{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,25]],"date-time":"2026-02-25T17:07:56Z","timestamp":1772039276989,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":77,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"22","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,17]],"date-time":"2019-11-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1573948800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/linproxy.fan.workers.dev:443\/https\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["41405039"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41405039"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["41775034"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41775034"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["41405040"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41405040"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["41505016"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41505016"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["41505030"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41505030"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["41606206"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41606206"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Strategic Priority Research Program of Chinese Academy of Sciences","award":["XDA15007501"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["XDA15007501"]}]},{"name":"Scientific Research Project of the Chinese Academy of Sciences","award":["YZ201129"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["YZ201129"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>With the accumulation of the ionospheric radio occultation (IRO) data observed by Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) occultation sounder (GNOS) onboard FengYun-3C (FY3C) satellite, it is possible to use GNOS IRO data for ionospheric climatology research. Therefore, this work aims to validate the feasibility of FY3C\/GNOS IRO products in climatology research by comparison with that of Constellation Observing System for Meteorology, Ionosphere, and Climate (COSMIC), laying the foundation for its application in climatology study. Since previous verification works of FY3C\/GNOS were done by comparison with ionosondes, this work matched NmF2\/hmF2 of FY3C\/GNOS and COSMIC into data pairs to verify the profile-level accuracy of FY3C\/GNOS IRO data. The statistical results show that the overall correlation coefficients of both NmF2 and hmF2 are above 0.9, the overall bias and std of NmF2 differences between FY3C\/GNOS and COSMIC are \u22122.19% and 17.48%, respectively, and the bias and std of hmF2 differences are \u22123.29 and 18.01 km, respectively, indicating a high profile-level precision consistency between FY3C\/GNOS and COSMIC. In ionospheric climatology comparison, we divided NmF2\/hmF2 of FY3C\/GNOS into four seasons, then presented the season median NmF2\/hmF2 in 5\u00b0 \u00d7 10\u00b0 grids and compared them with that of COSMIC. The results show that the ionospheric climatological characteristics of FY3C\/GNOS and COSMIC are highly matched, both showing the typical climatological features such as equatorial ionosphere anomaly (EIA), winter anomaly, semiannual anomaly, Weddell Sea anomaly (WSA) and so on, though minor discrepancies do exist like the differences in magnitude of longitude peak structures and WSA, which verifies the reliability of FY3C\/GNOS IRO products in ionospheric climatology research.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs11222686","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,18]],"date-time":"2019-11-18T04:31:10Z","timestamp":1574051470000},"page":"2686","update-policy":"https:\/\/linproxy.fan.workers.dev:443\/https\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Comparison and Validation of the Ionospheric Climatological Morphology of FY3C\/GNOS with COSMIC during the Recent Low Solar Activity Period"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Weihua","family":"Bai","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Space Science Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences (NSSC\/CAS), Beijing 100190, China"},{"name":"Beijing Key Laboratory of Space Environment Exploration, Beijing 100190, China"},{"name":"School of Astronomy and Space Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"},{"name":"Joint Laboratory on Occultations for Atmosphere and Climate (JLOAC), NSSC\/CAS and University of Graz, Beijing 100190, China"}]},{"given":"Guangyuan","family":"Tan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Space Science Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences (NSSC\/CAS), Beijing 100190, China"},{"name":"Beijing Key Laboratory of Space Environment Exploration, Beijing 100190, China"},{"name":"Joint Laboratory on Occultations for Atmosphere and Climate (JLOAC), NSSC\/CAS and University of Graz, Beijing 100190, China"}]},{"given":"Yueqiang","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Space Science Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences (NSSC\/CAS), Beijing 100190, China"},{"name":"Beijing Key Laboratory of Space Environment Exploration, Beijing 100190, China"},{"name":"School of Astronomy and Space Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"},{"name":"Joint Laboratory on Occultations for Atmosphere and Climate (JLOAC), NSSC\/CAS and University of Graz, Beijing 100190, China"}]},{"given":"Junming","family":"Xia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Space Science Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences (NSSC\/CAS), Beijing 100190, China"},{"name":"Beijing Key Laboratory of Space Environment Exploration, Beijing 100190, China"},{"name":"Joint Laboratory on Occultations for Atmosphere and Climate (JLOAC), NSSC\/CAS and University of Graz, Beijing 100190, China"}]},{"given":"Cheng","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Intellectual Property Administration of the P.R.C, Beijing 100088, China"}]},{"given":"Qifei","family":"Du","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Space Science Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences (NSSC\/CAS), Beijing 100190, China"},{"name":"Beijing Key Laboratory of Space Environment Exploration, Beijing 100190, China"},{"name":"Joint Laboratory on Occultations for Atmosphere and Climate (JLOAC), NSSC\/CAS and University of Graz, Beijing 100190, China"}]},{"given":"Xianyi","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Space Science Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences (NSSC\/CAS), Beijing 100190, China"},{"name":"Beijing Key Laboratory of Space Environment Exploration, Beijing 100190, China"},{"name":"Joint Laboratory on Occultations for Atmosphere and Climate (JLOAC), NSSC\/CAS and University of Graz, Beijing 100190, China"}]},{"given":"Guanglin","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Space Science Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences (NSSC\/CAS), Beijing 100190, China"},{"name":"National Satellite Meteorological Center, Chinese Meteorological Administration, Beijing 100081, China"},{"name":"National Center for Space Weather, China Meteorological Administration, Beijing 100081, China"}]},{"given":"Mi","family":"Liao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Satellite Meteorological Center, Chinese Meteorological Administration, Beijing 100081, China"},{"name":"National Center for Space Weather, China Meteorological Administration, Beijing 100081, China"}]},{"given":"Yan","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Meteorological Center, Chinese Meteorological Administration, Beijing 100081, China"}]},{"given":"Xiangguang","family":"Meng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Space Science Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences (NSSC\/CAS), Beijing 100190, China"},{"name":"Beijing Key Laboratory of Space Environment Exploration, Beijing 100190, China"},{"name":"Joint Laboratory on Occultations for Atmosphere and Climate (JLOAC), NSSC\/CAS and University of Graz, Beijing 100190, China"}]},{"given":"Danyang","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Space Science Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences (NSSC\/CAS), Beijing 100190, China"},{"name":"Beijing Key Laboratory of Space Environment Exploration, Beijing 100190, China"},{"name":"Joint Laboratory on Occultations for Atmosphere and Climate (JLOAC), NSSC\/CAS and University of Graz, Beijing 100190, China"}]},{"given":"Congliang","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Space Science Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences (NSSC\/CAS), Beijing 100190, China"},{"name":"Beijing Key Laboratory of Space Environment Exploration, Beijing 100190, China"},{"name":"Joint Laboratory on Occultations for Atmosphere and Climate (JLOAC), NSSC\/CAS and University of Graz, Beijing 100190, China"}]},{"given":"Yuerong","family":"Cai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Space Science Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences (NSSC\/CAS), Beijing 100190, China"},{"name":"Beijing Key Laboratory of Space Environment Exploration, Beijing 100190, China"},{"name":"Joint Laboratory on Occultations for Atmosphere and Climate (JLOAC), NSSC\/CAS and University of Graz, Beijing 100190, China"}]},{"given":"Dongwei","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Space Science Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences (NSSC\/CAS), Beijing 100190, China"},{"name":"Beijing Key Laboratory of Space Environment Exploration, Beijing 100190, China"},{"name":"Joint Laboratory on Occultations for Atmosphere and Climate (JLOAC), NSSC\/CAS and University of Graz, Beijing 100190, China"}]},{"given":"Yingqiang","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Meteorology and Oceanology, National University of Defense Technology, Nanjing 211101, China"}]},{"given":"Cong","family":"Yin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Space Science Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences (NSSC\/CAS), Beijing 100190, China"},{"name":"Beijing Key Laboratory of Space Environment Exploration, Beijing 100190, China"},{"name":"Joint Laboratory on Occultations for Atmosphere and Climate (JLOAC), NSSC\/CAS and University of Graz, Beijing 100190, China"}]},{"given":"Peng","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Space Science Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences (NSSC\/CAS), Beijing 100190, China"},{"name":"Beijing Key Laboratory of Space Environment Exploration, Beijing 100190, China"},{"name":"Joint Laboratory on Occultations for Atmosphere and Climate (JLOAC), NSSC\/CAS and University of Graz, Beijing 100190, China"}]},{"given":"Ziyan","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Space Science Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences (NSSC\/CAS), Beijing 100190, China"},{"name":"Beijing Key Laboratory of Space Environment Exploration, Beijing 100190, China"},{"name":"Joint Laboratory on Occultations for Atmosphere and Climate (JLOAC), NSSC\/CAS and University of Graz, Beijing 100190, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"A09315","article-title":"Daytime climatology of ionospheric NmF2 and hmF2 from COSMIC data: IONOSPHERIC CLIMATOLOGY","volume":"117","author":"Burns","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. 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