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{{Short description|Abbasid provincial governor and general (died 816)}}
{{Infobox person
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Harthama ibn A'yan
| name = Harthama ibn A'yan <br> هرثمة بن أعين
| image = <!-- filename only, no "File:" or "Image:" prefix, and no enclosing [[brackets]] -->
| image =
| alt = <!-- descriptive text for use by speech synthesis (text-to-speech) software -->
| caption =
| caption =
| birth_date =
| birth_name = <!-- only use if different from name -->
| birth_place = [[Balkh]], Abbasid Caliphate
| birth_date = <!-- {{birth date and age|YYYY|MM|DD}} for living people supply only the year with {{Birth year and age|YYYY}} unless the exact date is already widely published, as per [[WP:DOB]]. For people who have died, use {{Birth date|YYYY|MM|DD}}. -->
| birth_place = [[Balkh]]
| death_date = June 816
| death_date = June 816
| death_place = Abbasid Caliphate
| monarch1 = [[Harun al-Rashid]]
| death_place =
| office1 = [[List of rulers of Islamic Egypt|Abbasid governor of Egypt]]
| nationality =
| other_names =
| term1 = 794–795
| predecessor1 = [[Ishaq ibn Sulayman al-Hashimi|Ishaq ibn Sulayman]]
⚫
| occupation = General and governor of the early [[Abbasid Caliphate]]
| successor1 = [[Abd al-Malik ibn Salih]]
| years_active =
| known_for =
| monarch2 = [[Harun al-Rashid]]
| office2 = Abbasid governor of [[Ifriqiya]]
| notable_works =
| term2 = 795–797
| predecessor2 = [[Al-Fadl ibn Rawh ibn Hatim al-Muhallabi]]
| successor2 = [[Muhammad ibn Muqatil al-Akki]]
| monarch3 = [[Harun al-Rashid]]
| office3 = [[List of rulers of Mosul|Abbasid governor of Mosul]]
| term3 = 798–802
| predecessor3 = [[Yahya ibn Sa'id al-Harashi]]
| successor3 = Nadal ibn Rifas
| monarch4 = Harun al-Rashid
| office4 = Abbasid governor of [[Jund Filastin|Palestine]]
| term4 =
| predecessor4 =
| successor4 =
| parents = A'yan
| spouse =
| children =
<!--Military service-->
⚫
| allegiance = [[Abbasid Caliphate]]
| serviceyears = 790s - 816 <br> 816 (end of service)
| rank = Abbasid army general
| battles =
}}
}}
⚫
'''Harthama ibn A'yan''' ({{Langx|ar|هرثمة بن أعين}}; died June 816) was a [[Greater Khorasan|Khurasan]]-born general and governor of the early [[Abbasid Caliphate]], serving under the caliphs [[al-Hadi]], [[Harun al-Rashid]] and [[al-Ma'mun]]. He played an important role in the victory of al-Ma'mun in the [[Fourth Fitna|Abbasid civil war]], but was executed at his orders when he protested against the power of the [[Fadl ibn Sahl|Sahlid]] family that dominated his court.

⚫
'''Harthama ibn A'yan''' (died June 816) was a [[Greater Khorasan|Khurasan]]-born general and governor of the early [[Abbasid Caliphate]], serving under the caliphs [[al-Hadi]], [[Harun al-Rashid]] and [[al-Ma'mun]]. He played an important role in the victory of al-Ma'mun in the [[Fourth Fitna|Abbasid civil war]], but was executed at his orders when he protested against the power of the [[Fadl ibn Sahl|Sahlid]] family that dominated his court.


== Biography ==
== Biography ==
A native of [[Balkh]], Harthama was a ''[[mawla]]'' of the [[Banu Dabba]] tribe.<ref>Rekaya (1991), p. 333</ref> He first appears during the reign of the second Abbasid Caliph, [[al-Mansur]] ([[reign]]ed 754–775), as one of the supporters of the Abbasid prince and heir-apparent [[Isa ibn Musa]]. Isa was forced to renounce his claim on the throne in favour of al-Mansur's son, [[al-Mahdi]] (r. 775–785), who had Harthama brought to [[Baghdad]] in chains and kept him under arrest throughout his reign.<ref name="EI2">Pellat (1971), p. 231</ref><ref name="Crone177">Crone (1980), p. 177</ref>
A native of [[Balkh]], Harthama was a {{transl|ar|[[mawla]]}} of the [[Banu Dabba]] tribe.<ref>Rekaya (1991), p. 333</ref> He first appears during the reign of the second Abbasid Caliph, [[al-Mansur]] ([[reign]]ed 754–775), as one of the supporters of the Abbasid prince and heir-apparent [[Isa ibn Musa]]. Isa was forced to renounce his claim on the throne in favour of al-Mansur's son, [[al-Mahdi]] ({{reign|775|785}}), who had Harthama brought to [[Baghdad]] in chains and kept him under arrest throughout his reign.<ref name="EI2">Pellat (1971), p. 231</ref><ref name="Crone177">Crone (1980), p. 177</ref>


Under al-Mahdi's son and successor [[al-Hadi]] (r. 785–786), however, he was released and rose to prominence as one of the Caliph's closest advisors. At one point he is said to have recommended that the Caliph should execute his younger brother and heir-apparent, the future caliph [[Harun al-Rashid]] (r. 786–809) to open the path for the succession of al-Hadi's own sons, but this plan was foiled through the intervention of the Caliph's mother, [[al-Khayzuran]]. Nevertheless, when al-Hadi died it was Harthama himself who released Harun from prison.<ref name="EI2"/>
Under al-Mahdi's son and successor [[al-Hadi]] ({{reign|785|786}}), however, he was released and rose to prominence as one of the Caliph's closest advisors. At one point he is said to have recommended that the Caliph should execute his younger brother and heir-apparent, the future caliph [[Harun al-Rashid]] ({{reign|786|809}}) to open the path for the succession of al-Hadi's own sons, but this plan was foiled through the intervention of the Caliph's mother, [[al-Khayzuran]]. Nevertheless, when al-Hadi died it was Harthama himself who released Harun from prison.<ref name="EI2"/>


He continued to enjoy a privileged position and high office under Harun as well, serving as governor of [[Jund Filastin|Palestine]], [[Egypt]], [[Mosul]] and then [[Ifriqiya]],<ref name="Crone177"/> before assuming command of the caliphal guard (''haras'') under the supervision of Harun's trusted [[vizier]], [[Ja'far ibn Yahya]] the [[Barmakid]]. From this post he played a role in the downfall of the Barmakids in 803, and established himself as one of the Caliphate's senior military leaders.<ref name="EI2"/><ref name="Crone177"/> He also led two summer raids into [[Asia Minor]] against the [[Byzantine Empire|Byzantines]].<ref name="Crone177"/> When the large-scale rebellion of [[Rafi ibn al-Layth]] broke out in Khurasan in 805–806 and the local governor, [[Ali ibn Isa ibn Mahan]], proved himself incapable of suppressing it, al-Rashid sent Harthama to replace him, following himself shortly after, in 808.<ref name="EI2"/><ref>Kennedy (2004), p. 145</ref>
He continued to enjoy a privileged position and high office under Harun as well, serving as governor of [[Jund Filastin|Palestine]], [[Egypt]], [[Mosul]] and then [[Ifriqiya]],<ref name="Crone177"/> before assuming command of the caliphal guard ({{transl|ar|haras}}) under the supervision of Harun's trusted [[vizier (Abbasid Caliphate)|vizier]], [[Ja'far ibn Yahya]] the [[Barmakid]]. From this post he played a role in the downfall of the Barmakids in 803, and established himself as one of the Caliphate's senior military leaders.<ref name="EI2"/><ref name="Crone177"/> He also led two summer raids into [[Asia Minor]] against the [[Byzantine Empire|Byzantines]].<ref name="Crone177"/> When the large-scale rebellion of [[Rafi ibn al-Layth]] broke out in Khurasan in 805–806 and the local governor, [[Ali ibn Isa ibn Mahan]], proved himself incapable of suppressing it, al-Rashid sent Harthama to replace him, following himself shortly after, in 808.<ref name="EI2"/><ref>Kennedy (2004), p. 145</ref>


Harthama was in [[Samarkand]] when al-Rashid died at [[Tus, Iran|Tus]] in March 809, and remained in the east after.<ref name="EI2"/> Consequently he threw in his lot with [[al-Ma'mun]] (r. 813–833) in the [[Fourth Fitna|civil war]] against [[al-Amin]] (r. 809–813), and was along with [[Tahir ibn Husayn]] one of the two commanders of al-Ma'mun's army during the crucial [[Siege of Baghdad (812–813)|year-long siege]] of Baghdad in 812–813. During the siege he led the attack from the east while Tahir commanded from the west. In the final stage of the siege, Harthama tried unsuccessfully to secure the surrender and life of al-Amin, by sending a boat to ferry him over the [[Tigris]]. The boat, however, capsized, and al-Amin was captured and executed by Tahir's men.<ref name="EI2"/><ref>Kennedy (2004), pp. 149–150</ref>
Harthama was in [[Samarkand]] when al-Rashid died at [[Tus, Iran|Tus]] in March 809, and remained in the east after.<ref name="EI2"/> Consequently, he threw in his lot with [[al-Ma'mun]] ({{reign|813|833}}) in the [[Fourth Fitna|civil war]] against [[al-Amin]] ({{reign|809|813}}), and was along with [[Tahir ibn Husayn]] one of the two commanders of al-Ma'mun's army during the crucial [[Siege of Baghdad (812–813)|year-long siege]] of Baghdad in 812–813. During the siege he led the attack from the east while Tahir commanded from the west. In the final stage of the siege, Harthama tried unsuccessfully to secure the surrender and life of al-Amin, by sending a boat to ferry him over the [[Tigris]]. The boat, however, capsized, and al-Amin was captured and executed by Tahir's men.<ref name="EI2"/><ref>Kennedy (2004), pp. 149–150</ref>


Harthama remained in [[Iraq]] after that, and played a leading role in defeating the pro-[[Alid]] revolt of [[Abu 'l-Saraya al-Sirri]] in 815.<ref name="EI2"/><ref name="Crone177"/><ref>Kennedy (2004), p. 152</ref> Soon after he was appointed as governor of [[Arabia]] and [[Bilad al-Sham|Syria]], but instead of taking up his post Harthama went east with the intention of appraising al-Ma'mun, who had remained in [[Merv]], of the real situation in Iraq, and especially the resentment caused by the government's domination by a group of Khurasanis around al-Ma'mun's vizier, [[al-Fadl ibn Sahl]]. Al-Fadl and his supporters were however able to turn al-Ma'mun against Harthama, who was imprisoned and executed in June 816.<ref name="EI2"/><ref name="Crone177"/><ref>Kennedy (2004), p. 151</ref> In response to the news of his execution, Harthama's son [[Hatim ibn Harthamah ibn A'yan|Hatim]], the governor of [[Arminiya]], led a rebellion that was however cut short by his own death.<ref name="EI2"/><ref name="Crone177"/> Another son, A'yan, governor of [[Sistan]] ca. 820, is also known, and his descendants through Hatim continued to occupy high offices until well into the 9th century.<ref>Crone (1980), p. 178</ref>
Harthama remained in [[Iraq (region)|Iraq]] after that, and played a leading role in defeating the pro-[[Alid]] revolt of [[Abu'l-Saraya]] in 815.<ref name="EI2"/><ref name="Crone177"/><ref>Kennedy (2004), p. 152</ref> Soon after he was appointed as governor of [[Arabia]] and [[Bilad al-Sham|Syria]], but instead of taking up his post Harthama went east with the intention of appraising al-Ma'mun, who had remained in [[Merv]], of the real situation in Iraq, and especially the resentment caused by the government's domination by a group of Khurasanis around al-Ma'mun's vizier, [[al-Fadl ibn Sahl]]. Al-Fadl and his supporters were however able to turn al-Ma'mun against Harthama, who was imprisoned and executed in June 816.<ref name="EI2"/><ref name="Crone177"/><ref>Kennedy (2004), p. 151</ref> In response to the news of his execution, Harthama's son [[Hatim ibn Harthamah ibn A'yan|Hatim]], the governor of [[Arminiya]], led a rebellion that was however cut short by his own death.<ref name="EI2"/><ref name="Crone177"/> Another son, A'yan, governor of [[Sistan]] {{circa|820}}, is also known, and his descendants through Hatim continued to occupy high offices until well into the 9th century.<ref>Crone (1980), p. 178</ref>


== References ==
== References ==
Line 34: Line 54:


== Sources ==
== Sources ==
* {{Slaves on Horses}}
* {{cite book | title = Slaves on horses: the evolution of the Islamic polity | first = Patricia | last = Crone | authorlink = Patricia Crone | location = Cambridge and New York | publisher = Cambridge University Press | year = 1980 | isbn = 0-521-52940-9 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=fOu7XGjKmkAC}}
* {{The Prophet and the Age of the Caliphates | edition = Second}}
* {{cite book | title=The Prophet and the Age of the Caliphates: The Islamic Near East from the 6th to the 11th Century | edition = Second | last=Kennedy| first=Hugh N. | authorlink=Hugh N. Kennedy | year=2004 | publisher=Pearson Education Ltd. | location=Harlow, UK |isbn=0-582-40525-4 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=Wux0lWbxs1kC}}
* {{EI2 | volume = 3 | title=Hart̲h̲ama b. Aʿyan | first = Ch. | last = Pellat | page = 231 | url = http://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-2/harthama-b-ayan-SIM_2744}}
* {{EI2 | volume = 3 | title=Hart̲h̲ama b. Aʿyan | first = Ch. | last = Pellat | page = 231 | doi =10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_2744}}
* {{EI2 | volume = 6 | article = al- Maʾmūn b. Hārūn al-Ras̲h̲īd | last = Rekaya | first1 = M. | pages = 331–339 }}
* {{EI2 | volume = 6 | article = al-Maʾmūn | last = Rekaya | first1 = M. | pages = 331–339 | doi =10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_4889}}

{{s-start}}
{{succession box|title=[[List of governors of Islamic Egypt|Governor of Egypt]]|before=[[Ishaq ibn Sulayman al-Hashimi]]|after=[[Abd al-Malik ibn Salih]]|years=794–795}}
{{s-end}}


{{DEFAULTSORT:Harthama ibn A'yan}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Harthama ibn A'yan}}
[[Category:816 deaths]]
[[Category:816 deaths]]
[[Category:Abbasid generals]]
[[Category:Generals of the Abbasid Caliphate]]
[[Category:Abbasid governors of Khurasan]]
[[Category:Abbasid governors of Khurasan]]
[[Category:Abbasid governors of Ifriqiya]]
[[Category:Abbasid governors of Ifriqiya]]
[[Category:8th-century births]]
[[Category:8th-century births]]
[[Category:Harun al-Rashid]]
[[Category:9th-century executions by the Abbasid Caliphate]]
⚫
[[Category:9th-century executions]]
[[Category:People executed by the Abbasid Caliphate]]
[[Category:Abbasid people of the Arab–Byzantine wars]]
[[Category:Abbasid people of the Arab–Byzantine wars]]
[[Category:Fourth Fitna]]
[[Category:People of the Fourth Fitna]]
[[Category:8th-century Iranian people]]
[[Category:8th-century Iranian people]]
[[Category:9th-century Iranian people]]
[[Category:9th-century Iranian people]]
[[Category:8th-century Abbasid people]]
[[Category:8th-century Abbasid governors of Egypt]]
[[Category:Abbasid governors of Mosul]]
⚫
[[Category:8th-century people from Ifriqiya]]

Latest revision as of 21:56, 2 November 2024

Harthama ibn A'yan
هرثمة بن أعين
Abbasid governor of Egypt
In office
794–795
MonarchHarun al-Rashid
Preceded byIshaq ibn Sulayman
Succeeded byAbd al-Malik ibn Salih
Abbasid governor of Ifriqiya
In office
795–797
MonarchHarun al-Rashid
Preceded byAl-Fadl ibn Rawh ibn Hatim al-Muhallabi
Succeeded byMuhammad ibn Muqatil al-Akki
Abbasid governor of Mosul
In office
798–802
MonarchHarun al-Rashid
Preceded byYahya ibn Sa'id al-Harashi
Succeeded byNadal ibn Rifas
Abbasid governor of Palestine
MonarchHarun al-Rashid
Personal details
BornBalkh, Abbasid Caliphate
DiedJune 816
Abbasid Caliphate
ParentA'yan
Military service
AllegianceAbbasid Caliphate
Years of service790s - 816
816 (end of service)
RankAbbasid army general

Harthama ibn A'yan (Arabic: هرثمة بن أعين; died June 816) was a Khurasan-born general and governor of the early Abbasid Caliphate, serving under the caliphs al-Hadi, Harun al-Rashid and al-Ma'mun. He played an important role in the victory of al-Ma'mun in the Abbasid civil war, but was executed at his orders when he protested against the power of the Sahlid family that dominated his court.

Biography

[edit]

A native of Balkh, Harthama was a mawla of the Banu Dabba tribe.[1] He first appears during the reign of the second Abbasid Caliph, al-Mansur (reigned 754–775), as one of the supporters of the Abbasid prince and heir-apparent Isa ibn Musa. Isa was forced to renounce his claim on the throne in favour of al-Mansur's son, al-Mahdi (r. 775–785), who had Harthama brought to Baghdad in chains and kept him under arrest throughout his reign.[2][3]

Under al-Mahdi's son and successor al-Hadi (r. 785–786), however, he was released and rose to prominence as one of the Caliph's closest advisors. At one point he is said to have recommended that the Caliph should execute his younger brother and heir-apparent, the future caliph Harun al-Rashid (r. 786–809) to open the path for the succession of al-Hadi's own sons, but this plan was foiled through the intervention of the Caliph's mother, al-Khayzuran. Nevertheless, when al-Hadi died it was Harthama himself who released Harun from prison.[2]

He continued to enjoy a privileged position and high office under Harun as well, serving as governor of Palestine, Egypt, Mosul and then Ifriqiya,[3] before assuming command of the caliphal guard (haras) under the supervision of Harun's trusted vizier, Ja'far ibn Yahya the Barmakid. From this post he played a role in the downfall of the Barmakids in 803, and established himself as one of the Caliphate's senior military leaders.[2][3] He also led two summer raids into Asia Minor against the Byzantines.[3] When the large-scale rebellion of Rafi ibn al-Layth broke out in Khurasan in 805–806 and the local governor, Ali ibn Isa ibn Mahan, proved himself incapable of suppressing it, al-Rashid sent Harthama to replace him, following himself shortly after, in 808.[2][4]

Harthama was in Samarkand when al-Rashid died at Tus in March 809, and remained in the east after.[2] Consequently, he threw in his lot with al-Ma'mun (r. 813–833) in the civil war against al-Amin (r. 809–813), and was along with Tahir ibn Husayn one of the two commanders of al-Ma'mun's army during the crucial year-long siege of Baghdad in 812–813. During the siege he led the attack from the east while Tahir commanded from the west. In the final stage of the siege, Harthama tried unsuccessfully to secure the surrender and life of al-Amin, by sending a boat to ferry him over the Tigris. The boat, however, capsized, and al-Amin was captured and executed by Tahir's men.[2][5]

Harthama remained in Iraq after that, and played a leading role in defeating the pro-Alid revolt of Abu'l-Saraya in 815.[2][3][6] Soon after he was appointed as governor of Arabia and Syria, but instead of taking up his post Harthama went east with the intention of appraising al-Ma'mun, who had remained in Merv, of the real situation in Iraq, and especially the resentment caused by the government's domination by a group of Khurasanis around al-Ma'mun's vizier, al-Fadl ibn Sahl. Al-Fadl and his supporters were however able to turn al-Ma'mun against Harthama, who was imprisoned and executed in June 816.[2][3][7] In response to the news of his execution, Harthama's son Hatim, the governor of Arminiya, led a rebellion that was however cut short by his own death.[2][3] Another son, A'yan, governor of Sistan c. 820, is also known, and his descendants through Hatim continued to occupy high offices until well into the 9th century.[8]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Rekaya (1991), p. 333
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i Pellat (1971), p. 231
  3. ^ a b c d e f g Crone (1980), p. 177
  4. ^ Kennedy (2004), p. 145
  5. ^ Kennedy (2004), pp. 149–150
  6. ^ Kennedy (2004), p. 152
  7. ^ Kennedy (2004), p. 151
  8. ^ Crone (1980), p. 178

Sources

[edit]
  • Crone, Patricia (1980). Slaves on Horses: The Evolution of the Islamic Polity. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-52940-9.
  • Kennedy, Hugh (2004). The Prophet and the Age of the Caliphates: The Islamic Near East from the 6th to the 11th Century (Second ed.). Harlow: Longman. ISBN 978-0-582-40525-7.
  • Pellat, Ch. (1971). "Hart̲h̲ama b. Aʿyan". In Lewis, B.; Ménage, V. L.; Pellat, Ch. & Schacht, J. (eds.). The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition. Volume III: H–Iram. Leiden: E. J. Brill. p. 231. doi:10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_2744. OCLC 495469525.
  • Rekaya, M. (1991). "al-Maʾmūn". In Bosworth, C. E.; van Donzel, E. & Pellat, Ch. (eds.). The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition. Volume VI: Mahk–Mid. Leiden: E. J. Brill. pp. 331–339. doi:10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_4889. ISBN 978-90-04-08112-3.
Preceded by Governor of Egypt
794–795 		Succeeded by
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