Duncan Lamont Clinch (April 6, 1787 – December 4, 1849[1] was an American army officer and slave-plantation owner who served as a commander during the War of 1812, and First and Second Seminole Wars. In 1816, he led an attack on Negro Fort, the first battle of the Seminole Wars. Clinch later served in the United States House of Representatives, representing Georgia.
Duncan Lamont Clinch | |
|---|---|
 General Duncan Lamont Clinch | |
| Member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Georgia's at-large district | |
| In office February 15, 1844 – March 3, 1845 | |
| Preceded by | John Millen |
| Succeeded by | District inactive |
| Personal details | |
| Born | April 6, 1787 Ard-Lamont plantation, Edgecombe County, North Carolina, U.S. |
| Died | December 4, 1849 (aged 62) Macon, Georgia, U.S. |
| Resting place | Bonaventure Cemetery, Savannah, Georgia |
| Political party | Whig |
| Relations | John Houston McIntosh (Father-in-Law) |
| Military service | |
| Allegiance | United States of America |
| Branch/service | United States |
| Years of service | 1808–1836 |
| Rank | Colonel Brevet Brigadier general |
| Unit | 3rd Infantry Regiment |
| Commands | 8th Infantry Regiment 4th Infantry Regiment |
| Battles/wars | |
Early life
editClinch was born at "Ard-Lamont", a plantation in Edgecombe County, North Carolina on April 6, 1787. He was the son of Joseph John Clinch, Jr. (1754–1795), an American Revolution veteran of both the Continental Army and the North Carolina Militia (Edgecombe County Regiment) who attained the rank of colonel. Joseph Clinch also served in political office, including justice of the peace and member of the North Carolina House of Commons.[2]
Duncan Clinch was educated in the local schools and by private tutors. In the summer of 1808, he joined the United States Army as a first lieutenant. His first assignment was as a regimental paymaster for the 3rd U.S. Infantry Regiment in New Orleans.[3]
Military career
editClinch was initially assigned to the 3rd Infantry Regiment. He was promoted to captain in 1810, lieutenant colonel in 1813, colonel in 1819, and brigadier general in 1829.
He served primarily on frontier posts in what were then the southwestern United States. In 1816, he commanded forces in southern Georgia, and was ordered by General Andrew Jackson to attack Seminole positions at Negro Fort, an abandoned British post along the Apalachicola River which had become a safe haven for escaped slaves. He was ordered to recover runaway slaves in hiding at the fort.
Supported by gunboats, Clinch's attack on the outpost caused a major incident when an explosion, resulting from naval artillery hitting the fort's powder magazine, resulted in the deaths of hundreds of Seminoles and slaves, contributing to the beginning of the First Seminole War.
Second Seminole War
editIn the summer and fall of 1835, General Clinch, who was in charge of removing the Seminole from Florida, became increasingly convinced that removal would require a large and active military force. A soldier who carried mail between Fort Brooke and Fort King was killed and mutilated by Seminoles and Charley Amathla, a Seminole leader who was in favor of emigration and who had sold his property in preparation for removal, was killed by Osceola. In response, Clinch ordered Major Francis L. Dade to leave Key West and bring his company of men to Fort Brooke.[4]
Clinch saw service during the Second Seminole War including the Battle of the Withlacoochee before resigning from the Army in 1836.
I had been taught when living at St. Augustine to regard General Clinch as a strict unfeeling disciplinarian but I learned how good men are often maligned. To me he was the reverse, for his bearing was most fatherly, always available to others and beaming with kindness. Picture the image of an old gray-haired man of 5 ft. 10 inches, of muscular build, weighing over 250 pounds, sitting upon the dirt floor, giving counsel and comfort to a poor dying private soldier. That was the true General Duncan L. Clinch, called by his contemporary officers The Spartan General. His ways were plain and simple, living in a tent like all the other soldiers, excepting he had a bed and mattress to sleep upon. His food was plain and many times I saw him dining with his staff on pork and beans, occasionally getting a beef day like the rest of us. Now and then he would have an extra dish of Indian Corn. He only drank water and many times I fetched a pitcher for him from the large round pond or spring outside the Camp. When we lived at the Driver's house, I lived with him, my medicine chest being close to his door. I was the first he saw on rising in the morning and the last at night and when we were in the field, my Hospital tent was immediately in front of the General's. So plain were his habits that he was no burden to the Army for even when on the move his only requisition was a campstool. Other Generals such as Scott required a band of music, with a company of professional cooks and servants in attendance.
– Steward John Bemrose Second Seminole War 1865.
He lived on a plantation near St. Mary's, Georgia. In an 1844 special election he was elected to Congress as a Whig, filling the vacancy caused by the death of John Millen. He served in the 28th Congress, February 15, 1844 to March 3, 1845, and did not run for reelection to a full term in 1844.
Clinch died in Macon, Georgia on December 4, 1849, after a long struggle with erysipelas.[1] He was buried at Bonaventure Cemetery in Savannah, Georgia.
Honors
editClinch County, Georgia was named for Clinch.[5] In the Civil War, the 5th Georgia Volunteer Infantry's first company was also named after him, as the regiment originated from Clinch County.[6]
Fort Clinch (and Fort Clinch State Park) on Amelia Island, Florida is named for Clinch. The Fort is at 2601 Atlantic Avenue, Fernandina Beach, Florida 32034.
There was another Fort Clinch further south, this one in present-day Frostproof, Florida.[7]
Family
editDuncan Lamont Clinch married three times, first to Eliza Bayard McIntosh,[8] then to Elizabeth Houstoun,[8] and finally to Sophia Hume Clinch,[9] to whom he was married at the time of his death.[10]
His son, Colonel Duncan Lamont Clinch Jr., commanded the 4th Georgia Cavalry CSA during the American Civil War. This unit fought at the Battle of Olustee in Florida, and also in the Atlanta campaign later in 1864.
He was also the father-in-law of Robert Anderson (Civil War), commander of Fort Sumter.
His own father-in-law, the father of his first wife Eliza Bayard McIntosh, was John Houston McIntosh, who led the Patriot Group in a failed uprising against the Spanish in the Patriot War in Florida.[11]
Another son, Captain Nicholas Bayard Clinch (1832–1888), was commander of "Clinch's Light Battery", or as "Clinch's Artillery Company", a division of older brother Duncan's 4th Georgia Volunteer Cavalry CSA and an inventor.[12][13]
Archival material
edit
In the Library of Florida History, Special and Area Studies Collections, George A. Smathers Libraries, at the University of Florida in Gainesville, Florida, there is a collection of General Duncan Lamont Clinch Family Papers, some of which have been digitized. It consists of correspondence of and newspaper clippings related to General Clinch.[14]
Notes
edit- ^ a b "UF Digital Collections". ufdc.ufl.edu.
- ^ Rives, Ralph Hardee (1919). "John Joseph Clinch, Jr". NCPedia.org. Retrieved August 19, 2019.
- ^ Patrick, Rembert (1963). Aristocrat in Uniform: General Duncan L. Clinch. Gainesville, FL: University of Florida Press. p. 15.
- ^ Patrick, (1963). pp. 87-88
- ^ Gannett, Henry (1905). The Origin of Certain Place Names in the United States. Govt. Print. Off. p. 85.
- ^ Katcher, Philip; Volstad, Ron (1989). Men-at-Arms Series 207 American Civil War Armies (5): Volunteer Militia. London: Osprey. p. 47. ISBN 0850458536.
- ^ "History of Frostproof" (PDF). Polk County Historical Association. December 2003. p. 6. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 27, 2011. Retrieved June 21, 2022.
- ^ a b Bulloch, Joseph Gaston Baillie (March 29, 1919). "A History and Genealogy of the Families of Bayard, Houstoun of Georgia: And the Descent of the Bolton Family from Assheton, Byron and Hulton of Hulton Park, by Joseph Gaston Baillie Bulloch ..." J. H. Dony, printer – via Google Books.
- ^ "UF Digital Collections". ufdc.ufl.edu.
- ^ "UF Digital Collections". ufdc.ufl.edu.
- ^ Bulloch, Joseph (1919). A History and Genealogy of the Families of Bayard, Houstoun of Georgia. Madison, Wisconsin: University of Wisconsin. p. 15. Retrieved May 7, 2022.
- ^ "A Brief History of Capt. N.B. Clinch's Artillery Company; by O.J. Hickox". www.glynngen.com.
- ^ "Nicholas bataed clinch".
- ^ McCormick, J. Sean (2007). "Guide to the General Duncan Lamont Clinch Family Papers". George A. Smathers Library, University of Florida. Retrieved January 12, 2017.
References
edit- Keenan, Jerry. Encyclopedia of American Indian Wars, ABC-CLIO, Inc.: California, 1997.
- Patrick, Rembert W. (1963). Aristocrat in Uniform. Gainesville, Florida: University of Florida Press.
- William J. Northen, Men of Mark in Georgia, A. B. Caldwell, 1912, pp. 313–314.
- United States Congress. "Duncan Lamont Clinch (id: C000520)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.
Further reading
edit- Covington, James W. The Seminoles of Florida, Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 1993.