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| native_name = yat'siminoli
| image = Seminole mother and children- Brighton Reservation, Florida (8443707301).jpg
| image_caption = A Seminole mother and her children from the Brighton Reservation in Florida. (19481949)
| population = est. 18,600<br />[[Seminole Nation of Oklahoma]] [[File:Flag of the Seminole Nation of Oklahoma.PNG|border|30px]]<br />15,572 enrolled<br />[[Seminole Tribe of Florida]] [[File:Flag of the Seminole Tribe of Florida.PNG|30px]]<br />4,000 enrolled<br />[[Miccosukee Tribe of Indians of Florida]] [[File:Flag of the Miccosukee Tribe of Indians of Florida.svg|30px]]<br />400 enrolled
| genealogy =
| popplace = [[United States]]<br />({{flagicon|Oklahoma}} [[Oklahoma]] and {{flagicon|Florida}} [[Florida]])
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Since the late 20th century, the [[Seminole Tribe of Florida]] has been particularly successful with gambling establishments, attracting many of the numerous tourists to the state. In 2007 it purchased the [[Hard Rock Café]] and has rebranded or opened several [[casino]]s and gaming resorts under that name. These include two large resorts on its [[Tampa, Florida|Tampa]] and [[Hollywood, Florida|Hollywood]] reservations; together these projects cost more than a billion dollars to construct.<ref name="hardrock">{{Cite news |url=http://www.miamiherald.com/news/business/biz-monday/article79172817.html |title=How the Seminole Tribe came to rock the Hard Rock empire |last=Herrera |first=Chabeli |date=27 May 2016 |work=The Miami Herald}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Cridlin |first1=Jay |title=We went inside Seminole Hard Rock's $720 million Tampa expansion |url=https://www.tampabay.com/arts-entertainment/2019/10/01/we-went-inside-seminole-hard-rocks-720-million-tampa-expansion/ |access-date=June 8, 2021 |work=Tampa Bay Times |date=October 1, 2019}}</ref>
 
==Etymology and culture ==
The word "Seminole" ismay almost certainlybe derived from the [[Muscogee|Creek]] word ''simanó-li''. This has been variously translated as "frontiersman", "outcast", "runaway", "separatist", and similar words. The Creek word may be derived from the Spanish word ''cimarrón'', meaning "runaway" or "wild one", historically used for certain Native American groups in Florida.{{sfn|Mahon|Weisman|1996|page=183}} The people who constituted the nucleus of this Florida group either chose to leave their tribe or were banished. At one time, the terms "renegade" and "outcast" were used to describe this status, but the terms have fallen into disuse due to their negative connotations. The Seminole identify as ''yat'siminoli'' or "free people" because for centuries their ancestors had successfully resisted efforts to subdue or convert them to [[Catholic Church|Roman Catholicism]].<ref>[http://www.semtribe.com/History/IndianRemoval.aspx "History"] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160429225513/http://www.semtribe.com/History/IndianRemoval.aspx |date=April 29, 2016 }}, Seminole Tribe website</ref> They signed several treaties with the [[Federal government of the United States|U.S. government]], including the [[Treaty of Moultrie Creek]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Treaty of Moultrie Creek, 1823 |url=https://www.floridamemory.com/learn/classroom/learning-units/seminoles/sets/1823_moultrie_creek/ |website=Florida Memory |publisher=State Library and Archives of Florida}}</ref> and the [[Treaty of Paynes Landing]].<ref>{{cite web|title=United States. Treaty with the Seminole, 1832. 1832-05-09. State Archives of Florida, Florida Memory|access-date=9 February 2022|url=https://www.floridamemory.com/items/show/341198|website=Floridamemory.com}}</ref>
 
The name "Seminole" likely is derived from the Spanish {{lang|es|cimarones}}, meaning "wild or untamed", as opposed to the [[Christianization|christianized]] natives who had previously lived in the [[Spanish missions in Florida|mission]] villages of [[Spanish Florida]] (In the 17th century the Spanish in Florida used ''cimaron'' to refer to christianized natives who had left their mission villages to live "wild" in the woods.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hann |first=John H. |date=1992 |title=Heathen Acuera, Murder, and a Potano Cimarrona: The St. Johns River and the Alachua Prairie in the 1670s |journal=The Florida Historical Quarterly |volume=70 |issue=4 |pages=451–474 |issn=0015-4113 |jstor=30148124}}</ref>). Some of the [[Hitchiti]]- or [[Mikasuki language|Mikasukee]]-speakers who had settled in Florida identified themselves to the British as "cimallon" ([[Muskogean languages]] have no "r" sound, replacing it with "l"). The British wrote the name as "Semallone", later "Seminole". The use of "cimallon" by bands in Florida to describe themselves may have been intended to distinguish themselves from the primarily [[Muscogee language|Muskogee]]-speakers of the Upper Towns of the [[Muscogee#Rise of the Muscogee Confederacy|Muscogee Confederacy]] (called the "Creek Confederacy" by the British). After 1763, when they took over Florida from the Spanish, the British called all natives living in Florida "Seminoles", "Creeks", or "Seminole-Creeks".<ref>{{Cite book |last=Wright |first=J. Leitch Jr. |title=Creeks and Seminoles: The Destruction and Regeneration of the Muscogulge People |publisher=University of Nebraska Press |year=1986 |isbn=0-8032-9728-9 |edition=Paperback (1990) |location=Lincoln, Nebraska |pages=4–5, 104–105}}</ref>
 
== Culture ==
The people who constituted the nucleus of this Florida group either chose to leave their tribe or were banished. At one time, the terms "renegade" and "outcast" were used to describe this status, but the terms have fallen into disuse due to their negative connotations. The Seminole identify as ''yat'siminoli'' or "free people" because for centuries their ancestors had successfully resisted efforts to subdue or convert them to [[Catholic Church|Roman Catholicism]].<ref>[http://www.semtribe.com/History/IndianRemoval.aspx "History"] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160429225513/http://www.semtribe.com/History/IndianRemoval.aspx |date=April 29, 2016 }}, Seminole Tribe website</ref> They signed several treaties with the [[Federal government of the United States|U.S. government]], including the [[Treaty of Moultrie Creek]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Treaty of Moultrie Creek, 1823 |url=https://www.floridamemory.com/learn/classroom/learning-units/seminoles/sets/1823_moultrie_creek/ |website=Florida Memory |publisher=State Library and Archives of Florida}}</ref> and the [[Treaty of Paynes Landing]].<ref>{{cite web|title=United States. Treaty with the Seminole, 1832. 1832-05-09. State Archives of Florida, Florida Memory|access-date=9 February 2022|url=https://www.floridamemory.com/items/show/341198|website=Floridamemory.com}}</ref>
 
Seminole culture is largely derived from that of the Creek. One of the more significant holdovers from the Creek was the [[Green Corn Dance]] ceremony.{{sfn|Mahon|2017|page=13}} Other notable traditions include use of the [[black drink]] and ritual [[tobacco]]. As the Seminoles adapted to [[Climate of Florida|Florida environs]], they developed local traditions, such as the construction of open-air, thatched-roof houses known as ''[[chickee]]s''.{{sfn|Mahon|Weisman|1996|pages=183-184; 201-202}} Historically the Seminoles spoke [[Mikasuki language|Mikasuki]] and [[Creek language|Creek]], both [[Muskogean languages]].<ref name=Sturtevant>{{cite book|last=Sturtevant|first=William C., Jessica R. Cattelino|title=Handbook of North American Indians, Vol. 14|year=2004|publisher=Smithsonian Institution|location=Washington, DC|pages=429–449|chapter-url=http://www.sscnet.ucla.edu/anthro/faculty/jcattelino/FloridaSeminoleandMiccosukee.pdf|editor=Raymond D. Fogelson|access-date=21 June 2012|chapter=Florida Seminole and Miccosukee}}</ref>
 
[[File:Seminole dance - Scenes of the Everglades - 1928.webm|thumb|A group of Seminole people dancing around a fire in 1928.]]
 
==History==
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The new arrivals moved into virtually uninhabited lands that had once been peopled by several cultures indigenous to Florida, such as the [[Apalachee]], [[Timucua]], [[Calusa]] and others. The native population had been devastated by infectious diseases brought by Spanish explorers in the 1500s and later colonization by additional European settlers. Later, raids by [[Province of Carolina|Carolina]] and Native American slavers destroyed the [[Spanish missions in Florida|string of Spanish missions across northern Florida]]. Most of the survivors left for Cuba when the Spanish withdrew, after ceding Florida to the British in 1763, following Britain's victory in the [[French and Indian War]].
 
While [[John Swanton]] stated in the mid-20th century that the Seminole encountered and absorbed the Calusa who had remained in southwest Florida after the Spanish withdrew, more recent scholarship since the turn of the 21st century holds that there is no documentary evidence of that assertion.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Swanton |first1=John |title=The Indian Tribes of North America |date=1952 |url=https://repository.si.edu/handle/10088/15440 |publisher=Smithsonian Institution |location=Washington, D.C. |isbn=0874741793 |pages=125–128|hdl=10088/15440 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=MacMahon |first1=Darcie A. |last2=Marquardt |first2=William H. |year=2004 |title=The Calusa and Their Legacy: South Florida People and Their Environments |publisher=University Press of Florida |location=Gainesville, Florida |pages=118–121 |isbn=0-8130-2773-X}}</ref>
 
===1700s to early 1800s===
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Historically, the various groups of Seminoles spoke two mutually unintelligible [[Muskogean languages]]: [[Mikasuki language|Mikasuki]] (and its dialect, Hitchiti) and [[Muscogee language|Muscogee]]. Mikasuki is now restricted to Florida, where it was the native language of 1,600 people as of 2000, primarily the [[Miccosukee Tribe of Indians of Florida]]. The [[Seminole Nation of Oklahoma]] is working to revive the use of Creek among its people, as it had been the dominant language of politics and social discourse.<ref name=Sturtevant/>
 
Muscogee is spoken by some Oklahoma Seminoles and about 200 older Florida Seminoles. (theThe youngest native speaker was born in 1960). Today, English is the predominant language among both Oklahoma and Florida Seminoles, particularly the younger generations. Most Mikasuki speakers are bilingual.<ref name=Sturtevant/>
 
==Ethnobotany==
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{{main|Seminole Nation of Oklahoma}}
As a result of the Second Seminole War (1835–1842), about 3,800 Seminoles and Black Seminoles were forcibly removed to [[Indian Territory]] (the modern state of [[Oklahoma]]).<ref name=CATTY/> During the American Civil War, the members and leaders split over their loyalties, with [[John Chupco]] refusing to sign a treaty with the [[Confederate States of America|Confederacy]]. From 1861 to 1866, he led as chief of the Seminole who supported the [[Union (American Civil War)|Union]] and fought in the Indian Brigade.
 
The split among the Seminoles lasted until 1872. After the war, the United States government negotiated only with the loyal Seminole, requiring the tribe to make a new peace treaty to cover those who allied with the Confederacy, to emancipate the [[Slavery|slaves]], and to extend tribal citizenship to those [[freedmen]] who chose to stay in Seminole territory.
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== Population history ==
Seminole population appeared to be increasing during the early 19th century. It was estimated at 45,883000 people in 1820,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Morse |first=Jedidiah |url=https://www.loc.gov/item/02015263/ |title=A report to the Secretary of War of the United States on Indian Affairs, comprising a narrative of a tour performed in the summer of 1820... |publisher=S. Converse |year=1822 |location=New Haven |pages=364}}</ref> 4,883 people in 1821 (as reported by [[Neamathla]])<ref name="Krzywicki">{{Cite book |last=Krzywicki |first=Ludwik |url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uc1.b4381154&view=1up&seq=346&skin=2021 |title=Primitive society and its vital statistics |publisher=Macmillan |year=1934 |series=Publications of the Polish Sociological Institute |location=London |pages=429-430429–430}}</ref> then at 6,385 people in year 1822, and(as atreported by Captain Hugh Young), up to 10,000 people<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.plcom/books?id=Nk1HAQAAIAAJ&pg=RA2-PA896 |title=Index to the miscellaneous documents of the House of Representatives for the first session of the forty-ninth Congress, 1885-86. In twenty-six volumes. |publisher=Government Printing Office |year=1886 |location=Washington |pages=896}}</ref> in year 1836 (at the beginning of the Second Seminole War). Perhaps the population was increasing due to continued immigration of Indians to Florida, as well as due to assimilation of the remnants of tribes native to the region. However, during the Second Seminole War the Indians suffered heavy casualties. On 25 November 1841, it was reported that 623 Seminoles had already been removed from Florida, with another 3,190 at that time undergoing removal or about to be removed, and the number of those who stayed in Florida was estimated in that report at 575.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Report of the Commissioner of Indian Affairs", Office of Indian Affairs, November 25, 1841. |url=https://search.library.wisc.edu/digital/A2PBGWKCDCUSUE8A/full/AIHAF7ELMGXYOF84}}</ref> Another source says that in total around 4,000 Seminole were removed to [[Indian Territory]] in years 1832-1842.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Wallace |first1=Anthony |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=idFiNsZghKkC&pg=PA100 |title=The Long, Bitter Trail: Andrew Jackson and the Indians |last2=Foner |first2=Eric |date=July 1993 |publisher=Macmillan |isbn=978-0-8090-1552-8 |pages=101 |language=en}}</ref> After their removal to Oklahoma, the Seminole population there numbered around 3,000 people in 1884 according to the enumeration ofpublished yearin 1886.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.plcom/books?id=mMFRAQAAIAAJ&pg=RA2-PA861 |title=Annual report of the Board of Regents of the Smithsonian Institution, showing the operations, expenditures, and condition of the Institution to July, 1885. Part II. |publisher=Government Printing Office |year=1886 |location=Washington |pages=861}}</ref> The census of 1910 reported only 1,729 Seminole.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Indian Population in the United States and Alaska 1910 |url=https://www2.census.gov/library/publications/decennial/1910/indian-population/indian-population-p2.pdf}}</ref>
 
During the 20th and 21st centuries Seminole population has rebounded, in 2020 they numbered 42,105 people.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Distribution of American Indian tribes: Seminole People in the US |url=https://www.statimetric.com/us-ethnicity/American_Indian_tribes_Seminole}}</ref>
 
==See also==
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*[http://www.seminolenation-indianterritory.org/ Seminole Nation Historical site]
*[http://www.seminolenation.com/ Seminole Nation of Oklahoma official website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180620184357/http://www.seminolenation.com/ |date=2018-06-20 }}
*[http://www.seminoletribe.com/ Seminole Tribe of Florida official site] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110902102132/http://seminoletribe.com/ |date=2011-09-02 }}
*[http://www.miccosukeeresort.com/tribe.html The Miccosukee Tribe of Indians of Florida official site] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070318025428/http://www.miccosukeeresort.com/tribe.html |date=2007-03-18 }}
*[http://www.indigenouspeople.net/hitchiti.htm Hitchiti-Mikasuki Creation Story]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20041031065545/http://www.wm.edu/linguistics/hitchiti-mikasuki/ Resources for Hitchiti and Mikasuki], College of William and Mary College
*[http://dhr.dos.state.fl.us/facts/history/seminole/ Seminole history] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050326085333/http://dhr.dos.state.fl.us/facts/history/seminole/ |date=2005-03-26 }}, Florida Department of State
*[http://www.johnhorse.com John Horse and the Black Seminoles, First Black Rebels to Beat American Slavery]
*[[Clay MacCauley]], [[gutenberg:19155|''The Seminole Indians of Florida'']], [[Smithsonian Institution]], Bureau of Ethnology, 1884, [[Project Gutenberg]]
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[[Category:Seminole| ]]
[[Category:Muskogean tribes]]
[[Category:Indigenous peoples of the Southeastern Woodlands]]
[[Category:Native American tribes in Florida]]
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