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Handley Page

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Handley Page Limited
IndustryAviation
Founded17 June 1909
DefunctMarch 1970[1]
FateVoluntary liquidation
SuccessorScottish Aviation
HeadquartersCricklewood, Radlett
Key people
Frederick Handley Page, Hedley Hazelden, Charles Joy, Gustav Lachmann, Reginald Stafford, George Volkert
SubsidiariesHandley Page Transport (until 1924)
Atlantic in flight, non-stop from New York to Chicago, 1919

Handley Page Limited was a British aerospace manufacturer. Founded by Frederick Handley Page (later Sir Frederick) in 1909, it was the United Kingdom's first publicly traded aircraft manufacturing company. It went into voluntary liquidation and ceased to exist in 1970. The company, based at Radlett Aerodrome in Hertfordshire, was noted for its pioneering role in aviation history and for producing heavy bombers and large airliners.

History

Frederick Handley Page first experimented with and built several biplanes and monoplanes at premises in Woolwich, Fambridge and Barking Creek. His company, founded on 17 June 1909, became the first British public company to build aircraft.

In 1912, Handley Page established an aircraft factory at Cricklewood after moving from Barking. Aircraft were built there, and flown from the company's adjacent airfield known as Cricklewood Aerodrome, which was later used by Handley Page Transport. The factory was later sold off to Oswald Stoll and converted into Britain's largest film studios, Cricklewood Studios.

World War I

During the First World War, Handley Page produced a series of heavy bombers for the Royal Navy to bomb the German Zeppelin yards, with the ultimate intent of bombing Berlin in revenge for the Zeppelin attacks on London. Handley Page had been asked by the Admiralty to produce a "bloody paralyser of an aeroplane". These aircraft included the O/100 of 1915, the O/400 of 1918 and the four-engined V/1500 with the range to reach Berlin. The V/1500 had only just entered operational service as the war ended in 1918.

The Handley Page factory at Radlett Aerodrome employed women as part of the war effort, and was visited by royalty.[2]

Interwar period

In early 1919, a Handley Page V/1500 aircraft, dubbed Atlantic, was shipped to Newfoundland to attempt the world's first non-stop Transatlantic flight;[3] only to lose in the attempt to a Vickers Vimy piloted by Alcock and Brown in June of that year. The crew departed for New York from Newfoundland but were forced to land on 5 July 1919 in Parrsboro, Nova Scotia where the aircraft was repaired over the course of the summer. The Atlantic continued to New York on 9 October 1919, carrying with it the first airmail from Canada to the United States of America.[4]

In the immediate postwar years, Handley Page modified a number of O/400's to passenger use, which they flew on the London-Paris route as Handley Page Transport. The V/1500 was considered too large to be practical at the time, but a number of design features of the V/1500 were later incorporated into an O/400 airframe to produce their first dedicated passenger design, the W.8. In 1924 Handley Page Transport merged with two other regional airlines to create Imperial Airways, the UK's first national airline service. Handley Page developed several large biplane airliners, including the luxurious Handley Page H.P.42, for use on Imperial routes to Africa and India.

Handley Page developed the Handley Page Slat (or slot, see slats), an auxiliary airfoil mounted ahead and over the main wing, which formed a narrow opening running along the leading edge of the wing to improve airflow at high angles of attack.[5] The leading edge slat was simultaneously designed by the German aerodynamicist Gustav Lachmann, who was later employed by Handley Page. The design was so successful that licensing fees to other companies was their main source of income in the early 1920s.

In 1929, the Cricklewood Aerodrome was closed and a new one built at Radlett, where most aircraft were now to be constructed. However the construction of aircraft at Cricklewood continued until 1964 when the premises were sold to become the Cricklewood trading estate.

World War II

With the Second World War looming, Handley Page turned back to bomber design and produced the HP.52 Hampden, which took part in the first British raid on Berlin. In response to a 1936 government request for heavier, longer ranged aircraft, Handley Page tendered the HP.56 design powered by twin Rolls-Royce Vultures and this was ordered, along with what became the Avro Manchester. However the Vulture proved so troublesome that – years before the engine was abandoned by Rolls-Royce in 1940 – the Air Staff decided that the HP.56 should be fitted with four engines instead. Therefore, before reaching prototype stage, the HP.56 design was reworked into the four-engined HP.57 Halifax.[6] The Halifax became the second most prolific British heavy bomber of the war after the Avro Lancaster (itself essentially a four-engine development of the Manchester). Although in some respects (such as crew survivability) better than the Lancaster, the Halifax suffered in terms of altitude performance[7] and was redeployed toward the end of the war as a heavy transport and glider tug, with several variants being specifically built as such, including the HP.70 Halton.

Postwar

After the war, the British Government sought tenders for jet bombers to carry the nation's nuclear deterrent. The three types produced were known as the V-Bombers, and Handley Page's contribution was the HP.80 Victor, a four-engined, crescent-winged design. This aircraft remained in service (as a tanker aircraft) well beyond the demise of the company which created it.

In 1947 Handley Page bought some of the assets of the bankrupt Miles Aircraft company. These assets include existing designs, tools and jigs, most notably for the Miles M.52 supersonic research aircraft, and the Miles site at Woodley, near Reading. The whole operation was Handley Page (Reading) Ltd, the company constituted to buy and operate the assets formed out of the legally alive but otherwise inactive Handley Page Transport Ltd. The most significant of the inherited designs was the Herald airliner. Designs coming out of the Reading site were shown by the initials HPR (from "Handley Page (Reading) Limited")

Demise

Unlike other large British aircraft manufacturers, Handley Page resisted the government's pressure to merge into larger entities. By the late 1960s, the British aviation industry was dominated by just two combines: Hawker Siddeley and the British Aircraft Corporation.

Unable to compete for government orders or with large commercial aircraft, Handley Page produced its final notable Handley Page design, the Jetstream. This was a small turboprop-powered commuter aircraft, with a pressurised cabin and a passenger capacity of 12 to 18. It was designed primarily for the United States "feederliner" market.

The Jetstream was too late to save Handley Page, and the company went into voluntary liquidation in March 1970 and was wound up after 61 years trading under the same name. The Jetstream however lived on as a successful product, the design being purchased and produced by Scottish Aviation at Prestwick, continuing after the company was merged into British Aerospace from 1977.

Sites

Site of Cricklewood Factory
OS Grid Reference: TQ240862
Site of Radlett Aerodrome
OS Grid Reference: TL155038

Radlett Aerodrome was opened in 1929 as a grass aerodrome for Handley Page Civil Aircraft. Its runway was extended in 1939 to enable production of Halifax bombers. By the time of its closure the airfield had two runways:

  • 03/21 approximately 7,000 feet (2,100 m)
  • 15/33 approximately 2,500 feet (760 m)

Most of the towers, hangars and runways were demolished in the 1970s after the Company was terminated. The M25 Motorway now runs on the south side of the site, with Lafarge Aggregates now owning the remainder. The runway surface was removed and replaced with grass, but a shadow remains when viewed from the air.

Products

Designations

Handley Page originally used a letter progression to designate types (i.e. R, S, T etc.) in combination with a number, that may or may not have been meaningful, to designate sub-types (e.g. the O/100 indicated the type's 100-foot wingspan). In 1924, the company began using the letters HP and a number to indicate the model. Thus the O/400 became the HP.16 and the W.8 the HP.18. When the assets of Miles Aircraft were taken over, the latter's Reading design office began using HPR. (for Handley Page Reading), followed by a number (e.g. the HPR.1 Marathon).

Designs

  • Type A / HP.1 – monoplane (1910)
  • Type B / HP.2 – biplane
  • Type D / HP.4 – monoplane (1911)
  • Type E / HP.5 – monoplane
  • Type F / HP.6 – monoplane
  • Type G / HP.7 – biplane
  • Type L / HP.8 – biplane – never flew
  • Handley Page Type H (unbuilt monoplane project)
  • Handley Page Type K (unbuilt biplane project)
  • Handley Page Type M (unbuilt biplane project)
  • Handley Page Type N (unbuilt biplane project)
  • Handley Page Type P (unbuilt triplane project)
  • Handley Page HP.9 (unbuilt biplane project)
  • Handley Page HP.10 (unbuilt Scout project)
  • HP.14 - prototype naval reconnaissance
  • Type O – twin-engined bomber
    • O/100 (HP.11)
    • O/400 (HP.12)
      • O/7 bomber
      • O/10 airliner
      • O/11 airliner
      • W/400 airliner
  • V/1500 / HP.15
  • Type W airliner
    • W8 / HP.18 / HP.26 Hamilton
    • W9 / HP.27 Hampstead
  • Type T / HP.19 Hanley
  • HP.20
  • Type S / HP.21
  • HP.22
  • HP.23
  • HP.24 Hyderabad
  • Type Ta / HP.25 Hendon
  • C/7 / HP.28 Handcross
  • Handley Page HP.29 (unbuilt transport project)
  • HP.31 Harrow
  • HP.32 Hamlet
  • HP.33 / HP.35 / HP.36 Hinaidi – heavy bomber
  • HP.34 Hare
  • Handley Page HP.37 (unbuilt ship fighter project)
  • HP.38 / HP.50 Heyford – biplane heavy bomber
  • HP.39 Gugnunc – experimental biplane
  • Handley Page HP.40 (unbuilt biplane project)
  • Handley Page HP.41 (unbuilt torpedo biplane project)
  • HP.42 – biplane airliner
  • HP.43 – three-engined biplane bomber transport
  • HP.45 – biplane airliner
  • HP.46 - torpedo bomber
  • HP.47 - bomber, torpedo bomber
  • HP.51 – prototype bomber transport
  • H.P.52 Hampden – medium bomber
  • HP.53 – bomber design for Sweden – led to the HP.52 Hereford
  • HP.54 Harrow – monoplane heavy bomber
  • HP.55 – two-engined heavy bomber design
  • HP.56 – two-engined heavy bomber design
  • Halifax – four-engined heavy bomber
    • HP.57 Halifax Mk.I
    • HP.58 Halifax Mk.II
    • HP.59 Halifax Mk.II Series
    • HP.61 Halifax Mk.III
    • HP.63 Halifax Mk.V / VI / VII
    • HP.70
      • Halifax Mk.VIII
      • Halton – airliner
  • HP.65 - design for developed Halifax with new low drag 113 ft wing, turbo supercharged Hercules engine.[8]
  • HP.66 - design for developed Halifax ordered to specification B.27/43, provisionally called Hastings B.I, abandoned after end of war.
  • HP.69 - design for developed Halifax with turbo-blower exhaust Hercules 100, provisionally called Hastings Mark II. Prototype ordered but shelved 1944[9]
    • HP.71 Halifax Mk.IX
  • HP.67 Hastings – military transport
  • Handley Page Hermes – airliner
    • HP.68 Hermes I
    • HP.74 Hermes II
    • HP.81 Hermes IV
    • HP.82 Hermes V
  • HP.75 Manx – tailless research aircraft
  • Handley Page HP.76 (unbuilt civil transport project)
  • Handley Page HP.77 (unbuilt civil transport project)
  • Handley Page HP.78 (unbuilt civil transport project)
  • HP.80 Victor – four-engined bomber
  • Handley Page HP.83 (unbuilt civil transport project)
  • Handley Page HP.84 (unbuilt civil transport project)
  • Handley Page HP.85 (unbuilt civil transport project)
  • Handley Page HP.86 (unbuilt civil transport project)
  • HP.88 – Victor research aircraft
  • Handley Page HP.99 (unbuilt bomber project)
  • HP.100 – reconnaissance bomber to OR.330
  • Handley Page HP.102 (unbuilt airliner project)
  • Handley Page HP.105 (unbuilt transport project)
  • Handley Page HP.107 (unbuilt bomber project)
  • Handley Page HP.108 (unbuilt transport project)
  • Handley Page HP.109 (unbuilt transport project)
  • Handley Page HP.110 (unbuilt transport project)
  • Handley Page HP.112 (unbuilt Flying Jeep project)
  • Handley Page HP.113 (unbuilt transport project)
  • HP.115 – delta winged research aircraft
  • Handley Page HP.116 (unbuilt freighter project)
  • Handley Page HP.117 (unbuilt airliner project)
  • Handley Page HP.118 (unbuilt VTOL Jeep project)
  • Handley Page HP.119 (unbuilt VTOL Jeep project)
  • Handley Page HP.120 (unbuilt VTOL Jeep project)
  • Handley Page HP.122 (unbuilt VTOL transport project)
  • Handley Page HP.126 Aerobus (unbuilt airliner project)
  • Handley Page HP.128 (unbuilt supersonic transport project)
  • Handley Page HP.135 (unbuilt global transport project)
  • HP.137 Jetstream – twin-turboprop feederliner

Handley Page (Reading) designs

See also

References

Notes
  1. ^ Not dissolved until 3 June 2001 Companies House
  2. ^ "Hat from the past". Royal Hats.
  3. ^ Kaiser's Bunker
  4. ^ "Town of Parrsboro". Archived from the original on 21 December 2007. Retrieved 20 October 2015.
  5. ^ F. Handley Page "Developments In Aircraft Design By The Use Of Slotted Wings" FLIGHT, 22 December 1921, page 844 and page 845
  6. ^ Buttler p102-104
  7. ^ Buttler p129
  8. ^ Buttler p131
  9. ^ Buttler p132
Bibliography
  • Barnes, C.H. Handley Page Aircraft since 1907 London:, 1987 (2nd Ed, Rev. Derek N James) ISBN 0 85177 803 8
  • Buttler, Tony. British Secret Projects: Fighters & Bombers 1935–1950. Hinckley: Midland Publishing, 2004. ISBN 1-85780-179-2.
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