{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4292981120","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tc.2022.3200576","title":"Exploiting the Common Case When Accelerating Input-Dependent Stream Processing by FPGA","display_name":"Exploiting the Common Case When Accelerating Input-Dependent Stream Processing by FPGA","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-08-22","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4292981120","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tc.2022.3200576"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tc.2022.3200576","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tc.2022.3200576","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S157670870","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Computers","issn_l":"0018-9340","issn":["0018-9340","1557-9956","2326-3814"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Computers","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5012914142","display_name":"Zhipeng Zhao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3349-8939"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1290206253","display_name":"Microsoft (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/00d0nc645","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1290206253"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Zhipeng Zhao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Azure, Microsoft Corp, Redmond, WA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Azure, Microsoft Corp, Redmond, WA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1290206253"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5006148629","display_name":"Joseph Melber","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9519-0502"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210137977","display_name":"Advanced Micro Devices (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/04kd6c783","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210137977"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Joseph Melber","raw_affiliation_strings":["Adaptive and Embedded Computing Group, Advanced Micro Devices Inc, Longmont, CO, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Adaptive and Embedded Computing Group, Advanced Micro Devices Inc, Longmont, CO, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210137977"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5064330926","display_name":"Siddharth Sahay","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7504-7303"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74973139","display_name":"Carnegie Mellon University","ror":"https://ror.org/05x2bcf33","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Siddharth Sahay","raw_affiliation_strings":["Electrical and Computer Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electrical and Computer Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5085584073","display_name":"Shashank Obla","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0467-9439"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74973139","display_name":"Carnegie Mellon University","ror":"https://ror.org/05x2bcf33","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shashank Obla","raw_affiliation_strings":["Electrical and Computer Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electrical and Computer Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5084078152","display_name":"Eriko Nurvitadhi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2347-9590"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1343180700","display_name":"Intel (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/01ek73717","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1343180700"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Eriko Nurvitadhi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Programmable Solutions Group, Intel Corp., Hillsboro, OG, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Programmable Solutions Group, Intel Corp., Hillsboro, OG, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1343180700"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5019376179","display_name":"James C. Hoe","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9302-5287"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74973139","display_name":"Carnegie Mellon University","ror":"https://ror.org/05x2bcf33","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"James C. Hoe","raw_affiliation_strings":["Electrical and Computer Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electrical and Computer Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5012914142"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1290206253"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.1403,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.46309883,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":95},"biblio":{"volume":"72","issue":"5","first_page":"1343","last_page":"1355"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10714","display_name":"Software-Defined Networks and 5G","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10714","display_name":"Software-Defined Networks and 5G","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12326","display_name":"Network Packet Processing and Optimization","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.742883563041687},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/field-programmable-gate-array","display_name":"Field-programmable gate array","score":0.5968905687332153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/overfitting","display_name":"Overfitting","score":0.5607722997665405},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/throughput","display_name":"Throughput","score":0.5065997838973999},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/stream-processing","display_name":"Stream processing","score":0.481442391872406},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.38541215658187866},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/parallel-computing","display_name":"Parallel computing","score":0.323370099067688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedded-system","display_name":"Embedded system","score":0.18916332721710205}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.742883563041687},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42935608","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190411","display_name":"Field-programmable gate array","level":2,"score":0.5968905687332153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22019652","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q331309","display_name":"Overfitting","level":3,"score":0.5607722997665405},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C157764524","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1383412","display_name":"Throughput","level":3,"score":0.5065997838973999},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107027933","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2006448","display_name":"Stream processing","level":2,"score":0.481442391872406},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.38541215658187866},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173608175","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q232661","display_name":"Parallel computing","level":1,"score":0.323370099067688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.18916332721710205},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tc.2022.3200576","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tc.2022.3200576","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S157670870","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Computers","issn_l":"0018-9340","issn":["0018-9340","1557-9956","2326-3814"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Computers","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320316785","display_name":"VMware","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":24,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1980194681","https://openalex.org/W2031823351","https://openalex.org/W2074091263","https://openalex.org/W2147118406","https://openalex.org/W2150871235","https://openalex.org/W2170909854","https://openalex.org/W2588398785","https://openalex.org/W2613514830","https://openalex.org/W2904735384","https://openalex.org/W2949869837","https://openalex.org/W2962677625","https://openalex.org/W2973094595","https://openalex.org/W3004192010","https://openalex.org/W3007581096","https://openalex.org/W3011348040","https://openalex.org/W3094414452","https://openalex.org/W3109296687","https://openalex.org/W4239385313","https://openalex.org/W4281617381","https://openalex.org/W6637452973","https://openalex.org/W6639099715","https://openalex.org/W6750782330","https://openalex.org/W6780634961","https://openalex.org/W6785258481"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1574414179","https://openalex.org/W4362597605","https://openalex.org/W3009056573","https://openalex.org/W2922073769","https://openalex.org/W4297676672","https://openalex.org/W4281702477","https://openalex.org/W4378510483","https://openalex.org/W4376166922","https://openalex.org/W2490526372","https://openalex.org/W4221142204"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"FPGAs":[0,38],"have":[1],"traditionally":[2],"been":[3],"successful":[4],"in":[5,48,116],"accelerating":[6,33],"stream":[7,35,50,96],"processing":[8,36,97],"applications":[9],"where":[10,45],"the":[11,26,30,49,66,70,73,82,85,87,104,117,194],"amount":[12],"and":[13,59,111,142,155],"type":[14],"of":[15,72,84,106,119,162,164],"work":[16],"performed":[17],"on":[18,25,37,98],"each":[19],"record\u2014e.g.,":[20],"image,":[21],"packet\u2014do":[22],"not":[23],"depend":[24],"record's":[27],"contents.":[28],"On":[29],"other":[31],"hand,":[32],"\u2018input-dependent\u2019":[34,95],"presents":[39],"a":[40,168,187,204],"much":[41],"more":[42],"challenging":[43],"problem":[44],"different":[46,54],"records":[47],"can":[51,158],"require":[52],"widely":[53],"operations.":[55],"It":[56],"is":[57,133],"inefficient":[58],"unnecessary":[60],"to":[61,92,167,175,186,203],"support":[62],"all":[63],"operations":[64,74],"at":[65],"same":[67],"throughput":[68,196],"when":[69,130],"distributions":[71],"are":[75],"skewed.":[76],"In":[77,100],"this":[78],"paper,":[79],"we":[80,102,135],"examine":[81,137],"application":[83],"\u201dmake":[86],"common":[88],"case":[89],"fast\u201d":[90],"strategy":[91],"efficiently":[93],"accelerate":[94],"FPGAs.":[99],"particular,":[101],"study":[103],"use":[105],"<italic":[107,112,138,143],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[108,113,139,144],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">fast-slow":[109],"path</i>":[110],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">early-exit</i>":[114],"techniques":[115,157],"design":[118],"an":[120,160],"FPGA-accelerated":[121],"network":[122],"intrusion":[123],"prevention":[124],"system":[125],"(IPS).":[126],"To":[127],"avoid":[128],"overfitting":[129],"common-case":[131,169],"behavior":[132],"varied,":[134],"further":[136,178],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">compile-time":[140],"re-tuning</i>":[141],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">runtime":[145],"adaptation</i>":[146],"techniques.":[147],"A":[148],"quantitative":[149],"analysis":[150],"shows":[151],"that":[152],"fast-slow":[153],"path":[154],"early-exit":[156],"save":[159],"order":[161],"magnitude":[163],"resources":[165],"compared":[166,202],"unaware":[170],"IPS":[171],"design.":[172,189,206],"Compile-time":[173],"re-tuning":[174],"specific":[176],"conditions":[177],"achieves":[179],"30%":[180],"\u2013":[181,199],"94%":[182],"BRAM":[183],"savings":[184],"relative":[185],"generalized":[188],"Adding":[190],"runtime":[191],"adaptation":[192],"improves":[193],"zero-loss":[195],"by":[197],"1.43":[198],"2.75":[200],"\u00d7":[201],"fixed":[205]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}