Centre-right coalition (Italy)
Centre-right coalition Coalizione di centro-destra | |
|---|---|
| Leader | Giorgia Meloni |
| Founder | Silvio Berlusconi |
| Founded | February 1994 |
| Political position | Centre-right to far-right |
| Colours | Blue |
| Chamber of Deputies | 237 / 400 |
| Senate of the Republic | 114 / 200 |
| European Parliament[a] | 40 / 76 |
| Conference of Regions | 13 / 20 |
| Regional Councils | 476 / 897 |
The centre-right coalition (Italian: coalizione di centro-destra) is a political alliance of political parties in Italy active under several forms and names since 1994,[1] when Silvio Berlusconi entered politics and formed the Forza Italia party.[2][3][4] It has mostly competed with the centre-left coalition.[5][6] It is composed of right-leaning parties in the Italian political arena, which generally advocate tax reduction and oppose immigration, and in some cases are eurosceptic.[7]
In the 1994 Italian general election, under the leadership of Berlusconi, the centre-right ran with two coalitions, the Pole of Freedoms in Northern Italy and Tuscany (mainly Forza Italia and the Northern League), and the Pole of Good Government (mainly Forza Italia and National Alliance) in Central Italy and Southern Italy.[8][9] In the 1996 Italian general election, after the Northern League had left in late 1994, the centre-right coalition took the name of Pole for Freedoms. The Northern League returned in 2000, and the coalition was re-formed as the House of Freedoms; this lasted until 2008.[10]
After the fall of the second Prodi government and the 2008 Italian government crisis, the centre-right coalition won the subsequent snap election that was held in April. Since 2008, when Forza Italia and National Alliance merged into The People of Freedom, the coalition has not had official names. A new Forza Italia was formed in late 2013, after the inconclusive 2013 Italian general election that was held earlier that year. For the 2018 Italian general election, it joined forces with Matteo Salvini's Northern League and Giorgia Meloni's Brothers of Italy and a collection of mainly centrist forces named Us with Italy–Union of the Centre.
In 2018, the renamed and rebranded League formed a coalition government with the Five Star Movement and without its centre-right allies, which entered the opposition. This led to a deterioration of the centre-right coalition at a national level, which remained active at a local and regional level. In October 2019, Salvini sought to unite the coalition.[11][12] This internal crisis further intensified when Forza Italia and the League joined the national unity government of Mario Draghi, while Brothers of Italy remained at the opposition.
During the 2022 Italian general election in September, which was caused by the 2022 Italian government crisis that July, the centre-right coalition re-united and obtained a decisive victory by securing the absolute majority of seats in both chambers. Brothers of Italy emerged as the first party by surpassing the League and gained six million votes in four years. This was the first time the centre-right had won a majority of seats since the 2008 Italian general election.
History
[edit]Pole of Freedoms and Pole of Good Government
[edit]
In 1994, the media magnate Silvio Berlusconi, who was previously close to the former Italian Socialist Party (PSI) secretary and former prime minister Bettino Craxi and appeared in commercials for the PSI, was studying the possibility of making a political party of his own to avoid what seemed to be the unavoidable victory of the Alliance of Progressives led by Achille Occhetto at the next general election. Three months before the election, he presented his new party, Forza Italia, in a televised announcement on 26 January 1994. Supporters believed that he wanted to avert a victory for the successors of the Italian Communist Party, while opponents believed that he was defending the ancién regime by rebranding it. Regardless of his motives, he employed his power in communication (he owned all of the three main private TV stations in Italy) and advanced communication techniques he and his allies knew very well, as his fortune was largely based on advertisement.
Berlusconi managed to ally himself with both the National Alliance and the Northern League in February 1994, without these being allied with each other. Forza Italia teamed up with the Northern League in Northern Italy, where they competed against the National Alliance, and with the National Alliance in the rest of Italy, where the Northern League was not present. This unusual coalition configuration was caused by the deep hate between the Northern League, which wanted to separate Italy and held Rome in deep contempt, and the nationalist post-fascists in Italy of the National Alliance, the legal successor of the neo-fascist Italian Social Movement. On one occasion, Northern League leder Umberto Bossi encouraged his supporters to go find National-Alliance supporters "house by house", suggesting a lynching that did not actually take place. In the 1994 Italian general election, Berlusconi's coalition won a decisive victory over Occhetto's, becoming the first right-wing coalition to win the general election since the Second World War. In the popular vote, Berlusconi's coalition outpolled the Alliance of Progressives by over 5.1 million votes, and the Pole of Freedoms won in the main regions of Italy.
Pole for Freedoms
[edit]The Pole for Freedoms was formed as a continuation of the Pole of Freedoms and Pole of Good Government coalitions, which had both supported the leadership of Berlusconi at the 1994 general election. As in 1994, there was a separation between the three parties. The Pole of Freedom was constituted by Forza Italia and Northern League, while the Pole of Good Government was formed by Forza Italia and the National Alliance. Afterwards, the Northern League left the coalition at the end of 1994, when the centre-right coalition was forced to reform itself, after the end of the short-lived first Berlusconi government. In the 1995 Italian regional elections, an organic alliance was formed. In 1996, it was officially named Pole for Freedoms and debuted in the 1996 Italian general election, where it was defeated by the centre-left coalition alliance The Olive Tree, whose leader was Romano Prodi.
House of Freedoms
[edit]The House of Freedoms was the successor of the Pole of Freedoms/Pole of Good Government and the Pole for Freedoms. In the run-up of the 2001 Italian general election, after a six-year spell in opposition, which Berlusconi called "the crossing of the desert", he managed to re-unite the coalition under the House of Freedoms banner. According to its leader, the alliance was a broad democratic arch, composed of the democratic right of National Alliance, the democratic centre of Forza Italia, Christian Democratic Centre and United Christian Democrats, and the democratic left represented by the Northern League, the New Italian Socialist Party, and the Italian Republican Party.[13][14]
The House of Freedoms won the 2001 general election by a landslide and consequently the second Berlusconi government was formed. In government, Forza Italia, whose strongholds included Lombardy in Northern Italy and Sicily in Southern Italy, and the Northern League, which was active only in the Centre-North, formed the "axis of the North" through the special relationship between three Lombards leaders, Berlusconi, Bossi, and Giulio Tremonti; on the other side of the coalition, the National Alliance and the Union of Christian and Centre Democrats, the party emerged from the merger of the Christian Democratic Centre and United Christian Democrats in late 2002, became the natural representatives of Southern interests.[15][16][17][18]
In 2003, the House of Freedoms was routed in local elections by The Olive Tree and the Northern League threatened to pull out. The 2004 European Parliament election in Italy was disappointing for Forza Italia and the coalition as a whole, despite improvements among the other parties. As a result, the Berlusconi and Forza Italia were weaker within the coalition. In the 2005 Italian regional elections, the House of Freedoms lost six of the eight regions it controlled. The defeat was particularly damaging in the South, while the only two regions that the coalition managed to keep, Lombardy and Veneto, were in the North, where the Northern League was decisive. This led to a government crisis, particularly after the Union of Christian and Centre Democrats pulled its ministers out. A few days later, the third Berlusconi government was formed with minor changes from the previous cabinet. In the 2006 Italian general election, the House of Freedoms, which had opened its ranks to a number of minor parties, lost to The Union, a larger, successor version of The Olive Tree.
The People of Freedom
[edit].jpg)
The People of Freedom, which was launched by Berlusconi on 18 November 2007, was initially a federation of political parties, notably including Forza Italia and National Alliance, which participated as a joint election list in the 2008 Italian general election.[19] The federation was later transformed into a party during a party congress on 27–29 March 2009. The Union of Christian and Centre Democrats, which became known as the Union of the Centre, left the centre-right coalition and made an alliance with The Rose for Italy, the Populars' Coordination, and other centrist parties. They later joined the New Pole for Italy in 2010 and With Monti for Italy in 2012.
The People of Freedom led the fourth Berlusconi government from 2008 to 2011 in coalition with the Northern League. In 2010, the Future and Freedom movement, led by the former National Alliance leader Gianfranco Fini, split from the coalition. They joined the Union of the Centre and other parties to form the New Pole for Italy but kept supporting the government. After Berlusconi's resignation during the European debt crisis, the People of Freedom supported Mario Monti's technocratic government in 2011–2012. After the 2013 Italian general election, it became part of Enrico Letta's government of grand coalition with the Democratic Party, Civic Choice, and the Union of the Centre. Angelino Alfano, then party's secretary, functioned as Deputy Prime Minister of Italy and the country's Minister of the Interior.
Revival of Forza Italia
[edit]In June 2013, Berlusconi announced Forza Italia's revival and the PdL's transformation into a centre-right coalition.[20][21] On 16 November 2013, the People of Freedom's national council voted to dissolve itself and start a new Forza Italia; the assembly was deserted by a group of dissidents, led by Alfano, who had launched the alternative New Centre-Right party the day before.[22]
After the 2016 Italian constitutional referendum, the Union of the Centre left the centre-left coalition and approached the centre-right coalition. In 2017, Civic Choice also joined the centre-right coalition. They ran with the centre-right coalition in the 2017 Sicilian regional election.
Centre-right coalitions since 2018
[edit]
Following the 2018 Italian general election, the centre-right coalition, led by Matteo Salvini's League, emerged with a plurality of seats in the Chamber of Deputies and in the Senate, while the anti-establishment Five Star Movement led by Luigi Di Maio became the party with the largest number of votes. Matteo Salvini of the rebranded and renamed League was the largest party within the coalition and thus was their prime ministerial candidate. The centre-left coalition, led by former prime minister Matteo Renzi came third.[23][24] As no political group or party won an outright majority, it resulted in a hung parliament.[25]
After three months of negotiation, the 2018 Italian government formation concluded when a coalition government, which became known as the Government of Change, was finally formed on 1 June between Di Maio's party and the League, whose leaders both became deputy prime ministers in a government led by the Five Star Movement-linked independent politician Giuseppe Conte as Prime Minister of Italy. This coalition, which caused dissent within the centre-right coalition, lasted until September 2019, and was succeeded by the second Conte government in a centre-left direction.
Following the 2021 Italian government crisis, the previous government was replaced by a national unity government led by Mario Draghi in February 2021. This government included the League and Forza Italia along with the Five Star Movement, the Democratic Party, Article One, and Italia Viva; Brothers of Italy, the National Alliance successor party led by Giorgia Meloni, remained at the opposition. Draghi's government collapsed during the 2022 Italian government crisis in July of that year, and a snap election ensued in September. In the 2022 Italian general election, the centre-right obtained a majority in both houses, with Brothers of Italy as the largest party of the coalition. As a result, Meloni became the new prime minister on 22 October 2022.
Composition
[edit]1994 general election
[edit]In the 1994 Italian general election, the centre-right coalition ran under the name of Pole of Freedoms in Northern Italy, including the Northern League and leaving out National Alliance, which instead ran alone. In Central Italy and Southern Italy, where the Northern League was not present, the coalition ran under the name of Pole of Good Government, which also included National Alliance.
The Pole of Freedoms was composed of four parties:
| Party | Main ideology | Leader | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Forza Italia (FI) | Liberal conservatism | Silvio Berlusconi | |
| Northern League (LN) | Regionalism | Umberto Bossi | |
| Christian Democratic Centre (CCD) | Christian democracy | Pier Ferdinando Casini | |
| Union of the Centre (UdC) | Liberalism | Raffaele Costa | |
The Pole of Good Government was instead composed of six parties:
| Party | Main ideology | Leader | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Forza Italia (FI) | Liberal conservatism | Silvio Berlusconi | |
| National Alliance (AN)[a] | National conservatism | Gianfranco Fini | |
| Christian Democratic Centre (CCD) | Christian democracy | Pier Ferdinando Casini | |
| Union of the Centre (UdC) | Liberalism | Raffaele Costa | |
| Liberal Democratic Pole (PLD) | Liberalism | Adriano Teso | |
- ^ Including also the Italian Liberal Right.
1996 general election
[edit]In the 1996 Italian general election, the Pole for Freedoms was composed of the following parties:
- ^ Including also the List for Trieste, the Liberal Democratic Foundation and the Union of the Centre.
- ^ Including also the Italian Liberal Right.
- ^ a b The two parties contested the election in a joint list, including also the Federalist Greens.
The coalition made an agreement of desistance with the Pannella–Sgarbi List in some constituencies.
2001 general election
[edit]In the 2001 Italian general election, the House of Freedoms was composed of seven parties:
- ^ Including also the Italian Republican Party, the Christian Democratic Party, the Christian Democrats for Freedom, the List for Trieste and The Liberals Sgarbi.[26]
- ^ Including also the Liberal Right – Liberals for Italy.
- ^ Including also the Trentino Tyrolean Autonomist Party and the Lega Sud Ausonia.
- ^ a b The two parties contested the election in a joint list informally called White Flower, including also the Federalist Greens.
- ^ Scorporo Abolition was a lista civetta.
The coalition presented a candidate a member of the Sardinian Reformers in Sardinia. It also made an agreement of desistance with the Tricolour Flame in one constituency in Sicily.
2006 general election
[edit]In the 2006 Italian general election, the House of Freedoms was composed of the following parties:
- ^ The list included also the Sardinian Reformers.
- ^ a b The two parties formed a joint list. The list included also the Sardinian Action Party.
- ^ a b DCA and NPSI contested the election in a joint list that included also the Autonomist People's Union.
- ^ List composed of Social Action, New Force and the National Front.
- ^ Including CasaPound.[27]
- ^ Including the Greens Greens.
- ^ a b The party also presented some of its candidates in Forza Italia's lists.
- ^ a b The party ran only in Sicily.
- ^ The party ran only in the overseas constituencies.
The House of Freedoms was also supported by Unitalia, by Italy Again and by the National Democratic Party.
2008 general election
[edit]Berlusconi launched The People of Freedom in late 2007; this was joined by FI, AN and minor parties,[28] and continued its alliance with the LN.[29]
In the 2008 Italian general election, the coalition was composed of three parties:
| Party | Main ideology | Leader | |
|---|---|---|---|
| The People of Freedom (PdL)[a] | Liberal conservatism | Silvio Berlusconi | |
| Northern League (LN)[b] | Regionalism | Umberto Bossi | |
| Movement for Autonomy (MpA)[c] | Regionalism | Raffaele Lombardo | |
- ^ The list, which would be transformed into a party in 2009, included Forza Italia, National Alliance, the Liberal Populars, Christian Democracy for Autonomies, the New Italian Socialist Party, the Italian Republican Party, the Liberal Reformers, the Pensioners' Party, the Liberal Democrats, Federation of Christian Populars,[30] Decide!, Italians in the World, Social Action (formerly part of Social Alternative), the Libertarian Right, the Reformist Socialists and Fortza Paris. Not all of these parties would be officially merged into a joint party in 2009. The PdL was also supported by Christian Democracy, after being excluded by the Ministry of the Interior from the electoral competition because of the similarity of its symbol with that of the UDC and the Italian Democratic Socialist Party in Lombardy. The Sardinian Reformers tried to form an alliance, but talks failed. Also the Union of the Centre refused to join forces[31][32][33] (and was joined by the Sardinian Reformers).
- ^ Including also the Federalist Alliance.
- ^ The party was based in Sicily, but fielded lists everywhere the LN was not present. It included minor parties, like Third Pole[34] and the Southern Action League, and was supported by the Italian Democratic Socialist Party in Sicily.
2013 general election
[edit]In the 2013 Italian general election, the coalition was composed of the following parties:[35]
| Party | Main ideology | Leader | |
|---|---|---|---|
| The People of Freedom[a] (PdL) | Liberal conservatism | Silvio Berlusconi | |
| Northern League[b] (LN) | Regionalism | Roberto Maroni | |
| Brothers of Italy (FdI) | National conservatism | Giorgia Meloni | |
| The Right (LD) | Right-wing populism | Francesco Storace | |
| Great South (GS)[c] | Regionalism | Gianfranco Micciché | |
| Moderates in Revolution (MIR) | Liberal conservatism | Gianpiero Samorì | |
| Pensioners' Party (PP) | Pensioners' interests | Carlo Fatuzzo | |
| Popular Agreement (IP)[d] | Christian democracy | Giampiero Catone | |
| Enough taxes! (BT)[42][43] | Anti-tax | Luciano Garatti | |
| Party of Sicilians–MPA (PdS–MPA)[c] | Regionalism | Raffaele Lombardo | |
| Free for a Fair Italy (LIE)[44][45][e] | Liberalism | Angelo Pisani | |
- ^ The list was supported by the Italian Democratic Socialist Party and the Christian Democratic Party[36] and included the Union of Democrats for Europe,[37][38] the New Italian Socialist Party, Christian Democracy, Cantiere Popolare, the Movement for Autonomies, Fortza Paris and the Federation of Christian Populars.[39]
- ^ The list included the Labour and Freedom List and was supported by Fassa Association.[40]
- ^ a b GS and MpA contested the election in a joint list for the Chamber and in separate lists for the Senate.
- ^ Including Social Justice[41] and Christian Democracy.
- ^ The party contested only in Campania.
2018 general election
[edit]In the 2018 Italian general election, the coalition was composed of five parties:
| Party | Main ideology | Leader | |
|---|---|---|---|
| League (Lega)[a] | Right-wing populism | Matteo Salvini | |
| Forza Italia (FI)[b] | Liberal conservatism | Silvio Berlusconi | |
| Brothers of Italy (FdI)[c] | National conservatism | Giorgia Meloni | |
| Us with Italy – UDC (NcI–UDC)[d] | Liberal conservatism, Christian democracy | Raffaele Fitto | |
- ^ Including the National Movement for Sovereignty (MNS), the Italian Liberal Party (PLI), Us with Salvini (NcS), the Sardinian Action Party (PSd'Az) and was supported by the Citizens' Union for South Tyrol (BUfS)[46][47] and the Popular Autonomists.[48]
- ^ Including Energies for Italy, The Liberals, Christian Revolution, the Pensioners' Party, the Animalist Movement, Renaissance, the Italian Reformists, the Moderates in Revolution, the New Italian Socialist Party, Fassa Association,[49] dissidents of the Italian Republican Party and supported by the Italian Democratic Socialist Party and the Greens Greens.
- ^ Including also Alto Adige in the Heart,[50] Social Right, Diventerà Bellissima, Making Front, National Freedom, Right Renewal, National Flame and Long Live Italy.[51][52][53]
- ^ Including Direction Italy (including Responsible Autonomy and the Sardinian Reformers), Civic Choice, Act!, Cantiere Popolare, the Movement for the Autonomies, splinters from Popular Alternative, Union of Democrats for Europe, the Union of the Centre, Identity and Action and the New CDU – United Christian Democrats and was supported by the Autonomist People's Union.[54][55]
2022 general election
[edit]In the 2022 Italian general election, the coalition was composed of four parties:[56]
| Party | Main ideology | Leader | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Brothers of Italy (FdI)[a] | National conservatism | Giorgia Meloni | |
| League (Lega)[b] | Right-wing populism | Matteo Salvini | |
| Forza Italia (FI)[c] | Liberal conservatism | Silvio Berlusconi | |
| Us Moderates (NM)[d] | Liberal conservatism, Christian democracy | Maurizio Lupi | |
- ^ Including also Green is Popular, Human Value Party[57] and Diventerà Bellissima.
- ^ Including also Sardinian Action Party, Italian Liberal Right and Fassa Association.
- ^ Including also New Italian Socialist Party and Animalist Movement; supported by the Italian Liberal Party.
- ^ Electoral list composed of Us with Italy (NcI), Italy in the Centre (IaC), Coraggio Italia (CI) and Union of the Centre (UdC). Including also Cambiamo! (C!), Vinciamo Italia (VI), Identity and Action (IDeA), Cantiere Popolare (CP), Popular Liguria (LP) and Party of Europeans and Liberals (PEL).
Popular support
[edit] | Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues. Updates on reimplementing the Graph extension, which will be known as the Chart extension, can be found on Phabricator and on MediaWiki.org. |
Electoral results
[edit]Italian Parliament
[edit]| Election | Leader | Chamber of Deputies | Senate of the Republic | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Votes | % | Seats | +/– | Position | Votes | % | Seats | +/– | Position | ||
| 1994 | Silvio Berlusconi | 16,475,191 | 46.4 | 366 / 630 |
New | 1st | 14,110,705 | 42.5 | 156 / 315 |
New | 1st |
| 1996 | 17,947,445 | 43.2 | 246 / 630 |
 120 |
2nd
|
12,694,846 | 38.9 | 117 / 315 |
39 |
2nd
| |
| 2001 | 18,569,126 | 50.0 | 368 / 630 |
 122 |
1st
|
17,255,734 | 50.4 | 176 / 315 |
59 |
1st
| |
| 2006 | 18,995,697 | 49.7 | 281 / 630 |
87 |
2nd
|
17,359,754 | 49.8 | 156 / 315 |
20 |
 1st
| |
| 2008 | 17,064,506 | 46.8 | 344 / 630 |
43 |
1st
|
15,508,899 | 47.3 | 174 / 315 |
18 |
1st
| |
| 2013 | 9,923,109 | 29.2 | 126 / 630 |
218 |
2nd
|
9,405,679 | 30.7 | 118 / 315 |
46 |
2nd
| |
| 2018 | Matteo Salvini[a] | 12,152,345 | 37.0 | 265 / 630 |
139 |
1st
|
11,327,549 | 37.5 | 135 / 315 |
17 |
1st
|
| 2022 | Giorgia Meloni[a] | 12,300,244 | 43.8 | 237 / 400 |
28 |
1st
|
12,129,547 | 44.0 | 115 / 200 |
20 |
1st
|
Regional Councils
[edit]| Region | Election year | Votes | % | Seats | +/− |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Aosta Valley[a] | 2020 | 19,598 | 29.6 | 11 / 35
|
4 |
| Piedmont | 2024 | 936,099 (1st) | 56.6 | 31 / 51
|
2 |
| Lombardy | 2023 | 1,621,095 (1st) | 56.3 | 49 / 80
|
|
| South Tyrol[a] | 2023 | 28,514 | 10.1 | 3 / 35
|
2 |
| Trentino | 2023 | 122,398 (1st) | 52.6 | 21 / 35
|
|
| Veneto | 2020 | 1,582,405 (1st) | 77.0 | 42 / 51
|
11 |
| Friuli-Venezia Giulia | 2023 | 250,903 (1st) | 63.5 | 29 / 49
|
|
| Emilia-Romagna | 2020 | 981,787 (2nd) | 45.4 | 19 / 50
|
7 |
| Liguria | 2020 | 354,111 (1st) | 56.5 | 19 / 31
|
3 |
| Tuscany | 2020 | 659,058 (2nd) | 40.6 | 14 / 41
|
5 |
| Marche | 2020 | 325,140 (1st) | 52.1 | 20 / 31
|
13 |
| Umbria | 2019 | 245,879 (1st) | 58.8 | 13 / 21
|
7 |
| Lazio | 2023 | 855,450 (1st) | 55.3 | 31 / 51
|
16 |
| Abruzzo | 2024 | 316,637 (1st) | 54.7 | 18 / 31
|
|
| Molise | 2023 | 91,278 (1st) | 64.5 | 14 / 21
|
1 |
| Campania | 2020 | 450,856 (2nd) | 19.1 | 11 / 51
|
2 |
| Apulia | 2020 | 694,536 (2nd) | 41.4 | 18 / 51
|
5 |
| Basilicata | 2024 | 150,381 (1st) | 57.5 | 13 / 21
|
|
| Calabria | 2021 | 424,666 (1st) | 55.7 | 21 / 31
|
|
| Sicily | 2022 | 887,215 (1st) | 42.0 | 40 / 70
|
4 |
| Sardinia | 2024 | TBA (1st)[b] | 48.8 | 24 / 60
|
12 |
- ^ a b In South Tyrol and Aosta Valley, the centre-right coalition ran divided.
- ^ The centre-right coalition won the party vote but lost the presidential election.
References
[edit]- ^ "Le grandi campagne elettorali raccontate da YouTrend: Berlusconi 1994". YouTrend (in Italian). April 2020. Retrieved 14 August 2023.
- ^ Quaglia, Lucia (July 2005). "The Right and Europe in Italy: An Ambivalent Relationship". South European Society and Politics. 10 (2): 281–295. doi:10.1080/13608740500134978. S2CID 155050325.
- ^ Fella, Stefano; Ruzza, Carlo (March 2013). "Populism and the Fall of the Centre-Right in Italy: The End of the Berlusconi Model or a New Beginning?". Journal of Contemporary European Studies. 21 (1): 38–52. doi:10.1080/14782804.2013.766475. S2CID 153754762.
- ^ Conti, Nicolò; Cotta, Maurizio; Verzichelli, Luca (2016). "The Economic Crisis and its Effects on the Attitudes of Italian Political Elites Towards the EU". Historical Social Research. 41 (4): 129–149. doi:10.12759/hsr.41.2016.4.129-149. ISSN 0172-6404.
- ^ Squires, Nick (6 November 2017). "Berlusconi is back after centre-Right sweeps to victory in Sicily elections". The Daily Telegraph.
- ^ Momigliano, Anna (5 March 2018). "League's Salvini: Center right ready to run Italy". Politico. Retrieved 23 October 2019.
- ^ The Entry of the M5S and the Reshaping of Party Politics in Italy (2008–2018)
- ^ Mark Donovan (2004). "The Italian State: No Longer Catholic, no Longer Christian". In Zsolt Enyedi; John T.S. Madeley (eds.). Church and State in Contemporary Europe. Routledge. p. 102. ISBN 978-1-135-76141-7.
- ^ Andrej Zaslove (2011). The Re-invention of the European Radical Right: Populism, Regionalism, and the Italian Lega Nord. McGill-Queen's Press – MQUP. p. 65. ISBN 978-0-7735-3851-1.
- ^ Vittorio Vandelli (2014). 1994–2014 Berlusconi's new ventennio. Vittorio Vandelli. p. 189. ISBN 978-605-03-2890-5.[permanent dead link]
- ^ AFP (20 October 2019). "Salvini seeks to unite Italian right with Rome rally". The Local. Retrieved 14 August 2023.
- ^ "Italy's far-right leader Salvini pledges return to power at Rome rally". Deutsche Welle. 20 October 2019. Retrieved 14 August 2023.
- ^ "Polo, lo sgarbo di Bossi – la Repubblica.it". 25 January 2001. Retrieved 19 June 2018.
- ^ "Archivio Corriere della Sera". archiviostorico.corriere.it. Retrieved 19 June 2018.
- ^ "Archivio Corriere della Sera". archiviostorico.corriere.it. Retrieved 19 June 2018.
- ^ "Archivio Corriere della Sera". archiviostorico.corriere.it. Retrieved 19 June 2018.
- ^ "Archivio Corriere della Sera". archiviostorico.corriere.it. Retrieved 19 June 2018.
- ^ "Archivio Corriere della Sera". archiviostorico.corriere.it. Retrieved 19 June 2018.
- ^ "Berlusconi: "Simbolo unico per Fi e An"". Corriere della Sera (in Italian). 8 February 2008.
- ^ 28 giugno 2013. "Berlusconi: Forza Italia back and I will be driving it (Italian language)". Ilsole24ore.com. Retrieved 28 July 2013.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - ^ Berlusconi annuncia ritorno di Forza Italia. "Temo che sarò ancora il numero uno". Repubblica.it (2013-06-28). Retrieved on 2013-08-24.
- ^ "Berlusconi breaks away from Italy government after party ruptures". Reuters. 16 November 2013. Archived from the original on 2 December 2013. Retrieved 16 November 2013.
- ^ "Elezioni politiche: vincono M5s e Lega. Crollo del Partito democratico. Centrodestra prima coalizione. Il Carroccio sorpassa Forza Italia". 4 March 2018.
- ^ Sala, Alessandro (3 April 2018). "Elezioni 2018: M5S primo partito, nel centrodestra la Lega supera FI".
- ^ "Italy election to result in hung parliament | DW | 05.03.2018". DW.COM.
- ^ "Camera dei Deputati – XIV legislatura – Deputati – La scheda personale – SGARBI Vittorio". Legxiv.camera.it. Retrieved 16 July 2014.
- ^ CasaPound fa paura, ma i suoi voti piacciono a tutti, Linkiesta 3 March 2015
- ^ "Italy returns Berlusconi to power". BBC News. 15 April 2008. Retrieved 24 January 2016.
- ^ Daniele Albertazzi; Duncan McDonnell (2015). Populists in Power. Routledge. p. 80. ISBN 978-1-317-53503-4. Retrieved 25 January 2016.
- ^ "Antonio Satta (Upc) dà la "sveglia" a Casini per il nuovo grande Centro". 10 December 2009. Archived from the original on 12 June 2018. Retrieved 14 August 2018.
- ^ "Casini rompe gli indugi: Udc da sola". 16 February 2008.
- ^ "Udc sola al voto con Casini premier "Il Pdl spacca il fronte moderato" – Politica – Repubblica.it". www.repubblica.it.
- ^ "Casini aspetta la Rosa e Mastella e Berlusconi tenta l'Mpa in Sicilia – Politica – Repubblica.it". www.repubblica.it.
- ^ "mpa-italia.it". www.mpa-italia.it. Archived from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 14 August 2018.
- ^ "Italian election results: gridlock likely – as it happened". Guardian. 26 February 2013. Retrieved 27 February 2013.
- ^ [dead link]
- ^ «Con Forza Italia da moderati» Il sì dell’Udeur a Berlusconi Archived December 6, 2013, at the Wayback Machine
- ^ "Mastella: "Voli di Stato, Boldrini linciata come me quando andai a Monza"". 16 December 2013. Retrieved 14 August 2018.
- ^ "Elezioni, Baccini: Bene così, Cristiano popolari faranno loro parte". il Velino. 22 January 2013. Retrieved 8 January 2014.
- ^ "Invito al voto per le Elezioni Politiche 24 e 25 febbraio 2013". 22 February 2013. Retrieved 14 August 2018.[permanent dead link]
- ^ "Catone: "Intesa Popolare portavoce di valori concreti" – Primarie e candidature Pescara". Abruzzo24ore. 28 January 2013.
- ^ "Comune Senago" (PDF).[permanent dead link]
- ^ "Site is under maintenance". www.illatv.it. Archived from the original on 12 June 2018. Retrieved 14 August 2018.
- ^ "Prefettura – Ufficio Territoriale del Governo di Caserta". Archived from the original on 15 February 2013.
- ^ "Assegnazione spazi propaganda elettorale" (PDF).[permanent dead link]
- ^ "Pöder empfiehlt die Lega". 28 February 2018. Retrieved 14 August 2018.
- ^ "Pöder wählt Salvini – Die Neue Südtiroler Tageszeitung". www.tageszeitung.it. Retrieved 14 August 2018.
- ^ "La Lega apre al Patt? Fugatti: Il dialogo è soltanto con gli autonomisti veri". il Dolomiti. 8 March 2018.
- ^ "Testor, la val di Fassa ora guarda a destra". 24 January 2018. Retrieved 14 August 2018.
- ^ "Fratelli d'Italia – Alleanza nazionale Trentino * Congresso Nazionale: nuovo simbolo e rinforzamento del Partito". Agenzia giornalistica Opinione. 3 December 2017. Retrieved 14 August 2018.
- ^ Intervista all'On. Luca Romagnoli al convegno di “Fratelli d'Italia” a Pescara
- ^ "L'inno per Giorgia Meloni: il giorno in cui il tenore annuncerà la sua opera". www.liberoquotidiano.it.
- ^ "Destra Sociale, domani nasce "Viva l'italia", cinque movimenti si uniscono". Archived from the original on 13 May 2018. Retrieved 29 October 2018.
- ^ "Renzo Gubert". www.renzogubert.com.
- ^ "Nuovo CDU". www.facebook.com.
- ^ "AMP | Accordo nel centrodestra: Chi prenderà più voti indicherà il premier". 27 July 2022.
- ^ "Posizione PVU su Elezione Nationale 2022". 11 August 2022.