Estación Espacial Internacional - NASA
Estación Espacial Internacional - NASA
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Estación de origen Descripción general Temas de la estación Multimedia Comunicados de prensa Blogs de la estación
Estación Espacial
Internacional
El Programa de la Estación Espacial Internacional reúne
tripulaciones de vuelo internacionales, múltiples vehículos de
lanzamiento, operaciones de lanzamiento y vuelo distribuidas
globalmente, instalaciones de capacitación, ingeniería y
desarrollo, redes de comunicaciones y la comunidad
internacional de investigación científica.
ENCICLOPEDIA ACTUALIZADO EL 23 DE MAYO DE 2023 Se ve la Estación Espacial Internacional con la Tierra al fondo.
Programa de del transbordador espacial se realizaron en la Mir, y los últimos diez se acoplaron a la
tripulación Mir, con astronautas y cosmonautas transfiriéndose entre ambos vehículos. Se
comercial lanzaron dos nuevos módulos rusos, Spektr y Priroda, que pasaron a formar parte de
la Mir y albergaron docenas de cargas útiles y siete astronautas estadounidenses.
Gestión actual
En la Fase 2 se lanzaron los elementos de la nueva ISS a principios de 1998.
Transición
Cinco agencias asociadas —la Agencia Espacial Canadiense, la Agencia Espacial
Europea, la Agencia Japonesa de Exploración Aeroespacial, la Administración
Nacional de Aeronáutica y del Espacio (NASA) y la Corporación Espacial Estatal
“Roscosmos”— operan la Estación Espacial Internacional. Cada una de ellas es
responsable de la gestión y el control del hardware que proporciona. La estación fue
diseñada desde un principio para ser interdependiente y depende de las
contribuciones de toda la asociación para su funcionamiento. La Estación Espacial
Internacional (EEI) es la combinación única de objetivos unificados y diversificados
entre las agencias espaciales del mundo que conducirá a mejoras en la vida en la
Tierra para todas las personas de todas las naciones. Si bien las diversas agencias
espaciales asociadas pueden enfatizar diferentes aspectos de la investigación para
lograr sus objetivos en el uso de la EEI, están unificadas en varios objetivos generales
importantes. Todas las agencias reconocen la importancia de aprovechar la EEI como
plataforma educativa para alentar y motivar a los jóvenes de hoy a seguir carreras en
matemáticas, ciencia, ingeniería y tecnología (STEM): educar a los niños de hoy para
que sean los líderes y exploradores espaciales del mañana. Todas las agencias están
unificadas en sus objetivos de aplicar el conocimiento adquirido a través de la
investigación de la ISS en fisiología humana, radiación, ciencia de los materiales,
ingeniería, biología, física de fluidos y tecnología: posibilitando futuras misiones de
exploración espacial.
Avanzar en nuestro conocimiento en las áreas de fisiología humana, biología y
ciencias físicas y de los materiales, y traducir ese conocimiento en beneficios para la
salud, socioeconómicos y ambientales en
la Tierra es otro objetivo común de las agencias: devolver el conocimiento adquirido
en la investigación espacial para el beneficio de la sociedad.
El mayor logro del programa de la ISS es tanto un logro humano como tecnológico. La
alianza global de agencias espaciales ejemplifica la combinación de diferencias
culturales y complejidades políticas para planificar, coordinar, proporcionar y operar
los complejos elementos de la ISS. El programa también reúne a tripulaciones de
vuelo internacionales y comunidades de lanzamiento, operaciones, entrenamiento,
ingeniería, redes de comunicaciones e investigación científica distribuidas
globalmente.
Aunque los principales centros de control de misión están en los EE. UU. y Rusia,
varios centros de control auxiliares en Canadá, Japón y Europa también desempeñan
un papel en la gestión de los elementos y los miembros de la tripulación de cada
nación.
La vida útil prevista de la EEI se ha extendido varias veces. Dado que varios elementos
han superado su vida útil prevista originalmente, se realizan análisis periódicos para
garantizar la seguridad de la Estación para su habitabilidad y funcionamiento
continuos. Gran parte de la Estación es modular, por lo que, a medida que las piezas y
los sistemas se desgastan, se lanzan nuevas piezas para reemplazar o ampliar las
originales. La EEI seguirá siendo un laboratorio operativo y un puesto de avanzada en
órbita hasta al menos 2030.
renacentista Johannes Kepler, a principios del siglo XVII. Fue el primero en Assembly of the
comprender que los planetas eran mundos, que había espacio entre ellos y escribió International Space
que algún día la gente viajaría por el espacio. Station would not
have been possible
En la década de 1860, Edward Everett Hale escribió "Brick Moon", que se publicó en la
without the skilled
revista Atlantic Weekly. La Brick Moon tenía muchas de las características de una
work of dozens of
estación espacial: era una estructura artificial que orbitaba la Tierra y proporcionaba
astronauts and
alojamiento y soporte vital a su tripulación, a la vez que servía como ayuda para la
cosmonauts
navegación de los habitantes de la Tierra.
performing intricate
Otros, como el teórico ruso Konstantin Tsiolkovsky, estaban pensando en diseños de tasks in bulky
estaciones espaciales que podrían utilizar la luz solar como fuente de energía y que spacesuits in the
servirían como Tierras en miniatura, con crecimiento de vegetación en el interior. harsh environment of
space.
Los primeros detalles de la ingeniería, el diseño y la construcción de una estación
espacial fueron descritos por Herman Noordung en 1928. Describió una " wohnrad " o
" rueda viviente "; una estación espacial giratoria con forma de rueda. Argumentó que
DID YOU KNOW?
la rotación sería necesaria para crear gravedad artificial para la tripulación. Describió
cómo se ensamblaría primero en tierra para las pruebas y luego sus partes There are 3 Nodes
individuales se lanzarían mediante un cohete para su reensamblaje en órbita. that join the modules
of the ISS. They are:
Willy Ley escribió sobre la vida en una estación espacial en 1952. “Cuando el hombre named Tranquility,
se instale por primera vez en el espacio, lo hará dentro del casco giratorio de una Harmony, and Unity,
estación espacial con forma de rueda [que girará] alrededor de la Tierra de forma
similar a la Luna. La vida será estrecha y complicada para los habitantes del espacio;
vivirán en condiciones comparables a las de un submarino moderno… será una
comunidad autónoma en la que se habrán satisfecho todas las necesidades humanas,
desde el aire acondicionado hasta la gravedad artificial”. [Willy Ley y Chesley
Bonestell en La conquista del espacio, Viking Press]. Sus ideas se difundieron a nivel
nacional en la revista Collier's y en el programa de televisión de Walt Disney.
Almost simultaneously, the Soviet Union planned a super rocket launcher that would
orbit a large space station. The rocket, designated the N-1, would also be pressed into
service for the Soviet manned Moon landing program. But test launches beginning in
1969 proved unsuccessful and so the Soviets turned their attention to smaller
stations which could be launched by their most powerful functioning rocket, the
Proton.
Assembly
The ISS components were built in various countries around the world, with each piece
performing once connected in space, a testament to the teamwork and cultural
coordination.
Like a Lego set, each piece of the ISS was launched and assembled in space, using
complex robotics systems and humans in spacesuits connecting fluid lines and
electrical wires.
The ISS is the largest humanmade object ever to orbit Earth. ISS has a pressurized
volume of approximately 900 m3 (31,000 ft3) and a mass over 400,000 kg (900,000
lbs). Actual numbers vary as logistics resupply vehicles come and go on a frequent
and regular basis.
The ISS solar arrays cover an area of 2,247 m2 (24,187 ft2) and can generate 735,000
kW-hours of electrical power per year.
The ISS structure measures 109 m (358 ft) (across arrays) by 51 m (168 ft) (module
length from the forward end of PMA2 to the aft end of the SM).
ISS orbits at an altitude of between 370–460 km (200–250 nmi). Its falls towards
Earth continually due to atmospheric friction and requires periodic rocket firings to
boost the orbit. The ISS orbital inclination is 51.6°, permitting ISS to fly over 90% of
the inhabited Earth.
ISS carries a crew of between 3 and 13 depending on then number of people and
passenger vehicles during handover periods, It continually hosts a crew of seven.
Building the ISS required 36 Space Shuttle assembly flights and 6 Russian Proton
and Soyuz rocket launches. More launches are continuing as new modules are
completed and ready to become part of the orbiting complex.
Logistics, resupply and crew exchange have been provided by a number of vehicles
including the
Space Shuttle, Russian Progress and Soyuz, Japanese H-II Transfer Vehicle (HTV),
European Automated Transfer Vehicle (ATV) and commercial Dragon, Cygnus and
Starliner vehicles.
For more information about the International Space Station assembly elements visit
[Link]
assembly-elements/.
Drawing of the International Space Station with all of the parts labeled.
NASA
Spacewalks
The complex assembly of space station would have been impossible without the
skilled labors of spacewalking astronauts and cosmonauts. Spacewalks, or
Extravehicular activity (EVA) were conducted in Earth orbit, on the Moon’s surface, and
in deep space between the Earth and Moon in prior programs.
The cumulative experience of the EVAs conducted prior to the start of ISS assembly
formed a solid basis on which to build the necessary spacewalking skills but during
the ISS Program more spacewalks have been conducted than in all prior programs,
combined. At one time ‘the wall of spacewalks‘ was seen as a formidable obstacle to
assembling the ISS but spacewalks and assembly missions have proceeded almost
with no hindrances.
In the two+ decades since station assembly began, more than 260 spacewalks for
assembly, maintenance, and reconfiguration have been required. Spacewalks were
essential to preparing the ISS to accommodate its first occupants.
Astronauts Jerry L. Ross and James H. Newman conducted the first ISS EVA on
December 7, 1988, during the STS-88 mission, to connect electrical and data cables
between the station’s first two modules, FGB Zarya and Node 1 Unity. Over the course
of the first five shuttle assembly missions, 12 crew members conducted 10
spacewalks prior to the Expedition 1 crew taking up residence on the station. During
STS-96, the second assembly mission in May 1999, Tamara E. “Tammy” Jernigan
became the first woman to perform an EVA at ISS. Astronaut Edward T. “Ed” Lu and
cosmonaut Yuri I. Malenchenko conducted the first U.S.-Russian EVA at station during
the June 2000 STS-101 mission. The two connected electrical and data cables
between FGB Zarya and the newly arrived Service Module Zvezda. In preparation for
that spacewalk Russian engineers modified the Hydrolab facility at the Gagarin
Cosmonaut Training Center to accommodate the U.S. EMU spacesuits. American
engineers adapted the Neutral Buoyancy Laboratory at NASA’s Johnson Space Center
to accommodate the Expedition 1 crew train using either the US EMU or Russian
Orlan spacesuits.
The STS-104 mission in July 2001 brought the US-built Quest ‘Joint’ Airlock to the
station, providing station a standalone EVA capability with accommodations for either
the U.S. Extravehicular Mobility Unity (EMU) or Russian Orlan suits. Michael L.
Gernhardt and James F. Reilly performed the first EVA from Quest on July 20. The
Russian Pirs (Pier) module arrived at station on Sept. 17, 2001, providing the Russian
segment with its own airlock capability. On Oct. 8, Expedition 3 cosmonauts Vladimir
N. Dezhurov and Mikhail V. Tyurin staged the first EVA from Pirs.
Following the Space Shuttle Columbia accident, station spacewalks continued, but
only from the Russian segment with the added complication that with the resident
crew size was reduced to two, the pair of spacewalking crew members left no one
inside to monitor its systems. Although this posed a slightly increased risk should
something go wrong, these “two-person” spacewalks proved essential during the
shuttle hiatus. Expedition 8 crew members Aleksandr Y. Kaleri and Mike Foale
conducted the first of these EVAs on Feb. 26, 2004. Foale had prior experience with
the Orlan suit, as he had completed an EVA during his long-duration stay aboard Mir
in 1997. The crew had to cut the spacewalk short due to Kaleri’s suit overheating and
water droplets forming inside his helmet. The crew later identified the problem as a
kink in the water line in his liquid cooling garment. The incident provided a preview of
a more serious problem, which would occur in an EMU during an EVA more than nine
years later.
On the STS-114 shuttle Return to Flight mission, Soichi Noguchi became the first
astronaut from the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) to conduct an EVA at
station on July 30, 2005. The first ESA (European Space Agency) astronaut to
perform a station spacewalk was Expedition 13 crew member Thomas A. Reiter from
Germany on Aug. 3, 2006.
Although all spacewalks carry a certain amount of risk, two examples illustrate how
some are riskier than others. The objectives of the STS-120 mission in October 2007
included not only the delivery of the Harmony module to station, but also the
relocation of the P6 truss segment from its location atop the Z1 truss, where it had
been since December 2000, to the outboard port-side truss. During the overall
reconfiguration of the station’s power systems earlier in 2007, the P6’s solar arrays
were rolled up. After the crew members relocated P6 to the outboard truss, they
began to unfurl the two arrays. The first array opened without incident, but with the
second array nearly unfurled, the astronauts noticed a tear in a small portion of the
panel and immediately halted the deployment to prevent further damage. Working
with the crew aboard, mission managers devised a plan to have one of the astronauts
essentially suture the tear in the panel. Appropriately enough, one of the two STS-120
spacewalkers, Scott E. Parazynski, was also a physician, and he put his suturing skills
to good use. Attached to a portable foot restraint, Parazynski was hoisted atop not
only the station’s robotic arm, but also the shuttle’s boom normally used to inspect the
shuttle orbiter’s tiles — the impromptu arrangement providing just enough reach for
Parazynski to successfully repair the torn array using improvised “cufflinks.” After he
secured five cufflinks to the damaged panel, crew members inside the station fully
extended the array as Parazynski monitored the event.
STS-100 EVA view, astronaut Parazynski, Scott E. totes a direct current switching unit while anchored on the end
of Canadarm2.
NASA
International Cooperation
The International Space Station (ISS) Program’s greatest accomplishment is as much
a human achievement as it is a technological one—how best to plan, coordinate, and
monitor the varied activities of the Program’s many organizations.
The familiar u0022bootu0022 shape of the country of Italy stands out in this nighttime image with sparkling city
lights reaching from Sicily off the u0022toeu0022 of the boot, to the approaches to the Alps on the north end of
the country.
NASA
In its third decade of continuous human presence, the International Space Station has
a far-reaching impact as a microgravity lab hosting technology, demonstrations, and
scientific investigations from a range of fields. Results are compounding and new
benefits are emerging.
For more information about the research conducted on the International Space
Station visit [Link]
research-and-technology/.
Astronaut Kayla Barron checks out plants growing inside the Veggie facility.
NASA
Expeditions
The International Space Station has been continuously inhabited for over 20 years
beginning with Expedition 1 when it docked on November 2, 2000, when it was just
three modules. The orbiting laboratory has expanded to the size of a football field
hosting over 260 individuals from 21 countries comprising over 60 Expeditions. The
orbital outpost will continue to provide advanced research benefitting humans on and
off the Earth through 2030.
For more information about expeditions to the International Space Station visit
[Link]
list/.
The Axiom Mission-2 and Expedition 69 crew members pose for a portrait together during dinner time aboard the
International Space Station.
NASA
Commercial Space
NASA is developing a human spaceflight economy enabled by a commercial market.
To achieve that goal, NASA is committed to developing a robust low Earth orbit
economy and enabling both the supply side and the demand side. The low Earth orbit
economy is a new and growing market of private companies providing access to, and
services in, space. Customers include NASA, other government agencies, academic
and research-based institutions, and other private companies.
The SpaceX Dragon resupply ship approaches the International Space Station for a docking to the Harmony
module’s forward port.
NASA
Columbia was the first Space Shuttle orbiter to be delivered to NASA’s Kennedy
Space Center, Fla., in March 1979. Columbia and the STS-107 crew were lost Feb. 1,
2003, during re-entry. The Orbiter Challenger was delivered to KSC in July 1982 and
was destroyed in an explosion during ascent in January 1986. Discovery was delivered
in November 1983. Atlantis was delivered in April 1985. Endeavour was built as a
replacement following the Challenger accident and was delivered to Florida in May
1991. An early Space Shuttle Orbiter, the Enterprise, never flew in space but was used
for approach and landing tests at the Dryden Flight Research Center and several
launch pad studies in the late 1970s.
For more information about the Space Shuttle era visit [Link]
shuttle/.
The space shuttle Discovery is seen shortly after the Rotating Service Structure was rolled back at launch pad
39A, at the Kennedy Space Center in Cape Canaveral, Florida, on Wednesday, Feb. 23, 2011. Discovery, on its 39th
and final flight, will carry the Italian-built Permanent Multipurpose Module (PMM), Express Logistics Carrier 4
(ELC4) and Robonaut 2, the first humanoid robot in space to the International Space Station. Photo Credit:
(NASA/Bill Ingalls)
NASA
NASA’s Commercial Crew Program has worked with several American aerospace
industry companies to facilitate the development of U.S. human spaceflight systems
since 2010. The goal is to have safe, reliable and cost-effective access to and from the
International Space Station and foster commercial access to other potential low-
Earth orbit destinations.
A close-up view of the SpaceX Falcon 9 rocket vertical with the Crew Dragon atop for the Crew-3 mission at
Launch Pad 39A at NASA’s Kennedy Space Center in Florida during sunrise on Oct. 28, 2021. Also in view is the
crew access arm. A four-person crew will launch aboard the Crew Dragon atop the Falcon 9 on Oct. 31 to the
International Space Station. Launch is targeted for 2:21 a.m. EDT from Pad 39A. Crew 3 is the third crew rotation
flight to the space station for NASA’s Commercial Crew Program, and the first flight of a new Crew Dragon
spacecraft.
NASA
Current Management
Dana Weigel, manager, NASA’s International Space Station Program
Dina Contella, deputy manager, NASA’s International Space Station Program Vivimos un momento emocionante
en la órbita baja terrestre, donde la
Bill Spetch, operations integration manager, NASA’s International Space Station
Estación Espacial Internacional
Program
continúa prosperando como un
Melissa Gard, chief of staff, NASA’s International Space Station Program laboratorio activo que mantiene un
ritmo de investigación y operaciones
Learn more about the International Space Station transition plan through this article
and the transition FAQs.
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