Ashot I (Armenian: Աշոտ Ա; c. 820 – 890) was a king of Armenia who oversaw the beginning of Armenia's second golden age (862 – 977). He was the son of Smbat VIII the Confessor and was a member of the Bagratuni dynasty.
| Ashot I Աշոտ Ա | |
|---|---|
| King of Armenia | |
| Reign | 885–890 |
| Successor | Smbat I the Martyr |
| Prince of Princes of Armenia | |
| Reign | 862–885 |
| Born | c. 820 |
| Died | 890 (aged 69–70) Gugark, Greater Armenia |
| Burial | |
| Spouse | Katranide I |
| Issue | Smbat I Sahak David Shapuh |
| Dynasty | Bagratuni dynasty |
| Father | Smbat VIII the Confessor |
| Mother | Hripsime |
| Religion | Armenian Apostolic |
Life
editEarly life
editAshot was born around 820 to Smbat VIII Bagratuni and his wife Hripsime. Smbat VIII was sparapet (supreme commander) and the son of Ashot Msaker, the Prince of Armenia (r. 806–826).[1] Ashot also had a brother named Abas. The family, the Bagratunis, was one of the most powerful in the kingdom, along with the Artsruni. Both families struggled for power through warfare against Arab invaders. The kingdom was later taken over by Armenians who overthrew the Arab government. Smbat VIII was exiled to Samarra, where he later died.[2] Ashot continued to live in his father's quarters,[3] located around the city of Bagaran.[4] He was married to Katranide.[5] Like Smbat before him, Ashot was named sparapet in 856 by the Abbasid Caliph al-Mutawakkil.[6]
Prince of princes of Armenia
edit
During the Arab-Byzantine Wars, much of Ashot's territory was located near the main site of conflict. In 862, following the Battle of Karasounk Ashot was recognized as the prince of princes of Armenia, of Georgia and of the lands of the Caucasus by Abbasid Caliph al-Musta'in, who saw this as a measure of protection against the local autonomous emirs.[7][8][9] This title essentially granted Ashot the status of de facto king[10] and placed him at a similar level of power as the emirs,[7] but did not allow Ashot to have administrative rule over the kingdom.[11] Ashot kept this status during the reigns of Abbasid Caliphs al-Mu'tazz (866–869), al-Muhtadi (869–870) and al-Mu'tamid (870–892).
Ashot annexed Bagrevand in 862, shortly after the death of the ruling Mamikonian dynasty's head, Grigor Mamikonian.[3] Ashot mediated between Grigor-Derenik Artsruni and Gurgen Artsruni, cousins and members of the Artsruni family who controlled Vaspurakan.[3] Ashot then captured Grigor-Derenik[12] and reduced the size of the cantons around Van.[13] Ashot released Grigor-Derenik to avoid further conflict with the Artsruni family. Ashot later arranged a marriage between his daughter, Sophie, and Grigor-Derenik, in order to reconcile.[14] Ashot also strengthened relations with the Siunia dynasty by arranging another marriage between his second daughter, Mariam, with Prince Vasak Gabur IV.[15] These familial ties helped strengthen relations between Ashot's sons and the surrounding dynasties.
Ashot used this support to wage war against the emirs. He began by defeating the Kaysites of Manazkert in 863,[16] with the help of his brother and sparapet, Abas Bagratuni.[3] In 877, he began to fight against the emir of Barda alongside his ostikan; however, failure of this ostikan led to his replacement.[17] The new ostikan made a secret peace treaty with the emir and betrayed Ashot. Ashot learned of the conspiracy against him and sent Abas to disarm the ostikan in Dvin; Abas escorted him to the border under Ashot's orders in order to prevent the caliph's retaliation.[18] Ashot defeated the emirs of Barda and Manazkert, laying siege to the latter city in 884; however, the siege was ceased prematurely. The siege caused Grigor-Derenik to worry about the borders of Taron, which was under Grigor-Derenik's control.[19] Ashot gained control of the Gugark and Utik regions[20] as early as 860.[21]
Ashot's reach also extended to Caucasian Iberia, where some of his Bagratuni family had settled in the late 7th century. There, around 875, he formed an alliance with Bagrat I of Iberia, his stepbrother, against Bagrat's brother, Guaram Mampali.[22] Together, Ashot and Bagrat defeated Guaram. In 881, Ashot formed an alliance with David I of Iberia and Adarnase IV of Iberia, Bagrat's son and grandson, respectively, to defeat Guaram's son, Nasra of Tao-Klarjeti.[23]
King of Armenia
edit
Several contemporary prominent Armenians, including Grigor-Derenik Vaspurakan, insisted on Ashot's coronation.[24] Ashot was crowned King of Armenia through the consent of Caliph al-Mu'tamid in 885 to prevent intrusion into Armenian territory by Basil I, a Byzantine emperor of Armenian origin.[25] As a result of his coronation, Ashot restored the Armenian monarchy and became the founder of the medieval Kingdom of Armenia, also known as Bagratid Armenia, named after the contemporary rule of the Bagratunis. The Bagratid kingdom lasted until 1045, when it was annexed into the Byzantine Empire.[26]
Despite his status, Ashot remained a subordinate to the Caliph and was put under the supervision of the emirs of Atropatene.[27] Every Armenian prince fell under Ashot's authority (though in the effect of primus inter pares[28]). Dvin and the emirates of Manazkert and Karin (and, according to Constantine VII, Khoy and Salmas)[29] also fell under Ashot's control, despite the local governments' unwillingness to accept.[27] The emir of Manazkert was in this way defeated and was forced to submit to Ashot's rule in 885.[30]
Ashot's influence continued not only in Armenia but also in Iberia. After the death of Grigor-Derenik Artsruni in 887, Ashot placed his own grandson (and Grigor-Derenik's son), Ashot-Sargis Artsruni, under the rule of relative Gagik Aboumerwan Artsruni.[31] In 887 and 888, Ashot supported his nephew Adarnase IV of Iberia in overthrowing Bagrat I of Abkhazia.[29] Also in 888, Ashot sent his brother Abas to Kars to stop a rebellion led by Prince Sahak-Mleh of Vanand.[29]
Ashot travelled to Gugark to stop another rebellion, fighting alongside his son and heir, Smbat I. He died in 890. Contemporary historian Hovhannes Draskhanakerttsi gives an account of his death:
Since he died on the road, in an inn at a rocky place called K'arsparn, they carried away his body in a coffin and brought it to the town (awan) of Bagaran, the royal residence, where they covered the coffin with robes and veils interwoven and adorned with gold; and carefully selected detachments of military forces clad in arms and ornaments stood guard. The great katholikos, accompanied by the rest of the clerics of the church, also came forth and solemnly chanted psalms and raised the voice of [their] praise. His three sons, the senior [gaherec'] princes of the royal house and other friends followed the coffin, and thus they arrived at the cemetery....Then, building a tomb [suitable] for royalty, they buried him in the cemetery of his ancestors.[32]
Smbat I succeeded him.
Armenian growth under rule
editAshot's restoration of the Armenian monarchy was accompanied by economic growth[28] and a revival of the arts and religion.[33] Several cultural buildings were restored and renovated. Under Ashot's reign, the first khachkar was created in 879 as a tribute to Ashot's wife, Katranide.[34] Urban growth began to occur[35] and agriculture flourished. Vineyards became a very successful industry.[36]
Religious affairs
edit
Ashot supported the Armenian Apostolic Church during his reign.[38] Ashot saw the possibility of the church merging with the Orthodox Byzantine Church, due to the Byzantine Empire's influence in the region,[7] and feared that the Byzantine Empire would deny him his claim to the throne. In 862, when the Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople Photios I attempted to unite the Armenian Church by sending two letters to Catholicos Zacharias I and Ashot, Zacharias and Ashot summoned a council in Yerazgavors;[39] the ambiguous response[10] was formulated by Ashot.[7] Ashot continued to receive epistolary communication; in 882, he received a letter with a piece of the True Cross awarded to Catholicos Mashtots I, who was a friend of Ashot (the cross has since been lost).[40] Ashot also supported the Armenian Church's desire to separate from the Church of Caucasian Albania.[25] Ashot donated several treasures to the Armenian Catholicos to distribute to the churches.[41]
Family
edit| Ashot the Great Prince of Princes, sparapet (855–885) king of Armenia (885–890) | Katranide I Queen of Armenia (885–890) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Smbat king of Armenia (890–914) | Sahak | David (†902) | Shapuh sparapet (†912) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Sofya | Grigor-Derenik prince of Vaspurakan (857–887) | daughter | Vahan Artsruni | Mariam (†914) | Vasak Syuni prince of Syunik (855–859) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Ashot prince of Vaspurakan (898–904) | Gagik prince and king of Vaspurakan (904–908) / (908–943) | Gurgen prince of Parskahayk (904–925) | Grigor prince of Syunik (855–859) (859–913) | Sahak | Vasak | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Ashot the Iron king of Armenia (914–928) | Sahakanuysh Sevada | Abas king of Armenia (928–953) | Gurgendukht Bagratuni | Seda | son | Ashot | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Notes
edit- ^ Toumanoff 1990, p. 121.
- ^ Grousset 2008, pp. 367, 378.
- ^ a b c d Martin-Hisard 2007, p. 236.
- ^ Martin-Hisard 2007, p. 234.
- ^ Donabédian & Thierry 1987, p. 124.
- ^ Grousset 2008, p. 372.
- ^ a b c d Martin-Hisard 2007, p. 237.
- ^ Cowe 2000, p. 78.
- ^ Lang, David Marshall (1970). Armenia: Cradle of Civilization. SOAS University of London. p. 188.
- ^ a b Garsoïan 2004, p. 147.
- ^ Grousset 2008, p. 373.
- ^ Grousset 2008, p. 374.
- ^ Thierry 2007, p. 275.
- ^ Grousset 2008, p. 375.
- ^ Garsoïan 2007, p. 272.
- ^ Grousset 2008, p. 376.
- ^ Grousset 2008, p. 385.
- ^ Grousset 2008, p. 386.
- ^ Grousset 2008, p. 387.
- ^ Grousset 2008, p. 391.
- ^ Dorfman-Lazarev 2004, p. 65.
- ^ Toumanoff 1990, pp. 121, 129.
- ^ Grousset 2008, p. 392.
- ^ Grousset 2008, p. 394.
- ^ a b Garsoïan 2007, p. 244.
- ^ Cheynet 2006, p. 41.
- ^ a b Martin-Hisard 2007, p. 238.
- ^ a b Martin-Hisard 2007, p. 239.
- ^ a b c Garsoïan 2007, p. 245.
- ^ Thierry 2007, pp. 291–292.
- ^ Grousset 2008, p. 389.
- ^ Manuk-Khaloyan 2013, p. 134.
- ^ Redgate 2000, p. 196.
- ^ Donabédian & Thierry 1987, p. 530.
- ^ Grousset 2008, p. 396.
- ^ Grousset 2008, p. 397.
- ^ Donabédian & Thierry 1987, p. 573.
- ^ Grousset 2008, p. 384.
- ^ Grousset 2008, p. 383.
- ^ Dorfman-Lazarev 2004, p. 85.
- ^ Durand 2007, p. 198.
References
edit- Federal Research Division (2004). Armenia: A Country Study. Kessinger Publishing. ISBN 1-4191-0751-8.
- Cheynet, Jean-Claude (2006). "L'expansion byzantine durant la dynastie macédonienne (867-1057)" [Byzantine Expansion During the Macedonian Dynasty (867-1057)]. Le monde byzantin : L'Empire byzantin (641-1204) [The Byzantine World: The Byzantine Empire (641-1204)]. Nouvelle Clio — L’histoire et ses problèmes (in French). Vol. 4. Paris. pp. 23–42. ISBN 978-2-13-052007-8.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - Cowe, S. Peter (2000). "Relations Between the Kingdoms of Vaspurakan and Ani". Armenian Van/Vaspourakan. Costa Meza: Mazda. pp. 73–85. ISBN 9781568591308.
- Donabédian, Patrick; Thierry, Jean-Michel (1987). Les arts arméniens [The Armenian Arts] (in French). Paris: Éditions Mazenod. ISBN 2-85088-017-5.
- Dorfman-Lazarev, Igor (2004). Arméniens et Byzantins à l'époque de Photius : Deux débats théologiques après le triomphe de l'orthodoxie [Armenians and Byzantines in the Time of Photius: Two Theological Debates After the Triumph of the Orthodoxy] (in French). Louvain: Peeters Publishers. ISBN 978-90-429-1412-4.
- Durand, Jannic (2007). "Reliquaires et orfèvrerie liturgique" [Reliquaries and Liturgical Goldsmithery]. Armenia sacra — Mémoire chrétienne des Arméniens (IVe ‑ XVIIIe siècle) [Sacred Armenia – Christian Memory of Armenians (4th - 18th Centuries)] (in French). Paris: Somogy / Musée du Louvre. pp. 198–225. ISBN 978-2-7572-0066-7.
- Garsoïan, Nina (2004) [First published 1997]. "The Independent Kingdoms of Medieval Armenia". Armenian People form Ancient to Modern Times, vol. I : The Dynastic Periods: From Antiquity to the Fourteenth Century. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-1403964212.
- Garsoïan, Nina (2007) [First published 1982]. "Indépendance retrouvée : royaume du Nord et royaume du Sud (IXe-XIe siècle) - Le royaume du Nord" [Independence Found: Northern Kingdom and Southern Kingdom (9th - 11th Century) - The Northern Kingdom]. Histoire du peuple arménien [History of the Armenian People] (in French). Toulouse. ISBN 978-2-7089-6874-5.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - Ghazarian, Jacob G. (2001). The Armenian Kingdom in Cilicia During the Crusades. UK: Routledge. ISBN 0-7007-1418-9.
- Grousset, René (2008) [First published 1947]. Histoire de l'Arménie des origines à 1071 [History of the Origins of Armenia until 1071] (in French). Paris. ISBN 978-2-228-88912-4.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - Manuk-Khaloyan, Armen (2013). "In the Cemetery of their Ancestors: The Royal Burial Tombs of the Bagratuni Kings of Greater Armenia (890-1073/79)". Revue des Études Arméniennes. 35.
- Martin-Hisard, Bernadette (2007) [First published 1982]. "Domination arabe et libertés arméniennes (VIIe ‑ IXe siècle)" [Arab Domination and Armenian Freedom (8th-9th Century)]. Histoire du peuple arménien [History of the Armenian People] (in French). Toulouse. pp. 213–241. ISBN 978-2-7089-6874-5.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - Redgate, Anne Elizabeth (2000). The Armenians. The Peoples of Europe. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 0-631-22037-2.
- Thierry, Jean-Michel (2007) [First published 1982]. "Indépendance retrouvée : royaume du Nord et royaume du Sud (IXe-XIe siècle) - Le royaume du Sud : le Vaspourakan" [Independence Found: Northern Kingdom and Southern Kingdom (9th - 11th Century) - The Southern Kingdom: The Vaspurakan]. Histoire du peuple arménien [History of the Armenian People] (in French). Toulouse. ISBN 978-2-7089-6874-5.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - Toumanoff, Cyrille (1990). Les dynasties de la Caucasie chrétienne de l'Antiquité jusqu'au XIXe siècle : Tables généalogiques et chronologiques [The Dynasties of the Christian Caucasus of Antiquity Until the 19th Century: Genealogical and Chronological Tables] (in French). Rome. pp. 121, 129.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)