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{{Short description|Genus of trees}}
{{speciesbox
|image = Franklinia alatamaha.jpg
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|status = EW
|status_system = IUCN3.1
|status_ref = <ref name="iucn status 19 November 2021">{{cite iucn |
|status2 = GH
|status2_system = TNC
|status2_ref = <ref>{{cite web |title=''Franklinia alatamaha''. NatureServe Explorer 2.0 |url=https://explorer.natureserve.org/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.142925/Franklinia_alatamaha |website=explorer.natureserve.org |access-date=20 March 2023}}</ref>
|genus = Franklinia
|parent_authority = [[William Bartram|W.Bartram]] ex [[Humphry Marshall|Marshall]]<ref name=grin>''Franklinia alatamaha'' was originally described and published in ''Arbustrum Americanum: The American Grove, or, an Alphabetical Catalogue of Forest Trees and Shrubs, Natives of the American United States, Arranged according to the Linnaean System.'' Philadelphia. 49 (-50). 1785. {{GRIN | accessdate=November 20, 2012}}</ref>
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}}
'''''Franklinia''''' is a [[Monotypic taxon|monotypic]] genus in the [[Camellia sinensis|tea
In the past, some [[botanist]]s have included ''Franklinia'' within the related genus ''[[Gordonia (plant)|Gordonia]]''. The southeastern North American species ''[[Gordonia lasianthus]]'' differs in having [[evergreen]] foliage, flowers with longer stems, winged seeds, and conical [[Capsule (fruit)|seed capsules]].
''Franklinia'' is now thought to be closer in relation to the Asian genus ''[[Schima]]''. Recent DNA studies and examinations of floral [[ontogeny]] in the Theaceae place ''Franklinia'' together with ''Gordonia'' and ''Schima'' in a [[Tribe (biology)|subtribe]].<ref>Tsou, Chih-Hua. 1998. "Early Floral Development of Camellioideae (Theaceae)," American Journal of Botany, 85(11), p. 1531-1547.</ref> [[Hybrid (biology)|Hybrid crosses]] have been produced between ''Franklinia alatamaha'' and ''
==Description==
''Franklinia alatamaha'' is a small [[deciduous]]
The [[capsule (botany)|seed capsules]] require 12–14 months to mature. Unlike almost all angiosperms, ''Franklinia alatamaha'' exhibits zygotic dormancy. It pollinates in late summer or early autumn, is then dormant over winter, and only sets fruit during the subsequent summer. Female gametophytes are mature prior to pollination, with double fertilization occurring soon after pollination. The [[zygote]] becomes dormant immediately after fertilization with delay of development until the following summer. Initial development of endosperm occurs for up to 3 months after fertilization but comes to a standstill at winter's onset. With onset of the following summer, embryogenesis begins and endosperm development restarts. This overwinter zygotic dormancy is extremely rare among temperate angiosperms.<ref>Kristel M. Schoonderwoerd, William E. Friedman, Zygotic dormancy underlies prolonged seed development in Franklinia alatamaha (Theaceae): a most unusual case of reproductive phenology in angiosperms, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, Volume 181, Issue 1, May 2016, Pages 70–83, https://doi.org/10.1111/boj.12409</ref> When ripe the pentavalved spherical capsules [[dehiscence (botany)|split]] above and below in a unique manner
==History==
[[Image:William Bartram01.jpg|thumb|left|''Franklinia alatamaha'' by William Bartram (1782)]]▼
[[Philadelphia]] botanists [[John Bartram|John]] and [[William Bartram]] first observed the tree growing along the [[Altamaha River]] near Fort Barrington in the British colony of [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]] in October 1765. John Bartram recorded "severall very curious shrubs" in his journal entry for October 1, 1765. William Bartram returned several times to the same location on the Altamaha during a collecting trip to the American South, funded by Dr. John Fothergill of London. William Bartram collected ''F. alatamaha'' [[seed]]s during this extended trip to the South from 1773 through 1776, a journey described in his book ''[[Bartram's Travels]]'' published in Philadelphia in 1791. William Bartram brought seed back to Philadelphia in 1777 at which time William reported to his father that he had relocated the plant, but this time had been able to retrieve its seeds although it was not until after John's death (1777) that he was able to achieve flowering plants (1781). After several years of study, William Bartram assigned the “rare and elegant flowering shrub” to a new genus ''Franklinia'', named in honor of his father's great friend [[Benjamin Franklin]]. The new plant name, ''Franklinia alatamaha'', was first published by a Bartram cousin, Humphry Marshall, in 1785 in his catalogue of North American trees and shrubs entitled ''Arbustrum Americanum.'' (Marshall 1785: 48–50; Fry 2001).▼
"No tree which ornaments our gardens has a more romantic history," begins a lengthy 1933 article published in ''[[The Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography]]''. The history of ''Franklinia'''s discovery in coastal Georgia, followed by disappearance in the wild, and saved only by its ability to grow, flower, and seed in the Philadelphia garden of its initial collector entail the main thread of the unusual botanical history.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Jenkins |first1=Charles F |title=The Historical Background of Franklin's Tree |journal=The Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography |date=1933 |volume=58 |issue=3 |pages=193–208 |jstor=20086836 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/20086836 |access-date=11 December 2022}}</ref>
William Bartram was the first to report the extremely limited distribution of ''Franklinia''. "We never saw it grow in any other place, nor have I ever since seen it growing wild, in all my travels, from Pennsylvania to Point Coupe, on the banks of the Mississippi, which must be allowed a very singular and unaccountable circumstance; at this place there are two or {{convert|3|acre|m2}} of ground where it grows plentifully." (W. Bartram 1791: 468).▼
The tree was last verified in the wild in 1803 by the English plant collector John Lyon, (although there are hints it may have been present into at least the 1840s.).<ref>Bozeman, John R. and George A. Rogers. 1986. “‘This very curious tree’: Despite years of searching and research the enigma of ''Franklinia alatamaha'' endures,”'' Tipularia'', (November), p. 9-15.</ref> The cause of its extinction in the wild is not known, but has been attributed to a number of causes including fire, flood, overcollection by plant collectors, and [[fungus|fungal]] [[disease]] introduced with the cultivation of [[cotton]] plants.<ref>Dirr, Michael A. 1998. Manual of Woody Landscape Plants: Their Identification, Ornamental Characteristics, Culture, Propagation and Uses. Stipes Publishing L.L.C.: Champaign, IL.</ref>▼
▲[[Philadelphia]] botanists [[John Bartram|John]] and [[William Bartram]] first observed the tree growing along the [[Altamaha River]] near Fort Barrington in the British colony of [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]] in October 1765. John Bartram recorded "severall very curious shrubs" in his journal entry for October 1, 1765. William Bartram returned several times to the same location on the Altamaha during a collecting trip to the American South, funded by Dr. John Fothergill of London. William Bartram collected ''F. alatamaha''
▲William Bartram was the first to report the extremely limited distribution of ''Franklinia''. "We never saw it grow in any other place, nor have I ever since seen it growing wild, in all my travels, from Pennsylvania to [[Point Coupee, Louisiana|Point Coupe]], on the banks of the Mississippi, which must be allowed a very singular and unaccountable circumstance; at this place there are two or {{convert|3|acre|m2}} of ground where it grows plentifully." (W. Bartram 1791: 468). After returning to Georgia after the American Revolution, Bartram was unable to find the trees.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Owens |first1=Simon J. |last2=Rix |first2=Martyn |date=August 2007 |title=595. FRANKLINIA ALATAMAHA.: Theaceae |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1467-8748.2007.00586.x |journal=Curtis's Botanical Magazine |language=en |volume=24 |issue=3 |pages=186–189 |doi=10.1111/j.1467-8748.2007.00586.x |issn=1355-4905}}</ref>
All the Franklin trees known to exist today are descended from seed collected by William Bartram and propagated at [[Bartram's Garden]] in Philadelphia. It has now been cultivated in excess of 1000 sites worldwide including botanical gardens, private homes, parks, and cemeteries.<ref>Bartram's Garden (Philadelphia, Pa., USA), "The Franklinia Story," http://www.bartramsgarden.org/franklinia/index.html {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070821050936/http://www.bartramsgarden.org/franklinia/index.html |date=2007-08-21 }}, accessed 1 July 2007.</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|last=Meier|first=Allison C.|date=2018-04-27|title=America's Mysterious Lost Tree|url=https://daily.jstor.org/americas-mysterious-lost-tree/|access-date=2020-08-07|website=JSTOR Daily|language=en-US}}</ref> To mark the 300th anniversary of John Bartram's birth in 1998, Bartram's Garden launched a project to locate as many ''Franklinia'' trees as possible.<ref name=":0" />▼
▲The tree was last verified in the wild in 1803 by the English plant collector John Lyon
▲All the Franklin trees known to exist today are descended from seed collected by William Bartram and propagated at [[Bartram's Garden]] in Philadelphia. It has now been cultivated in
==Status as a glacial relict==
[[File:Peak glacial refuges eastern North America.jpg|thumb|upright=1.15|right]]
There have been efforts to reintroduce the species to its native habitat. Twenty-four individuals were planted between 2002 and 2003 in the Altamaha Wildlife Management Area; however, they were unsuccessful.<ref name=williams>{{cite news |last1=Williams |first1=Kevan |title=Have Tree, Will Travel |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/44796081.pdf |access-date=11 December 2022 |work=Landscape Architecture Magazine |date=16 September 2014|jstor=44796081 }}</ref> The idea of reintroduction was long controversial for some plant enthusiasts who believed wild populations may still exist.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Dickson |first1=Terry |title=Tree's replanting upsets botanists |url=http://jacksonville.com/tu-online/stories/042302/met_9215505.html |work=The Florida Times-Union |date=23 April 2002 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160822083633/http://jacksonville.com/tu-online/stories/042302/met_9215505.html#.V7q5l43srrc |archive-date=22 August 2016}}</ref> The lack of success in returning an extinct-in-the-wild plant to its formerly native range is not unexpected for those aware of Franklinia's status as a [[glacial relict]].
In eastern North America, lowland [[glacial refugium|glacial refuges]] along the Atlantic and Gulf Coasts host [[endemism|endemic]] plants — some of which are rare, even endangered, and others entail the most southerly [[disjunct distribution|disjunct populations]] of plants that commonly appear only hundreds of miles to the north. Major rivers draining southward from the [[Appalachian Mountains]] are associated with a gradation of [[paleoendemic]] tree species. These range from the extinct [[Picea critchfieldii|Critchfield spruce]] near the outlet of the [[Mississippi River]], to extinct-in-the-wild ''Franklinia'' along the [[Altamaha River]], to the critically endangered [[Torreya taxifolia|Florida torreya]] and [[Taxus floridana|Florida yew]] at the downstream end of the [[Chattahoochee River]] system.<ref name=delcourt>{{cite journal |last1=Delcourt |first1=Hazel R |last2=Delcourt |first2=Paul A|title=The Blufflands: Pleistocene Pathways into the Tunica Hills |journal=American Midland Naturalist |date=October 1975 |volume=94 |issue=2 |pages=385–400 |doi=10.2307/2424434|jstor=2424434 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Barlow |first1=Connie |title=Paleoecology and the Assisted Migration Debate: Why a Deep-Time Perspective Is Vital (''Torreya taxifolia'' as exemplar) |url=http://www.torreyaguardians.org/assisted_migration_paleoecology.html |website=Torreya Guardians |access-date=23 June 2022}}</ref> (See illustration at right.)
As with Florida torreya, the relictual status of the now-extinct wild population of Franklinia near the mouth of a major river draining the [[Appalachian Mountains]] southward makes investigation of proximal causes of disease secondary to the likelihood of the plant having lost viability as the [[Holocene]] warmed.<ref name="landscape">{{cite journal |last1=Williams |first1=Kevan |title=Have Tree, Will Travel |journal=Landscape Architecture Magazine |date=September 2014 |volume=104 |issue=9 |pages=50–58 |url=http://www.torreyaguardians.org/have-tree-will-travel.pdf}}</ref> While seeds may passively float long distances downstream, this mode of dispersal became unavailable for making the reverse trip back to the mountains to track a warming climate.<ref name="plan 1986">{{cite web |title=Florida Torreya (''Torreya taxifolia'') Recovery Plan, 1986 |url=https://ecos.fws.gov/docs/recovery_plan/FL%20torreya%20recov%20plan.pdf |website=ECOS Environmental Conservation Online Systems |publisher=U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service |access-date=12 July 2022}}</ref> As with Florida torreya, evidence that climate warming accounts as ultimate cause is reinforced by today's disease-free health of horticultural plantings far to the north (Cleveland, Ohio, for Florida torreya).<ref name="groves">{{cite web |last1=Barlow |first1=Connie |title=Historic Groves of Torreya Trees: Long-term Experiments in Assisted Migration |url=http://www.torreyaguardians.org/historic-groves.html |website=Torreya Guardians |access-date=19 July 2022}}</ref> Northward growing successes contrast with professional failures that have attempted to restore either species to reproductive health in their refugial riverside patches where each apparently survived peak episodes of glacial cold during the [[Pleistocene]] epoch.<ref name="landscape" />
==Cultivation==
The Franklin tree has a reputation among gardeners for being difficult to cultivate, especially in urban environments. It prefers sandy, high-acid soil, and does not tolerate compacted clay soil, excessive moisture, or any disturbance to its roots. The Franklin tree has no known pests, but it is subject to root-rot and crown-rot caused by ''[[Phytophthora cinnamomi]]
It is one of two species of trees in the tea family that only exists in cultivation, the other being ''[[Camellia amplexicaulis]]''.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Barstow |first1=Megan |title=Two of the world's tea species extinct in the wild according to new report |url=https://globaltrees.org/news-blog/two-of-the-worlds-tea-species-extinct-in-the-wild-according-to-new-report/ |access-date=18 October 2021 |work=Global Trees |date=4 January 2018}}</ref>
==Gallery==
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Image:Franklin Tree Franklinia alatamaha Trunk 2000px.JPG|Trunk bark
Image:Franklin Tree Franklinia alatamaha Autumn Leaf 2000px.jpg|Fall leaves
Franklinia alatamaha in Morris Arboretum 01.jpg|Flower
Image:Franklinia alatamaha seeds.jpg|Fruit capsule
</gallery>
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{{Wikispecies|Franklinia alatamaha}}
{{Reflist}}
* Owens, Simon J., and Martyn Rix. "595. FRANKLINIA ALATAMAHA: Theaceae." Curtis's Botanical Magazine (1995), vol. 24, no. 3, BLACKWELL PUBLISHING, 2007, pp. 186–89, {{doi|10.1111/j.1467-8748.2007.00586.x}}.
* Bartram, William. 1791. ''Travels Through North & South Carolina, Georgia, East & West Florida,….'' James & Johnson: Philadelphia.
* Fry, Joel T. 2000.
* Marshall, Humphry. 1785. ''Arbustrum Americanum. The American Grove, or an Alphabetical Catalogue of Forest Trees and Shrubs, Natives of the American United States, Arranged According to the Linnaean System…,'' Joseph Cruikshank: Philadelphia.
==External links==
*[
*[
*[http://www.treetrail.net/franklinia.html Treetrail.net: Franklinia Article and Photos]
*[
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20070920183959/http://www.bartramsgarden.org/misc/pdf/arnoldia_article.pdf Del Tredici, Peter. "Against All Odds: Growing Franklinia in Boston."] ''Arnoldia'' 63 (4) (2005).
*[http://arnoldia.arboretum.harvard.edu/pdf/articles/1957-17--some-cultivated-relatives-of-the-camellia.pdf Wood, Carroll E.. "Some Cultivated Relatives of the Camellia."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170505151319/http://arnoldia.arboretum.harvard.edu/pdf/articles/1957-17--some-cultivated-relatives-of-the-camellia.pdf |date=2017-05-05 }} ''Arnoldia'' 17 (1-2) (1957).
{{Taxonbar|from=Q1445326}}
[[Category:Theaceae]]
[[Category:Endemic flora of Georgia (U.S. state)]]
[[Category:Trees of
[[Category:Plants extinct in the wild]]
[[Category:Monotypic Ericales genera]]
[[Category:Benjamin Franklin]]
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