{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T04:14:09Z","timestamp":1760242449677,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,25]],"date-time":"2017-08-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1503619200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/linproxy.fan.workers.dev:443\/https\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This paper addresses uncertainty modelling of shorelines by comparing fuzzy sets and random sets. Both methods quantify extensional uncertainty of shorelines extracted from remote sensing images. Two datasets were tested: pan-sharpened Pleiades with four bands (Pleiades) and pan-sharpened Pleiades stacked with elevation data as the fifth band (Pleiades + DTM). Both fuzzy sets and random sets model the spatial extent of shoreline including its uncertainty. Fuzzy sets represent shorelines as a margin determined by upper and lower thresholds and their uncertainty as confusion indices. They do not consider randomness. Random sets fit the mixed Gaussian model to the image histogram. It represents shorelines as a transition zone between water and non-water. Their extensional uncertainty is assessed by the covering function. The results show that fuzzy sets and random sets resulted in shorelines that were closely similar. Kappa (\u03ba) values were slightly different and McNemar\u2019s test showed high p-values indicating a similar accuracy. Inclusion of the DTM (digital terrain model) improved the classification results, especially for roofs, inundated houses and inundated land. The shoreline model using Pleiades + DTM performed better than that of using Pleiades only, when using either fuzzy sets or random sets. It achieved \u03ba values above 80%.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs9090885","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,25]],"date-time":"2017-08-25T11:03:17Z","timestamp":1503658997000},"page":"885","update-policy":"https:\/\/linproxy.fan.workers.dev:443\/https\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Comparing Fuzzy Sets and Random Sets to Model the Uncertainty of Fuzzy Shorelines"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Ratna Sari","family":"Dewi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Geo-information Science and Earth Observation (ITC), University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede; The Netherlands"},{"name":"Geospatial Information Agency (BIG), Jl. Raya Jakarta-Bogor Km. 46, Cibinong, Bogor 16911, Indonesia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/linproxy.fan.workers.dev:443\/https\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4197-0295","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wietske","family":"Bijker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Geo-information Science and Earth Observation (ITC), University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede; The Netherlands"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/linproxy.fan.workers.dev:443\/https\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9456-1233","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alfred","family":"Stein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Geo-information Science and Earth Observation (ITC), University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede; The Netherlands"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2390","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2011.05.002","article-title":"Monitoring the dynamics of wetland inundation by random sets on multi-temporal images","volume":"115","author":"Zhao","year":"2011","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2014.01.026","article-title":"A novel maximum likelihood based method for mapping depth and water quality from hyperspectral remote-sensing data","volume":"147","author":"Jay","year":"2014","journal-title":"Remote Sens. 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