Pleiotrophin
Pleiotrophin (heparin binding growth factor 8, neurite growth-promoting factor 1), also known as PTN, is a human gene.[5]
Pleiotrophin or Neurite Growth-promoting Factor 1 (NEGF1), also called Heparin Affin Regulatory Peptide (HARP) or Heparin Binding Growth associated molecule (HB-GAM) is an 18-kDa growth factor that has a high affinity for heparin. It is structurally related to midkine and retinoic acid induced heparin-binding protein.
Pleiotrophin was initially recognized as a neurite outgrowth-promoting factor present in rat brain around birth[6]and as a mitogen toward fibroblasts isolated from bovine uterus tissue.[7] Together with midkine these growth-factors constitute a family of (developmentally regulated) secreted heparin-binding proteins[8] now known as the Neurite Growth-promoting Factor (NEGF) family. During embryonic and early postnatal development, pleiotrophin is expressed in the central and peripheral nervous system and also in several non-neural tissues, notably lung, kidney, gut and bone.[9] Pleiotrophin is also expressed by several tumor cells and is thought to be involved in tumor angiogenesis.[10] In the adult central nervous system Pleiotrophin is expressed in an activity-dependent manner in the hippocampus[11][12] where it can suppress long term potentiation induction.[13] Pleiotrophin expression is low in other areas of the adult brain, but it can be induced by ischemic insults.[14][15]
References
- ^ a b c GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000105894 – Ensembl, May 2017
- ^ a b c GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000029838 – Ensembl, May 2017
- ^ "Human PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
- ^ "Mouse PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
- ^ "Entrez Gene: PTN pleiotrophin (heparin binding growth factor 8, neurite growth-promoting factor 1)".
- ^ Rauvala H, Pihlaskari R (1987). "Isolation and some characteristics of an adhesive factor of brain that enhances neurite outgrowth in central neurons". J. Biol. Chem. 262 (34): 16625–35. PMID 3680268.
- ^ Li YS, Milner PG, Chauhan AK, Watson MA, Hoffman RM, Kodner CM, Milbrandt J, Deuel TF (1990). "Cloning and expression of a developmentally regulated protein that induces mitogenic and neurite outgrowth activity". Science. 250 (4988): 1690–4. doi:10.1126/science.2270483. PMID 2270483.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Laaroubi K, Vacherot F, Delbé J, Caruelle D, Barritault D, Courty J (1995). "Biochemical and mitogenic properties of the heparin-binding growth factor HARP". Prog. Growth Factor Res. 6 (1): 25–34. PMID 8714367.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Vanderwinden JM, Mailleux P, Schiffmann SN, Vanderhaeghen JJ (1992). "Cellular distribution of the new growth factor pleiotrophin (HB-GAM) mRNA in developing and adult rat tissues". Anat. Embryol. 186 (4): 387–406. PMID 1416088.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Kadomatsu K, Muramatsu T (2004). "Midkine and pleiotrophin in neural development and cancer". Cancer Lett. 204 (2): 127–43. doi:10.1016/S0304-3835(03)00450-6. PMID 15013213.
- ^ Wanaka A, Carroll SL, Milbrandt J (1993). "Developmentally regulated expression of pleiotrophin, a novel heparin binding growth factor, in the nervous system of the rat". Brain Res. Dev. Brain Res. 72 (1): 133–44. PMID 8453763.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Lauri SE, Taira T, Kaila K, Rauvala H (1996). "Activity-induced enhancement of HB-GAM expression in rat hippocampal slices". Neuroreport. 7 (10): 1670–4. PMID 8904779.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Pavlov I, Võikar V, Kaksonen M, Lauri SE, Hienola A, Taira T, Rauvala H (2002). "Role of heparin-binding growth-associated molecule (HB-GAM) in hippocampal LTP and spatial learning revealed by studies on overexpressing and knockout mice". Mol. Cell. Neurosci. 20 (2): 330–42. doi:10.1006/mcne.2002.1104. PMID 12093164.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Takeda A, Onodera H, Sugimoto A, Itoyama Y, Kogure K, Rauvala H, Shibahara S (1995). "Induction of heparin-binding growth-associated molecule expression in reactive astrocytes following hippocampal neuronal injury". Neuroscience. 68 (1): 57–64. doi:10.1016/0306-4522(95)00110-5. PMID 7477935.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Yeh HJ, He YY, Xu J, Hsu CY, Deuel TF (1998). "Upregulation of pleiotrophin gene expression in developing microvasculature, macrophages, and astrocytes after acute ischemic brain injury". J. Neurosci. 18 (10): 3699–707. PMID 9570800.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)