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{{cs1 config|name-list-style=vanc}}
{{PBB|geneid=5764}}
{{short description|Protein in humans}}
{{Infobox_gene}}


'''Pleiotrophin''' (PTN) also known as '''heparin-binding brain mitogen''' (HBBM) or '''heparin-binding growth factor 8''' (HBGF-8) or '''neurite growth-promoting factor 1''' (NEGF1) or '''heparin affinity regulatory peptide''' (HARP) or '''heparin binding growth associated molecule''' (HB-GAM) is a [[protein]] that in humans is encoded by the ''PTN'' [[gene]].<ref name="entrez">{{cite web | title = Entrez Gene: PTN pleiotrophin (heparin binding growth factor 8, neurite growth-promoting factor 1)| url = http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=gene&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=5764| accessdate = }}</ref> Pleiotrophin is an 18-kDa [[growth factor]] that has a high affinity for [[heparin]]. It is structurally related to [[midkine]] and [[retinoic acid induced heparin-binding protein]].
'''Pleiotrophin''' (PTN) also known as '''heparin-binding brain mitogen''' (HBBM) or '''heparin-binding growth factor 8''' (HBGF-8) or '''neurite growth-promoting factor 1''' (NEGF1) or '''heparin affinity regulatory peptide''' (HARP) or '''heparin binding growth associated molecule''' (HB-GAM) is a [[protein]] that in humans is encoded by the ''PTN'' [[gene]].<ref name="entrez">{{cite web | title = Entrez Gene: PTN pleiotrophin (heparin binding growth factor 8, neurite growth-promoting factor 1)| url = https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=gene&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=5764}}</ref> Pleiotrophin is an 18-kDa [[growth factor]] that has a high affinity for [[heparin]]. It is structurally related to [[midkine]] and [[retinoic acid induced heparin-binding protein]].


== Function ==
== Function ==


Pleiotrophin was initially recognized as a neurite outgrowth-promoting factor present in rat brain around birth<ref name="pmid3680268">{{cite journal | author = Rauvala H, Pihlaskari R | title = Isolation and some characteristics of an adhesive factor of brain that enhances neurite outgrowth in central neurons | journal = J. Biol. Chem. | volume = 262 | issue = 34 | pages = 16625–35 | year = 1987 | pmid = 3680268 | doi = | issn = | url = http://www.jbc.org/cgi/content/abstract/262/34/16625 }}</ref>and as a mitogen toward fibroblasts isolated from bovine uterus tissue.<ref name="pmid2270483">{{cite journal | author = Li YS, Milner PG, Chauhan AK, Watson MA, Hoffman RM, Kodner CM, Milbrandt J, Deuel TF | title = Cloning and expression of a developmentally regulated protein that induces mitogenic and neurite outgrowth activity | journal = Science | volume = 250 | issue = 4988 | pages = 1690–4 | year = 1990 | pmid = 2270483 | doi = 10.1126/science.2270483 }}</ref> Together with [[midkine]] these growth-factors constitute a family of (developmentally regulated) secreted heparin-binding proteins<ref name="pmid8714367">{{cite journal | author = Laaroubi K, Vacherot F, Delbé J, Caruelle D, Barritault D, Courty J | title = Biochemical and mitogenic properties of the heparin-binding growth factor HARP | journal = Prog. Growth Factor Res. | volume = 6 | issue = 1 | pages = 25–34 | year = 1995 | pmid = 8714367 | doi = 10.1016/0955-2235(95)00002-X }}</ref> now known as the neurite growth-promoting factor (NEGF) family. During [[embryonal development|embryonic]] and early postnatal development, pleiotrophin is expressed in the [[central Nervous System|central]] and [[peripheral nervous system|peripheral]] [[nervous system]] and also in several non-neural [[biological tissue|tissues]], notably [[lung]], [[kidney]], [[Gut (zoology)|gut]] and [[bone]].<ref name="pmid1416088">{{cite journal | author = Vanderwinden JM, Mailleux P, Schiffmann SN, Vanderhaeghen JJ | title = Cellular distribution of the new growth factor pleiotrophin (HB-GAM) mRNA in developing and adult rat tissues | journal = Anat. Embryol. | volume = 186 | issue = 4 | pages = 387–406 | year = 1992 | pmid = 1416088 | doi = 10.1007/BF00185989 }}</ref> Pleiotrophin is also expressed by several [[tumor]] cells and is thought to be involved in tumor [[angiogenesis]].<ref name="pmid15013213">{{cite journal | author = Kadomatsu K, Muramatsu T | title = Midkine and pleiotrophin in neural development and cancer | journal = Cancer Lett. | volume = 204 | issue = 2 | pages = 127–43 | year = 2004 | pmid = 15013213 | doi = 10.1016/S0304-3835(03)00450-6 }}</ref> In the adult [[central nervous system]], pleiotrophin is expressed in an activity-dependent manner in the [[hippocampus]]<ref name="pmid8453763">{{cite journal | author = Wanaka A, Carroll SL, Milbrandt J | title = Developmentally regulated expression of pleiotrophin, a novel heparin binding growth factor, in the nervous system of the rat | journal = Brain Res. Dev. Brain Res. | volume = 72 | issue = 1 | pages = 133–44 | year = 1993 | pmid = 8453763 | doi = 10.1016/0165-3806(93)90166-8 }}</ref><ref name="pmid8904779">{{cite journal | author = Lauri SE, Taira T, Kaila K, Rauvala H | title = Activity-induced enhancement of HB-GAM expression in rat hippocampal slices | journal = Neuroreport | volume = 7 | issue = 10 | pages = 1670–4 | year = 1996 | pmid = 8904779 | doi = 10.1097/00001756-199607080-00029 }}</ref> where it can suppress [[long term potentiation]] induction.<ref name="pmid12093164">{{cite journal | author = Pavlov I, Võikar V, Kaksonen M, Lauri SE, Hienola A, Taira T, Rauvala H | title = Role of heparin-binding growth-associated molecule (HB-GAM) in hippocampal LTP and spatial learning revealed by studies on overexpressing and knockout mice | journal = Mol. Cell. Neurosci. | volume = 20 | issue = 2 | pages = 330–42 | year = 2002 | pmid = 12093164 | doi = 10.1006/mcne.2002.1104 }}</ref> Pleiotrophin expression is low in other areas of the adult [[brain]], but it can be induced by [[ischemic]] insults.<ref name="pmid7477935">{{cite journal | author = Takeda A, Onodera H, Sugimoto A, Itoyama Y, Kogure K, Rauvala H, Shibahara S | title = Induction of heparin-binding growth-associated molecule expression in reactive astrocytes following hippocampal neuronal injury | journal = Neuroscience | volume = 68 | issue = 1 | pages = 57–64 | year = 1995 | pmid = 7477935 | doi = 10.1016/0306-4522(95)00110-5 }}</ref><ref name="pmid9570800">{{cite journal | author = Yeh HJ, He YY, Xu J, Hsu CY, Deuel TF | title = Upregulation of pleiotrophin gene expression in developing microvasculature, macrophages, and astrocytes after acute ischemic brain injury | journal = J. Neurosci. | volume = 18 | issue = 10 | pages = 3699–707 | year = 1998 | pmid = 9570800 | doi = | issn = | url = http://www.jneurosci.org/cgi/content/abstract/18/10/3699 }}</ref> or targeted neuronal damaged in the [[entorhinal cortex]] or in the [[Substantia_nigra_pars_compacta#Pars_Compacta_2|substantia nigra pars compacta]].
Pleiotrophin was initially recognized as a neurite outgrowth-promoting factor present in rat brain around birth<ref name="pmid3680268">{{cite journal |vauthors=Rauvala H, Pihlaskari R | title = Isolation and some characteristics of an adhesive factor of brain that enhances neurite outgrowth in central neurons | journal = J. Biol. Chem. | volume = 262 | issue = 34 | pages = 16625–35 | year = 1987 | doi = 10.1016/S0021-9258(18)49302-7 | pmid = 3680268 | url = http://www.jbc.org/cgi/content/abstract/262/34/16625 | doi-access = free }}</ref> and as a mitogen toward fibroblasts isolated from bovine uterus tissue.<ref name="pmid2270483">{{cite journal |vauthors=Li YS, Milner PG, Chauhan AK, Watson MA, Hoffman RM, Kodner CM, Milbrandt J, Deuel TF | title = Cloning and expression of a developmentally regulated protein that induces mitogenic and neurite outgrowth activity | journal = Science | volume = 250 | issue = 4988 | pages = 1690–4 | year = 1990 | pmid = 2270483 | doi = 10.1126/science.2270483 | bibcode = 1990Sci...250.1690L }}</ref> Together with [[midkine]] these growth-factors constitute a family of (developmentally regulated) secreted heparin-binding proteins<ref name="pmid8714367">{{cite journal |vauthors=Laaroubi K, Vacherot F, Delbé J, Caruelle D, Barritault D, Courty J | title = Biochemical and mitogenic properties of the heparin-binding growth factor HARP | journal = Prog. Growth Factor Res. | volume = 6 | issue = 1 | pages = 25–34 | year = 1995 | pmid = 8714367 | doi = 10.1016/0955-2235(95)00002-X }}</ref> now known as the neurite growth-promoting factor (NEGF) family. During [[embryonal development|embryonic]] and early postnatal development, pleiotrophin is expressed in the [[central Nervous System|central]] and [[peripheral nervous system|peripheral]] [[nervous system]] and also in several non-neural [[biological tissue|tissues]], notably [[lung]], [[kidney]], [[Gut (zoology)|gut]] and [[bone]].<ref name="pmid1416088">{{cite journal |vauthors=Vanderwinden JM, Mailleux P, Schiffmann SN, Vanderhaeghen JJ | title = Cellular distribution of the new growth factor pleiotrophin (HB-GAM) mRNA in developing and adult rat tissues | journal = Anat. Embryol. | volume = 186 | issue = 4 | pages = 387–406 | year = 1992 | pmid = 1416088 | doi = 10.1007/BF00185989 | s2cid = 23579980 }}</ref> Pleiotrophin is also expressed by several [[tumor]] cells and is thought to be involved in tumor [[angiogenesis]].<ref name="pmid15013213">{{cite journal |vauthors=Kadomatsu K, Muramatsu T | title = Midkine and pleiotrophin in neural development and cancer | journal = Cancer Lett. | volume = 204 | issue = 2 | pages = 127–43 | year = 2004 | pmid = 15013213 | doi = 10.1016/S0304-3835(03)00450-6 }}</ref> In the adult [[central nervous system]], pleiotrophin is expressed in an activity-dependent manner in the [[hippocampus]]<ref name="pmid8453763">{{cite journal |vauthors=Wanaka A, Carroll SL, Milbrandt J | title = Developmentally regulated expression of pleiotrophin, a novel heparin binding growth factor, in the nervous system of the rat | journal = Brain Res. Dev. Brain Res. | volume = 72 | issue = 1 | pages = 133–44 | year = 1993 | pmid = 8453763 | doi = 10.1016/0165-3806(93)90166-8 }}</ref><ref name="pmid8904779">{{cite journal |vauthors=Lauri SE, Taira T, Kaila K, Rauvala H | title = Activity-induced enhancement of HB-GAM expression in rat hippocampal slices | journal = NeuroReport | volume = 7 | issue = 10 | pages = 1670–4 | year = 1996 | pmid = 8904779 | doi = 10.1097/00001756-199607080-00029 }}</ref> where it can suppress [[long term potentiation]] induction.<ref name="pmid12093164">{{cite journal |vauthors=Pavlov I, Võikar V, Kaksonen M, Lauri SE, Hienola A, Taira T, Rauvala H | title = Role of heparin-binding growth-associated molecule (HB-GAM) in hippocampal LTP and spatial learning revealed by studies on overexpressing and knockout mice | journal = Mol. Cell. Neurosci. | volume = 20 | issue = 2 | pages = 330–42 | year = 2002 | pmid = 12093164 | doi = 10.1006/mcne.2002.1104 | s2cid = 24655036 }}</ref> Pleiotrophin expression is low in other areas of the adult [[brain]], but it can be induced by [[ischemic]] insults.<ref name="pmid7477935">{{cite journal |vauthors=Takeda A, Onodera H, Sugimoto A, Itoyama Y, Kogure K, Rauvala H, Shibahara S | title = Induction of heparin-binding growth-associated molecule expression in reactive astrocytes following hippocampal neuronal injury | journal = Neuroscience | volume = 68 | issue = 1 | pages = 57–64 | year = 1995 | pmid = 7477935 | doi = 10.1016/0306-4522(95)00110-5 | s2cid = 32945854 }}</ref><ref name="pmid9570800">{{cite journal |vauthors=Yeh HJ, He YY, Xu J, Hsu CY, Deuel TF | title = Upregulation of pleiotrophin gene expression in developing microvasculature, macrophages, and astrocytes after acute ischemic brain injury | journal = J. Neurosci. | volume = 18 | issue = 10 | pages = 3699–707 | year = 1998 | pmid = 9570800 | doi = 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.18-10-03699.1998| url= | pmc = 6793139 }}</ref> or targeted neuronal damaged in the [[entorhinal cortex]] or in the [[Substantia nigra pars compacta#Pars Compacta 2|substantia nigra pars compacta]].


== Clinical significance ==
== Clinical significance ==


Pleiotrophin binds to cell-surface [[nucleolin]] as a low affinity receptor. This binding can inhibit HIV infection.<ref name="pmid16156786">{{cite journal | author = Said EA, Courty J, Svab J, Delbé J, Krust B, Hovanessian AG | title = Pleiotrophin inhibits HIV infection by binding the cell surface-expressed nucleolin | journal = FEBS J. | volume = 272 | issue = 18 | pages = 4646–59 | year = 2005 | month = September | pmid = 16156786 | doi = 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2005.04870.x | url = | issn = }}</ref>
Pleiotrophin binds to cell-surface [[nucleolin]] as a low affinity receptor. This binding can inhibit HIV infection.<ref name="pmid16156786">{{cite journal |vauthors=Said EA, Courty J, Svab J, Delbé J, Krust B, Hovanessian AG | title = Pleiotrophin inhibits HIV infection by binding the cell surface-expressed nucleolin | journal = FEBS J. | volume = 272 | issue = 18 | pages = 4646–59 |date=September 2005 | pmid = 16156786 | doi = 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2005.04870.x | s2cid = 21153881 | doi-access = free }}</ref>


==References==
==References==
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==Further reading==
==Further reading==
{{refbegin | 2}}
{{refbegin | 2}}
*{{cite journal | author=Milner PG, Shah D, Veile R, ''et al.'' |title=Cloning, nucleotide sequence, and chromosome localization of the human pleiotrophin gene. |journal=Biochemistry |volume=31 |issue= 48 |pages= 12023–8 |year= 1993 |pmid= 1457401 |doi=10.1021/bi00163a009 }}
*{{cite journal |vauthors=Milner PG, Shah D, Veile R, etal |title=Cloning, nucleotide sequence, and chromosome localization of the human pleiotrophin gene. |journal=Biochemistry |volume=31 |issue= 48 |pages= 12023–8 |year= 1993 |pmid= 1457401 |doi=10.1021/bi00163a009 }}
*{{cite journal | author=Li YS, Hoffman RM, Le Beau MM, ''et al.'' |title=Characterization of the human pleiotrophin gene. Promoter region and chromosomal localization. |journal=J. Biol. Chem. |volume=267 |issue= 36 |pages= 26011–6 |year= 1993 |pmid= 1464612 |doi= }}
*{{cite journal |vauthors=Li YS, Hoffman RM, Le Beau MM, etal |title=Characterization of the human pleiotrophin gene. Promoter region and chromosomal localization. |journal=J. Biol. Chem. |volume=267 |issue= 36 |pages= 26011–6 |year= 1993 |doi=10.1016/S0021-9258(18)35709-0 |pmid= 1464612 |doi-access=free }}
*{{cite journal | author=Tezuka K, Takeshita S, Hakeda Y, ''et al.'' |title=Isolation of mouse and human cDNA clones encoding a protein expressed specifically in osteoblasts and brain tissues. |journal=Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. |volume=173 |issue= 1 |pages= 246–51 |year= 1991 |pmid= 1701634 |doi=10.1016/S0006-291X(05)81048-4 }}
*{{cite journal |vauthors=Tezuka K, Takeshita S, Hakeda Y, etal |title=Isolation of mouse and human cDNA clones encoding a protein expressed specifically in osteoblasts and brain tissues. |journal=Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. |volume=173 |issue= 1 |pages= 246–51 |year= 1991 |pmid= 1701634 |doi=10.1016/S0006-291X(05)81048-4 }}
*{{cite journal | author=Wellstein A, Fang WJ, Khatri A, ''et al.'' |title=A heparin-binding growth factor secreted from breast cancer cells homologous to a developmentally regulated cytokine. |journal=J. Biol. Chem. |volume=267 |issue= 4 |pages= 2582–7 |year= 1992 |pmid= 1733956 |doi= }}
*{{cite journal |vauthors=Wellstein A, Fang WJ, Khatri A, etal |title=A heparin-binding growth factor secreted from breast cancer cells homologous to a developmentally regulated cytokine. |journal=J. Biol. Chem. |volume=267 |issue= 4 |pages= 2582–7 |year= 1992 |doi=10.1016/S0021-9258(18)45920-0 |pmid= 1733956 |doi-access=free }}
*{{cite journal | author=Kretschmer PJ, Fairhurst JL, Decker MM, ''et al.'' |title=Cloning, characterization and developmental regulation of two members of a novel human gene family of neurite outgrowth-promoting proteins. |journal=Growth Factors |volume=5 |issue= 2 |pages= 99–114 |year= 1992 |pmid= 1768439 |doi=10.3109/08977199109000275 }}
*{{cite journal |vauthors=Kretschmer PJ, Fairhurst JL, Decker MM, etal |title=Cloning, characterization and developmental regulation of two members of a novel human gene family of neurite outgrowth-promoting proteins. |journal=Growth Factors |volume=5 |issue= 2 |pages= 99–114 |year= 1992 |pmid= 1768439 |doi=10.3109/08977199109000275 }}
*{{cite journal | author=Li YS, Milner PG, Chauhan AK, ''et al.'' |title=Cloning and expression of a developmentally regulated protein that induces mitogenic and neurite outgrowth activity. |journal=Science |volume=250 |issue= 4988 |pages= 1690–4 |year= 1991 |pmid= 2270483 |doi=10.1126/science.2270483 }}
*{{cite journal |vauthors=Li YS, Milner PG, Chauhan AK, etal |title=Cloning and expression of a developmentally regulated protein that induces mitogenic and neurite outgrowth activity. |journal=Science |volume=250 |issue= 4988 |pages= 1690–4 |year= 1991 |pmid= 2270483 |doi=10.1126/science.2270483 |bibcode=1990Sci...250.1690L }}
*{{cite journal | author=Huber D, Gautschi-Sova P, Böhlen P |title=Amino-terminal sequences of a novel heparin-binding protein from human, bovine, rat, and chick brain: high interspecies homology. |journal=Neurochem. Res. |volume=15 |issue= 4 |pages= 435–9 |year= 1990 |pmid= 2388713 |doi=10.1007/BF00969930 }}
*{{cite journal |vauthors=Huber D, Gautschi-Sova P, Böhlen P |title=Amino-terminal sequences of a novel heparin-binding protein from human, bovine, rat, and chick brain: high interspecies homology. |journal=Neurochem. Res. |volume=15 |issue= 4 |pages= 435–9 |year= 1990 |pmid= 2388713 |doi=10.1007/BF00969930 |s2cid=24896178 }}
*{{cite journal | author=Asundi VK, Carey DJ |title=Self-association of N-syndecan (syndecan-3) core protein is mediated by a novel structural motif in the transmembrane domain and ectodomain flanking region. |journal=J. Biol. Chem. |volume=270 |issue= 44 |pages= 26404–10 |year= 1995 |pmid= 7592855 |doi=10.1074/jbc.270.44.26404 }}
*{{cite journal |vauthors=Asundi VK, Carey DJ |title=Self-association of N-syndecan (syndecan-3) core protein is mediated by a novel structural motif in the transmembrane domain and ectodomain flanking region. |journal=J. Biol. Chem. |volume=270 |issue= 44 |pages= 26404–10 |year= 1995 |pmid= 7592855 |doi=10.1074/jbc.270.44.26404 |doi-access=free }}
*{{cite journal | author=Raulo E, Chernousov MA, Carey DJ, ''et al.'' |title=Isolation of a neuronal cell surface receptor of heparin binding growth-associated molecule (HB-GAM). Identification as N-syndecan (syndecan-3). |journal=J. Biol. Chem. |volume=269 |issue= 17 |pages= 12999–3004 |year= 1994 |pmid= 8175719 |doi= }}
*{{cite journal |vauthors=Raulo E, Chernousov MA, Carey DJ, etal |title=Isolation of a neuronal cell surface receptor of heparin binding growth-associated molecule (HB-GAM). Identification as N-syndecan (syndecan-3). |journal=J. Biol. Chem. |volume=269 |issue= 17 |pages= 12999–3004 |year= 1994 |doi=10.1016/S0021-9258(18)99975-8 |pmid= 8175719 |doi-access=free }}
*{{cite journal | author=Fabri L, Maruta H, Muramatsu H, ''et al.'' |title=Structural characterisation of native and recombinant forms of the neurotrophic cytokine MK. |journal=J. Chromatogr. |volume=646 |issue= 1 |pages= 213–25 |year= 1993 |pmid= 8408430 |doi=10.1016/S0021-9673(99)87023-X }}
*{{cite journal |vauthors=Fabri L, Maruta H, Muramatsu H, etal |title=Structural characterisation of native and recombinant forms of the neurotrophic cytokine MK. |journal=J. Chromatogr. |volume=646 |issue= 1 |pages= 213–25 |year= 1993 |pmid= 8408430 |doi=10.1016/S0021-9673(99)87023-X }}
*{{cite journal | author=Kretschmer PJ, Fairhurst JL, Hulmes JD, ''et al.'' |title=Genomic organization of the human HBNF gene and characterization of an HBNF variant protein as a splice mutant. |journal=Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. |volume=192 |issue= 2 |pages= 420–9 |year= 1993 |pmid= 8484754 |doi= 10.1006/bbrc.1993.1432 }}
*{{cite journal |vauthors=Kretschmer PJ, Fairhurst JL, Hulmes JD, etal |title=Genomic organization of the human HBNF gene and characterization of an HBNF variant protein as a splice mutant. |journal=Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. |volume=192 |issue= 2 |pages= 420–9 |year= 1993 |pmid= 8484754 |doi= 10.1006/bbrc.1993.1432 }}
*{{cite journal | author=Hulmes JD, Seddon AP, Decker MM, Böhlen P |title=Comparison of the disulfide bond arrangements of human recombinant and bovine brain heparin binding neurite-promoting factors. |journal=Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. |volume=192 |issue= 2 |pages= 738–46 |year= 1993 |pmid= 8484780 |doi= 10.1006/bbrc.1993.1476 }}
*{{cite journal |vauthors=Hulmes JD, Seddon AP, Decker MM, Böhlen P |title=Comparison of the disulfide bond arrangements of human recombinant and bovine brain heparin binding neurite-promoting factors. |journal=Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. |volume=192 |issue= 2 |pages= 738–46 |year= 1993 |pmid= 8484780 |doi= 10.1006/bbrc.1993.1476 }}
*{{cite journal | author=Kinnunen T, Raulo E, Nolo R, ''et al.'' |title=Neurite outgrowth in brain neurons induced by heparin-binding growth-associated molecule (HB-GAM) depends on the specific interaction of HB-GAM with heparan sulfate at the cell surface. |journal=J. Biol. Chem. |volume=271 |issue= 4 |pages= 2243–8 |year= 1996 |pmid= 8567685 |doi=10.1074/jbc.271.4.2243 }}
*{{cite journal |vauthors=Kinnunen T, Raulo E, Nolo R, etal |title=Neurite outgrowth in brain neurons induced by heparin-binding growth-associated molecule (HB-GAM) depends on the specific interaction of HB-GAM with heparan sulfate at the cell surface. |journal=J. Biol. Chem. |volume=271 |issue= 4 |pages= 2243–8 |year= 1996 |pmid= 8567685 |doi=10.1074/jbc.271.4.2243 |doi-access=free }}
*{{cite journal | author=Bonaldo MF, Lennon G, Soares MB |title=Normalization and subtraction: two approaches to facilitate gene discovery. |journal=Genome Res. |volume=6 |issue= 9 |pages= 791–806 |year= 1997 |pmid= 8889548 |doi=10.1101/gr.6.9.791 }}
*{{cite journal |vauthors=Bonaldo MF, Lennon G, Soares MB |title=Normalization and subtraction: two approaches to facilitate gene discovery. |journal=Genome Res. |volume=6 |issue= 9 |pages= 791–806 |year= 1997 |pmid= 8889548 |doi=10.1101/gr.6.9.791 |doi-access=free }}
*{{cite journal | author=Masuda H, Tsujimura A, Yoshioka M, ''et al.'' |title=Bone mass loss due to estrogen deficiency is compensated in transgenic mice overexpressing human osteoblast stimulating factor-1. |journal=Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. |volume=238 |issue= 2 |pages= 528–33 |year= 1997 |pmid= 9299545 |doi= 10.1006/bbrc.1997.7188 }}
*{{cite journal |vauthors=Masuda H, Tsujimura A, Yoshioka M, etal |title=Bone mass loss due to estrogen deficiency is compensated in transgenic mice overexpressing human osteoblast stimulating factor-1. |journal=Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. |volume=238 |issue= 2 |pages= 528–33 |year= 1997 |pmid= 9299545 |doi= 10.1006/bbrc.1997.7188 }}
*{{cite journal | author=Milev P, Chiba A, Häring M, ''et al.'' |title=High affinity binding and overlapping localization of neurocan and phosphacan/protein-tyrosine phosphatase-zeta/beta with tenascin-R, amphoterin, and the heparin-binding growth-associated molecule. |journal=J. Biol. Chem. |volume=273 |issue= 12 |pages= 6998–7005 |year= 1998 |pmid= 9507007 |doi=10.1074/jbc.273.12.6998 }}
*{{cite journal |vauthors=Milev P, Chiba A, Häring M, etal |title=High affinity binding and overlapping localization of neurocan and phosphacan/protein-tyrosine phosphatase-zeta/beta with tenascin-R, amphoterin, and the heparin-binding growth-associated molecule. |journal=J. Biol. Chem. |volume=273 |issue= 12 |pages= 6998–7005 |year= 1998 |pmid= 9507007 |doi=10.1074/jbc.273.12.6998 |doi-access=free }}
*{{cite journal | author=Fages C, Kaksonen M, Kinnunen T, ''et al.'' |title=Regulation of mRNA localization by transmembrane signalling: local interaction of HB-GAM (heparin-binding growth-associated molecule) with the cell surface localizes beta-actin mRNA. |journal=J. Cell. Sci. |volume=111 ( Pt 20) |issue= |pages= 3073–80 |year= 1998 |pmid= 9739080 |doi= }}
*{{cite journal |vauthors=Fages C, Kaksonen M, Kinnunen T, etal |title=Regulation of mRNA localization by transmembrane signalling: local interaction of HB-GAM (heparin-binding growth-associated molecule) with the cell surface localizes beta-actin mRNA. |journal=J. Cell Sci. |volume=111 |issue= 20|pages= 3073–80 |year= 1998 |doi=10.1242/jcs.111.20.3073 |pmid= 9739080 |doi-access=free }}
*{{cite journal | author=Zhang N, Zhong R, Deuel TF |title=Domain structure of pleiotrophin required for transformation. |journal=J. Biol. Chem. |volume=274 |issue= 19 |pages= 12959–62 |year= 1999 |pmid= 10224041 |doi=10.1074/jbc.274.19.12959 }}
*{{cite journal |vauthors=Zhang N, Zhong R, Deuel TF |title=Domain structure of pleiotrophin required for transformation. |journal=J. Biol. Chem. |volume=274 |issue= 19 |pages= 12959–62 |year= 1999 |pmid= 10224041 |doi=10.1074/jbc.274.19.12959 |doi-access=free }}
*{{cite journal | author=Bernard-Pierrot I, Héroult M, Lemaître G, ''et al.'' |title=Glycosaminoglycans promote HARP/PTN dimerization. |journal=Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. |volume=266 |issue= 2 |pages= 437–42 |year= 2000 |pmid= 10600521 |doi= 10.1006/bbrc.1999.1835 }}
*{{cite journal |vauthors=Bernard-Pierrot I, Héroult M, Lemaître G, etal |title=Glycosaminoglycans promote HARP/PTN dimerization. |journal=Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. |volume=266 |issue= 2 |pages= 437–42 |year= 2000 |pmid= 10600521 |doi= 10.1006/bbrc.1999.1835 }}
*{{cite journal | author=Meng K, Rodriguez-Peña A, Dimitrov T, ''et al.'' |title=Pleiotrophin signals increased tyrosine phosphorylation of beta beta-catenin through inactivation of the intrinsic catalytic activity of the receptor-type protein tyrosine phosphatase beta/zeta. |journal=Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. |volume=97 |issue= 6 |pages= 2603–8 |year= 2000 |pmid= 10706604 |doi= 10.1073/pnas.020487997 | pmc=15975 }}
*{{cite journal |vauthors=Meng K, Rodriguez-Peña A, Dimitrov T, etal |title=Pleiotrophin signals increased tyrosine phosphorylation of beta beta-catenin through inactivation of the intrinsic catalytic activity of the receptor-type protein tyrosine phosphatase beta/zeta. |journal=Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. |volume=97 |issue= 6 |pages= 2603–8 |year= 2000 |pmid= 10706604 |doi= 10.1073/pnas.020487997 | pmc=15975 |doi-access=free }}
*{{cite journal | author=Murasugi A, Kido I, Kumai H, Asami Y |title=Efficient production of recombinant human pleio-trophin in yeast, ''Pichia pastoris''. |journal=Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem. |volume=67 |issue= 10 |pages= 2288–90 |year= 2003 |pmid= 14586125 |doi=10.1271/bbb.67.2288 }}
*{{cite journal |vauthors=Murasugi A, Kido I, Kumai H, Asami Y |title=Efficient production of recombinant human pleio-trophin in yeast, ''Pichia pastoris''. |journal=Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem. |volume=67 |issue= 10 |pages= 2288–90 |year= 2003 |pmid= 14586125 |doi=10.1271/bbb.67.2288 |s2cid=23168994 |doi-access= }}
{{refend}}
{{refend}}


{{Growth factor receptor modulators}}


[[Category:Growth factors|*]]
[[Category:Growth factors]]


[[de:Wachstumsfaktor]]
[[de:Wachstumsfaktor]]

Latest revision as of 07:53, 21 December 2023

PTN
Available structures
PDBOrtholog search: PDBe RCSB
Identifiers
AliasesPTN, HARP, HBGF8, HBNF, NEGF1, HB-GAM, HBBM, HBGF-8, HBNF-1, OSF-1, pleiotrophin
External IDsOMIM: 162095; MGI: 97804; HomoloGene: 2117; GeneCards: PTN; OMA:PTN - orthologs
Orthologs
SpeciesHumanMouse
Entrez

5764

19242

Ensembl

ENSG00000105894

ENSMUSG00000029838

UniProt

P21246

P63089

RefSeq (mRNA)

NM_002825
NM_001321386
NM_001321387

NM_008973

RefSeq (protein)

NP_001308315
NP_001308316
NP_002816

NP_032999

Location (UCSC)Chr 7: 137.23 – 137.34 MbChr 6: 36.69 – 36.79 Mb
PubMed search[3][4]
Wikidata
View/Edit HumanView/Edit Mouse

Pleiotrophin (PTN) also known as heparin-binding brain mitogen (HBBM) or heparin-binding growth factor 8 (HBGF-8) or neurite growth-promoting factor 1 (NEGF1) or heparin affinity regulatory peptide (HARP) or heparin binding growth associated molecule (HB-GAM) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the PTN gene.[5] Pleiotrophin is an 18-kDa growth factor that has a high affinity for heparin. It is structurally related to midkine and retinoic acid induced heparin-binding protein.

Function

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Pleiotrophin was initially recognized as a neurite outgrowth-promoting factor present in rat brain around birth[6] and as a mitogen toward fibroblasts isolated from bovine uterus tissue.[7] Together with midkine these growth-factors constitute a family of (developmentally regulated) secreted heparin-binding proteins[8] now known as the neurite growth-promoting factor (NEGF) family. During embryonic and early postnatal development, pleiotrophin is expressed in the central and peripheral nervous system and also in several non-neural tissues, notably lung, kidney, gut and bone.[9] Pleiotrophin is also expressed by several tumor cells and is thought to be involved in tumor angiogenesis.[10] In the adult central nervous system, pleiotrophin is expressed in an activity-dependent manner in the hippocampus[11][12] where it can suppress long term potentiation induction.[13] Pleiotrophin expression is low in other areas of the adult brain, but it can be induced by ischemic insults.[14][15] or targeted neuronal damaged in the entorhinal cortex or in the substantia nigra pars compacta.

Clinical significance

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Pleiotrophin binds to cell-surface nucleolin as a low affinity receptor. This binding can inhibit HIV infection.[16]

References

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  1. ^ a b c GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000105894 – Ensembl, May 2017
  2. ^ a b c GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000029838 – Ensembl, May 2017
  3. ^ "Human PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
  4. ^ "Mouse PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
  5. ^ "Entrez Gene: PTN pleiotrophin (heparin binding growth factor 8, neurite growth-promoting factor 1)".
  6. ^ Rauvala H, Pihlaskari R (1987). "Isolation and some characteristics of an adhesive factor of brain that enhances neurite outgrowth in central neurons". J. Biol. Chem. 262 (34): 16625–35. doi:10.1016/S0021-9258(18)49302-7. PMID 3680268.
  7. ^ Li YS, Milner PG, Chauhan AK, Watson MA, Hoffman RM, Kodner CM, Milbrandt J, Deuel TF (1990). "Cloning and expression of a developmentally regulated protein that induces mitogenic and neurite outgrowth activity". Science. 250 (4988): 1690–4. Bibcode:1990Sci...250.1690L. doi:10.1126/science.2270483. PMID 2270483.
  8. ^ Laaroubi K, Vacherot F, Delbé J, Caruelle D, Barritault D, Courty J (1995). "Biochemical and mitogenic properties of the heparin-binding growth factor HARP". Prog. Growth Factor Res. 6 (1): 25–34. doi:10.1016/0955-2235(95)00002-X. PMID 8714367.
  9. ^ Vanderwinden JM, Mailleux P, Schiffmann SN, Vanderhaeghen JJ (1992). "Cellular distribution of the new growth factor pleiotrophin (HB-GAM) mRNA in developing and adult rat tissues". Anat. Embryol. 186 (4): 387–406. doi:10.1007/BF00185989. PMID 1416088. S2CID 23579980.
  10. ^ Kadomatsu K, Muramatsu T (2004). "Midkine and pleiotrophin in neural development and cancer". Cancer Lett. 204 (2): 127–43. doi:10.1016/S0304-3835(03)00450-6. PMID 15013213.
  11. ^ Wanaka A, Carroll SL, Milbrandt J (1993). "Developmentally regulated expression of pleiotrophin, a novel heparin binding growth factor, in the nervous system of the rat". Brain Res. Dev. Brain Res. 72 (1): 133–44. doi:10.1016/0165-3806(93)90166-8. PMID 8453763.
  12. ^ Lauri SE, Taira T, Kaila K, Rauvala H (1996). "Activity-induced enhancement of HB-GAM expression in rat hippocampal slices". NeuroReport. 7 (10): 1670–4. doi:10.1097/00001756-199607080-00029. PMID 8904779.
  13. ^ Pavlov I, Võikar V, Kaksonen M, Lauri SE, Hienola A, Taira T, Rauvala H (2002). "Role of heparin-binding growth-associated molecule (HB-GAM) in hippocampal LTP and spatial learning revealed by studies on overexpressing and knockout mice". Mol. Cell. Neurosci. 20 (2): 330–42. doi:10.1006/mcne.2002.1104. PMID 12093164. S2CID 24655036.
  14. ^ Takeda A, Onodera H, Sugimoto A, Itoyama Y, Kogure K, Rauvala H, Shibahara S (1995). "Induction of heparin-binding growth-associated molecule expression in reactive astrocytes following hippocampal neuronal injury". Neuroscience. 68 (1): 57–64. doi:10.1016/0306-4522(95)00110-5. PMID 7477935. S2CID 32945854.
  15. ^ Yeh HJ, He YY, Xu J, Hsu CY, Deuel TF (1998). "Upregulation of pleiotrophin gene expression in developing microvasculature, macrophages, and astrocytes after acute ischemic brain injury". J. Neurosci. 18 (10): 3699–707. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.18-10-03699.1998. PMC 6793139. PMID 9570800.
  16. ^ Said EA, Courty J, Svab J, Delbé J, Krust B, Hovanessian AG (September 2005). "Pleiotrophin inhibits HIV infection by binding the cell surface-expressed nucleolin". FEBS J. 272 (18): 4646–59. doi:10.1111/j.1742-4658.2005.04870.x. PMID 16156786. S2CID 21153881.

Further reading

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