{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,11]],"date-time":"2026-02-11T18:11:26Z","timestamp":1770833486212,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,23]],"date-time":"2024-09-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1727049600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/linproxy.fan.workers.dev:443\/https\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Hunan Province","award":["2022JJ10047"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022JJ10047"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Hunan Province","award":["2023JJ20046"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023JJ20046"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Hunan Province","award":["52271257"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52271257"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Hunan Province","award":["12201636"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["12201636"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Hunan Province","award":["2021YFB2601100"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021YFB2601100"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["2022JJ10047"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022JJ10047"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["2023JJ20046"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023JJ20046"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["52271257"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52271257"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["12201636"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["12201636"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["2021YFB2601100"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021YFB2601100"]}]},{"name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","award":["2022JJ10047"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022JJ10047"]}]},{"name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","award":["2023JJ20046"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023JJ20046"]}]},{"name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","award":["52271257"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52271257"]}]},{"name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","award":["12201636"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["12201636"]}]},{"name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","award":["2021YFB2601100"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021YFB2601100"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The study of upper ocean mixing processes, including their dynamics and thermodynamics, has been a primary focus for oceanographers and meteorologists. Wave breaking in deep water is believed to play a significant role in these processes, affecting air\u2013sea interactions and contributing to the energy dissipation of surface waves. This, in turn, enhances the transfer of gas, heat, and mass at the ocean surface. In this paper, we use the FVCOM-SWAVE coupled wave and current model, which is based on the MY-2.5 turbulent closure model, to examine the response of upper ocean turbulent kinetic energy (TKE) and temperature to various wave breaking parametric schemes. We propose a new parametric scheme for wave breaking energy at the sea surface, which is based on the correlation between breaking wave parameter RB and whitecap coverage. The impact of this new wave breaking parametric scheme on the upper ocean under typhoon conditions is analyzed by comparing it with the original parametric scheme that is primarily influenced by wave age. The wave field simulated by SWAVE was verified using Jason-3 satellite altimeter data, confirming the effectiveness of the simulation. The simulation results for upper ocean temperature were also validated using OISST data and Argo float observational data. Our findings indicate that, under the influence of Typhoon Nanmadol, both parametric schemes can transfer the energy of sea surface wave breaking into the seawater. The new wave breaking parameter RB scheme effectively enhances turbulent mixing at the ocean surface, leading to a decrease in sea surface temperature (SST) and an increase in mixed layer depth (MLD). This further improves upon the issue of uneven mixing of seawater at the air\u2013sea interface in the MY-2.5 turbulent closure model. However, it is important to note that wave breaking under typhoon conditions is only one aspect of wave impact on ocean disturbances. Therefore, further research is needed to fully understand the impact of waves on upper ocean mixing, including the consideration of other wave mechanisms.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs16183524","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,24]],"date-time":"2024-09-24T03:49:46Z","timestamp":1727149786000},"page":"3524","update-policy":"https:\/\/linproxy.fan.workers.dev:443\/https\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Response of Upper Ocean to Parameterized Schemes of Wave Breaking under Typhoon Condition"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Xuhui","family":"Cao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Meteorology and Oceanography, National University of Defense and Technology, Changsha 410073, China"},{"name":"School of Hydraulic and Environmental Engineering, Changsha University of Science & Technology, Changsha 410114, China"}]},{"given":"Jie","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Hydraulic and Environmental Engineering, Changsha University of Science & Technology, Changsha 410114, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Water-Sediment Sciences and Water Disaster Prevention of Hunan Province, Changsha 410114, China"}]},{"given":"Jian","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Meteorology and Oceanography, National University of Defense and Technology, Changsha 410073, China"}]},{"given":"Jingmin","family":"Xia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Meteorology and Oceanography, National University of Defense and Technology, Changsha 410073, China"}]},{"given":"Wenjing","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Meteorology and Oceanography, National University of Defense and Technology, Changsha 410073, China"}]},{"given":"Zhenhui","family":"Yi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Meteorology and Oceanography, National University of Defense and Technology, Changsha 410073, China"}]},{"given":"Hanshi","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Meteorology and Oceanography, National University of Defense and Technology, Changsha 410073, China"}]},{"given":"Shaoze","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Meteorology and Oceanography, National University of Defense and Technology, Changsha 410073, China"}]},{"given":"Jialei","family":"Lv","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Meteorology and Oceanography, National University of Defense and Technology, Changsha 410073, China"}]},{"given":"Zeqi","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Meteorology and Oceanography, National University of Defense and Technology, Changsha 410073, China"}]},{"given":"Qianhui","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Meteorology and Oceanography, National University of Defense and Technology, Changsha 410073, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8210","DOI":"10.1002\/2015JC011329","article-title":"Upper-ocean mixing due to surface gravity waves","volume":"120","author":"Wu","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. 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