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1981–1982 Iran Massacres

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1981–1982 Iran Massacres
LocationIran
TypeWidespread executions
TargetPolitical and religious dissents, critics of Ruhollah Khomeini's government

The 1981 Iran massacre was a religiously motivated, state-sponsored campaign of violence aimed at exterminating political and religious adversaries of the Islamic Republic of Iran. The victims included intellectuals, scientists, artists, socialists, social democrats, members and sympathizers of Mujahedin-e-Khalq, nationalists, liberals, monarchists, ethnic minorities, and followers of religious minorities such as the Bahá'í Faith.[1][2]

Between June 1981 and March 1982, the government of Iran carried out the largest political massacre in the country's history. This took place as part of the Iranian Cultural Revolution decreed by Ruhollah Khomeini on 14 June 1980, with the intent of "purifying" Iranian society of non-Islamic elements.The killings and executions targeted thousands of political and religious dissidents, as well as critics.[1][2][3][4] In July 2024, The Special Rapporteur published a landmark UN Report on the 1981 massacre and categorised the atrocity crimes committed in 1981 and 1982 as genocide and crimes against humanity. In this report, the Rapporteur called for the establishment of an independent and international accountability mechanism.[2]

Historical Background

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The 1981 massacre in Iran occurred two years after the 1979 revolution, under the pretext of Islamifying the political and legal systems in the newly established Islamic Republic.The government, led by Ayatollah Khomeini, sought to implement a theocratic framework based on his interpretations of Shia Islam and the doctrine of velayat-e faqih. Aiming to transform Iranian society into a Shi'ite theocracy, Khomeini issued several fatwas and executive orders to "purify" public institutions and higher education from Marxist, non-Islamic, Western, and liberal influences. [1][5][2] The massacre was carried out under the cover of the Iranian Cultural Revolution. Initiated by an order from Ayatollah Khomeini on June 14, 1980, the revolution aimed to "purify" higher education by removing Western, liberal, and leftist elements, leading to the closure of universities, the banning of student unions, and violent occupations of campuses. During this period, Shi’a clerics imposed policies to Islamize Iranian society, including mandatory hijabs for women, the expulsion of critical academics, the suppression of secular political groups, and the persecution of intellectuals and artists.[6][7][8]

These measures sparked large-scale protests across the country. On June 15, 1981, the National Front (Iran) and other secular opposition groups publicly criticized a proposal to Islamify the criminal justice system, prompting Ayatollah Khomeini to issue a fatwā, which led to the mass arrest of hundreds of protesters and critics.[1][9] On June 20th, a large anti-government protest took place in Iran, organized by the People's Mojahedin Organization of Iran in response to the widely disputed impeachment of President Abolhassan Banisadr. Authorities announced that demonstrators, of any age, would be labeled as 'enemies of God'. The Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps shot into crowds of protestors, resulting in around fifty deaths and over 200 injuries.

In response to the increasing wave of protests, clerics reacted ferociously. Ayatollah Khomeini made several religious statements against critics, characterizing them as apostates (murtad), "anti-Islam" communists (zed-e Islam), atheists (kafir), and religious hypocrites (munafiqs).[1][2] Following Khomeini’s order, hundreds of young protestors and critics were arrested, and many were sentenced to death by the Islamic Revolutionary Courts. On 21 June 1981, Said Soltanpour, a prominent poet and playwright, along with 14 other leftist dissidents, were subjected to summary executions on charges of 'enmity against Islam, Allah, and his prophet' and 'spreading corruption on earth'.[10] The execution of these dissidents marks the beginning of the largest wave of mass executions that the country would witness in its recent history. Between June 1981 to March 1982, thousands of dissidents were subjected to systematic torture, summary, and arbitrary executions on religiously motivated charges of moharebeh ('enmity against Allah'), ifsad-fil-arz ('spreading corruption on Earth'), and irtidad (apostasy). [11][12] On June 28, the Islamic Republic's opponents, allegedly, retaliated with a bombing at the IRP headquarters.[13] This period in Iran became known as the "reign of terror".[14][15]

Scope of the massacre

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While the actual extent of 1981 Massacre is still unknown, Rastyad Collective has verified and documented the identities of more than 3,500 victims who were executed between 21 June 1981 and 21 March 1982 in 85 cities. This data is based on more than 250 official documents from judiciary and political authorities, including statements and press releases issued by the Islamic Revolutionary Courts and the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC) in these cities. A significant number of victims of state violence during the 1981 massacre were minors under the age of eighteen. At least 103 individuals, accounting for 10% of identified victims, killed or executed in Tehran were minors. Many of these underage victims were subjected to arbitrary detention, brutal torture, and summary executions on charges of moharebeh (enmity against Allah) and ifsad-fil-arz (spreading corruption on Earth).[1][16] These figures and findings were also underscored in a landmark UN report by Javaid Rehman, the Un Special Rapporteur on the Human Rights Situation in Iran.[2] Other academic sources have offered similar estimates concerning the scope of the massacre.[17]

Targets

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During this period the government carried out coordinated attacks against the civilian population through a state policy aimed at eliminating groups that were viewed as a threat. This included a wide range of Iranian citizens targeted due to their actual or suspected opposition to the Islamic Republic.[2][3]

According to official records the Iranian government labeled all its political opponents as "moharebs," "mufsids," counterrevolutionaries, "hypocrites," terrorists, "apostates," or pro-Western mercenaries. State-sponsored violence was not directed at a single group but aimed to eliminate a wide range of political ideologies that could challenge the state. These included liberals, nationalists, ethnic minorities, communists, Mujahedin-e Khalq (the largest opposition group), socialists, social democrats, monarchists, or followers of the Baháʼí Faith.[1]

Execution of minors and youth

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During the massacre, hundreds of minors were also subjected to arbitrary detention, torture, and summary executions on ideologically motivated charges of ifsad-fi-alarz and moharebeh by the revolutionary courts.[16][1][18] Between June 1981 and March 1982, the highest proportion of executions were of individuals aged 11 to 24. Most of these young activists were high school students or recent graduates from universities in Iran and abroad. Data also shows that over 10% of the victims were minors—under 18 years old. The youngest among them were Amrollah Kordi-Loo (1970-1981) and Elaheh Mohabbat (1965-1981), who were executed at 11 and 15 years old. In the context of Iran's modern social and historical situation, the execution of minors was an unprecedented and contentious event.[1][19]

Response from Iranian officials

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Mohammad Mohammadi Gilani (2009), one of the judges that handed out death sentences to protestors

The ruling clerics intended to dismantle any prospects of blending modernism with Islam, a vision once idealistically pursued by President Banisadr. Even though Banisadr's father, Ayatollah Seyed Nasrollah Banisadr, had been "an Islamic leader revered by Khomeini", clerics saw him as a potentially dangerous Western, secular influence within the revolutionary government.[20]

A three-man presidential council was formed in 1981. The council was headed by Ayatollah Mohammad Beheshti, with Akbar Rafsanjani and Mohammad-Ali Rajai as the other members. Mohammad Mohammadi Gilani was one of the judges that handed out death sentences to protestors. During a press conference, Gilani justified the trials and executions of the young girls, stating, "By the Islamic canon, a nine-year-old girl is mature. So there is no difference for us between a nine-year-old girl and a 40-year-old man."[21][22]

In a TV interview, Tehran Revolutionary Prosecutor Asadollah Lajevardi acknowledged that flogging and physical punishment were employed as effective strategies to promote "repentance" and to help integrate "political prisoners into the Islamic Republics order". This methodical use of torture aimed to alter prisoners' religious beliefs, political views, and worldviews, while also pressuring them to make false public confessions.[2]

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The 1981-1982 massacre marked a pivotal period when Sharia judges in Iran gained the power to define and enforce their interpretation of "Islamic justice". They used rulings and verdicts to turn terms such as "corruption on earth" and "waging war on Allah" into political tools, branding their critics as "hypocrites," "enemies of Allah," and "apostates." These terms were eventually codified in the 1982 Penal Code, which formed the basis of the modern Judicial system of the Islamic Republic of Iran.[23][1] Those arrested were not allowed legal assistance, and confessions could be obtained under torture.[1] The large-scale execution of children breached Article 6(5) of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, which Iran had ratified in 1975.[2]

According to Nasiri and Faghfouri Azar, the religious nature of the accusations against dissidents during the massacre, along with the systematic establishment of ad hoc religious tribunals (Islamic Revolutionary Courts) across the country, strongly suggests that the Islamic regime had a deliberate intent to eliminate groups it perceived as anti-Islamic, including the PMOI, Marxists, communists, and other political organisations with non-theistic ideologies.[1] In a landmark UN report from July 2024, The UN Special Rapporteur on the Human Rights Situation in Iran characterised the atrocities committed in 1981 and 1982 as the crime of genocide and crimes against humanities and called for "the establishment of an international accountability mechanism to ensure prompt, impartial, thorough and transparent criminal investigations".[2]

Research

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Rastyad Collective has documented over 3,500 executions in 85 different cities that were carried out between June 1981 to March 1982. Moreover, the Rastyad Collective has documented the grave locations and identities of over 1,000 executed victims in Tehran’s largest cemetery, Behesht-e Zahra. These findings are based on archival research, fieldwork, legal analysis and geolocation techniques. During an event organized by the University of Amsterdam and the NIOD Institute for War, Holocaust and Genocide Studies, Javaid Rahman, the UN Special Rapporteur on the Human Rights Situation in Iran, underscored these findings and indicated that the research on the 1981 Massacre was key to understanding the connections between the Iranian government's historical atrocities and its current human rights violations.[4][24]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Nasiri, Shahin; Faghfouri Azar, Leila (28 July 2022). "Investigating the 1981 Massacre in Iran: On the Law-Constituting Force of Violence". Journal of Genocide Research. 26 (2): 164–187. doi:10.1080/14623528.2022.2105027. S2CID 251185903.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Rehman, Javaid. ""Atrocity Crimes" and grave violations of human rights committed by the Islamic Republic of Iran (1981–1982 and 1988)" (PDF).
  3. ^ a b "IRAN: FIVE YEARS OF FANATICISM". New York Times. 1984.
  4. ^ a b "Unveiling The Darkness: The 1981 Massacre In Post-Revolutionary Iran". Iranintl.
  5. ^ Khosrow Sobhe, “Education in Revolution: Is Iran Duplicating the Chinese Cultural Revolution?” Comparative Edu- cation 18, no. 3 (1982): 271-280.
  6. ^ Ruhollah Khomeini, Ṣaḥīfeh-ye Imām: An Anthology of Imam Khomeinī’s Speeches, Messages, Interviews, Decrees, Reli- gious Permissions, and Letters (vol. 12) (Tehran: The Institute for Compilation and Publication of Imām Khomeinī’s Works, 2008), 368-369.
  7. ^ Shahrzad Mojab, “State-University Power Struggle at Times of Revolution and War in Iran”, International Higher Edu- cation 36 (2004): 11-13; Nasser Mohajer, Voices of a Massacre: Untold Stories of Life and Death in Iran, 1988 (London: Oneworld, 2020), Appendix B.
  8. ^ Said Amir Arjomand, After Khomeini: Iran Under His Successors (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012), 26.
  9. ^ Ruhollah Khomeini, Ṣaḥīfeh-ye Imām: An Anthology of Imam Khomeinī’s Speeches, Messages, Interviews, Decrees, Reli- gious Permissions and Letters (vol. 14) (Tehran: The Institute for Compilation and Publication of Imām Khomeinī’s Work, 2008), 392-393.
  10. ^ "The Islamic Revolutionary Court of Tehran". Jomhuri-e Eslami. 23 June 1981. p. 3.
  11. ^ "Dream of Iranian revolution turns into a nightmare". csmonitor.
  12. ^ Nasiri, Shahin; Faghfouri Azar, Leila (2024). "Investigating the 1981 Massacre in Iran: On the Law-Constituting Force of Violence". Journal of Genocide Research. 26 (2): 164–187. doi:10.1080/14623528.2022.2105027.
  13. ^ O'Hern, Steven K. (2012). Iran's Revolutionary Guard: The Threat that Grows While America Sleeps. Potomac Books. ISBN 978-1-59797-823-1.
  14. ^ O'Hern, Steven K. (2012). Iran's Revolutionary Guard: The Threat that Grows While America Sleeps. Potomac Books. ISBN 978-1-59797-823-1.
  15. ^ Kazemzadeh, Masoud (2023). TMass Protests in Iran: From Resistance to Overthrow. De Gruyter. p. 3.
  16. ^ a b Rastyad Collective. "Rastyad: online database concerning the 1981 Massacre in Iran". Rastyad.com. Archived from the original on 12 August 2022. Retrieved 2022-08-25.
  17. ^ Abrahamian, Ervand (1999). Tortured Confessions. University of California Press. p. 129. ISBN 978-0-520-21866-6.
  18. ^ Straaten, Floris van (19 June 2022). "Op zoek naar de verdwenen slachtoffers van de Iraanse revolutie". NRC (in Dutch). Archived from the original on 23 June 2022. Retrieved 2022-08-25.
  19. ^ Nadia Aghtaie and Jo Staines, “Child Execution in Iran: Furthering our Understanding of Child Execution as a Form of Structural Violence,” Critical Criminology (2022): 1-16.
  20. ^ "Iran: Terror in the Name of God". Time.com. 1981.
  21. ^ "Iran: Terror in the Name of God". Time.com.
  22. ^ "Dream of Iranian revolution turns into a nightmare". csmonitor.
  23. ^ Said Amir Arjomand, After Khomeini: Iran under his Successors. (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012), 32; Reza Banakar and Keyvan Ziaee, “The Life of the Law in the Islamic Republic of Iran.” Iranian Studies 51, no. 5 (2018): 717-746.
  24. ^ "The 1981 Massacre in Iran: Uncovering a Forgotten Mass Atrocity". Tilburg University. 26 June 2023.

Bibliography

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