List of Roman consuls
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| Periods |
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| Constitution |
| Political institutions |
| Assemblies |
| Ordinary magistrates |
| Extraordinary magistrates |
| Public law |
| Senatus consultum ultimum |
| Titles and honours |
This is a list of consuls known to have held office, from the beginning of the Roman Republic to the latest use of the title in Imperial times, together with those magistrates of the Republic who were appointed in place of consuls, or who superseded consular authority for a limited period.
Background
Republican consuls
From the establishment of the Republic to the time of Augustus, the consuls were the chief magistrates of the Roman state. Traditionally, two were simultaneously appointed for a year-long term, so that the executive power of the state was not vested in a single individual, as it had been under the kings.[1][2] As other ancient societies dated historical events according to the reigns of their kings, it became customary at Rome to date events by the names of the consuls in office when the events occurred, rather than (for instance) by counting the number of years since the foundation of the city, although that method could also be used.[2] If a consul died during his year of office, another was elected to replace him. Although his imperium was the same as his predecessor's, he was termed consul suffectus, in order to distinguish him from the consul ordinarius whom he replaced; but the eponymous magistrates for each year were normally the consules ordinarii.[1][2]
Because of this method of dating events, it was important to keep records of each year's eponymous magistrates. Many such lists have survived, either in the form of monumental inscriptions, conventionally referred to as fasti, or indirectly through the ancient historians, who had access to linen rolls recording the names of magistrates. Although these lists account for the entire period of the Republic, and most of Imperial times, there are discrepancies due to gaps and disagreements between different sources. Many of these no doubt arose as copying errors, especially those that involved the substitution of a familiar name for a less common one. Others may represent later attempts to edit the lists in order to explain deficiencies in the record, to reconcile conflicting traditions, or to ascribe particular actions or events to the time of a particular individual.[3]
Other magistrates included
Occasionally, the authority of the consuls was temporarily superseded by the appointment of a dictator, who held greater imperium than that of the consuls.[1] By tradition, these dictators laid down their office upon the completion of the task for which they were nominated, or after a maximum period of six months, and did not continue in office longer than the year for which the nominating consul had been elected.[4] However, in four years at the end of the fourth century BC, dictators are said to have continued in office in the year following their nomination, in place of consuls. Modern scholars are skeptical of these years, which might be due to later editing of the lists of magistrates in order to fill a gap.[5] All known dictators have been included in this table.
Two other types of magistrates are listed during the period of the Republic. In the year 451 BC, a board of ten men, known as decemviri, or decemvirs, was appointed in place of the consuls in order to draw up the tables of Roman law, in a sense establishing the Roman constitution. According to tradition, a second college of decemvirs was appointed for the next year, and these continued in office illegally into 449, until they were overthrown in a popular revolt, and the consulship was reinstated.[6][7]
Among the disputes which the decemvirs failed to resolve was the relationship between the patricians, Rome's hereditary aristocracy, and the plebeians, or common citizens. Although it has been argued that some of the consuls prior to the Decemvirate may have been plebeians, the office was definitely closed to them in the second half of the fifth century BC. To prevent open hostility between the two orders, the office of military tribune with consular power, or "consular tribune", was established. In place of patrician consuls, the people could elect a number of military tribunes, who might be either patrician or plebeian.[2][8]
According to Livy, this compromise held until 376 BC, when two of the tribunes of the plebs, Gaius Licinius Calvus Stolo and Lucius Sextius Lateranus, blocked the election of any magistrates for the following year, unless the senate would agree to place a law before the people opening the consulship to the plebeians, and effecting other important reforms. The senate refused, and the tribunes continued to prevent the election of magistrates for several years until the senate capitulated, and the lex Licinia Sextia was passed, leading to the election of the first plebeian consul in 367.[2][8][9] Other accounts of this event are inconsistent, and current scholarly opinion is that the duration of the period without magistrates may have been exaggerated, or even invented to fill a gap in the record; nevertheless Roman tradition unanimously holds that Licinius and Sextius were able to open the consulship to the plebeians.[10]
The consulship in imperial times
In Imperial times the consulship became the senior administrative office under the emperors, who frequently assumed the title of consul themselves, and appointed other consuls at will.[1] The consulship was often bestowed as a political favour, or a reward for faithful service. Because there could only be two consuls at once, the emperors frequently appointed several sets of suffecti sequentially in the course of a year; holding the consulship for an entire year became a special honour.[1][2] As the office lost much of its executive authority, and the number of consuls appointed for short and often irregular periods increased, surviving lists from Imperial times are often incomplete, and have been reconstructed from many sources, not always with much certainty. In many cases it is stated that a particular person had been consul, but the exact time cannot be firmly established.
As an institution, the consulship survived the abdication of the last emperor of the West, and for a time consuls continued to be appointed, one representing the Eastern Roman Empire, and the other the Western, even as the Western Empire dissolved as a political entity. The last consuls appointed represented only the Eastern Empire, until finally the title became the sole province of the Emperor, who might or might not assume it upon taking office.[1][2]
Chronology
For the early Republic, this article observes the Varronian chronology, established by the historian Marcus Terentius Varro, who calculated that Rome was founded in what is now called the year 753 BC (the founding of the city was traditionally observed on the Palilia, a festival occurring on April 21). This becomes the year 1 ab urbe condita, or AUC. The Republic was established in AUC 245, or 509 BC. Although other ancient historians gave different years and modern scholarship knows Varro to have been mistaken in his calculations by at least a few years,[11] Varro's chronology was the most widely accepted in antiquity, in official use for various purposes by at least the reign of Claudius.[12] Its use by Censorinus brought it to the attention of Joseph Scaliger, who helped popularize it in modern times.[13][14]
For Imperial times, the dates of the consules ordinarii are far more certain than those of the suffecti, who were not recorded with the same attention as the eponymous magistrates. Their identification and dating is far more controversial, and despite the efforts of generations of scholars, gaps in coverage remain. Known consules suffecti are shown with their known (or reconstructed) dates of tenure, which normally varied from two to six months — although one suffect consul, Rosius Regulus, is known to have held the fasces for a single day, October 31, AD 69.[15] Where neither consul is known or inferred for a portion of the year, their names are omitted for convenience; if one consul can be named, but his colleague is unknown, the unnamed colleague is listed as ignotus (unknown).
Consules prior and posterior
The consul named first in the lists was identified as consul prior, whereas the other was called consul posterior. The two consuls' authority was equal and their duties were shared on an alternating basis.[1] There is evidence that, during the late Republic, the consul elected with the most votes became the consul prior, and the consul elected first also may have been the first in the year to hold fasces (take precedence), but the evidence is not conclusive.[16][17] The surviving sources for the order of the consuls in the early Republic show some measure of conflict in just under half of the cases.[18] Lily Ross Taylor argues that the emperor Augustus falsified some of the records in order to give prominence to several families, and that the order of consuls as reported by the historian Livy is the most reliable.[19][20][21] Drummond disagrees: he argues that Livy himself switches the correct order at times for literary purposes, and that discrepant entries in the sources are most likely simply the result of negligence.[22] Although there is probably one 'correct' order for all the consuls of the republic, or at least one underlying tradition reporting it, no surviving source seems to be more reliable than another to a significant extent.[23][24]
When the emperor assumed the consulship, he was necessarily consul prior. This distinction continued until the fourth century AD, when the Empire was divided into a Western Roman Empire and an Eastern Roman Empire: the consuls who were appointed by the court in the Western Empire, which was sometimes at Rome, are commonly identified as the "Western consul", and those appointed by the court in the Eastern, usually Constantinople, the "Eastern consul". These designations were used until the end of the consulship in the sixth century.[25]
Other lists of consuls
For a list of consuls whose year of office is uncertain or entirely unknown (usually suffecti, although some of the ordinarii in the breakaway Gallic Empire also lack dates[26]), see the List of undated Roman consuls. For those individuals who were elected consul but never assumed the office due to death, disgrace, or any other reason, see List of Roman consuls designate.
Key
Latin terms
- Imperator (abbreviated Imp.) = literally "commander"; originally an honorary title bestowed upon a general by his soldiers, the term later became part of the style of the emperors, and the word "emperor" is derived from it.
- suffectus (abbreviated suff.) = a substitute elected or appointed in place of a magistrate who died or resigned. Information is not available for all consules suffecti, and some may not be listed.
- ignotus = unknown. All consuls who can be assigned to a particular date, at least tentatively, are included in this table. If neither consul for a given period is known, they are entirely omitted; if one is known, and the other is not, the unknown colleague is referred to as ignotus.
- sine collega = without colleague. On a few occasions before the dissolution of the Western Empire, only one consul was appointed.
- post consulatum = after the (preceding) consulship. Used for gaps when no consuls were appointed for a period following the end of another consulship, or at least none are known to have been appointed.
- inter alios = among others.
Praenomina and their abbreviations
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Colors
Sixth century BC (509–501)
Unless otherwise indicated, the names and dates of the consuls between 509 and 31 BC are taken from Thomas Broughton's Magistrates of the Roman Republic.[27][28]
Fifth century BC (500–401)
Fourth century BC (400–301)
| Year | ||
|---|---|---|
| 400 | Consular tribunes | |
| P. Licinius Calvus Esquilinus | P. Manlius Vulso | |
| L. Titinius Pansa Saccus | P. Maelius Capitolinus | |
| Sp. Furius Medullinus | L. Publilius Philo Vulscus | |
| 399 | Consular tribunes | |
| Cn. Genucius Augurinus | L. Atilius Priscus | |
| M. Pomponius Rufus | C. Duillius Longus | |
| M. Veturius Crassus Cicurinus | Volero Publilius Philo | |
| 398 | Consular tribunes | |
| L. Valerius Potitus V | M. Valerius Lactucinus Maximus | |
| M. Furius Camillus II | L. Furius Medullinus III | |
| Q. Servilius Fidenas II | Q. Sulpicius Camerinus Cornutus II | |
| 397 | Consular tribunes | |
| L. Julius Iullus II | L. Furius Medullinus IV | |
| L. Sergius Fidenas | A. Postumius Albinus Regillensis | |
| P. Cornelius Maluginensis | A. Manlius Vulso Capitolinus III | |
| 396 | Consular tribunes | |
| L. Titinius Pansa Saccus II | P. Licinius Calvus Esquilinus II | |
| P. Maelius Capitolinus II | Q. Manlius Vulso Capitolinus | |
| Cn. Genucius Augurinus II | L. Atilius Priscus II | |
| 395 | Consular tribunes | |
| P. Cornelius Cossus | P. Cornelius Scipio | |
| K. Fabius Ambustus III | L. Furius Medullinus V | |
| Q. Servilius Fidenas III | M. Valerius Lactucinus Maximus II | |
| 394 | Consular tribunes | |
| M. Furius Camillus III | L. Furius Medullinus VI | |
| C. Aemilius Mamercinus | L. Valerius Poplicola | |
| Sp. Postumius Albinus Regillensis | P. Cornelius (Maluginensis or Scipio or Cossus) II | |
| 393 | L. Valerius Potitus (invalidated) | Cornelius Maluginensis (invalidated) |
| L. Lucretius Tricipitinus Flavus | Ser. Sulpicius Camerinus | |
| 392 | L. Valerius Potitus II | M. Manlius Capitolinus |
| 391 | Consular tribunes[61] | |
| L. Lucretius Tricipitinus Flavus | Ser. Sulpicius Camerinus | |
| L. Aemilius Mamercinus[62] | L. Furius Medullinus VII | |
| Agrippa Furius Fusus | C. Aemilius Mamercinus II | |
| 390 | Consular tribunes[63] | |
| Q. Sulpicius Longus | Q. Fabius Ambustus | |
| K. Fabius Ambustus IV | N. (or Cn.) Fabius Ambustus II | |
| Q. Servilius Fidenas IV | P. Cornelius Maluginensis II | |
| 389 | Consular tribunes | |
| L. Valerius Poplicola II | L. Verginius Tricostus (Esquilinus II?) | |
| P. Cornelius | A. Manlius Capitolinus | |
| L. Aemilius Mamercinus II | L. Postumius Albinus Regillensis | |
| (?) L. Papirius (Mugillanus?)[64] | (?) M. Furius | |
| 388 | Consular tribunes | |
| T. Quinctius Cincinnatus Capitolinus | Q. Servilius Fidenas V | |
| L. Julius Iullus | L. Aquillius Corvus | |
| L. Lucretius Tricipitinus Flavus II | Ser. Sulpicius Rufus | |
| 387 | Consular tribunes[65] | |
| L. Papirius Cursor | Cn. Sergius Fidenas Coxo | |
| L. Aemilius Mamercinus III | Licinus Menenius Lanatus | |
| L. Valerius Poplicola III | ||
| 386 | Consular tribunes | |
| M. Furius Camillus IV | Ser. Cornelius Maluginensis | |
| Q. Servilius Fidenas VI | L. Quinctius Cincinnatus | |
| L. Horatius Pulvillus | P. Valerius Potitus Poplicola | |
| 385 | Consular tribunes | |
| A. Manlius Capitolinus II | P. Cornelius | |
| T. Quinctius (Cincinnatus?) Capitolinus II | L. Quinctius Capitolinus | |
| L. Papirius Cursor II | Cn. Sergius Fidenas Coxo II | |
| 384 | Consular tribunes | |
| Ser. Cornelius Maluginensis II | P. Valerius Potitus Poplicola II | |
| M. Furius Camillus V | Ser. Sulpicius Rufus II | |
| C. (or L.) Papirius Crassus[66] | T. Quinctius Cincinnatus Capitolinus (III?) | |
| 383 | Consular tribunes | |
| L. Valerius Poplicola IV | A. Manlius Capitolinus IV | |
| Ser. Sulpicius Rufus III | L. Lucretius Tricipitinus Flavus III | |
| L. Aemilius Mamercinus IV | M. Trebonius | |
| 382 | Consular tribunes | |
| Sp. Papirius Crassus | L. Papirius (Mugillanus?) | |
| Ser. Cornelius Maluginensis III | Q. Servilius Fidenas | |
| C. Sulpicius Camerinus | L. Aemilius Mamercinus V | |
| 381 | Consular tribunes | |
| M. Furius Camillus VI | A. Postumius Albinus Regillensis II | |
| L. Postumius Albinus Regillensis II | L. Furius Medullinus | |
| L. Lucretius Tricipitinus Flavus IV | M. Fabius Ambustus | |
| 380 | Consular tribunes[67] | |
| L. Valerius Potitus Poplicola V | P. Valerius Potitus Poplicola III | |
| Ser. Cornelius Maluginensis IV | Licinus Menenius Lanatus II | |
| C. Sulpicius Peticus | L. Aemilius Mamercinus VI | |
| Cn. Sergius Fidenas Coxo III | Ti. Papirius Crassus | |
| L. Papirius Mugillanus II | ||
| 379 | Consular tribunes | |
| P. Manlius Capitolinus | Cn. Manlius Vulso | |
| L. Julius Iullus II | C. Sextilius | |
| M. Albinius | L. Antistius | |
| P. Trebonius[68] | C. Erenucius[68] | |
| 378 | Consular tribunes | |
| Sp. (or L.) Furius | Q. Servillius Fidenas II | |
| Licinus Menenius Lanatus III | P. Cloelius Siculus | |
| M. Horatius[69] | L. Geganius Macerinus[69] | |
| 377 | Consular tribunes | |
| L. Aemilius Mamercinus | P. Valerius Potitus Poplicola IV | |
| C. Veturius Crassus Cicurinus | Ser. Sulpicius (Rufus IV or Praetextatus) | |
| L. Quinctius Cincinnatus III | C. Quinctius Cincinnatus | |
| 376 | Consular tribunes | |
| L. Papirius (Mugillanus?) III | Licinus Menenius Lanatus IV | |
| Ser. Cornelius Maluginensis V | Ser. Sulpicius Praetextatus II | |
| 375 – 371 |
solitudo magistratuum According to Livy (6.35), the tribunes Gaius Licinius Stolo and Lucius Sextius introduced new laws known as the Lex Licinia Sextia, which provoked strong resistance from the patricians. Licinius Stolo and Sextius resorted to using the tribunican veto to prevent either consuls or consular tribunes from being elected. The actual length of this period is controversial, with primary sources stating it was one (Diodorus Siculus), five (Fasti Capitolini), or ten (Livy) years.[70] | |
| 370 | Consular tribunes | |
| L. Furius Medullinus II | A. Manlius Capitolinus V | |
| Ser. Sulpicius Praetextatus III | Ser. Cornelius Maluginensis VI | |
| P. Valerius Potitus Poplicola V | C. Valerius Potitus | |
| 369 | Consular tribunes | |
| Q. Servilius Fidenas III | C. Veturius Crassus Cicurinus II | |
| A. Cornelius Cossus | M. Cornelius Maluginensis | |
| Q. Quinctius (Cincinnatus?) | M. Fabius Ambustus II | |
| 368 | Consular tribunes | |
| T. Quinctius Cincinnatus Capitolinus | Ser. Cornelius Maluginensis VII | |
| Ser. Sulpicius Praetextatus IV | Sp. Servilius Structus | |
| L. Papirius Crassus | L. Veturius Crassus Cicurinus | |
| 367 | Consular tribunes | |
| A. Cornelius Cossus II | M. Cornelius Maluginensis II | |
| M. Geganius Macerinus | P. Manlius Capitolinus II | |
| L. Veturius Crassus Cicurinus II | P. Valerius Potitus Poplicola VI | |
| 366 | L. Aemilius Mamercinus | L. Sextius Sextinus Lateranus |
| 365 | L. Genucius Aventinensis | Q. Servilius Ahala |
| 364 | C. Sulpicius Peticus | C. Licinius Calvus[71] |
| 363 | Cn. Genucius Aventinensis | L. Aemilius Mamercinus II |
| 362 | Q. Servilius Ahala II | L. Genucius Aventinensis II |
| 361 | C. Licinius Stolo[71] | C. Sulpicius Peticus II |
| 360 | M. Fabius Ambustus | C. Poetelius Libo Visolus |
| 359 | M. Popillius Laenas | Cn. Manlius Capitolinus Imperiosus |
| 358 | C. Fabius Ambustus | C. Plautius Proculus |
| 357 | C. Marcius Rutilus | Cn. Manlius Capitolinus (Imperiosus II?)[72] |
| 356 | M. Fabius Ambustus II | M. Popillius Laenas II |
| 355 | C. Sulpicius Peticus III | M. Valerius Poplicola |
| 354 | M. Fabius Ambustus III | T. Quinctius Poenus Capitolinus Crispinus[73] |
| 353 | C. Sulpicius Peticus IV | M. Valerius Poplicola II |
| 352 | P. Valerius Poplicola | C. Marcius Rutilus II |
| 351 | C. Sulpicius Peticus V | T. (or C. or K.) Quinctius Poenus (II?)[74] |
| 350 | M. Popillius Laenas III | L. Cornelius Scipio |
| 349 | L. Furius Camillus[75] | Ap. Claudius Crassus Inregillensis |
| 348 | M. Valerius Corvus | M. Popillius Laenas IV |
| 347 | C. Plautius Venno (or Venox) | T. Manlius Imperiosus Torquatus |
| 346 | M. Valerius Corvus II | C. Poetelius Libo Visolus II |
| 345 | M. Fabius Dorsuo | Ser. Sulpicius Camerinus Rufus |
| 344 | C. Marcius Rutilus III | T. Manlius Imperiosus Torquatus II |
| 343 | M. Valerius Corvus III | A. Cornelius Cossus Arvina |
| 342 | Q. Servilius Ahala III | C. Marcius Rutilus IV |
| 341 | C. Plautius Venno (or Venox) II | L. Aemilius Mamercinus Privernas |
| 340 | T. Manlius Imperiosus Torquatus III | P. Decius Mus |
| 339 | Ti. Aemilius Mamercinus | Q. Publilius Philo |
| 338 | L. Furius Camillus | C. Maenius |
| 337 | C. Sulpicius Longus | P. Aelius Paetus |
| 336 | L. Papirius Crassus | K. Duilius |
| 335 | M. Atilius Regulus Calenus | M. Valerius Corvus IV |
| 334 | Sp. Postumius Albinus (Caudinus) | T. Veturius Calvinus |
| 333 | Dictator: P. Cornelius Rufinus (fictitious year)[76] | |
| 332 | Cn. Domitius Calvinus | A. Cornelius Cossus Arvina II |
| 331 | C. Valerius Potitus | M. Claudius Marcellus |
| 330 | L. Papirius Crassus II | L. Plautius Venno (or Venox) |
| 329 | L. Aemilius Mamercinus Privernas II | C. Plautius Decianus |
| 328 | Plautius[77] | P. Cornelius (Scapula or Scipio Barbatus) |
| 327 | L. Cornelius Lentulus | Q. Publilius Philo II |
| 326 | C. Poetelius Libo Visolus III | L. Papirius Cursor |
| 325 | L. Furius Camillus II | D. Junius Brutus Scaeva |
| 324 | Dictator: L. Papirius Cursor (fictitious year)[76] | |
| 323 | C. Sulpicius Longus II | Q. Aulius Cerretanus |
| 322 | Q. Fabius Maximus Rullianus | L. Fulvius Curvus |
| 321 | T. Veturius Calvinus II | Sp. Postumius Albinus Caudinus II |
| 320 | Q. Publilius Philo III[78] | L. Papirius Cursor II |
| 319 | L. Papirius Cursor III | Q. Aulius Cerretanus II |
| 318 | M. Folius Flaccinator | L. Plautius Venno (or Venox) |
| 317 | C. Junius Bubulcus Brutus | Q. Aemilius Barbula |
| 316 | Sp. Nautius Rutilus | M. Popillius Laenas |
| 315 | L. Papirius Cursor IV | Q. Publilius Philo IV |
| 314 | M. Poetelius Libo | C. Sulpicius Longus III |
| 313 | L. Papirius Cursor V | C. Junius Bubulcus Brutus II |
| 312 | M. Valerius Maximus Corvus | P. Decius Mus |
| 311 | C. Junius Bubulcus Brutus III | Q. Aemilius Barbula II |
| 310 | Q. Fabius Maximus Rullianus II | C. Marcius Rutilus (Censorinus) |
| 309 | Dictator: L. Papirius Cursor (fictitious year)[76] | |
| 308 | P. Decius Mus II | Q. Fabius Maximus Rullianus III |
| 307 | Ap. Claudius Caecus[79] | L. Volumnius Flamma Violens |
| 306 | Q. Marcius Tremulus | P. Cornelius Arvina |
| 305 | L. Postumius Megellus | Ti. Minucius Augurinus |
| suff. | M. Fulvius Curvus Paetinus | |
| 304 | P. Sempronius Sophus | P. Sulpicius Saverrius |
| 303 | Ser. Cornelius Lentulus | L. Genucius Aventinensis |
| 302 | M. Livius Denter | M. Aemilius Paullus |
| 301 | Dictator: M. Valerius Maximus Corvus (fictitious year)[76] | |
Third century BC (300–201)
Second century BC (200–101)
First century BC (100–1)
First century (1–100)
Second century (101–200)
| Year | ||
|---|---|---|
| 101[141] | Imp. Caesar Nerva Trajanus Augustus IV (January) | Q. Articuleius Paetus II (January–March) |
| suff. | Sex. Attius Suburanus Aemilianus (February–March) | |
| suff. | C. Sertorius Brocchus Q. Servaeus Innocens (April–May) | M. Maecius Celer |
| suff. | [...]us Proculus (sometime between May and October) | ignotus |
| suff.[142] | L. Arruntius Stella (attested October) | L. Julius Marinus Caecilius Simplex |
| 102 | L. Julius Ursus Servianus II (January–April) | L. Licinius Sura II (January–February) |
| suff. | L. Fabius Justus (March–April) | |
| suff.[143] | T. Didius Secundus (May–August) | L. Publilius Celsus |
| suff. | L. Antonius Albus (September–December) | M. Junius Homullus |
| 103 | Imp. Caesar Nerva Trajanus Augustus V (January) | M'. Laberius Maximus II (January–March) |
| suff. | Q. Glitius Atilius Agricola II (January–March) | |
| suff. | P. Metilius Nepos (April–June) | Q. Baebius Macer |
| suff. | [? M. Flavius Ap]er[144] (July–September) | C. Trebonius Proculus Mettius Modestus |
| suff. | (A?)nnius Mela (October–December) | P. Calpurnius Macer Caulius Rufus |
| 104 | Sex. Attius Suburanus Aemilianus II | M. Asinius Marcellus |
| suff.[145] | Sex. Subrius Dexter Cornelius Priscus | Cn. C[---]ius Paullus Caesonianus |
| 105 | Ti. Julius Candidus Marius Celsus II (January–March) | C. Antius A. Julius Quadratus II |
| suff. | C. Julius Quadratus Bassus (May–August) | Cn. Afranius Dexter (May–15 July) |
| suff. | Q. Caelius Honoratus (July–August) | |
| suff. | M. Vitorius Marcellus (September–December) | C. Caecilius Strabo |
| 106 | L. Ceionius Commodus | Sex. Vettulenus Civica Cerialis |
| suff. | L. Minicius Natalis | Q. Licinius Silvanus Granianus Quadronius Proculus |
| 107 | L. Licinius Sura III (January–February or April)[146] | Q. Sosius Senecio II |
| suff. | Acilius Rufus[147] (March–April) | |
| suff. | C. Minicius Fundanus (May–August) | C. Vettennius Severus |
| suff. | C. Julius Longinus (September–December) | C. Valerius Paullinus |
| 108 | Ap. Annius Trebonius Gallus (January–?) | M. Appius Bradua |
| suff. | P. Aelius Hadrianus (attested 22 June) | M. Trebatius Priscus |
| suff.[148] | Q. Pompeius Falco (attested 27 July) | M. Titius Lustricus Bruttianus |
| 109 | A. Cornelius Palma Frontonianus II (January–February) | P. Calvisius Tullus Ruso (January–April) |
| suff. | L. Annius Largus (March–April) | |
| suff. | Cn. Antonius Fuscus (May–August) | C. Julius Antiochus Epiphanes Philopappus |
| suff. | C. Aburnius Valens (September–December) | C. Julius Proculus |
| 110 | M. Peducaeus Priscinus (January–March) | Ser. Cornelius Scipio Salvidienus Orfitus |
| suff. | C. Avidius Nigrinus (April–June) | Ti. Julius Aquila Polemaeanus |
| suff. | L. Catilius Severus Julianus Claudius Reginus (July–September) | C. Erucianus Silo |
| suff. | A. Larcius Priscus (October–December) | Sex. Marcius Honoratus |
| 111 | C. Calpurnius Piso (January–April) | M. Vettius Bolanus |
| suff. | T. Avidius Quietus (May–August) | L. Eggius Marullus |
| suff. | L. Octavius Crassus (September–December) | P. Coelius Apollinaris |
| 112 | Imp. Caesar Nerva Trajanus Augustus VI (January) | T. Sextius Cornelius Africanus (January–March) |
| suff. | [M. ?] Licinius Ruso (January–March) | |
| suff. | Cn. Pinarius Cornelius Severus (April–June) | L. Mummius Niger Q. Valerius Vegetus |
| suff. | P. Stertinius Quartus (July–September) | T. Julius Maximus Manlianus Brocchus Servilianus |
| suff. | C. Claudius Severus (October–December) | T. Settidius Firmus |
| 113 | L. Publilius Celsus II (January) | C. Clodius Crispinus (January–April) |
| suff. | Ser. Cornelius Dolabella Metilianus Pompeius Marcellus (February–April) | |
| suff. | L. Stertinius Noricus (May–August) | L. Fadius Rufinus |
| suff. | Cn. Cornelius Urbicus (September–December) | T. Sempronius Rufus |
| 114 | Q. Ninnius Hasta (January–April) | P. Manilius Vopiscus Vicinillianus |
| suff. | C. Clodius Nummus (May–August) | L. Caesennius Sospes[149] |
| suff. | L. Hedius Rufus Lollianus Avitus (September–December) | M. Messius Rusticus[150] |
| 115 | L. Vipstanus Messalla (January–April) | M. Pedo Vergilianus (January) |
| suff. | T. Statilius Maximus Severus Hadrianus (February–April) | |
| suff. | L. Julius Frugi (May–August) | P. Juventius Celsus T. Aufidius Hoenius Severianus |
| suff. | M. Pompeius Macrinus Neos Theophanes (September–December) | T. Vibius Varus |
| 116[151] | L. Fundanius Lamia Aelianus (January–March) | Sex. Carminius Vetus |
| suff. | Ti. Julius Secundus (April–June) | M. Egnatius Marcellinus |
| suff. | D. Terentius Gentianus[152] (July–September) | L. Co[...][153] |
| suff. | L. Statius Aquila (October–December) | C. Julius Alexander Berenicianus |
| 117 | Q. Aquilius Niger (January–? March) | M. Rebilus Apronianus |
| suff. | L. Cossonius Gallus (attested 16 August) | P. Afranius Flavianus |
| 118[154] | Imp. Caesar Trajanus Hadrianus Augustus II (January–June) | Cn. Pedanius Fuscus Salinator (January–February) |
| suff. | Bellicius Tebanianus (March) | |
| suff. | C. Ummidius Quadratus (attested May) | |
| suff. | L. Pomponius Bassus (attested 9 July and 31 August) | T. Sabinius Barbarus |
| 119[155] | Imp. Caesar Traianus Hadrianus Augustus III (January–April) | P. Dasumius Rusticus (January–February) |
| suff. | A. Platorius Nepos (March–April) | |
| suff. | M. Paccius Silvanus Q. Coredius Gallus Gargilius Antiquus (May–June) | Q. Vibius Gallus |
| suff. | C. Herennius Capella (November–December) | L. Coelius Rufus |
| 120[156] | L. Catilius Severus Julianus Claudius Reginus II | T. Aurelius Fulvus Boionius Antoninus |
| suff. | C. Quinctius Certus Poblicius Marcellus (May–June) | T. Rutilius Propinquus |
| suff. | C. Arminius Gallus[157] (attested 19 October) | C. Atilius Serranus |
| 121 | M. Annius Verus II (January–February) | Cn. Arrius Augur |
| suff. | M. Herennius Faustus (March–April) | Q. Pomponius Marcellus |
| suff. | T. Pomponius Antistianus Funisulanus Vettonianus (May–June) | L. Pomponius Silvanus |
| suff. | M. Statorius Secundus (July–August) | L. Sempronius Merula Auspicatus |
| 122[154] | M'. Acilius Aviola | L. Corellius Neratius Pansa |
| suff. | Ti. Julius Candidus Capito (attested 17 July) | L. Vitrasius Flamininus |
| suff. | C. Trebius Maximus (attested 18 November) | T. Calestrius Tiro Orbius Speratus |
| 123[158] | Q. Articuleius Paetinus | L. Venuleius Apronianus Octavius Priscus |
| suff. | T. Prifernius Geminus (attested 16 June) | P. Metilius Secundus |
| suff. | T. Salvius Rufinus Minicius Opimianus (attested 10 August) | Cn. Sentius Aburnianus |
| 124[159] | M'. Acilius Glabrio (January–April) | C. Bellicius Flaccus Torquatus Tebanianus |
| suff. | A. Larcius Macedo (May–August) | P. Ducenius Verres |
| suff. | C. Julius Gallus (September–December) | C. Valerius Severus |
| 125 | M. Lollius Paulinus D. Valerius Asiaticus Saturninus II | L. Titius Epidius Aquilinus |
| suff. | Q. Vetina Verus[160] (attested 1 June) | P. Lucius Cosconianus |
| 126 | M. Annius Verus III (January–February) | C. Eggius Ambibulus |
| suff. | L. Valerius Propinquus (From 1 March) | |
| suff. | L. Cuspius Camerinus (attested 1 July) | C. Saenius Severus |
| 127 | T. Atilius Rufus Titianus (January–March) | M. Gavius Squilla Gallicanus |
| suff. | P. Tullius Varro (April) | [D.?] Junius Paetus |
| suff. | Q. Tineius Rufus (May–September) | M. Licinius Celer Nepos |
| suff. | L. Aemilius Juncus (October–December) | Sex. Julius Severus |
| 128 | L. Nonius Calpurnius Torquatus Asprenas II (January) | M. Annius Libo (January–March) |
| suff. | L. Caesennius Antoninus (February–March) | |
| suff. | M. Junius Mettius Rufus (April–June) | Q. Pomponius Maternus |
| suff. | L. Valerius Flaccus (July–September) | M. [Junius Homullus ?][161] |
| suff. | A. Egrilius Plarianus (October–December) | Q. [Planius Sardus Varius Ambibulus ?][162] |
| 129 | P. Juventius Celsus T. Aufidius Hoenius Severianus II (January – after 22 March) | L. Neratius Marcellus II (January–? February) |
| suff. | Q. Julius Balbus (attested 22 March) | |
| 130 | Q. Fabius Catullinus (January–February) | M. Flavius Aper |
| suff. | Cassius Agrippa (or Agrippinus) (attested 19 March) | Ti. Claudius Quartinus |
| 131[163] | Sergius Octavius Laenas Pontianus (January–April) | M. Antonius Rufinus |
| suff. | L. Fabius Gallus (May–August) | Q. Fabius Julianus |
| 132 | C. Junius Serius Augurinus (January–April) | C. Trebius Sergianus |
| suff. | C. Acilius Priscus (September–December) | A. Cassius Arrianus |
| 133 | M. Antonius Hiberus (January–April) | P. Mummius Sisenna |
| suff. | Q. Flavius Tertullus (May–August) | Q. Junius Rusticus |
| suff. | Ti. Claudius Atticus Herodes (September–December) | P. Sufenas Verus |
| 134 | L. Julius Ursus Servianus III (January–March) | T. Vibius Varus (January–April) |
| suff. | T. Haterius Nepos (attested 2 April) | |
| suff. | P. Licinius Pansa (attested September–December) | L. Attius Macro |
| 135 | L. Tutilius Lupercus Pontianus (January–April) | P. Calpurnius Atilianus (Atticus Rufus?) |
| suff. | M. Cutius Priscus Messius Rusticus Aemilius Papus Arrius Proculus Julius Celsus (May–August) |
L. Burbuleius Optatus Ligarianus |
| suff. | P. Rutilius Fabianus (September–December) | Cn. Papirius Aelianus Aemilius Tuscillus |
| 136[164] | L. Ceionius Commodus | Sex. Vettulenus Civica Pompeianus |
| 137 | L. Aelius Caesar II | P. Coelius Balbinus Vibullius Pius |
| 138[165] | Kanus Junius Niger | C. Pomponius Camerinus |
| 1 Apr. | M. Vindius Verus | P. Pactumeius Clemens |
| 1 Jul. | unidentified | unidentified |
| 1 Oct. | P. Cassius Secundus | M. Nonius Mucianus |
| 139 | T. Aelius Hadrianus Antoninus Augustus Pius[166] II | C. Bruttius Praesens L. Fulvius Rusticus II |
| May? | unidentified | unidentified |
| Jul.? | L. Minicius Natalis Quadronius Verus | L. Claudius Proculus |
| Sep.? | unidentified | [C. Julius? S]capula |
| 1 Nov. | M. Ceccius Justinus | C. Julius Bassus |
| 140 | T. Aelius Hadrianus Antoninus Augustus Pius III | M. Aelius Aurelius Verus Caesar |
| 1 May | Q. Antonius Isauricus | L. Aurelius Flaccus |
| suff. | Julius Crassipes (between June and October) | unidentified |
| 1 Nov. | M. Barbius Aemilianus | T. Flavius Julianus |
| 141 | T. Hoenius Severus | M. Peducaeus Stloga Priscinus |
| 1 Mar. | unidentified | unidentified |
| 1 May | C. Julius Pisibanus | [Larcius?] Lepidus |
| 1 Jul. | unidentified | unidentified |
| 1 Sep. | T. Caesernius Statianus | unidentified |
| 1 Nov. | L. Annius Fabianus | unidentified |
| 142 | L. Cuspius Pactumeius Rufinus | L. Statius Quadratus |
| 1 Apr. | L. Granius Castus | Ti. Junius Julianus |
| 1 Jul. | M. Cornelius Fronto | C. Laberius Priscus |
| 1 Sep. | L. Tusidius Campester | Q. Cornelius Senecio Annianus |
| 1 Nov. | [Sulpicius?] Julianus | [Ti. Julius? Castus] |
| 143 | C. Bellicus Flaccus Torquatus | L. Vibullius Hipparchus Ti. Claudius Atticus Herodes |
| 1 Apr. | unidentified | unidentified |
| 1 Jul. | Q. Junius Calamus | M. Valerius Junianus |
| 1 Oct. | unidentified | unidentified |
| 144 | L. Hedius Rufus Lollianus Avitus | T. Statilius Maximus |
| 1 Mar. | L. Aemilius Carus | Q. Egrilius Plarianus |
| Jul.? | unidentified | Q. Laberius Licinianus |
| 1 Oct. | L. Marcius Celer M. Calpurnius Longus | D. Velius Fidus |
| 145 | T. Aelius Hadrianus Antoninus Augustus Pius IV | M. Aelius Aurelius Verus Caesar II |
| Mar.? | L. Plautius Lamia Silvanus | L. Poblicola Priscus |
| 1 May | Cn. Arrius Cornelius Proculus | D. Junius [Paetus?] |
| 1 Jul. | Q. Mustius Priscus | M. Pontius Laelianus |
| 1 Sep. | L. Petronius Sabinus | C. Vicrius Rufus |
| 1 Nov. | C. Fadius Rufus | P. Vicrius |
| 146 | Sex. Erucius Clarus II | Cn. Claudius Severus Arabianus |
| Mar. | Q. Licinius Modestinus (Sex.?) Attius Labeo | |
| 1 May | P. Mummius Sisenna Rutilianus | T. Prifernius Paetus Rosianus Nonius Agricola C. Labeo Tettius Geminus |
| 1 Jul. | Cn. Terentius Homullus Iunior | L. Aurelius Gallus |
| 1 Sep. | Q. Voconius Saxa Fidus | C. Annianus Verus |
| 1 Nov. | L. Aemilius Longus | Q. Cornelius Proculus |
| 147 | C. Ulpius Pacatus Prastina Messalinus | L. Annius Largus |
| 1 Apr. | A. Claudius Charax | Q. Fuficius Cornutus |
| 1 Jul. | Cupressenus Gallus | Q. Cornelius Quadratus |
| 1 Oct. | Sex. Cocceius Severianus Honorinus | Ti. Licinius Cassius Cassianus |
| suff. | C. Popilius Carus Pedo | |
| 148 | L. Octavius Cornelius P. Salvius Julianus Aemilianus | C. Bellicus Calpurnius Torquatus |
| 1 Apr. | Satyrius Firmus | C. Salvius Capito |
| 1 Jul. | L. Coelius Festus | P. Orfidius Senecio |
| Oct.? | C. Fabius Agrippinus | M. Antonius Zeno |
| 149 | L. Sergius Salvidienus Scipio Orfitus[167] | Q. Pompeius Sosius Priscus |
| Jul.? | Q. Passienus Licinus | C. Julius Avitus |
| 150 | M. Gavius Squilla Gallicanus | Sex. Carminius Vetus |
| Apr.? | […]mus | C. La[berius Priscus?] |
| Jul.? | M. Cassius Apollinaris | M. Petronius Mamertinus |
| Oct. | C. Curtius Justus | C. Julius Julianus[168] |
| 151 | Sex. Quintilius Condianus | Sex. Quintilius Valerius Maximus |
| Jul.? | M. Cominius Secundus | L. Attidius Cornelianus |
| 152 | M'. Acilius Glabrio Cn. Cornelius Severus | M. Valerius Homullus |
| 1 Apr. | P. Sufenas [Verus?] | L. Dasumius Tullius Tuscus |
| 1 Jul. | C. Novius Priscus | L. Julius Romulus |
| 1 Oct. | P. Cluvius Maximus Paulinus | M. Servilius Silanus |
| 153 | L. Fulvius Rusticus C. Bruttius Praesens | A. Junius Rufinus |
| 1 Apr. | [? Sex. Caecilius / C. Julius Max]imus | M. Pontius Sabinus |
| 1 Jul. | P. Septimius Aper | M. Sedatius Severianus Julius Acer Metilius Nepos Rufinus Ti. Rutilianus Censor |
| 1 Oct. | C. Cattius Marcellus | Q. Petiedius Gallus |
| 154 | L. Aelius Aurelius Commodus | T. Sextius Lateranus |
| 1 Apr. | [Prifernius?] Paetus | M. Nonius Macrinus |
| 1 Jul. | [? M. Valerius Etrus]cus (?) | L. [Aemilius Iuncus?] |
| 1 Sep. | Ti. Claudius Julianus | Sex. Calpurnius Agricola |
| 1 Nov. | C. Julius Statius Severus | T. Junius Severus |
| 155 | C. Julius Severus | M. Junius Rufinus Sabinianus |
| Apr.? | C. Aufidius Victorinus | M. Gavius [Appalius Maximus?] |
| Nov. | Antius Pollio | Minicius Opimianus |
| Dec. | [D. Rupilius?] Severus | L. Julius T. Statilius Severus |
| 156 | M. Ceionius Silvanus | C. Serius Augurinus |
| Mar.? | A. Avillius Urinatius Quadratus | Strabo Aemilianus |
| Nov.? | Q. Canusius Praenestinus | C. Lusius Sparsus |
| 157 | M. Vettulenus Civica Barbarus | M. Metilius Aquillius Regulus Nepos Volusius Torquatus Fronto |
| 1 Apr. | L. Roscius Aelianus | Cn. Papirius Aelianus |
| Jul.? | C. Julius Commodus Orfitianus | C. Caelius Secundus |
| Oct.? | Q. V[…]su[…]clus[169] | Q. […]inus |
| 158 | Sex. Sulpicius Tertullus | Q. Tineius Sacerdos Clemens |
| Jul.? | M. Servilius Fabianus Maximus | Q. Iallius Bassus |
| Sep.? | Q. Pomponius Musa | L. Cassius Juvenalis |
| 159 | Plautius Quintillus | M. Statius Priscus Licinius Italicus |
| 1 Apr. | M. Pisibanius Lepidus | L. Matuccius Fuscinus |
| 1 Jul. | P. Cornelius Dexter | unidentified |
| 1 Oct. | A. Curtius Crispinus | unidentified |
| 160 | Ap. Annius Atilius Bradua | T. Clodius Vibius Varus |
| 1 Mar. | A. Platorius Nepos Calpurnianus | M. Postumius Festus |
| May? | [C. Septimius? S]everus | […] Flavus |
| Jul.? | C. Prastina Pacatus | M. Censorius Paullus |
| Oct.? | Ti. Oclatius Severus | [Q.?] Ninnius Hastianus |
| suff. | [… N]ovius Sabinianus (attested 18 December) | |
| 161 | M. Aelius Aurelius Verus Caesar III | L. Aelius Aurelius Commodus II |
| suff. | M. Annius Libo (attested 8 Feb. – 26 Apr.) | Q. Camurius Numisius Junior |
| Oct.? | (?) Julius Geminus Capellianus | T. Flavius Boethus |
| 162[170] | Q. Junius Rusticus II | L. Titius Plautius Aquilinus |
| suff.[171] | Ti. Claudius Paullinus (attested 23 August) | Ti. Claudius Pompeianus |
| suff. | D. Fonteius Frontinianus L. Stertinius Rufus | ignotus |
| suff. | M. Insteius Bithynicus | ignotus |
| 163 | M. Pontius Laelianus | A. Junius Pastor L. Caesennius Sospes |
| 164 | M. Pompeius Macrinus | P. Juventius Celsus |
| suff. | Ti. Haterius Saturninus (attested 19 and 21 July) | Q. Caecilius Avitus |
| 165 | M. Gavius Orfitus | L. Arrius Pudens |
| 166 | Q. Servilius Pudens | L. Fufidius Pollio |
| suff. | M. Vibius Liberalis (attested 23 March) | P. Martius Verus |
| 167 | L. Aurelius Verus Augustus III | M. Ummidius Quadratus |
| suff. | Q. Caecilius Dentilianus (attested 5 May) | M. Antonius Pallas |
| 168 | L. Venuleius Apronianus Octavius Priscus II | L. Sergius Paullus II |
| suff. | Q. Tullius Maximus[172] | ignotus |
| 169 | Q. Pompeius Senecio Sosius Priscus | P. Coelius Apollinaris |
| 170 | C. Erucius Clarus | M. Gavius Cornelius Cethegus |
| suff. | T. Hoenius Severus | ignotus |
| 171 | T. Statilius Severus | L. Alfidius Herennianus |
| 172 | Ser. Calpurnius Scipio Orfitus | Sex. Quintilius Maximus |
| suff. | C. Modius Justus | ignotus |
| 173 | Cn. Claudius Severus II | Ti. Claudius Pompeianus II |
| 174 | L. Aurelius Gallus | Q. Volusius Flaccus Cornelianus |
| suff. | M. Aemilius Macer Saturninus | ignotus |
| 175 | L. Calpurnius Piso | P. Salvius Julianus |
| suff. | P. Helvius Pertinax | M. Didius Severus Julianus |
| 176 | T. Pomponius Proculus Vitrasius Pollio II | M. Flavius Aper II |
| 177 | L. Aelius Aurelius Commodus Caesar | M. Peducaeus Plautius Quintillus |
| 178 | Ser. Cornelius Scipio Salvidienus Orfitus | D. Velius Rufus (Julianus?) |
| 179 | L. Aelius Aurelius Commodus Augustus II | P. Martius Verus II |
| suff.[173] | T. Flavius Claudianus (attested 21 March) | L. Aemilius Iuncus |
| suff.[174] | M'. Acilius Faustinus (attested 1 April) | L. Julius Proculianus |
| 180 | L. Fulvius Rusticus C. Bruttius Praesens II | Sex. Quintilius Condianus |
| 181[175] | L. Aelius Aurelius Commodus Augustus III | L. Antistius Burrus |
| 182 | M. Petronius Sura Mamertinus | Q. Tineius Rufus |
| suff. | (?) Aurelianus (attested 15 May) | (L. Attidius?) Cornelianus |
| 183 | M. Aurelius Commodus Antoninus Augustus IV | C. Aufidius Victorinus II |
| suff. | L. Tutilius Pontianus Gentianus (attested 8 February) | ignotus |
| suff. | M. Herennius Secundus (attested 13 and 20 May) | M. Egnatius Postumus |
| suff. | T. Pactumeius Magnus (after 20 May) | L. Septimius Flaccus |
| 184 | L. Cossonius Eggius Marullus | Cn. Papirius Aelianus |
| suff. | C. Octavius Vindex (attested 18 May) | Cassius Apronianus[176] |
| 185 | Triarius Maternus Lascivius | Ti. Claudius M. Ap. Atilius Bradua Regillus Atticus |
| 186 | M. Aurelius Commodus Antoninus Augustus V | M'. Acilius Glabrio II |
| suff. | L. Novius Rufus (attested 25 May) | L. Annius Ravus[177] |
| suff. | C. Sabucius Maior Caecilianus (attested 24 and 27 Nov.) | Valerius Senecio |
| 187 | L. Bruttius Quintius Crispinus | L. Roscius Aelianus Paculus |
| 188 | P. Seius Fuscianus II | M. Servilius Silanus II |
| 189 | Dulius Silanus | Q. Servilius Silanus |
| suff. | Severus (attested 27 May) | Vitellius |
| 190 | M. Aurelius Commodus Antoninus Augustus VI | M. Petronius Sura Septimianus |
| suff. | L. Septimius Severus (May–?) | Apuleius Rufinus[178] |
| 191 | Popilius Pedo Apronianus | M. Valerius Bradua Mauricus |
| 192 | L. Aelius Aurelius Commodus Augustus VII | P. Helvius Pertinax II |
| 193[179] | Q. Pompeius Sosius Falco | C. Julius Erucius Clarus Vibianus |
| suff. | Q. Tineius Sacerdos (March) | P. Julius Scapula Priscus |
| suff. | M. Silius Messala (May) | ignotus |
| suff. | L. Julius Messala Rutilianus (July) | C. Aemilius Severus Cantabrinus |
| suff. | L. Fabius Cilo Septiminus Catinius Acilianus Lepidus Fulcinianus[180] | |
| 194 | L. Septimius Severus Pertinax Augustus II | D. Clodius Septimius Albinus Augustus (Gaul) |
| suff. | C. Gabinius Barbarus Pompeianus | ignotus |
| 195 | P. Julius Scapula Tertullus Priscus | Q. Tineius Clemens |
| 196 | C. Domitius Dexter II | L. Valerius Messalla Thrasea Priscus |
| 197 | T. Sextius Magius Lateranus | Cuspius Rufinus[181] |
| 198 | P. Martius Sergius Saturninus | L. Aurelius Gallus |
| suff. | Q. Anicius Faustus[182] | ignotus |
| 199 | P. Cornelius Anullinus II | M. Aufidius Fronto |
| 200 | Ti. Claudius Severus Proculus | C. Aufidius Victorinus |
Third century (201–300)
Unless otherwise indicated, the names and dates of the consuls after 284 are taken from Roger S. Bagnall's Consuls of the Later Roman Empire. See also the list of consuls in the Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire.
Fourth century (301–395)
Until the fall of the Western Empire (396–480)
In 395, the Roman Empire was permanently divided into a Western Roman Empire and an Eastern Roman Empire. The separate courts often appointed a consul each, which sometimes led to one consul not being recognized by the other. The order of the names also varied at times depending on the sources, with the western consul appearing as the consul prior in western sources while being listed as the consul posterior in eastern sources, and viceversa. Western consuls continued to be appointed after the fall of the Western Roman Empire in 476.
After the fall of the Western Empire (481–541)
Roman consuls of the East alone (541–887)
During the reign of Justinian I (527–565), the position of consul altered in two significant ways. From 535, there was no longer a Roman consul chosen in the West. In 541, the separate office of Roman consul was abolished. When used thereafter, the office was used as part of the imperial title.[210] The office was finally abolished as part of the Basilika reforms of Leo VI the Wise in 887.[211] The late antique practice of granting honorary consulships eventually evolved into the Byzantine court dignity of hypatos (the Greek translation of the Latin consul), which survived until the 12th century.[212]
- 566: Justinus Augustus[213]
- 568: Justinus Augustus II
- 579: Tiberius Constantinus Augustus
- 584: Mauricius Tiberius Augustus[214]
- 602: Mauricius Tiberius Augustus II[215]
- 603: Phocas Augustus
- 608: Heraclius & Heraclius[216]
- 611: Heraclius Augustus
- 632: Heraclius novus Constantinus Augustus[217]
- 639: Heraclius Augustus
- 642: Constantinus Augustus
- 668: Constantinus Augustus
- 686: Justinianus Augustus[219]
- 699: Tiberius Augustus
- 711: Filepicus Augustus[220]
- 714: Anastasius Augustus
- 716: Theodosius Augustus
- 718: Leo Augustus
- 742: Constantinus Augustus
- 742: Artavasdus Augustus[221]
- 776: Leo Augustus
- 780: Constantinus Augustus[222]
- 803: Nicephorus Augustus
- 812: Michael Augustus
- 814: Leo Augustus
- 821: Michael Augustus
- 830: Theophilus Augustus
- 843: Michael Augustus
- 867: Basilius Augustus
- 887: Leo Augustus
Endnotes
- ^ a b c d e f g Peck 1898, Consules
- ^ a b c d e f g Smith 1859, Consul
- ^ Broughton 1951, pp. xi, xii..
- ^ Peck 1898, Dictator
- ^ Broughton 1951, pp. xi, xii, 141, 148, 149, 163, 171..
- ^ Livy, History of Rome, iii. 32 ff.
- ^ Peck 1898, Decemviri
- ^ a b Peck 1898, Tribunus
- ^ Livy, History of Rome, vi. 42, vii. 1.
- ^ Broughton 1951, pp. 108–114.
- ^ Lendering, Jona (2020), "Varronian Chronology", Official site, Amsterdam: Livius.
- ^ However, the Fasti Capitolini, generally dated to the reign of Augustus, use the era of Cato, which placed the founding of Rome in 752 BC, one year later than the chronology of Varro. Sandys, Latin Epigraphy, p. 170.
- ^ Anthony Grafton and Noel Swerdlow, "Technical Chronology and Astrological History in Varro, Censorinus, and Others", Classical Quarterly, N.S. 35 (1985), p. 454-65
- ^ Lendering, Jona (2008). "Varronian Chronology". Livius.Org.
- ^ Tacitus, Historiae, 3.37
- ^ Taylor & Broughton 1968, pp. 3–14.
- ^ Drummond 1978, pp. 81–86.
- ^ Drummond 1978, p. 80.
- ^ Taylor & Broughton 1949, p. 9.
- ^ Taylor 1951, p. 78.
- ^ Taylor & Broughton 1968, p. 166.
- ^ Drummond 1978, pp. 97–99, 106.
- ^ Drummond 1978, pp. 81–82, 106.
- ^ Pina Polo 2011, p. 197.
- ^ Bagnall 1987, pp. 13–18.
- ^ The fasti for the Gallic consuls under Postumus are incomplete, with the names of some ordinary consuls known, but not the year they served — see PLRE, Vol. 1, 1041.
- ^ Broughton 1951.
- ^ Broughton 1952.
- ^ Livy (2.8.5) and Dionysius of Halicarnassus (iv.1.2, iv.12.3, iv.19.2) assign 5 consuls to the first year of the Republic, an amount not repeated for a single year until imperial times. Polybius (3.22.1), probably following an older and more reliable tradition, names only Brutus and Horatius. Beloch 1926, pp. 9–10. Ogilvie 1965, p. 254.
- ^ These consuls are omitted by Livy, perhaps due to confusion with the consuls of 506 BC. Broughton 1951, pp. 6–7.
- ^ Livy (2.15.1), against other sources, names P. Lucretius and P. Valerius Poplicola III. P. Lucretius may have been corrupted from Larcius, or perhaps inserted due to confusion with T. Lucretius, Poplicola's colleague in 508 and 504 BC. Broughton 1951, pp. 6–7.
- ^ The consuls of 490 and 489 BC are omitted by Livy.
- ^ Drummond 1978, p. 103; Taylor 1951, p. 79 (note 18).
- ^ The consuls of 482 BC are omitted by Diodorus (11. 41, 48).
- ^ Drummond 1978, p. 104; Taylor 1951, p. 79 (note 18).
- ^ The consuls probably entered office on 1 August, which was the official entry date until the Decemvirate was established in 451. From 509 to 479 BC, the date was probably 1 September. Ogilvie 1965, pp. 404–405.
- ^ His name is garbled in the sources, with variations such as C. Sergius (Dionysius 9.16.1) and C. Cornelius Lentulus (Diodorus 11.52.1). Broughton 1951, pp. 25–26 (and note 1). Ridley 1980, pp. 268–269.
- ^ Only known from the Fasti Capitolini. The missing name may be Opiter Verginius, which Livy (2.54.3) gives for L. Aemilius's colleague in 473 BC, or perhaps C. Sergius. Broughton 1951, p. 26.
- ^ Livy (2.54.3) suggests Opiter Verginius as an alternative to Vopiscus Julius, but this may be a confusion with the year 478, when the other consul was also L. Aemilius. Ogilvie 1965, p. 371.
- ^ The stone inscription of the Fasti Capitolini has for this year Carve[ntanus] or Carve[tus], a rare name attested for no other consul in history. Two late Roman records have (Sempronius) Atratinus. The literary sources omit him and show his substitute, L. Minucius, holding office for the entire year. See the discussion in Broughton 1951, pp. 39, 40 (note 1); Ogilvie 1965, pp. 438, 615; Ridley 1980, pp. 271, 288.
- ^ Diodorus (12.3.1) inserts a new pair of consuls, L. Quinctius Cincinnatus and M. Fabius Vibulanus, between the colleges of 457 and 456.
- ^ Taylor 1951, pp. 74, 78 (n. 8).
- ^ Only mentioned by Dionysius (10.53.3). Broughton 1951, p. 44. Ridley 1980, p. 271.
- ^ Ancient sources disagree on whether Claudius and Genucius became decemvirs while consuls-elect or if they assumed the consulship and abdicated. Ridley 1980, p. 271.
- ^ Broughton 1951, pp. 45, 46 (n. 3); Ogilvie 1965, p. 456.
- ^ The consuls probably entered office on 13 December. This was the official date until 402. Ogilvie 1965, pp. 405, 463.
- ^ These consuls were said to be absent from the annals, but named in the linen rolls and in a treaty with Ardea. In another tradition, they became Rome's first pair of censors the following year. Authorities have variously eliminated either the consuls or the consular tribunes, attempted to fit both into 444 BC, or assigned the colleges to consecutive years. Frier 1975, pp. 79–80, 89–90.
- ^ Ogilvie 1965, p. 552.
- ^ Diodorus (12.38.1) calls him Gaius, but Ogilvie 1965, p. 557, rejects it in favor of Lucius which is given by Livy (4.16.8). Broughton 1951, pp. 57–58.
- ^ Drummond 1978, p. 96 (note 68).
- ^ Another tradition omits Cornelius and has Manlius and Sulpicius holding office as consuls. On the other hand, Licinius Macer (Livy 4.23.1–3) states that the consuls of 435, Julius and Verginius, continued in office this year. Of the three possibilities, the latter is held to be the least likely. Broughton 1951, pp. 61–62. Ogilvie 1965, p. 571.
- ^ Diodorus Siculus (12.77.1) inserts the pair L. Quinctius (Cincinnatus?) and A. Sempronius (Atratinus?) between the consuls of 428 and 427 BC, perhaps misplacing them from the college of 425. Ogilvie 1965, pp. 566, 584.
- ^ Drummond 1978, p. 88.
- ^ Authenticity doubted. Broughton 1951, p. 67.
- ^ L. Quinctius Cincinnatus III (Livy 4.44.1) or T. Quinctius Poenus Cincinnatus II. Broughton 1951, pp. 70, 71.
- ^ Ogilvie 1965, p. 606.
- ^ Possibly identical with Q. Fabius Vibulanus, consul in 423. Broughton 1951, p. 76. Ogilvie 1965, p. 613.
- ^ Livy (4.52.4) has here Papirius Atratinus, following Licinius Macer who attributed this reading to the linen rolls. Other sources show it was Papirius Mugillanus. The surname Atratinus was only used by the Sempronii, and so the college of 411 may have been three consular tribunes, Papirius, Sempronius and Nautius. Ogilvie 1965, pp. 613–614.
- ^ Livy (4.61.4) instead has Gaius Fabius Ambustus, and treats him as a different person than the tribune of 401, 395 and 390 BC. Broughton 1951, p. 81. Ogilvie 1965, p. 624.
- ^ Entered office on 1 October after the preceding college resigned. Broughton 1951, p. 83. Ogilvie 1965, p. 405.
- ^ Entered office on 1 July. Broughton 1951, p. 92. Ogilvie 1965, p. 405.
- ^ Livy (5.32.1) calls him M. Aemilius Mamercinus, indicating he is a different person than the four-time consular tribune of 389 BC forward.
- ^ Drummond 1978, pp. 88, 92.
- ^ Drummond 1980, p. 66 (note 40), 71
- ^ Diodorus Siculus (XV.24.1) states that there were six consular tribunes this year, but Livy only lists five; Attilio Degrassi suggests either L. Cornelius or A. Manlius for the sixth member of this college; Broughton, based on the evidence of the Fasti Capitolini, suggests A. Manlius Capitolinus. Broughton 1951, p. 100, n.1
- ^ Gaius in Livy (6.18.1), Lucius in Diodorus (15.36.1). Drummond 1980, p. 71 (note 71).
- ^ These are the nine consular tribunes the Fasti Capitolini lists for this year. Livy names only six (omitting C. Sulpicius Peticus, L. Aemilius Mamercinus, and Ti. Papirius Crassus), and Diodorus Siculus eight (omitting L. Papirius Mugillanus). Broughton notes, "Clearly Fast. Cap. has the most seriously interpolated tradition."Broughton 1951, p. 106, n.1
- ^ a b These two consular tribunes are only known from Diodorus Siculus (XV.51.1). Broughton suggests "Erenucius" may be a corruption of "Genucius" or "Minucius". Broughton 1951, p. 106, n.1
- ^ a b These two consular tribunes are only known from Livy (6.31.1)
- ^ Modern scholarly consensus is that the fasti for the fourth century was discovered to be missing several sets of eponymous magistrates, and explained this gap by stating elections were blocked by these two tribunes. See the discussions of T.J. Cornell, The Beginnings of Rome (London: Routeledge, 1995), pp. 399-402; and Forsythe, Critical History of Early Rome, pp. 368-70
- ^ a b The Fasti Capitolini states C. Licinius Calvus was consul in 364 BC and C. Lincinius Stolo in 361 BC, but Livy reverses these two.
- ^ Drummond 1989, p. 639.
- ^ Livy (7.18.10) notes that in some sources M. Popillius Laenas III appears instead of Quinctius, though this is probably a confusion with the year 356 BC, when M. Fabius Ambustus was also consul. Drummond 1980, p. 70 (note 66).
- ^ Broughton 1951, p. 127; Drummond 1989, p. 639.
- ^ Diodorus (16.59) reports instead this year's consuls were M. Aemilius and T. Quinctius (Poenus Capitolinus III?). Drummond 1989, p. 639.
- ^ a b c d The "dictator years" (333, 324, 309 and 301 BC) were fabricated to lengthen the documented interval to earlier historical events, in order to account for deficiencies and gaps in Roman chronology. The dictator years did not exist in Roman history: the conventional year 334 BC was followed by the year 332, and so on. Cornell 1995, pp. 399–400.
- ^ The sources are conflicted:
- P. (or C.) Plautius Proculus (Livy 8.22)
- C. Plautius Decianus II (Chronograph of 354)
- Plautius Venox II (Hydatius)
- A. Postumius (Diodorus 17.87)
- ^ Taylor 1951, p. 78 (note 7).
- ^ Livy (9.44) notes that the consuls of 307 and 306 BC were skipped in Calpurnius Piso's history.
- ^ Entered office on 15 March. Ogilvie 1965, p. 405.
- ^ Entered office on 1 January. R.M. Ogilvie, A Commentary on Livy Books 1–5, p. 405.
- ^ Unless otherwise noted, consuls from 99 to 31 BC are taken from Broughton 1952.
- ^ Either Thermus's election was invalidated or he is identical to Figulus, having changed his name by adoption. E.W. Gray, "The Consular Elections held in 65 B.C.", Antichthon 13 (1979), pp. 56–65, doi:10.1017/S0066477400002665.
- ^ Taylor & Broughton 1968, p. 172; Drummond 1978, p. 100.
- ^ Tansey 2018, pp. 209, 212, 237.
- ^ a b c Bodel 1995, p. 285.
- ^ Bodel 1995, p. 280.
- ^ Umberto Soldovieri: Un inedito cinerario plumbeo e Q. MARCIUS RUFUS, cos. suff. 36 a.C. In: Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik (ZPE), 217 (2021), S. 235f.
- ^ a b Bodel 1995, p. 287.
- ^ Ernest Weinrib, The Spaniards in Rome (1990), pp. 180, 309–311
- ^ Consuls from 30 to 1 BC are taken from Cooley 2012, pp. 457–458.
- ^ Tansey 2018, pp. 238 (note 72), 243 (note 102).
- ^ Phillips 1997, p. 106.
- ^ Augustus was apparently intended to be the colleague of Saturninus, but never took office. Saturninus held office alone until Vespillo and Vinicius succeeded him after 1 August and by 12 October. Phillips 1997, p. 107.
- ^ Phillips 1997, p. 107.
- ^ Phillips 1997, pp. 107–108.
- ^ a b Phillips 1997, p. 108.
- ^ Unless otherwise noted, consuls from AD 1 through AD 12 are taken from Syme 1989
- ^ The consuls of this year are taken from Diana Gorostidi Pi, "Sui consoli dell'anno 13 d.C.: Nuovi dati dai fasti consulares Tusculani", Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik, 189 (2014), pg 265–275
- ^ Unless otherwise indicated, the names and dates for the years AD 14–36 are taken from Cooley 2012, pp. 458–460.
- ^ Bodel 1995, p. 296.
- ^ First proposed by Hans-Georg Pflaum, and accepted by Ladislaus Vidman (Fasti Ostienses, 2nd edition, p. 68); Cooley offers as a possible alternative A. Didius Gallus although she also puts him in the last nundinium of 39. Gallivan 1979, p. 66.
- ^ Unless otherwise indicated, the names and dates for the years AD 37–40 are taken from Gallivan 1979, pp. 66–69.
- ^ Unless otherwise indicated, the names and dates for the years AD 41-54 are taken from Cooley 2012, pp. 460–462.
- ^ M. Christol and S. Demougin, "Notes de prosopographie équestre", in Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik, 57 (1984), pp. 171-8.
- ^ Camodeca 2002, p. 235; Cooley 2012, p. 461.
- ^ Suffect consuls for July–December Gallivan placed in 44 Camodeca moved to 47 ("Novità sui fasti consolari delle tavolette cerate della Campania", Publications de l'École française de Rome, 143 (1991), p. 52)
- ^ Gallivan 1978, p. 408.
- ^ Giuseppe Camodeca, "I consoli del 43 e gli Antistii Veteres d'età claudia dalla riedizione delle Tabulae Herculanenses", Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik 140 (2002), pp. 234–236.
- ^ Camodeca 1991, p. 52.
- ^ Camodeca 1991, p. 53.
- ^ a b Gallivan 1978, p. 425.
- ^ Names and dates for 55–68 taken from Camodeca 2015, pp. 272–282.
- ^ Camodeca 2015, p. 275, notes that additional pairs of suffect consuls may have held office in the last months of 60 and 61.
- ^ Camodeca 2015, pp. 277–279, places C. Licinius Mucianus and Q. Fabius Barbarus Antonius Macer in the second half of either 63 or 64.
- ^ Names and dates for this year are taken from G. B. Townend, "The Consuls of A. D. 69/70", American Journal of Philology, 83 (1962), pp. 113–129
- ^ a b c d Hammond 1957.
- ^ Sometimes "Imp. Ser. Galba" or "Ser. Galba Imp."[117]
- ^ Sometimes "Imp. Otho" or "Imp. M. Otho".[117]
- ^ Unless otherwise indicated, the names and dates for the years 70–97 are taken from Eck 2009, pp. 251–257.
- ^ Gallivan 1981, pp. 206, 219, dated this pair to 71 or 72, but the available slot for 71 in Eck 2009, p. 251, is filled, so they are placed here. Eck has the year 72 but with a question mark.
- ^ Gallivan 1981, pp. 213–214.
- ^ Eck 2009, p. 252, restores this as [Fr]on[tino] or [Veient]on[e].
- ^ Cooley 2012, p. 464.
- ^ Gallivan 1981, pp. 189, 214.
- ^ See Syme, "P. Calvisius Ruso. One Person or Two?" Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik, 56 (1984), pp. 173-192
- ^ Gallivan 1981, pp. 189, 215; Eck 2009, p. 253.
- ^ Also referred to as T. Vinicius Julianus. Salomies 2005, p. 111.
- ^ Gallivan 1981, p. 190, suggests instead C. Arinius Modestus.
- ^ Cooley 2012, p. 465, has in this spot M. Annius Messalla and C. Fisius Sabinus, but Eck 2009, p. 254, places them in 84. Clemens and Honoratus are dated to 85 in Cooley, but Eck moved to that position L. Aelius Oculatus and Q. Gavius Atticus, whom Gallivan 1981, pp. 188, 196, 213, had originally assigned to 73.
- ^ Syme first proposed the identification of this consul with M. Raecius Gallus ("Pliny the Procurator", Harvard Studies in Classical Philology, 73 (1969), pp. 201–236 [p. 229]). However, he later concluded that Publius Glitius Gallus "is on every count a better candidate" than Raecius ("P. Calvisius Ruso. One Person or Two?", Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik, 56 (1984), pp. 173-192 [p. 175]).
- ^ Eck & Pangerl 2013, p. 275.
- ^ Eck, Werner & Andreas Pangerl (2012). "Ein Diplom für die Truppen Judäas aus dem Jahr 87 und die Frage nach der Gleichförmigkeit römischer Militäradministration". Scripta Classica Israelica. 31: 53–64.
- ^ So Zevi, "I consoli del 97 d. Cr. in due framenti gia' editi dei Fasti Ostienses", Listy filologické / Folia philologica, 96 (1973), pp. 125–137; Cooley offers no colleague for Tacitus. Peter Weiss has argued, based on more recently recovered evidence, that Scapula could have been suffect consul in September–October 99, or even later. (Weiss, "Weitere Diplomfragmente von Moesia Inferior", Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik, 124 (1999), pp. 287-289
- ^ Vidman 1982, pp. 45, 93–94; Cooley 2012, pp. 466–467.
- ^ This is the name Trajan adopted following Nerva's death on 27 January. Trajan's name following his adoption in AD 97 was "M. Ulpius Nerva Trajanus"; he was named Caesar shortly after (Dio; 68.3–4), but the exact formula he adopted is not known.[117]
- ^ Cooley 2012, p. 467.
- ^ There may have been a pair of unattested consuls in April. Eck & Pangerl 2014, p. 243.
- ^ Placed in this year by Mommsen.
- ^ Vidman 1982, p. 45; Cooley 2012, p. 467.
- ^ Unless otherwise indicated, the names and dates for the years 101 through 115 are taken from Cooley 2012, p. 467f
- ^ Added from Werner Eck, "Jahres- und Provinzialfastern der senatorischen Statthalter von 69/70 bis 138/139", Chiron, 12 (1982), p. 327 n.181
- ^ Added from AE 2013, 650
- ^ As proposed by Syme, "People in Pliny", Journal of Roman Studies, 58 (1968), pp. 139f
- ^ Werner Eck and Ittai Gradel, "Eine Konstitution für das Heer von Mauretania Tingitana vom 20. September 104 n.Chr.", Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik, 219 (2021), pp. 248–255.
- ^ It is uncertain which ordinary consul Acilius Rufus replaced.
- ^ Fasti ostienses reads ...] Rufu[s]; Attilo Degrassi and Vidman restore this name as "L. Acilius Rufus", while Ronald Syme restores it as "M. Acilius Rufus" (Syme, "Superior Suffect Consuls", Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik, 58 (1985), pp. 239-242)
- ^ This pair of consuls added from AE 2004, 1898
- ^ Added from Evgeni I. Paunov and Margaret M. Roxan, "The Earliest Extant Diploma of Thrace, AD 114 (=RMD I 14)"[permanent dead link], Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik, 119 (1997), pp. 269–279.
- ^ The praenomen Marcus is attested by an inscription dated 1 September. (AE 1998, 1727)
- ^ Unless indicated otherwise, the names and dates for the years 116 and 117 are taken from Werner Eck, "Konsuln des Jahres 117 in Militärdiplomen Traians mit Tribunicia Potestas XX", Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik, 185 (2013), pp. 235–238
- ^ Sharankov, N. 2021. Five Official Inscriptions from Heraclea Sintica Including a Record of the Complete cursus honorum of D. Terentius Gentianus. Archaeologia Bulgarica 25.3, 1–43.
- ^ All that survives of the name on the Fasti ostienses. Suggested restorations include Q. Cornelius Senecio Annianus (favored by Cooley 2012, p. 469) and Q. Coelius Honoratus. (Vidman 1982, p. 114)
- ^ a b The names and dates for this year are taken from Cooley 2012, p. 469
- ^ The names and dates for this year are taken from Werner Eck and Andreas Pangerl, "Neue Diplome mit den Namen von Konsuln und Statthaltern," Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik, 187 (2013), p. 282
- ^ The names and dates for 120 and 121 are taken from Werner Eck and Andreas Pangerl, "Ein Consul Suffectus Q. Aburnius in drei fragmentarischen Diplomen", Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik, 185 (2013), pp. 239–247
- ^ W. Eck, A. Pangerl,"Neue Diplome aus der Zeit Hadrians für die beiden mösischen Provinzen", Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik, 207 (2018), pp. 219-224
- ^ The names and dates for this year are taken from Eck and Pangerl, "Neue Diplome," pp. 287f
- ^ Unless otherwise indicated, the names and dates for the years 124 through 130 are taken from Cooley 2012, pp. 469f
- ^ Werner Eck and Andreas Pangerl had previously reconstructed the gentilicium of this otherwise unknown person as "Accena", but a more recently discovered military diploma proved this is his correct name. Eck and Pangerl, "Eine Konstitution für das Herr von Moesia Inferior vom 1. Juni 125 in fünf Diplomen", Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik, 188 (2014), pp. 245–249
- ^ All that survives from the Fasti ostienses is the praenomen; Vidman suggests this restoration (Vidman, Fasti Ostienses, p. 118)
- ^ All that survives from the Fasti ostienses is the praenomen; Cooley suggests this restoration.
- ^ Unless otherwise noted, the names and dates for the consuls from 131 to 135 are taken from Werner Eck, Paul Holder and Andreas Pangerl, "A Diploma for the Army of Britain in 132 and Hadrian's Return to Rome from the East", Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik, 174 (2010), p. 194. The structure of the nundinia presented for those years is also used here.
- ^ Unless otherwise indicated, the names and dates for the years 136 and 137 are taken from Cooley 2012, p. 471
- ^ Unless otherwise noted, consuls from 138 to 161 are taken from Eck 2013, pp. 69–90.
- ^ By this time, 'Imperator' 'Caesar' and 'Augustus' had become full imperial titles and were no longer treated as names.[117] The titles "Caesar" and "Augustus" will still be included in order to better differentiate between emperors and heirs-apparents.
- ^ So Eck ("Die Fasti consulares", p.75) and James H. Oliver ("The Solonian Constitution and a Consul of A.D. 149", Greek, Roman and Byzantine Studies, 13 (1972), pp. 103-107) separately. Alföldy identifies this consul with Servius Cornelius Scipio Salvidienus Orfitus, proconsul of Africa 163/164 (Konsulat und Senatorenstand, p. 153)
- ^ Attested in a military diploma dated 19 November 150. Another source, dated 2 October, appears to indicate P. Julius Nauto instead, but Tomlin and Pearce note that his name is poorly inscribed and argue it was probably an incorrect transcription of Julianus's name. If Nauto and Julianus are different individuals, the former will have died by 19 November. Roger S. O. Tomlin, John Pearce, "A Roman Military Diploma for the German Fleet (19 November 150) Found in Northern Britain", ZPE 206 (2018), pp. 207–216.
- ^ Possibly Q. Vilius Proculus or Q. Virius Larcius Sulpicius.
- ^ Unless otherwise noted, consuls from 162 to 180 are taken from Géza Alföldy, Konsulat und Senatorenstand unter der Antoninen (Bonn: Rudolf Habelt Verlag, 1977), pp. 176-191
- ^ W. Eck, A. Pangerl, "Eine neue Bürgerrechtskonstitution für die Truppen von Pannonia inferior aus dem Jahr 162 mit einem neuen Konsulnpaar", Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik, 173 (2010), pp. 223-236
- ^ P. A. Holder, Roman Military Diplomas V, (2006), p. 861
- ^ C. Römer, "Diplom für einen Fußsoldaten aus Koptos vom 23. März 179", Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik, 82 (1990), pp. 137–153
- ^ Ioan Piso and Doina Benea, "Das Militärdiplom von Drobeta", Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik, 56 (1984), pp. 263ff
- ^ Unless otherwise noted, consuls from 181 to 235 are taken from Paul M. M. Leunissen, Konsuln und Konsulare in der Zeit von Commodus bis Severus Alexander, (Amsterdam: Verlag Gieben, 1989), pp. 129-137
- ^ David Stone Potter, The Roman Empire at bay, AD 180–395 (2006), pg. 72
- ^ CIL VI, 2100 reads ..]vo or (nominative) ...]vus for Rufus' colleague. This is the most frequent restoration.
- ^ Leunissen disagrees with Dessau, Groag, and Barbieri that the gentilicium of this suffect consul could be Atulenus. (Leunissen, Konsuln und Konsulare, p. 132 n. 20)
- ^ The suffects for this year are taken from Peter Weiß, "Konstitutionen eines toten Kaisers: Militärdiplome von Commodus aus dem Jahr 193 n. Chr.", PHAROS Studien zur griechisch-römischen Antike. Verlag Marie Leidorf GmbH, Rahden 2015. Verlag Marie Leidorf GmbH, Rahden 2015, pp. 273–280.
- ^ Fabius Cilo was possibly a colleague of Silius Messalla. Peter Weiß, p. 277.
- ^ The sources disagree on his praenomen: CIL XIII, 1754 attests "L.", while CIL VIII, 8937 attests "C."
- ^ Suffectus in absentia. It is uncertain which consul he replaced. (Leunissen, Konsuln und Konsulare, p. 134 and note)
- ^ This pair of suffect consuls taken from Werner Eck, "Prosopographische Bemerkungen zum Militärdiplom vom 20.12.202 n. Chr. Der Flottenpräfekt Aemilius Sullectinus und das Gentilnomen des Usurpators Regalianus", Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik, 139 (2002), pp. 208–210.
- ^ Added from Leunissen, p. 238
- ^ This pair is attested in M. M. Roxan, Roman Military Diplomas, 3: 1985–93 (1994), no. 188
- ^ His praenomen was confirmed by Askold Ivantchik, Oleg Pogorelets and Rostislav Savvov, "A New Roman Military Diploma from the Territory of the Ukraine", Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik, 163 (2007), pp. 255-262
- ^ Andreas Krieckhaus, "Vater und Sohn. Bemerkungen zu den severischen consules ordinarii M. Munatius Sulla Cerialis und M. Munatius Sulla Urbanus", Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik, 153 (2005), pp. 283-284
- ^ Unless otherwise noted, consuls from 236 to 285 are taken from Cooley 2012, pp. 476–478.
- ^ Caillan Davenport, "M. Claudius Tacitus: Senator or Soldier?", Latomus, vol. 73, no. 1 (2014), pp. 174–187
- ^ Benet Salway, "Redefining the Roman imperial élite in the fourth century AD", in D. Okoń (ed.), Elites in the Ancient World (Szczecińskie Studia nad Starożytnością, vol. II, Szczecin: Minerwa, 2015), pp. 189–220
- ^ Bowman, Alan; Garnsey, Peter; Cameron, Averil, eds. (2005). The Cambridge Ancient History: Volume 12, The Crisis of Empire, AD 193–337. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-30199-2.
- ^ PLRE, Vol. 1, pp. 676, 681.
- ^ Unless otherwise noted, consuls from 284 to 541 are taken from Bagnall 1987, pp. 101–617.
- ^ From the Fasti Caleni, as published in Bagnall 1987, p. 110
- ^ From the Fasti Caleni, as published in Bagnall 1987, pp. 112–113
- ^ His praenomen was most certainly Marcus, although it was almost never used. Salway 1994, p. 139
- ^ There where three different pairs of consuls for the years 307 and 308, each proclaimed under a different jurisdiction. The first was declared by the legitimate Eastern emperors (Galerius, Licinius and Maximinus II), the second by Constantine I, and the third by Maxentius. See Barnes 1982, p. 93 and Bagnall 1987, p. 148
- ^ Waldron, Byron (2020-01-01). "Decies et Maximiano VII: A Proposed Revision to Consular Dating during the Rise of Constantine". Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik.
- ^ Constantine did not recognize his own appointment as consul by Galerius, which is reflected in his later iteration numbers. Bagnall 1987, p. 152
- ^ Licinius did not recognize Constantine's consuls for the years 322 and 323, but did not elect any of his own. Bagnall 1987, p. 179.
- ^ Proculus seems to have fallen into disgrace and Iulianus appointed for him, see T. D. Barnes, in ZPE 21 (1976), p. 280 and Barnes 1982, p. 102. Proculus could be identical with the proc. Africae in 319/320 AD, see Bagnall 1987, p. 184.
- ^ Following p.Stras 137.20 and p.Stras 138.17 the first name could be Ionius instead of Iulius, see discussion in Bagnall 1987, p. 629f.
- ^ a b c From 325 onwards, almost all consuls appear in sources with the nomen "Flavius". However, the name was only used in consular papyri and letters, appearing as either "Fl" or "Fll". Because it was often used as a courtesy title rather than personal name, "Flavius" will be omitted in the following entries, unless it's referring to direct members of the Constantinian dynasty. Cameron, Alan (1988). "Flavius: a Nicety of Protocol". Latomus. 47 (1): 26–33. JSTOR 41540754.
- ^ Despite being a member of the Constantinian dynasty, Julius Constantius did not use the nomen "Flavius".
- ^ Bonosus was recognized as consul by Emperor Constans until April or May, when the latter began to acknowledge Sallustius. Under Constantius II, Sallustius was recognized as consul through the whole year. Bagnall 1987, pp. 222–223.
- ^ Saylor Rodgers, Barbara (First Quarter 1981). "Merobaudes and Maximus in Gaul". Historia. 30 (1): 97–105. JSTOR 4435744. Based on ICVR 1.370 and Panegyrici Latini 2(12).28.4. But cf. Bagnall et al. 1987, Consuls of the Later Roman Empire, p. 651.
- ^ '[P]resumably a westerner' – Bagnall 1987, p. 524
- ^ Patrizia Sabbatini Tumolesi, Silvia Orlandi, Marco Buonocore & Maurizio Fora, Epigrafia anfiteatrale dell'Occidente Romano, volume 6 (Quasar, 1988), pp. 292, 397
- ^ AE 2004, 01410.
- ^ Gregorovius, Ferdinand (1894). History of the City of Rome in the Middle Ages. Vol. 1. George Bell & Sons. pp. 355–356.
- ^ Riedel, M. L. D. (2018). Leo VI and the Transformation of Byzantine Christian Identity. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. pp. 99–100. ISBN 978-1-107-05307-6.
- ^ Kazhdan, Alexander, ed. (1991). The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-504652-8. pp. 963–964.
- ^ Unless otherwise noted, consuls from 566 until 613 are taken from Degrassi 1952, pp. 99–106
- ^ Chronicon Paschale. Translated by Michael Whitby & Mary Whitby, 1989. Liverpool University Press, p. 139. 583 was officially recorded as Tiberius Constantine's fourth post-consulship, despite his death in 582. Maurice assumed the consulship on Christmas 583 for the following year.
- ^ Chronicon Paschale. Translated by Michael Whitby & Mary Whitby, 1989. Liverpool University Press, p. 142. "Maurice’s second consulship: perhaps to be connected with the twentieth anniversary of Maurice’s accession, it was probably a further attempt to boost his popularity". The consulship began on the 6th July.
- ^ Kaegi, Walter Emil (2003). Heraclius: Emperor of Byzantium. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 40–41. ISBN 0-521-81459-6. Heraclius and his father were proclaimed consuls during their revolt against Phocas, who was still technically the "official" consul. They used consular titles in their coinage until the end of the revolt.
- ^ Theophanes (1997) [810s]. Chronographia. Translated by Cyril Mango. Oxford University Press. p. 433 (note 2). Theophanes dates the event to 613, but he also states that it occurred in the 5th indiction, that is, 617. Official documents indicate that it occurred in the next indictional cycle, that is, 632. ISBN 978-0-19-822568-3.
- ^ Bede (1999). Halsall, Paul (ed.). "Bede (673–734): Ecclesiastical History of the English Nation, Book V: Chapter VII". Medieval Sourcebook. Archived from the original on 2014-08-14. Retrieved 2008-01-17.
- ^ According to Bede, Justinian II apparently adopted the title of consul for all the Julian years of his reign, consecutively numbered.[218]
- ^ Thompson, Margaret (1940). "The American Excavations in the Athenian Agora: Eighteenth Report (Jul. – Sep., 1940): Some Unpublished Bronze Money of the Early Eighth Century". Hesperia. 9 (3): 358–380. JSTOR 146483.
- ^ MGH (1892) Epp. 3 p. 314, 316. Constantine V and Artabasdos were rival emperors between 741 and 743. Both emperors assumed the consulship in 742, but neither recognized the other as consul.
- ^ The Acts of the Second Council of Nicaea (787). Translated by Price, Richard. Liverpool University Press. 2020. pp. 98. "in the reign of our most pious and Christ-loving masters Constantine and Eirene his divinely crowned mother, in the eighth year of their consulship, eight days before the Kalends of October in the eleventh indiction [24 September 787]". ISBN 978-1-78962-157-0.
Main bibliography
- Bagnall, Roger S.; Cameron, Alan; Schwartz, Seth R.; Worp, Klaas A. (1987). Consuls of the Later Roman Empire. Philological Monographs No. 36. American Philological Association. ISBN 1-55540-099-X.
- Broughton, Thomas R. S. (1951). The Magistrates of the Roman Republic: 509–31 BC. Philological Monograph No. 15. Vol. 1. APA.
- Broughton, Thomas R. S.; Patterson, Marcia L. (1952). The Magistrates of the Roman Republic: 509–31 BC. Philological Monograph No. 15. Vol. 2. APA. ISBN 0-89130-811-3.
- Syme, Ronald (1989). "The Consuls, 80 BC–AD 14". The Augustan Aristocracy. Clarendon Press. pp. 455–458ff. ISBN 978-0-19-814731-2.
- Cooley, Alison E. (2012). "Consular fasti, 298 BC – AD 541". The Cambridge Manual of Latin Epigraphy. CUP. ISBN 978-0-521-84026-2.
- Eck, Werner (2009). "Vespasian und die senatorische Führungsschicht des Reiches". In Luigi Capogrossi Colognesi & Elena Tassi Scandone (eds.). La Lex de imperio Vespasiani e la Roma dei Flavi. Rome: L'Erma di Bretschneider. pp. 231–257. ISBN 978-88-8265-526-6.
- Jones, A. H. M.; Martindale, J. R.; Morris, John, eds. (1971–1992). Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire. Cambridge University Press.
- Appendix: Fasti Consulares (260-400), Vol. 1, pp. 1041–1045.
- Appendix: Fasti Consulares (395-527), Vol. 2, pp. 1242–1245.
- Appendix: Fasti Consulares (527-541), Vol. 3, p. 1457.
Secondary bibliography
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- Beloch, Karl Julius (1926). Römische Geschichte bis zum Beginn der Punischen Kriege. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter. doi:10.1515/9783111473659. ISBN 978-3-11-110674-8.
- Bodel, John (1995). "Chronology and Succession 2: Notes on Some Consular Lists on Stone". Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik. 105: 279–296. JSTOR 20189285.
- Camodeca, Giuseppe (1986). "I consoli des 55–56 e un nuovo collega di seneca nel consolato: P. Cornelius Dolabella (TP.75 [=1401 +135)*". Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik (in Italian). 63: 201–215. JSTOR 20186375.
- Camodeca, Giuseppe (1991). "Novità sui fasti consolari delle tavolette cerate della Campania". Epigrafia: Actes du colloque international d'épigraphie latine en mémoire de Attilio Degrassi. Collection de l'École française de Rome. Vol. 143. Rome: École Française de Rome. pp. 45–74. ISBN 2-7283-0221-9.
- Camodeca, Giuseppe (2002). "I consoli del 43 e gli Antistii Veteres d'età claudia dalla riedizione delle Tabulae Herculanenses". Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik. 140: 227–236. JSTOR 20191503.
- Camodeca, Giuseppe (2015). "I consoli degli anni di Nerone nelle "Tabulae Herculanenses"". Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik. 193: 272–282. JSTOR 43909695.
- Cornell, T.J. (1995). The Beginnings of Rome: Italy and Rome from the Bronze Age to the Punic Wars (c. 1000–264 BC). London: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-01596-0.
- Drummond, Andrew (1978). "Some Observations on the Order of Consuls' Names". Athenaeum. 56. University of Pavia: 80–108. ISSN 0004-6574.
- Drummond, Andrew (1980). "Consular Tribunes in Livy and Diodorus". Athenaeum. 58. University of Pavia: 57–72. ISSN 0004-6574.
- Drummond, Andrew (1989). "Appendix". In F.W. Walbank; A.E. Astin; M.W. Frederiksen & R.M. Ogilvie (eds.). The Cambridge Ancient History. Vol. VII, part 2: The Rise of Rome to 220 B.C. (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 625–672. ISBN 0-521-23446-8.
- Degrassi, Attilio (1952). I fasti consolari dell'impero romano dal 30 avanti Cristo al 613 dopo Cristo (in Italian). Roma: Edizioni di Storia e Letteratura.
- Eck, Werner (1970). Senatoren von Vespasian bis Hadrian (in German). München: Beck.
- Eck, Werner (1975). "Ergänzungen zu den Fasti Consulares des 1. und 2. Jh.n.Chr" (PDF). Historia (in German). 24 (2): 324–344. JSTOR 4435445.
- Eck, Werner (2013). "Die Fasti consulares der Regierungszeit des Antoninus Pius. Eine Bestandsaufnahme seit Géza Alföldys Konsulat und Senatorenstand.". In Werner Eck; Bence Fehér & Péter Kovács (eds.). Studia Epigraphica in memoriam Géza Alföldy. Bonn: Dr. Rudolf Habelt. pp. 69–. ISBN 978-3-7749-3866-3.
- Eck, Werner & Andreas Pangerl (2013). "Neue Diplome mit den Namen von Konsuln und Statthaltern". Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik. 187: 273–294. JSTOR 23850781.
- Eck, Werner & Andreas Pangerl (2014). "Das vierte Diplom für die Provinz Galatia et Cappadocia, ausgestellt im Jahr 99". Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik. 192: 238–246. JSTOR 43909649.
- Frier, Bruce Woodward (1975). "Licinius Macer and the consules suffecti of 444 B. C.". Transactions of the American Philological Association. 105: 79–97. doi:10.2307/283935. JSTOR 283935.
- Gallivan, Paul A. (1974). "Some Comments on the Fasti for the Reign of Nero". The Classical Quarterly. 24 (2): 290–311. doi:10.1017/S0009838800032821. JSTOR 638490. S2CID 171006169.
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- Hammond, Mason (1957). "Imperial Elements in the Formula of the Roman Emperors during the First Two and a Half Centuries of the Empire". Memoirs of the American Academy in Rome. 25: 19–64. doi:10.2307/4238646. JSTOR 4238646.
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- Mennen, Inge (2011). Power and Status in the Roman Empire, AD 193–284. BRILL. ISBN 978-90-04-20359-4.
- Ogilvie, R.M. (1965). A Commentary on Livy, Books 1–5. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
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- Pina Polo, Francisco (2011). The Consul at Rome: The Civil Functions of the Consuls in the Roman Republic. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-139-49599-8.
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- Salway, Benet (1994). "What's in a Name? A Survey of Roman Onomastic Practice from c. 700 B.C. to A.D. 700". Journal of Roman Studies. 84: 124–145. doi:10.2307/300873. JSTOR 300873. S2CID 162435434.
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Primary sources
- List of Roman consuls (483 BC to AD 13) of the Fasti Capitolini
- List of Roman consuls (509 BC to AD 354) in the Chronograph of 354
- List of Roman consuls (509 BC to AD 468) in the Fasti of Hydatius
- List of Roman consuls (509 BC to AD 519) in the Chronicle of Cassiodorus, after Victorius and Prosper.
- List of Roman consuls (AD 222 to AD 630) in the Fasti Heracliani of Stephanus of Alexandria.