Raymond Davis Jr. (October 14, 1914 – May 31, 2006) was an American chemist and physicist. He is best known as the leader of the Homestake experiment in the 1960s-1980s, which was the first experiment to detect neutrinos emitted from the Sun; for this he shared the 2002 Nobel Prize in Physics.[1]
Raymond Davis Jr. | |
|---|---|
 Davis in 2001 | |
| Born | October 14, 1914 Washington, D.C., U.S. |
| Died | May 31, 2006 (aged 91) Blue Point, New York, U.S. |
| Nationality | American |
| Alma mater | University of Maryland Yale University |
| Known for | Neutrinos |
| Awards | Comstock Prize in Physics (1978) Tom W. Bonner Prize (1988) Beatrice M. Tinsley Prize (1994) Wolf Prize in Physics (2000) National Medal of Science (2001) Nobel Prize in Physics (2002) Enrico Fermi Award (2003) |
| Scientific career | |
| Fields | Chemistry, physics |
| Institutions | Monsanto University of Pennsylvania |
| Thesis | The ionization constant of carbonic acid and the solubility of carbon-dioxide in water and sodium chloride solutions from 0 to 50 degrees c. (1942) |
Early life and education
editDavis was born in Washington, D.C., where his father was a photographer for the National Bureau of Standards. He spent several years as a choirboy to please his mother, although he could not carry a tune. He enjoyed attending the concerts at the Watergate before air traffic was loud enough to drown out the music. His brother Warren, 14 months younger than he, was his constant companion in boyhood. He received his B.S. from the University of Maryland in 1938 in chemistry, which is part of the University of Maryland College of Computer, Mathematical, and Natural Sciences. He also received a master's degree from that school and a Ph.D. from Yale University in physical chemistry in 1942.[2]
Career
editDavis spent most of the war years at Dugway Proving Ground, Utah[3] observing the results of chemical weapons tests and exploring the Great Salt Lake basin for evidence of its predecessor, Lake Bonneville.[4]
After his discharge from the army in 1945,[4] Davis went to work at Monsanto's Mound Laboratory, in Miamisburg, Ohio, doing applied radiochemistry of interest to the United States Atomic Energy Commission. In 1948, he joined Brookhaven National Laboratory, which was attempting to find peaceful uses for nuclear power.[3]
Davis reports that he was asked "to find something interesting to work on," and dedicated his career to the study of neutrinos, particles which had been predicted to explain the process of beta decay, but whose separate existence had not been confirmed. Davis investigated the detection of neutrinos by beta decay, the process by which a neutrino brings enough energy to a nucleus to make certain stable isotopes into radioactive ones. Since the rate for this process is very low, the number of radioactive atoms created in neutrino experiments is very small, and Davis began investigating the rates of processes other than beta decay that would mimic the signal of neutrinos.
Using barrels and tanks of carbon tetrachloride as detectors, Davis characterized the rate of the production of argon-37 as a function of altitude and as a function of depth underground. He deployed a detector containing chlorine atoms at the Brookhaven Reactor in 1954 and later one of the reactors at Savannah River. These experiments failed to detect a surplus of radioactive argon when the reactors were operating over when the reactors were shut down, and this was taken as the first experimental evidence that neutrinos causing the chlorine reaction, and antineutrinos produced in reactors, were distinct. Detecting neutrinos proved considerably more difficult than not detecting antineutrinos. Davis was the lead scientist behind the Homestake Experiment, the large-scale radiochemical neutrino detector which first detected evidence of neutrinos from the sun.[3][2]
Davis shared the Nobel Prize in Physics in 2002 with Japanese physicist Masatoshi Koshiba and Italian Riccardo Giacconi for pioneering contributions to astrophysics, Davis was recognized for his work on the detection of cosmic neutrinos,[5] looking at the solar neutrino problem in the Homestake Experiment. He was 88 years old when awarded the prize.
Personal life
editDavis met his wife Anna Torrey at Brookhaven and together they built a 21-foot wooden sailboat, the Halcyon. They had five children and lived in the same house in Blue Point, New York for over 50 years.[4] On May 31, 2006, he died in Blue Point, New York, from complications of Alzheimer's disease.[6][7]
Honors and awards
edit
- 2003, Benjamin Franklin Medal (with John N. Bahcall and Masatoshi Koshiba)[8]
- 2002, Nobel Prize in Physics (with Masatoshi Koshiba)[5]
- 2001, National Medal of Science[9][10]
- 2000, Wolf Prize in Physics[11]
- 1996, George Ellery Hale Prize of the American Astronomical Society[12][13]
- 1994, Beatrice M. Tinsley Prize of the American Astronomical Society[14][15]
- 1992, W. K. H. Panofsky Prize of the American Physical Society[16]
- 1988, Tom W. Bonner Prize of the American Physical Society[17]
- 1978, Comstock Prize in Physics of the National Academy of Sciences[18]
Notable works
edit- Davis, Raymond Jr. (1953). "Attempt to detect the Antineutrinos from a Nuclear Reactor by the 37Cl (ν, e−) 37Ar Reaction". Physical Review. 97 (3): 766. Bibcode:1955PhRv...97..766D. doi:10.1103/PhysRev.97.766. – Non-detection of antineutrinos with chlorine
- Davis, Raymond Jr. (1964). "Solar Neutrinos II, Experimental". Physical Review Letters. 12 (11): 303. Bibcode:1964PhRvL..12..303D. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.12.303. – Proposal for Homestake Experiment
- Cleveland, B. T.; et al. (1998). "Measurement of the solar electron neutrino flux with the Homestake chlorine detector". Astrophysical Journal. 496 (1): 505–526. Bibcode:1998ApJ...496..505C. doi:10.1086/305343. – final results of Homestake Experiment
Other publications
edit- Davis, R. Jr. & D. S. Harmer. "Solar Neutrinos", Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL), (December 1964).
- Davis, R. Jr. "Search for Neutrinos from the Sun", Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL), United States Department of Energy (through predecessor agency the Atomic Energy Commission), (1968).
- Davis, R. Jr. & J.C. Evans Jr. "Report on the Brookhaven Solar Neutrino Experiment", Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL), (September 22, 1976).
- Davis, R. Jr., Evans, J. C. & B. T. Cleveland. "Solar Neutrino Problem", Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL), (April 28, 1978).
- Davis, R. Jr., Cleveland, B. T. & J. K. Rowley. "Variations in the Solar Neutrino Flux", Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics at University of Pennsylvania, Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL), Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL), (August 2, 1987).
References
edit- ^ Lande, Kenneth (October 2006). "Obituary: Raymond Davis Jr". Physics Today. 59 (10): 78–80. Bibcode:2006PhT....59j..78L. doi:10.1063/1.2387099.
- ^ a b Lande, Kenneth (2018). "Raymond Davis Jr. 1914–2006". Biographical Memoirs of the National Academy of Sciences (PDF). Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. pp. 1–28.
- ^ a b c Lande, Kenneth (November 1, 2009). "The Life of Raymond Davis, Jr. and the Beginning of Neutrino Astronomy". Annual Review of Nuclear and Particle Science. 59 (1): 21–39. Bibcode:2009ARNPS..59...21L. doi:10.1146/annurev.nucl.010909.083753. ISSN 0163-8998. Retrieved March 9, 2023.
- ^ a b c "The Nobel Prize in Physics 2002". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved March 9, 2023.
- ^ a b "Press Release: The 2002 Nobel Prize in Physics". nobelprize.org. Nobel Media AB. Retrieved March 29, 2017.
- ^ Kenneth Chang (June 2, 2006). "Raymond Davis Jr., Nobelist Who Caught Neutrinos, Dies at 91". The New York Times. Retrieved October 10, 2007.
- ^ David B. Caruso (June 2, 2006). "Raymond Davis, who detected elusive solar particles, dies at 91". The Boston Globe. Retrieved October 10, 2007.
- ^ Gaisser, Thomas K.; Pittel, Stuart (May 1, 2004). "Neutrinos from the Sun: The 2003 Benjamin Franklin Medal in Physics presented to John Bahcall11Institute for Advanced Study, School of Natural Sciences, Princeton, NJ 08540, USA., Raymond Davis, Jr.22Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA., and Masatoshi Koshiba33International Center for Elementary Particle Physics, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8654, Japan". Journal of the Franklin Institute. 341 (3): 223–229. doi:10.1016/j.jfranklin.2003.12.024. ISSN 0016-0032.
- ^ "The President's National Medal of Science: Recipient Details | Raymond Davis". NSF - National Science Foundation. Retrieved March 9, 2023.
- ^ National Science Foundation – The President's National Medal of Science
- ^ "Raymond Davis Jr". Wolf Foundation. December 10, 2018. Retrieved March 9, 2023.
- ^ "Hale Prize awarded to Raymond Davis". SolarNews. January 1, 1996. Retrieved March 9, 2023.
- ^ "George Ellery Hale Prize - Previous Winners". AAS Solar Physics Division. Retrieved March 9, 2023.
- ^ "Acoustics Work Honored at ASA Meeting". Physics Today. 47 (7): 75. July 1, 1994. doi:10.1063/1.2808583. ISSN 0031-9228.
- ^ "Beatrice M. Tinsley Prize". American Astronomical Society. Retrieved March 9, 2023.
- ^ "1992 W.K.H. Panofsky Prize in Experimental Particle Physics Recipient". The American Physical Society. Retrieved March 9, 2023.
- ^ "1988 Tom W. Bonner Prize in Nuclear Physics Recipient". The American Physical Society. Retrieved March 9, 2023.
- ^ "Comstock Prize in Physics". National Academy of Sciences.
External links
edit- Raymond Davis Jr. on Nobelprize.org including the Nobel Lecture on December 8, 2002 A Half-Century with Solar Neutrinos
- The Ghost Particle at PBS NOVA
