effects of acute changes in vestibular function on the control of voluntary head movements","volume":"6","author":"Bouyer","year":"","journal-title":"J. Vestib. Res."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00247500","article-title":"Short latency compensatory eye movement responses to transient linear head acceleration: a specific function of the otolith-ocular reflex","volume":"71","author":"Bronstein","year":"1988","journal-title":"Exp. Brain Res."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.3389\/frvir.2020.00004","article-title":"Virtual reality improves clinical assessment of the optic nerve","volume":"19","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Virtual Real."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1007\/s10055-019-00407-8","article-title":"Effects of steering locomotion and teleporting on cybersickness and presence in HMD-based virtual reality","volume":"24","author":"Clifton","year":"2019","journal-title":"Virtual Real."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.57.2.190","article-title":"Myogenic potentials generated by a click evoked vestibulocollic reflex","volume":"57","author":"Colebatch","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"376","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.2000.84.1.376","article-title":"Early components of the human vestibulo-ocular response to head rotation: latency and gain","volume":"84","author":"Collewijn","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1161","DOI":"10.1080\/10447318.2020.1726108","article-title":"Cybersickness in virtual reality head-mounted displays: examining the influence of sex differences and vehicle control","volume":"36","author":"Curry","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Hum.\u2013Comput. Interact."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-006-0544-1","article-title":"Bone conducted vibration selectively activates irregular primary otolithic vestibular neurons in the guinea pig","volume":"175","author":"Curthoys","year":"2006","journal-title":"Exp. Brain Res."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1145\/3355056.3364590","article-title":"Method for estimating display lag in the Oculus Rift S and CV1","volume":"39","author":"Feng","year":"2019","journal-title":"SA '19: SIGGRAPH Asia 2019 Posters"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2017.11.006","article-title":"Clinical features of otolith organ-specific vestibular dysfunction","volume":"129","author":"Fujimoto","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"581920","DOI":"10.3389\/frvir.2020.581920","article-title":"Roles of the retinotopic and environmental frames of reference on vection","volume":"1","author":"Fujimoto","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Virtual Real."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1604","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2020.01604","article-title":"Are modern head-mounted displays sexist? A systematic review on gender differences in HMD-mediated virtual reality","volume":"11","author":"Grassini","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2020.00485","article-title":"Effects of shape, roughness and gloss on the perceived reflectance of colored surfaces","volume":"11","author":"Honson","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1162\/105474601300343621","article-title":"Effects of stereoscopic presentation, image motion, and screen size on subjective and objective corroborative measures of presence","volume":"10","author":"IJsselsteijn","year":"2001","journal-title":"Presence"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"458","DOI":"10.1177\/0003489414564997","article-title":"Clinical characteristics of patients with abnormal ocular\/cervical vestibular evoked myogenic potentials in the presence of normal caloric responses","volume":"124","author":"Iwasaki","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ann. Otol. Rhinol. Laryngol."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1227","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000259064.80564.21","article-title":"Head taps evoke a crossed vestibulo-ocular reflex","volume":"68","author":"Iwasaki","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2016.12.009","article-title":"Direct manipulation is better than passive viewing for learning anatomy in a three-dimensional virtual reality environment","volume":"106","author":"Jang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Comput. Educ."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1207\/s15327108ijap0303_3","article-title":"Simulator sickness questionnaire: an enhanced method for quantifying simulator sickness","volume":"3","author":"Kennedy","year":"1993","journal-title":"Int. J. Aviat. Psychol."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1177\/0018720811403736","article-title":"Validating an efficient method to quantify motion sickness","volume":"53","author":"Keshavarz","year":"2011","journal-title":"Hum. Fact."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2015.00248","article-title":"The oculus rift: a cost-effective tool for studying visual-vestibular interactions in self-motion perception","volume":"6","author":"Kim","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1167\/14.5.5","article-title":"A new spin on vection in depth","volume":"14","author":"Kim","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Vis."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106484","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2020.106484","article-title":"Multisensory integration and the experience of scene instability, presence and cybersickness in virtual environments","volume":"113","author":"Kim","year":"2020","journal-title":"Comput. Hum. Behav."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainresbull.2008.09.011","article-title":"Effects of active and passive viewpoint jitter on vection in depth","volume":"77","author":"Kim","year":"2008","journal-title":"Brain Res. Bull."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-009-2137-2","article-title":"Visually mediated eye movements regulate the capture of optic flow in self-motion perception","volume":"202","author":"Kim","year":"2010","journal-title":"Exp. Brain Res."},{"key":"B32","first-page":"1043","article-title":"Motion sickness symptomatology and origins","volume-title":"in Handbook of Virtual Environments: Design, Implementation, and Applications","author":"Lawson","year":"2014"},{"key":"B33","first-page":"39","article-title":"Perceptual sensitivity to head tracking latency in virtual environments with varying degrees of scene complexity","volume-title":"Proceedings of the ACM APGV; 1st Symposium","author":"Mania","year":"2004"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"889","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-016-4846-7","article-title":"The virtual reality head-mounted display Oculus Rift induces motion sickness and is sexist in its effects","volume":"235","author":"Munafo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Exp. Brain Res."},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00241975","article-title":"Responses of guinea pig primary vestibular neurons to clicks","volume":"103","author":"Murofushi","year":"1995","journal-title":"Exp. Brain Res."},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1177\/2041669520982317","article-title":"The effect of material properties on the perceived shape of three-dimensional objects","volume":"11","author":"Ohara","year":"2020","journal-title":"i-Perception."},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"587698","DOI":"10.3389\/frvir.2020.587698","article-title":"Cybersickness in head-mounted displays is caused by differences in the user's virtual and physical head pose","volume":"1","author":"Palmisano","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Virtual Real"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2015.00193","article-title":"Future challenges for vection research: definitions, functional significance, measures, and neural bases","volume":"6","author":"Palmisano","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front. Psychol"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.displa.2016.11.001","article-title":"Vection and cybersickness generated by head-and-display motion in the Oculus Rift","volume":"46","author":"Palmisano","year":"2017","journal-title":"Displays"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1145\/3359996.3364699","article-title":"Monocular viewing protects against cybersickness produced by head movements in the oculus rift","volume-title":"Proceedings of the ACM Symposium on Virtual Reality Software and Technology (VRST)","author":"Palmisano","year":"2019"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.17973\/MMSJ.2015_06_201516","article-title":"Knowledge acquisition and cyber sickness: a comparison of VR devices in virtual tours","author":"Polcar","year":"2015","journal-title":"MM Sci. J."},{"key":"B42","unstructured":"ProtheroJ. D. Seattle, WAUniversity of WashingtonThe Role of Rest Frames in Vection, Presence and Motion Sickness1998"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-6870(78)90008-X","article-title":"Motion sickness: some theoretical and practical considerations","volume":"9","author":"Reason","year":"1978","journal-title":"Appl. Ergon."},{"volume-title":"Motion Sickness","year":"1975","author":"Reason","key":"B44"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1089\/153056200750040183","article-title":"Virtual reality in telemedicine","volume":"6","author":"Riva","year":"2000","journal-title":"Telemed. J. E-Health"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0200724","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0200724","article-title":"The same video game in 2D, 3D or virtual reality\u2014how does technology impact game evaluation and brand placements?","volume":"13","author":"Roettl","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1145\/3134301","article-title":"A survey of presence and related concepts","volume":"50","author":"Skarbez","year":"2017","journal-title":"ACM Comput. Surveys (CSUR)"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.3389\/frobt.2020.00004","article-title":"Virtual reality is sexist: But it does not have to be","volume":"7","author":"Stanney","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Robot. AI"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00430230","article-title":"Dependence of motion sickness in automobiles on the direction of linear acceleration","volume":"48","author":"Vogel","year":"1982","journal-title":"Eur. J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2019.00158","article-title":"Presence and cybersickness in virtual reality are negatively related: a review","volume":"10","author":"Weech","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e54925","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0054925","article-title":"Sensorimotor recalibration depends on attribution of sensory prediction errors to internal causes","volume":"8","author":"Wilke","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"B52","first-page":"53","article-title":"OO-VR: NUMA friendly object-oriented VR rendering framework for future NUMA-based multi-GPU systems","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 46th International Symposium on Computer Architecture (ISCA '19)","author":"Xie","year":"2020"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.1109\/HPCA.2019.00013","article-title":"PIM-VR: erasing motion anomalies in highly-interactive virtual reality world with customized memory cube","volume-title":"IEEE International Symposium on High Performance Computer Architecture (HPCA)","author":"Xie","year":"2019"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Virtual Reality"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/linproxy.fan.workers.dev:443\/https\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/frvir.2021.582156\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,25]],"date-time":"2022-12-25T20:48:42Z","timestamp":1672001322000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linproxy.fan.workers.dev:443\/https\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/frvir.2021.582156\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,29]]},"references-count":53,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/frvir.2021.582156"],"URL":"https:\/\/linproxy.fan.workers.dev:443\/https\/doi.org\/10.3389\/frvir.2021.582156","relation":{},"ISSN":["2673-4192"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2673-4192"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,29]]},"article-number":"582156"}}