{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2914442620","doi":"https://doi.org/10.4230/lipics.esa.2019.51","title":"On the Hardness and Inapproximability of Recognizing Wheeler Graphs","display_name":"On the Hardness and Inapproximability of Recognizing Wheeler Graphs","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2914442620","doi":"https://doi.org/10.4230/lipics.esa.2019.51","mag":"2914442620"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:1902.01960","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/1902.01960","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1902.01960","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"text"},"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["arxiv","datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1902.01960","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5026282036","display_name":"Daniel Gibney","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1493-5432"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I106165777","display_name":"University of Central Florida","ror":"https://ror.org/036nfer12","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I106165777"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Gibney, Daniel","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, University of Central Florida, Orlando FL, USA","University of central florida"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, University of Central Florida, Orlando FL, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I106165777"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of central florida","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I106165777"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5049669178","display_name":"Sharma V. Thankachan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6852-1035"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I106165777","display_name":"University of Central Florida","ror":"https://ror.org/036nfer12","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I106165777"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Thankachan, Sharma V.","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, University of Central Florida, Orlando FL, USA","University of central florida"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, University of Central Florida, Orlando FL, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I106165777"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of central florida","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I106165777"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5026282036"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I106165777"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.3006,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":10,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.85199828,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11269","display_name":"Algorithms and Data Compression","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11269","display_name":"Algorithms and Data Compression","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":0.9868000149726868,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11567","display_name":"semigroups and automata theory","score":0.97079998254776,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1703","display_name":"Computational Theory and Mathematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/combinatorics","display_name":"Combinatorics","score":0.7531203031539917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.5490347743034363},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/discrete-mathematics","display_name":"Discrete mathematics","score":0.46710649132728577},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/conjecture","display_name":"Conjecture","score":0.4309201240539551}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114614502","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q76592","display_name":"Combinatorics","level":1,"score":0.7531203031539917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.5490347743034363},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118615104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q121416","display_name":"Discrete mathematics","level":1,"score":0.46710649132728577},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780990831","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q319141","display_name":"Conjecture","level":2,"score":0.4309201240539551}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:1902.01960","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/1902.01960","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1902.01960","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.1902.01960","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1902.01960","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"},{"id":"doi:10.4230/lipics.esa.2019.51","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.4230/lipics.esa.2019.51","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407052059","display_name":"Dagstuhl Research Online Publication Server","issn_l":null,"issn":[],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":""}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:1902.01960","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/1902.01960","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1902.01960","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G338095380","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"690941","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","funder_display_name":"European Commission"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3570227278","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"CCF-1703489","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4956428346","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Horizon 2020 research and innovatio","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","funder_display_name":"European Commission"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5036817778","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innov","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","funder_display_name":"European Commission"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7639271409","display_name":"Controlled Autonomous Robot for Early detection and Rehabilitation of Autism and Intellectual Disability","funder_award_id":"703489","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","funder_display_name":"European Commission"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7842005466","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Horizon 2020","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","funder_display_name":"European Commission"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8633428685","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovat","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","funder_display_name":"European Commission"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","display_name":"European Commission","ror":"https://ror.org/00k4n6c32"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":19,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W79078609","https://openalex.org/W1520575986","https://openalex.org/W1964678328","https://openalex.org/W1964700557","https://openalex.org/W1973322735","https://openalex.org/W2016590962","https://openalex.org/W2017265236","https://openalex.org/W2018866650","https://openalex.org/W2038647778","https://openalex.org/W2050635028","https://openalex.org/W2051163637","https://openalex.org/W2099964107","https://openalex.org/W2143668983","https://openalex.org/W2159647614","https://openalex.org/W2161488606","https://openalex.org/W2592570088","https://openalex.org/W2899939541","https://openalex.org/W3002181530","https://openalex.org/W3101778446"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W1979597421","https://openalex.org/W2007980826","https://openalex.org/W2061531152","https://openalex.org/W3002753104","https://openalex.org/W2077600819","https://openalex.org/W2142036596","https://openalex.org/W2072657027","https://openalex.org/W2600246793","https://openalex.org/W4238204885"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0,402],"recent":[1,226],"years":[2],"several":[3,93],"compressed":[4,89],"indexes":[5],"based":[6],"on":[7,209,283,357],"variants":[8],"of":[9,17,70,155,177,195,213,298,316,399,435,450],"the":[10,36,68,152,229,246,299,308,313,358,377,384,389,400,409,439,447],"Burrows-Wheeler":[11],"transformation":[12],"have":[13,144],"been":[14,48],"introduced.":[15],"Some":[16],"these":[18],"are":[19,427],"used":[20],"to":[21,52,67,121,134,225,311,320,370,387,404],"index":[22],"structures":[23,97],"far":[24],"more":[25],"complex":[26],"than":[27],"a":[28,112,124,128,136,140,165,169,180,185,204,210,322,334,339,372,394,433],"single":[29],"string,":[30],"as":[31,101],"was":[32],"originally":[33],"done":[34],"with":[35],"FM-index":[37],"[Ferragina":[38],"and":[39,92,104,276],"Manzini,":[40],"J.":[41],"ACM":[42],"2005].":[43],"As":[44],"such,":[45],"there":[46,157,337,346],"has":[47,65],"an":[49,59,159,261,295],"increasing":[50],"effort":[51],"better":[53],"understand":[54],"under":[55,424],"which":[56,114,345,392,438,451],"conditions":[57],"such":[58],"indexing":[60],"scheme":[61],"is":[62,115,127,168,184,188,203,222,310,328,333,347,368,386,393,412,442],"possible.":[63],"This":[64,206,221,280],"led":[66],"introduction":[69],"Wheeler":[71,102,106,129,141,170,186,302,323,378,395],"graphs":[72,107,214,436],"[Gagie":[73],"et":[74,81],"al.,":[75],"Theor.":[76],"Comput.":[77],"Sci.,":[78],"2017].":[79],"Gagie":[80],"al.":[82],"showed":[83],"that":[84,105,408,421],"de":[85],"Bruijn":[86],"graphs,":[87,103],"generalized":[88],"suffix":[90],"arrays,":[91],"other":[94],"BWT":[95],"related":[96],"can":[98,108,231,249],"be":[99,109,232,250],"represented":[100],"indexed":[110],"in":[111,147,223,234,252,288,318,413],"way":[113],"space":[116],"efficient.":[117],"Hence,":[118],"being":[119,132,286],"able":[120,133],"recognize":[122],"whether":[123,156,179],"given":[125,137,166,181],"graph":[126,138,167,182,187,284],"graph,":[130,142],"or":[131],"approximate":[135],"by":[139],"could":[143],"numerous":[145],"applications":[146],"indexing.":[148],"Here":[149],"we":[150,406,431],"resolve":[151],"open":[153,448],"question":[154,449],"exists":[158,260,338],"efficient":[160],"algorithm":[161,271,281,350],"for":[162,190,217,237,255,344,362,415,437],"recognizing":[163,178],"if":[164],"graph.":[171,324],"We":[172,243,293,325,375],"present:":[173],"-":[174,258,292,374],"The":[175,417],"problem":[176,230,248,300,411,441],"G=(V,E)":[183],"NP-complete":[189],"any":[191],"edge":[192],"label":[193],"alphabet":[194],"size":[196],"sigma":[197,256,264],">=":[198,219,342,365],"2,":[199],"even":[200,208,330],"when":[201,331],"G":[202,332],"DAG.":[205],"holds":[207],"restricted,":[211],"subset":[212],"called":[215,301],"d-NFA\u2019s":[216,238],"d":[218,240],"5.":[220],"contrast":[224,403],"results":[227],"demonstrating":[228],"solved":[233,251],"polynomial":[235,443],"time":[236,254,269,444],"where":[239,272,307,383],"<=":[241],"2.":[242],"also":[244],"show":[245,326],"recognition":[247,440],"linear":[253],"=1;":[257],"There":[259],"2^{e":[262],"log":[263],"+":[265,267],"O(n":[266],"e)}":[268],"exact":[270],"n":[273],"=":[274,278,353],"|V|":[275],"e":[277],"|E|.":[279],"relies":[282],"isomorphism":[285],"computable":[287],"strictly":[289],"sub-exponential":[290],"time;":[291],"define":[294,376],"optimization":[296],"variant":[297],"Graph":[303,396],"Violation,":[304],"abbreviated":[305,381],"WGV,":[306,405],"aim":[309,385],"remove":[312],"minimum":[314],"number":[315],"edges":[317],"order":[319],"obtain":[321],"WGV":[327],"APX-hard,":[329],"DAG,":[335],"implying":[336],"constant":[340],"C":[341,364],"1":[343],"no":[348],"C-approximation":[349],"(unless":[351],"P":[352],"NP).":[354],"Also,":[355],"conditioned":[356],"Unique":[359],"Games":[360],"Conjecture,":[361],"all":[363],"1,":[366],"it":[367],"NP-hard":[369],"find":[371,388],"C-approximation;":[373],"Subgraph":[379],"problem,":[380],"WS,":[382],"largest":[390],"subgraph":[391],"(the":[397],"dual":[398],"WGV).":[401],"prove":[407],"WS":[410],"APX":[414],"sigma=O(1);":[416],"above":[418],"findings":[419],"suggest":[420],"most":[422],"problems":[423],"this":[425,454],"theme":[426],"computationally":[428],"difficult.":[429],"However,":[430],"identify":[432],"class":[434],"solvable,":[445],"raising":[446],"parameters":[452],"determine":[453],"problem\u2019s":[455],"difficulty.":[456]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-04-21T08:09:41.155169","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
