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{{Use mdy dates|date = April 2019}}
[[File:United States correctional population.svg|thumb|320x320px|Correctional populations in the U.S., 1980–2013]]
[[File:US timeline graphs of number of people incarcerated in jails and prisons.png|thumb|300px|US timeline graphs of number of people incarcerated in jails and prisons
The '''prison-industrial complex''' ('''PIC''') is a term, coined after the "[[military–industrial complex|military-industrial complex]]" of the 1950s,<ref name=":20">{{cite book|title=Punishment for Sale: Private Prisons, Big Business, and the Incarceration Binge|last2=Leighton|first2=Paul|date=2010|publisher=[[Rowman & Littlefield]]|isbn=978-1442201736|pages=78|last1=Selman|first1=Donna|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5lBraTDtiSgC&pg=PA78|access-date=November 2, 2020|archive-date=April 13, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220413083240/https://books.google.com/books?id=5lBraTDtiSgC&pg=PA78|url-status=live}}</ref> used by scholars and activists to describe the many relationships between institutions of imprisonment (such as prisons, jails, detention facilities, and psychiatric hospitals) and the various businesses that benefit from them.<ref name=":21" />
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Proponents of this concept, including civil rights organizations such as the [[Rutherford Institute]] and the [[American Civil Liberties Union]] (ACLU), believe that the economic incentives of prison construction, prison privatization, prison labor, and prison service contracts have transformed incarceration into an industry capable of growth, and have contributed to [[mass incarceration]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.rutherford.org/publications_resources/john_whiteheads_commentary/jailing_americans_for_profit_the_rise_of_the_prison_industrial_complex|title=Jailing Americans for Profit: The Rise of the Prison Industrial Complex|last=Whitehead|first=John|date=April 10, 2012|publisher=[[Rutherford Institute]]|access-date=June 29, 2013|archive-date=June 14, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130614145241/https://www.rutherford.org/publications_resources/john_whiteheads_commentary/jailing_americans_for_profit_the_rise_of_the_prison_industrial_complex|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{cite web|last=Shapiro|first=David|title=Banking on Bondage: Private Prisons and Mass Incarceration|url=https://www.aclu.org/files/assets/bankingonbondage_20111102.pdf|publisher=[[American Civil Liberties Union]]|access-date=29 June 2013|archive-date=December 3, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161203175853/https://www.aclu.org/files/assets/bankingonbondage_20111102.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> These advocacy groups note that incarceration [[Race in the United States criminal justice system|affects people of color]] at disproportionately high rates.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/john-w-whitehead/prison-privatization_b_1414467.html|title=Jailing Americans for Profit: The Rise of the Prison Industrial Complex|last=Whitehead|first=John W.|date=2012-04-10|website=Huffington Post|language=en-US|access-date=2017-10-23|archive-date=October 16, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171016003332/https://www.huffingtonpost.com/john-w-whitehead/prison-privatization_b_1414467.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
Many commentators use the term "prison-industrial complex" to refer strictly to private prisons in the United States, an industry that generates approximately $4 billion in profit a year.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Haberman|first=Clyde|date=2018-10-01|title=For Private Prisons, Detaining Immigrants Is Big Business|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/10/01/us/prisons-immigration-detention.html|access-date=2021-11-11|issn=0362-4331|archive-date=November 11, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211111204618/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/10/01/us/prisons-immigration-detention.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Others note that fewer than 10% of U.S. inmates are incarcerated in for-profit facilities,<ref>{{Cite web|last=Wagner|first=Peter|date=October 7, 2015|publisher=Prison Policy Initiative|title=Are Private Prisons Driving Mass Incarceration?|url=https://www.prisonpolicy.org/blog/2015/10/07/private_prisons_parasite/|url-status=live|access-date=May 20, 2022|archive-date=November 11, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211111193454/https://www.prisonpolicy.org/blog/2015/10/07/private_prisons_parasite/}}</ref> and use the term to diagnose a larger confluence of interests between the U.S. government, at the federal and state levels, and the private businesses that profit from the increasing surveillance, policing, and imprisonment of the American public since approximately 1980.<ref name=":21">{{Cite web|title=What is the Prison Industrial Complex? – Tufts University Prison Divestment|url=https://sites.tufts.edu/prisondivestment/the-pic-and-mass-incarceration/|access-date=2021-11-11|language=en-US|archive-date=November 11, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211111182605/https://sites.tufts.edu/prisondivestment/the-pic-and-mass-incarceration/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Brayne|first=Sarah|date=2014-06-01|title=Surveillance and System Avoidance: Criminal Justice Contact and Institutional Attachment
== History ==
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# Facility maintenance jobs, in which prisoners do the upkeep and maintenance of their institutions: cooking, cleaning, laundry, landscaping, plumbing, etc. The vast majority of working prisoners perform this type of labor, earning no wages in many states, and anywhere between $0.04 and $2.00 an hour in the states where this labor is paid, averaging $0.14–$0.63 for most working inmates.<ref name=":33">{{Cite web|last=Sawyer|first=Wendy|publisher=Prison Policy Initiative|title=How much do incarcerated people earn in each state?|url=https://www.prisonpolicy.org/blog/2017/04/10/wages/|date=April 10, 2017|access-date=2021-11-27|language=en|archive-date=November 27, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211127210944/https://www.prisonpolicy.org/blog/2017/04/10/wages/|url-status=live}}</ref>
# "Correctional industry" jobs in the government-run prison factories launched in the 1930s. These jobs account for nearly 5% of state and federal prisoner employment, with prisoners producing a wide range of goods and services for sale to other government agencies, including library, school, and office furniture; uniforms, linens, and mattresses for prisons; metal grills and wooden benches for public parks; body armor for the military and police; road signs and license plates for transportation departments; doing data entry and staffing call centers. In Texas, Georgia, and Arkansas, state prisoners earn no wages for such labor but, on average, state and federal prisoners earn $0.33–$1.41 an hour for this work, reaching as high as $5.15 in Nevada, where the pay starts at $0.25 an hour.<ref name=":33" /> Every U.S. state has its own correctional industries program, and the federal prison system has a similar initiative called [[Federal Prison Industries|UNICOR]].
# Jobs with private-sector companies that have contracted with prisons for their labor, as restarted in 1979 with the PIE program. These jobs
# Jobs outside of prisons and jails through various inmate labor programs. These work-release programs, outside work crews, and work camps are more common than public and private industry jobs, but less common than facility maintenance. This category of labor is various, with prisoners performing "community services" like cleaning parks, or clearing homeless encampments,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Concern over Use of Prisoners to Clear Homeless Camps in Washington, Oregon {{!}} Prison Legal News|url=https://www.prisonlegalnews.org/news/2017/nov/7/concern-over-use-prisoners-clear-homeless-camps-washington-oregon/|access-date=2021-11-27|website=www.prisonlegalnews.org|archive-date=November 27, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211127210940/https://www.prisonlegalnews.org/news/2017/nov/7/concern-over-use-prisoners-clear-homeless-camps-washington-oregon/|url-status=live}}</ref> or fighting wildfires in California.<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Paradis|first1=Simone|last2=Correa|first2=Paulina|editor-last=Junisbai|editor-first=Barbara|chapter=The Use of Prison Labor in Fighting California Wildfires|title=ORST100: organizational metaphor in practice|url=https://pressbooks.claremont.edu/orst100pitzerjunisbai/chapter/project-6/|language=en|access-date=November 27, 2021|archive-date=November 27, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211127210936/https://pressbooks.claremont.edu/orst100pitzerjunisbai/chapter/project-6/|url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Work Opportunity Tax Credit]] (WOTC) serves as a federal tax credit that grants employers $2,400 for every work-release employed inmate.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Work Opportunity Tax Credit|url=https://www.doleta.gov/business/incentives/opptax/|access-date=2017-11-16|website=www.doleta.gov|archive-date=November 17, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171117065637/https://www.doleta.gov/business/incentives/opptax/|url-status=live}}</ref>
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There are around 400,000 immigrant detainees per year, and 50% are housed in private facilities. In 2011, CCA's net worth was $1.4 billion and net income was $162 million. In this same year, The GEO Group had a net worth of $1.2 billion and net income of $78 million. As of 2012, CCA has over 75,000 inmates within 60 facilities and the GEO Group owns over 114 facilities.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Ackerman|first1=Alissa R.|last2=Furman|first2=Rich|title=The criminalization of immigration and the privatization of the immigration detention: implications for justice|journal=Contemporary Justice Review|language=en|volume=16|issue=2|pages=251–263|doi=10.1080/10282580.2013.798506|year=2013|s2cid=145629057}}</ref> Over half of the prison industry's yearly revenue comes from immigrant detention centers. For some small communities in the Southwestern United States, these facilities serve as an integral part of the economy.<ref name="Kirkham">Chris Kirkham (7 June 2012). [http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/06/07/private-prisons-immigration-federal-law-enforcement_n_1569219.html Private Prisons Profit From Immigration Crackdown, Federal And Local Law Enforcement Partnerships] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140423164257/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/06/07/private-prisons-immigration-federal-law-enforcement_n_1569219.html |date=April 23, 2014 }}. ''[[The Huffington Post]].'' Retrieved 12 May 2014.</ref><ref>Christina Sterbenz (27 January 2014). [http://www.businessinsider.com/the-for-profit-prison-boom-in-one-worrying-infographic-2014-1 The For-Profit Prison Boom In One Worrying Infographic] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140513015758/http://www.businessinsider.com/the-for-profit-prison-boom-in-one-worrying-infographic-2014-1 |date=May 13, 2014 }}. ''[[Business Insider]].'' Retrieved 12 May 2014.</ref> According to Chris Kirkham, this constitutes part of a growing immigration industrial complex: "Companies dependent upon continued growth in the numbers of undocumented immigrants detained have exerted themselves in the nation's capital and in small, rural communities to create incentives that reinforce that growth."<ref name="Kirkham" /> A study by the ACLU says that many are housed in inhumane conditions as many facilities operated by private companies are exempt from government oversight, and studies are made difficult as such facilities may not be covered by a [[Freedom of information in the United States|Freedom of Information Act]].<ref>Evan Hill (June 10, 2014). "[http://america.aljazeera.com/articles/2014/6/10/report-immigrantinmatesmistreatedinprivateprisonsintexas.html Immigrants mistreated in 'inhumane' private prisons, finds report] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150215162345/http://america.aljazeera.com/articles/2014/6/10/report-immigrantinmatesmistreatedinprivateprisonsintexas.html |date=February 15, 2015 }}". ''[[Al Jazeera America]]''. Retrieved February 15, 2015.</ref>
In 2009, [[University of Kansas]] professor [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanya_Golash_Boza Tanya Golash-Boza] coined the term, "Immigration Industrial Complex", defining it as "the confluence of public and [[private sector]] interests in the criminalization of undocumented migration, immigration law enforcement, and the promotion of 'anti-illegal' rhetoric," in her paper "The Immigration Industrial Complex: Why We Enforce Immigration Policies Destined to Fail".<ref>{{Cite web|last=Stribley|first=Robert|date=2017-06-28|title=What Is The 'Immigration Industrial Complex'?|url=https://www.huffpost.com/entry/what-is-the-immigration-industrial-complex_b_5953b8cae4b0c85b96c65e2c|url-status=live|access-date=2017-11-23|website=Huffington Post|language=en-US|archive-date=July 24, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210724035526/https://www.huffpost.com/entry/what-is-the-immigration-industrial-complex_b_5953b8cae4b0c85b96c65e2c}}</ref>
In 2009, congressional immigration detention policies requires that ICE maintain 34,000 immigration detention beds daily. This immigration bed quota has steadily increased with each passing year, costing ICE around $159 to detain one individual for one day.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.immigrantjustice.org/eliminate-detention-bed-quota|title=Detention Bed Quota|website=National Immigrant Justice Center|language=en|access-date=2017-11-23|archive-date=December 1, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201033959/https://www.immigrantjustice.org/eliminate-detention-bed-quota|url-status=dead}}</ref>
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*[[Race in the United States criminal justice system]]
*[[Native Americans and the prison–industrial complex]]
*[[Abolition Feminism]]{{div col end}}
==References==
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