{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1998747657","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icip.2006.312634","title":"Semi-Supervised Image Classification in Likelihood Space","display_name":"Semi-Supervised Image Classification in Likelihood Space","publication_year":2006,"publication_date":"2006-10-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1998747657","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icip.2006.312634","mag":"1998747657"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/icip.2006.312634","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icip.2006.312634","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2006 International Conference on Image Processing","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5027562999","display_name":"Rong Duan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1077-8134"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I108468826","display_name":"Stevens Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02z43xh36","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I108468826"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Rong Duan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, NJ, USA","Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, NJ 07030, rduan@stevens.edu"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, NJ, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I108468826"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, NJ 07030, rduan@stevens.edu","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I108468826"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002942261","display_name":"Wei Jiang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9240-5851"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I108468826","display_name":"Stevens Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02z43xh36","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I108468826"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wei Jiang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, NJ, USA","Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, NJ 07030, wjiang@stevens.edu"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, NJ, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I108468826"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, NJ 07030, wjiang@stevens.edu","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I108468826"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5069857153","display_name":"Hong Man","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8892-3066"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I108468826","display_name":"Stevens Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02z43xh36","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I108468826"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hong Man","raw_affiliation_strings":["Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, NJ, USA","Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, NJ 07030, hman@stevens.edu"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, NJ, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I108468826"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, NJ 07030, hman@stevens.edu","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I108468826"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5027562999"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I108468826"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":5,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.09123791,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"9","issue":null,"first_page":"957","last_page":"960"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10824","display_name":"Image Retrieval and Classification Techniques","score":0.9957000017166138,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10824","display_name":"Image Retrieval and Classification Techniques","score":0.9957000017166138,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10627","display_name":"Advanced Image and Video Retrieval Techniques","score":0.9947999715805054,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11269","display_name":"Algorithms and Data Compression","score":0.9821000099182129,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6870196461677551},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6561312675476074},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/classifier","display_name":"Classifier (UML)","score":0.6370739936828613},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/contextual-image-classification","display_name":"Contextual image classification","score":0.6284541487693787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.6117070913314819},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.4852261543273926},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/maximum-likelihood","display_name":"Maximum likelihood","score":0.4498434066772461},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/generative-model","display_name":"Generative model","score":0.44430434703826904},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/space","display_name":"Space (punctuation)","score":0.43491196632385254},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/supervised-learning","display_name":"Supervised learning","score":0.42798542976379395},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/generative-grammar","display_name":"Generative grammar","score":0.4237281382083893},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/raw-data","display_name":"Raw data","score":0.4175221920013428},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.31191664934158325},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.22582802176475525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.11779561638832092},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.07821309566497803}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6870196461677551},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6561312675476074},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95623464","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1096149","display_name":"Classifier (UML)","level":2,"score":0.6370739936828613},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75294576","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165192","display_name":"Contextual image classification","level":3,"score":0.6284541487693787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.6117070913314819},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.4852261543273926},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49781872","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1045555","display_name":"Maximum likelihood","level":2,"score":0.4498434066772461},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C167966045","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5532625","display_name":"Generative model","level":3,"score":0.44430434703826904},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778572836","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q380933","display_name":"Space (punctuation)","level":2,"score":0.43491196632385254},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136389625","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q334384","display_name":"Supervised learning","level":3,"score":0.42798542976379395},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39890363","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36108","display_name":"Generative grammar","level":2,"score":0.4237281382083893},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132964779","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2110223","display_name":"Raw data","level":2,"score":0.4175221920013428},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.31191664934158325},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.22582802176475525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.11779561638832092},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.07821309566497803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/icip.2006.312634","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icip.2006.312634","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2006 International Conference on Image Processing","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":11,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1554457642","https://openalex.org/W2039609561","https://openalex.org/W2083515729","https://openalex.org/W2097089247","https://openalex.org/W2131775048","https://openalex.org/W2135346934","https://openalex.org/W2137054688","https://openalex.org/W2153483170","https://openalex.org/W4213201159","https://openalex.org/W4244494905","https://openalex.org/W4254974507"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4386053843","https://openalex.org/W3158004940","https://openalex.org/W2742991909","https://openalex.org/W2563096758","https://openalex.org/W2972035100","https://openalex.org/W2310403681","https://openalex.org/W1576360539","https://openalex.org/W4246751904","https://openalex.org/W4299531873","https://openalex.org/W4321593731"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"paper":[1],"studies":[2],"the":[3,19,36,54,57,62,73,100,132],"problem":[4],"of":[5,9,15,21,56,134],"using":[6],"limited":[7],"amount":[8,14],"labeled":[10,41],"data":[11,17,42,46,85],"and":[12,28,88,96,128],"large":[13],"unlabeled":[16,45],"in":[18,61,92,106,121],"training":[20],"a":[22,30],"generative":[23,58],"model":[24,59,74,110],"for":[25],"image":[26],"classification,":[27],"proposes":[29],"likelihood":[31,89,107,116],"space":[32,86,90,108,117],"approach":[33],"to":[34,49],"improve":[35,50],"classification":[37,51,67,87,91,101],"performance.":[38],"Frequently":[39],"when":[40,109],"is":[43,64,77,111],"limited,":[44],"can":[47,69,103],"help":[48],"performance":[52,102],"if":[53,72],"assumption":[55,76],"structure":[60,75],"classifier":[63],"correct.":[65],"But":[66],"accuracy":[68],"be":[70,104],"degraded":[71],"incorrect.":[78],"In":[79],"this":[80,115,135],"paper,":[81],"we":[82,97],"compare":[83],"raw":[84],"semi-supervised":[93,118],"learning":[94,119],"framework,":[95],"show":[98],"that":[99],"improved":[105],"misspecified.":[112],"We":[113],"apply":[114],"method":[120],"automatic":[122],"target":[123],"recognition":[124],"on":[125],"SAR":[126],"images,":[127],"experimental":[129],"results":[130],"demonstrate":[131],"effectiveness":[133],"proposed":[136],"approach.":[137]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}