16 Van Der Waals 2
16 Van Der Waals 2
[email protected]
http://users.unimi.it/aqm
https://solivarest.ariel.ctu.unimi.it
<latexit sha1_base64="N6ekelsYu/zfGuEdTjnJNDxIdQA=">AAAB/XicdVDLSgNBEJz1GeMrKp68NAbBU9hNokkOSsCLxyjZJJAsYXYySYbMzi4zs0JYAv6KFw8qXv0Pb/6Nk4egogUNRVU33V1+xJnStv1hLS2vrK6tpzbSm1vbO7uZvf2GCmNJqEtCHsqWjxXlTFBXM81pK5IUBz6nTX90NfWbd1QqFoq6HkfUC/BAsD4jWBupmzmMuklHBsB6E2jABQi4hTp0M1k7VyxU8s45GFIsOIXSlJzZlbINTs6eIYsWqHUz751eSOKACk04Vqrt2JH2Eiw1I5xO0p1Y0QiTER7QtqECB1R5yez8CZwYpQf9UJoSGmbq94kEB0qNA990BlgP1W9vKv7ltWPdL3sJE1GsqSDzRf2Ygw5hmgX0mKRE87EhmEhmbgUyxBITbRJLmxC+PoX/iZvPVXL2TTFbvVykkUJH6BidIgeVUBVdoxpyEUEJekBP6Nm6tx6tF+t13rpkLWYO0A9Yb59AZ5Pr</latexit>
pid V = nRT
Questa equazione vale anche per i gas reali in presenza di alte temperature e
basse pressioni.
nRT
Il parametro b, caratteristico del gas, è detto covolume. pid =
<latexit sha1_base64="ZerlExd/TLPNUWa9mxkH8E/qXvA=">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</latexit>
V nb
L’equazione di van der Waals
forze attrattive
tra molecole del gas
✓ 2
◆
n a
p+ 2 (V nb) = nRT
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V
nRT n2 a
p=
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V nb V2
Isoterme di van der Waals
✓ 2
◆
n a 9000
p+ 2 (V nb) = nRT
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V van der Waals
8000 CO2 (T = 20 ºC)
Isoterme di
7000
van der Waals
p(kPa)
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p <latexit sha1_base64="c8lkIfZHBE3+5S8WtmJgVEBAHI0=">AAAB83icdVBNTwIxEO3iF+IX6tFLIzHBy2YXVoEbiRePmLhCAhvSLQUa2u7adknIht/hxYMar/4Zb/4bu4CJGn3JJC/vzWRmXhgzqrTjfFi5tfWNza38dmFnd2//oHh4dKeiRGLi44hFshMiRRgVxNdUM9KJJUE8ZKQdTq4yvz0lUtFI3OpZTAKORoIOKUbaSEEMy2lPcjhpofl5v1hybK/aqLiX0BCv6lZrGblwGnUHurazQAms0OoX33uDCCecCI0ZUqrrOrEOUiQ1xYzMC71EkRjhCRqRrqECcaKCdHH0HJ4ZZQCHkTQlNFyo3ydSxJWa8dB0cqTH6reXiX953UQP60FKRZxoIvBy0TBhUEcwSwAOqCRYs5khCEtqboV4jCTC2uRUMCF8fQr/J37FbtjOjVdqeqs08uAEnIIycEENNME1aAEfYHAPHsATeLam1qP1Yr0uW3PWauYY/ID19gleG5Fa</latexit>
6000
5000
4000
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
V (dm3 )
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J m3
a = 0.364
mole
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T
5 m3
V b = 4.27 ⇥ 10
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<latexit
<latexit sha1_base64="dSCIqRC8YZzo0TMpK5LGuQip7I4=">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</latexit>
mole
Isoterme di van der Waals
✓ ◆
2
n a nRT n2 a
p+ 2 (V nb) = nRT p=
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V <latexit sha1_base64="EvwZ8NnzUOLxNvOpCbB5JQpns98=">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</latexit>
V nb V2
Isoterme di Imponendo:
van der Waals
@p @2p
p = 0, 2
=0
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<latexit sha1_base64="6uOGkz8phVFWvwL7K5IAWTzzq+o=">AAACNnicdVBLSwMxGMz6rPW16tFLsAgepGTbatuDUPDiSSrYB3Tbkk2zbWj2YZIVytJ/5cW/4U0vHlS8+hPMthWt6EBgmJkvyTdOyJlUCD0aC4tLyyurqbX0+sbm1ra5s1uXQSQIrZGAB6LpYEk582lNMcVpMxQUew6nDWd4nviNWyokC/xrNQpp28N9n7mMYKWlrnlpuwKT2A6xUAxzGI6/eX0MzyA6hvZNhHtwPtjJzUc7uUm4a2ZQtpAv56xTqEkhb+WLCTlB5RKCVhZNkAEzVLvmg90LSORRXxGOpWxZKFTtOLmWcDpO25GkISZD3KctTX3sUdmOJ3uP4aFWetANhD6+ghP150SMPSlHnqOTHlYD+dtLxL+8VqTcUjtmfhgp6pPpQ27EoQpgUiLsMUGJ4iNNMBFM/xWSAdb9KF11WpfwtSn8n9Ry2XIWXRUylfKsjRTYBwfgCFigCCrgAlRBDRBwB57AC3g17o1n4814n0YXjNnMHpiD8fEJSmqrtw==</latexit>
@V @V
flesso a
tangente si ottiene:
orizzontale
Vc = 3nb
pc a
pc =
27b2
<latexit sha1_base64="h07VfC+g43Is0uHVCT9NaRzU+PI=">AAAB6XicdVBNS8NAEJ34WetX1aOXxSJ4CklbbXMrePFY0dhCG8pmu2mXbjZhdyOU0p/gxYOKV/+RN/+Nm7aCij4YeLw3w8y8MOVMacf5sFZW19Y3Ngtbxe2d3b390sHhnUoySahPEp7ITogV5UxQXzPNaSeVFMchp+1wfJn77XsqFUvErZ6kNIjxULCIEayNdJP2Sb9Uduxa1au4F8iQWtWt1nNy7ngNB7m2M0cZlmj1S++9QUKymApNOFaq6zqpDqZYakY4nRV7maIpJmM8pF1DBY6pCqbzU2fo1CgDFCXSlNBorn6fmOJYqUkcms4Y65H67eXiX14301EjmDKRZpoKslgUZRzpBOV/owGTlGg+MQQTycytiIywxESbdIomhK9P0f/Er9ie7VzXyk1vmUYBjuEEzsCFOjThClrgA4EhPMATPFvcerRerNdF64q1nDmCH7DePgEfPY3d</latexit>
Tc 8a
Tc =
27bR
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Vc
<latexit sha1_base64="ITwdc9tKu3zPRB8r6zHIc0+WNHs=">AAAB6XicdVBNS8NAEN3Ur1q/qh69LBbBU9i01Ta3ghePFU1baEPZbDft0s0m7G6EEvoTvHhQ8eo/8ua/cdNWUNEHA4/3ZpiZFyScKY3Qh1VYW9/Y3Cpul3Z29/YPyodHHRWnklCPxDyWvQArypmgnmaa014iKY4CTrvB9Cr3u/dUKhaLOz1LqB/hsWAhI1gb6bYzJMNyBdn1mlt1LqEh9ZpTa+TkArlNBB0bLVABK7SH5ffBKCZpRIUmHCvVd1Ci/QxLzQin89IgVTTBZIrHtG+owBFVfrY4dQ7PjDKCYSxNCQ0X6veJDEdKzaLAdEZYT9RvLxf/8vqpDpt+xkSSairIclGYcqhjmP8NR0xSovnMEEwkM7dCMsESE23SKZkQvj6F/xOvars2uqlXWu4qjSI4AafgHDigAVrgGrSBBwgYgwfwBJ4tbj1aL9brsrVgrWaOwQ9Yb5/3rI3D</latexit>
V
<latexit sha1_base64="EIPs80ILxyzdFMjtuZdzBxWK7jI=">AAAB53icdVBNS8NAEN3Ur1q/qh69LBbBU9i01Ta3ghePLZi20Iay2W7a1c0m7G6EEvoLvHhQ8epf8ua/cdNWUNEHA4/3ZpiZFyScKY3Qh1VYW9/Y3Cpul3Z29/YPyodHXRWnklCPxDyW/QArypmgnmaa034iKY4CTnvB3VXu9+6pVCwWN3qWUD/CE8FCRrA2Uqc7KleQXa+5VecSGlKvObVGTi6Q20TQsdECFbBCe1R+H45jkkZUaMKxUgMHJdrPsNSMcDovDVNFE0zu8IQODBU4osrPFofO4ZlRxjCMpSmh4UL9PpHhSKlZFJjOCOup+u3l4l/eINVh08+YSFJNBVkuClMOdQzzr+GYSUo0nxmCiWTmVkimWGKiTTYlE8LXp/B/4lVt10adeqXlrtIoghNwCs6BAxqgBa5BG3iAAAoewBN4tm6tR+vFel22FqzVzDH4AevtE4eEjO0=</latexit>
<latexit
Isoterme di van der Waals
✓ ◆ van der Waals (CO2)
n2 a 9000
p+ 2 (V nb) = nRT 70ºC
100ºC
<latexit sha1_base64="g2UzlFrDCh3XAbyh25+xMwVMUoI=">AAACJ3icdVBdSxtBFJ2NttX0K+pjXy6GgqU07CbRmAcx0Bcfo+RDyMYwO5lNhszOLjN3hbDk5/jiX/FFpBZ99J84+RBqaQ8MHM45lzv3BIkUBl330cmtrb95+25jM//+w8dPnwtb2x0Tp5rxNotlrM8DargUirdRoOTnieY0CiTvBpOfc797ybURsWrhNOH9iI6UCAWjaKVB4diXPMQ9SOA7+KGmLFMXZaCzrHNRnoGvxWiM31aZDvwAFbyIcATqrDUoFN1StVIvewdgSbXiVWpzsu/WD13wSu4CRbJCc1C484cxSyOukElqTM9zE+xnVKNgks/yfmp4QtmEjnjPUkUjbvrZ4tAZfLXKEMJY26cQFuqfExmNjJlGgU1GFMfmb28u/svrpRge9jOhkhS5YstFYSoBY5i3BkOhOUM5tYQyLexfgY2prQttt3lbwsul8H/SLpfqJfe0WmzUV21skC9kl+wRj9RIg5yQJmkTRq7IDflF7p1r59b57TwsozlnNbNDXsF5egbwsaOk</latexit>
V
8000
40ºC
Isoterme di 31ºC
7000
van der Waals
p(kPa) 20ºC
<latexit sha1_base64="O+jIhn3C1iiBoQWxnVGWdsKRD0M=">AAAB53icdVBNS8NAEN3Ur1q/qh69LBbBU9i01Ta3ghePLRhbaEPZbDft2s0m7G6EEvoLvHhQ8epf8ua/cdNWUNEHA4/3ZpiZFyScKY3Qh1VYW9/Y3Cpul3Z29/YPyodHtypOJaEeiXksewFWlDNBPc00p71EUhwFnHaD6VXud++pVCwWN3qWUD/CY8FCRrA2UicZlivIrtfcqnMJDanXnFojJxfIbSLo2GiBClihPSy/D0YxSSMqNOFYqb6DEu1nWGpGOJ2XBqmiCSZTPKZ9QwWOqPKzxaFzeGaUEQxjaUpouFC/T2Q4UmoWBaYzwnqifnu5+JfXT3XY9DMmklRTQZaLwpRDHcP8azhikhLNZ4ZgIpm5FZIJlphok03JhPD1KfyfeFXbtVGnXmm5qzSK4AScgnPggAZogWvQBh4ggIIH8ASerTvr0XqxXpetBWs1cwx+wHr7BK7SjQc=</latexit>
p <latexit sha1_base64="c8lkIfZHBE3+5S8WtmJgVEBAHI0=">AAAB83icdVBNTwIxEO3iF+IX6tFLIzHBy2YXVoEbiRePmLhCAhvSLQUa2u7adknIht/hxYMar/4Zb/4bu4CJGn3JJC/vzWRmXhgzqrTjfFi5tfWNza38dmFnd2//oHh4dKeiRGLi44hFshMiRRgVxNdUM9KJJUE8ZKQdTq4yvz0lUtFI3OpZTAKORoIOKUbaSEEMy2lPcjhpofl5v1hybK/aqLiX0BCv6lZrGblwGnUHurazQAms0OoX33uDCCecCI0ZUqrrOrEOUiQ1xYzMC71EkRjhCRqRrqECcaKCdHH0HJ4ZZQCHkTQlNFyo3ydSxJWa8dB0cqTH6reXiX953UQP60FKRZxoIvBy0TBhUEcwSwAOqCRYs5khCEtqboV4jCTC2uRUMCF8fQr/J37FbtjOjVdqeqs08uAEnIIycEENNME1aAEfYHAPHsATeLam1qP1Yr0uW3PWauYY/ID19gleG5Fa</latexit>
6000
10ºC
flesso a
tangente 5000
orizzontale
4000
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
pc
V (dm3 )
<latexit sha1_base64="h07VfC+g43Is0uHVCT9NaRzU+PI=">AAAB6XicdVBNS8NAEJ34WetX1aOXxSJ4CklbbXMrePFY0dhCG8pmu2mXbjZhdyOU0p/gxYOKV/+RN/+Nm7aCij4YeLw3w8y8MOVMacf5sFZW19Y3Ngtbxe2d3b390sHhnUoySahPEp7ITogV5UxQXzPNaSeVFMchp+1wfJn77XsqFUvErZ6kNIjxULCIEayNdJP2Sb9Uduxa1au4F8iQWtWt1nNy7ngNB7m2M0cZlmj1S++9QUKymApNOFaq6zqpDqZYakY4nRV7maIpJmM8pF1DBY6pCqbzU2fo1CgDFCXSlNBorn6fmOJYqUkcms4Y65H67eXiX14301EjmDKRZpoKslgUZRzpBOV/owGTlGg+MQQTycytiIywxESbdIomhK9P0f/Er9ie7VzXyk1vmUYBjuEEzsCFOjThClrgA4EhPMATPFvcerRerNdF64q1nDmCH7DePgEfPY3d</latexit>
<latexit sha1_base64="bPESzGn8H2NhIEBWRZBlJfRj2sk=">AAAB9HicdVBNT8JAEN3iF+IX6tHLRmKCF9LSKnAj8eIREwskUMh2u8CG3bbZ3WpIw//w4kGNV3+MN/+NW8BEjb5kkpf3ZjIzz48Zlco0P4zc2vrG5lZ+u7Czu7d/UDw8assoEZi4OGKR6PpIEkZD4iqqGOnGgiDuM9Lxp1eZ37kjQtIovFWzmHgcjUM6ohgpLQ3asJz2BYcBnw/s82GxZFYcu1G1LqEmjm3ZtYxcmI26Ca2KuUAJrNAaFt/7QYQTTkKFGZKyZ5mx8lIkFMWMzAv9RJIY4Skak56mIeJEeuni6jk800oAR5HQFSq4UL9PpIhLOeO+7uRITeRvLxP/8nqJGtW9lIZxokiIl4tGCYMqglkEMKCCYMVmmiAsqL4V4gkSCCsdVEGH8PUp/J+41UqjYt44paazSiMPTsApKAML1EATXIMWcAEGAjyAJ/Bs3BuPxovxumzNGauZY/ADxtsnyQmRkA==</latexit>
Tc J m3
a = 0.364
mole
<latexit sha1_base64="wzFp2zdgkLsmExx93yCXTwmnqmY=">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</latexit>
5 m3
V b = 4.27 ⇥ 10
Vc
<latexit sha1_base64="ITwdc9tKu3zPRB8r6zHIc0+WNHs=">AAAB6XicdVBNS8NAEN3Ur1q/qh69LBbBU9i01Ta3ghePFU1baEPZbDft0s0m7G6EEvoTvHhQ8eo/8ua/cdNWUNEHA4/3ZpiZFyScKY3Qh1VYW9/Y3Cpul3Z29/YPyodHHRWnklCPxDyWvQArypmgnmaa014iKY4CTrvB9Cr3u/dUKhaLOz1LqB/hsWAhI1gb6bYzJMNyBdn1mlt1LqEh9ZpTa+TkArlNBB0bLVABK7SH5ffBKCZpRIUmHCvVd1Ci/QxLzQin89IgVTTBZIrHtG+owBFVfrY4dQ7PjDKCYSxNCQ0X6veJDEdKzaLAdEZYT9RvLxf/8vqpDpt+xkSSairIclGYcqhjmP8NR0xSovnMEEwkM7dCMsESE23SKZkQvj6F/xOvars2uqlXWu4qjSI4AafgHDigAVrgGrSBBwgYgwfwBJ4tbj1aL9brsrVgrWaOwQ9Yb5/3rI3D</latexit>
<latexit sha1_base64="EIPs80ILxyzdFMjtuZdzBxWK7jI=">AAAB53icdVBNS8NAEN3Ur1q/qh69LBbBU9i01Ta3ghePLZi20Iay2W7a1c0m7G6EEvoLvHhQ8epf8ua/cdNWUNEHA4/3ZpiZFyScKY3Qh1VYW9/Y3Cpul3Z29/YPyodHXRWnklCPxDyW/QArypmgnmaa034iKY4CTnvB3VXu9+6pVCwWN3qWUD/CE8FCRrA2Uqc7KleQXa+5VecSGlKvObVGTi6Q20TQsdECFbBCe1R+H45jkkZUaMKxUgMHJdrPsNSMcDovDVNFE0zu8IQODBU4osrPFofO4ZlRxjCMpSmh4UL9PpHhSKlZFJjOCOup+u3l4l/eINVh08+YSFJNBVkuClMOdQzzr+GYSUo0nxmCiWTmVkimWGKiTTYlE8LXp/B/4lVt10adeqXlrtIoghNwCs6BAxqgBa5BG3iAAAoewBN4tm6tR+vFel22FqzVzDH4AevtE4eEjO0=</latexit>
<latexit
<latexit sha1_base64="dSCIqRC8YZzo0TMpK5LGuQip7I4=">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</latexit>
mole
Equazione degli stati corrispondenti
L’equazione di van der Waals chiaramente dipende dal gas in esame…
p V T
P= , V= T =
pc
<latexit sha1_base64="a9ETMq1dU7BMj+Nyqc6cwWXb0Oo=">AAACQHicdZBLSwMxFIUzPmt9jbp0EyyCi1Jm2mrbhVBw47JCX9ApJZNm2tDMwyQjlDB/zY3/wJ17Ny5U3LoyfUir6IXA4ZxzSfK5EaNCWtaTsbK6tr6xmdpKb+/s7u2bB4dNEcYckwYOWcjbLhKE0YA0JJWMtCNOkO8y0nJHV5O8dUe4oGFQl+OIdH00CKhHMZLa6plt5WDEYC2Bl9DxOMIqSlTUw0nWuY1RPz2Lm4u4maimjp0sXC7UF4V6ouq60DMzVq5YqOTtC6hFsWAXShNxblXKFrRz1nQyYD61nvno9EMc+ySQmCEhOrYVya5CXFLMSJJ2YkEihEdoQDpaBsgnoqumBBJ4qp0+9EKuTyDh1F3eUMgXYuy7uukjORS/s4n5V9aJpVfuKhpEsSQBnl3kxQzKEE5wwj7lBEs21gJhTvVbIR4izUFq6GkN4fun8H/RyOcqOeummKlW5jRS4BicgDNggxKogmtQAw2AwT14Bq/gzXgwXox342NWXTHmO0fgxxifXy0br7M=</latexit>
Vc Tc
si può scrivere:
✓ ◆✓ 2
◆
n 1 8
P +3 2 V n = nT
<latexit sha1_base64="3nJKj8OcFKu5Y5BQ27VExXYzzao=">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</latexit>
V 3 3
n2 a RT
2
=
<latexit sha1_base64="SVQVy/ugYeyv7DA/suD9kKuWcD8=">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</latexit>
V V nb
Isoterme di liquido
van der Waals vapore
<latexit sha1_base64="O+jIhn3C1iiBoQWxnVGWdsKRD0M=">AAAB53icdVBNS8NAEN3Ur1q/qh69LBbBU9i01Ta3ghePLRhbaEPZbDft2s0m7G6EEvoLvHhQ8epf8ua/cdNWUNEHA4/3ZpiZFyScKY3Qh1VYW9/Y3Cpul3Z29/YPyodHtypOJaEeiXksewFWlDNBPc00p71EUhwFnHaD6VXud++pVCwWN3qWUD/CY8FCRrA2UicZlivIrtfcqnMJDanXnFojJxfIbSLo2GiBClihPSy/D0YxSSMqNOFYqb6DEu1nWGpGOJ2XBqmiCSZTPKZ9QwWOqPKzxaFzeGaUEQxjaUpouFC/T2Q4UmoWBaYzwnqifnu5+JfXT3XY9DMmklRTQZaLwpRDHcP8azhikhLNZ4ZgIpm5FZIJlphok03JhPD1KfyfeFXbtVGnXmm5qzSK4AScgnPggAZogWvQBh4ggIIH8ASerTvr0XqxXpetBWs1cwx+wHr7BK7SjQc=</latexit>
p stabile
gas non
(sovrassaturo)
omogeneo
tensione di
instabile vapore saturo
T
omogeneo V
<latexit sha1_base64="EIPs80ILxyzdFMjtuZdzBxWK7jI=">AAAB53icdVBNS8NAEN3Ur1q/qh69LBbBU9i01Ta3ghePLZi20Iay2W7a1c0m7G6EEvoLvHhQ8epf8ua/cdNWUNEHA4/3ZpiZFyScKY3Qh1VYW9/Y3Cpul3Z29/YPyodHXRWnklCPxDyW/QArypmgnmaa034iKY4CTnvB3VXu9+6pVCwWN3qWUD/CE8FCRrA2Uqc7KleQXa+5VecSGlKvObVGTi6Q20TQsdECFbBCe1R+H45jkkZUaMKxUgMHJdrPsNSMcDovDVNFE0zu8IQODBU4osrPFofO4ZlRxjCMpSmh4UL9PpHhSKlZFJjOCOup+u3l4l/eINVh08+YSFJNBVkuClMOdQzzr+GYSUo0nxmCiWTmVkimWGKiTTYlE8LXp/B/4lVt10adeqXlrtIoghNwCs6BAxqgBa5BG3iAAAoewBN4tm6tR+vFel22FqzVzDH4AevtE4eEjO0=</latexit>
<latexit
tensione di
vapore saturo
V
<latexit sha1_base64="EIPs80ILxyzdFMjtuZdzBxWK7jI=">AAAB53icdVBNS8NAEN3Ur1q/qh69LBbBU9i01Ta3ghePLZi20Iay2W7a1c0m7G6EEvoLvHhQ8epf8ua/cdNWUNEHA4/3ZpiZFyScKY3Qh1VYW9/Y3Cpul3Z29/YPyodHXRWnklCPxDyW/QArypmgnmaa034iKY4CTnvB3VXu9+6pVCwWN3qWUD/CE8FCRrA2Uqc7KleQXa+5VecSGlKvObVGTi6Q20TQsdECFbBCe1R+H45jkkZUaMKxUgMHJdrPsNSMcDovDVNFE0zu8IQODBU4osrPFofO4ZlRxjCMpSmh4UL9PpHhSKlZFJjOCOup+u3l4l/eINVh08+YSFJNBVkuClMOdQzzr+GYSUo0nxmCiWTmVkimWGKiTTYlE8LXp/B/4lVt10adeqXlrtIoghNwCs6BAxqgBa5BG3iAAAoewBN4tm6tR+vFel22FqzVzDH4AevtE4eEjO0=</latexit>
<latexit
Isoterme di van der Waals: tensione di vapore
<latexit sha1_base64="O+jIhn3C1iiBoQWxnVGWdsKRD0M=">AAAB53icdVBNS8NAEN3Ur1q/qh69LBbBU9i01Ta3ghePLRhbaEPZbDft2s0m7G6EEvoLvHhQ8epf8ua/cdNWUNEHA4/3ZpiZFyScKY3Qh1VYW9/Y3Cpul3Z29/YPyodHtypOJaEeiXksewFWlDNBPc00p71EUhwFnHaD6VXud++pVCwWN3qWUD/CY8FCRrA2UicZlivIrtfcqnMJDanXnFojJxfIbSLo2GiBClihPSy/D0YxSSMqNOFYqb6DEu1nWGpGOJ2XBqmiCSZTPKZ9QwWOqPKzxaFzeGaUEQxjaUpouFC/T2Q4UmoWBaYzwnqifnu5+JfXT3XY9DMmklRTQZaLwpRDHcP8azhikhLNZ4ZgIpm5FZIJlphok03JhPD1KfyfeFXbtVGnXmm5qzSK4AScgnPggAZogWvQBh4ggIIH8ASerTvr0XqxXpetBWs1cwx+wHr7BK7SjQc=</latexit>
p
T
D
tensione di E
vapore saturo
A C
B
V
<latexit sha1_base64="EIPs80ILxyzdFMjtuZdzBxWK7jI=">AAAB53icdVBNS8NAEN3Ur1q/qh69LBbBU9i01Ta3ghePLZi20Iay2W7a1c0m7G6EEvoLvHhQ8epf8ua/cdNWUNEHA4/3ZpiZFyScKY3Qh1VYW9/Y3Cpul3Z29/YPyodHXRWnklCPxDyW/QArypmgnmaa034iKY4CTnvB3VXu9+6pVCwWN3qWUD/CE8FCRrA2Uqc7KleQXa+5VecSGlKvObVGTi6Q20TQsdECFbBCe1R+H45jkkZUaMKxUgMHJdrPsNSMcDovDVNFE0zu8IQODBU4osrPFofO4ZlRxjCMpSmh4UL9PpHhSKlZFJjOCOup+u3l4l/eINVh08+YSFJNBVkuClMOdQzzr+GYSUo0nxmCiWTmVkimWGKiTTYlE8LXp/B/4lVt10adeqXlrtIoghNwCs6BAxqgBa5BG3iAAAoewBN4tm6tR+vFel22FqzVzDH4AevtE4eEjO0=</latexit>
<latexit
Isoterme di van der Waals: tensione di vapore
p
<latexit sha1_base64="O+jIhn3C1iiBoQWxnVGWdsKRD0M=">AAAB53icdVBNS8NAEN3Ur1q/qh69LBbBU9i01Ta3ghePLRhbaEPZbDft2s0m7G6EEvoLvHhQ8epf8ua/cdNWUNEHA4/3ZpiZFyScKY3Qh1VYW9/Y3Cpul3Z29/YPyodHtypOJaEeiXksewFWlDNBPc00p71EUhwFnHaD6VXud++pVCwWN3qWUD/CY8FCRrA2UicZlivIrtfcqnMJDanXnFojJxfIbSLo2GiBClihPSy/D0YxSSMqNOFYqb6DEu1nWGpGOJ2XBqmiCSZTPKZ9QwWOqPKzxaFzeGaUEQxjaUpouFC/T2Q4UmoWBaYzwnqifnu5+JfXT3XY9DMmklRTQZaLwpRDHcP8azhikhLNZ4ZgIpm5FZIJlphok03JhPD1KfyfeFXbtVGnXmm5qzSK4AScgnPggAZogWvQBh4ggIIH8ASerTvr0XqxXpetBWs1cwx+wHr7BK7SjQc=</latexit>
tensione di
vapore saturo
A C
B
V
<latexit sha1_base64="EIPs80ILxyzdFMjtuZdzBxWK7jI=">AAAB53icdVBNS8NAEN3Ur1q/qh69LBbBU9i01Ta3ghePLZi20Iay2W7a1c0m7G6EEvoLvHhQ8epf8ua/cdNWUNEHA4/3ZpiZFyScKY3Qh1VYW9/Y3Cpul3Z29/YPyodHXRWnklCPxDyW/QArypmgnmaa034iKY4CTnvB3VXu9+6pVCwWN3qWUD/CE8FCRrA2Uqc7KleQXa+5VecSGlKvObVGTi6Q20TQsdECFbBCe1R+H45jkkZUaMKxUgMHJdrPsNSMcDovDVNFE0zu8IQODBU4osrPFofO4ZlRxjCMpSmh4UL9PpHhSKlZFJjOCOup+u3l4l/eINVh08+YSFJNBVkuClMOdQzzr+GYSUo0nxmCiWTmVkimWGKiTTYlE8LXp/B/4lVt10adeqXlrtIoghNwCs6BAxqgBa5BG3iAAAoewBN4tm6tR+vFel22FqzVzDH4AevtE4eEjO0=</latexit>
<latexit
Isoterme di van der Waals: tensione di vapore
p
<latexit sha1_base64="O+jIhn3C1iiBoQWxnVGWdsKRD0M=">AAAB53icdVBNS8NAEN3Ur1q/qh69LBbBU9i01Ta3ghePLRhbaEPZbDft2s0m7G6EEvoLvHhQ8epf8ua/cdNWUNEHA4/3ZpiZFyScKY3Qh1VYW9/Y3Cpul3Z29/YPyodHtypOJaEeiXksewFWlDNBPc00p71EUhwFnHaD6VXud++pVCwWN3qWUD/CY8FCRrA2UicZlivIrtfcqnMJDanXnFojJxfIbSLo2GiBClihPSy/D0YxSSMqNOFYqb6DEu1nWGpGOJ2XBqmiCSZTPKZ9QwWOqPKzxaFzeGaUEQxjaUpouFC/T2Q4UmoWBaYzwnqifnu5+JfXT3XY9DMmklRTQZaLwpRDHcP8azhikhLNZ4ZgIpm5FZIJlphok03JhPD1KfyfeFXbtVGnXmm5qzSK4AScgnPggAZogWvQBh4ggIIH8ASerTvr0XqxXpetBWs1cwx+wHr7BK7SjQc=</latexit>
tensione di
vapore saturo
A C
L = Q1 |Q2 | = 0
B
<latexit sha1_base64="jr4gXy0TfEWp3zMPXX9ZXL8ipxg=">AAAB+3icdVDLSgMxFM3UV62v0S7dBIvgxiHTVttZCAU3Lly0YG2hLUMmzbShmQdJRijT+ituXKi49Ufc+TemD0FFD1w4Oedecu/xYs6kQujDyKysrq1vZDdzW9s7u3vm/sGtjBJBaJNEPBJtD0vKWUibiilO27GgOPA4bXmjy5nfuqNCsii8UeOY9gI8CJnPCFZacs38NbyADdeGp3DScIsT/UKuWUBWueQU7XOoSblklyozcoacKoK2heYogCXqrvne7UckCWioCMdSdmwUq16KhWKE02mum0gaYzLCA9rRNMQBlb10vvwUHmulD/1I6AoVnKvfJ1IcSDkOPN0ZYDWUv72Z+JfXSZRf7aUsjBNFQ7L4yE84VBGcJQH7TFCi+FgTTATTu0IyxAITpfPK6RC+LoX/k2bRcizUKBdqzjKNLDgER+AE2KACauAK1EETEDAGD+AJPBv3xqPxYrwuWjPGciYPfsB4+wQ7WJIa</latexit>
V
<latexit sha1_base64="EIPs80ILxyzdFMjtuZdzBxWK7jI=">AAAB53icdVBNS8NAEN3Ur1q/qh69LBbBU9i01Ta3ghePLZi20Iay2W7a1c0m7G6EEvoLvHhQ8epf8ua/cdNWUNEHA4/3ZpiZFyScKY3Qh1VYW9/Y3Cpul3Z29/YPyodHXRWnklCPxDyW/QArypmgnmaa034iKY4CTnvB3VXu9+6pVCwWN3qWUD/CE8FCRrA2Uqc7KleQXa+5VecSGlKvObVGTi6Q20TQsdECFbBCe1R+H45jkkZUaMKxUgMHJdrPsNSMcDovDVNFE0zu8IQODBU4osrPFofO4ZlRxjCMpSmh4UL9PpHhSKlZFJjOCOup+u3l4l/eINVh08+YSFJNBVkuClMOdQzzr+GYSUo0nxmCiWTmVkimWGKiTTYlE8LXp/B/4lVt10adeqXlrtIoghNwCs6BAxqgBa5BG3iAAAoewBN4tm6tR+vFel22FqzVzDH4AevtE4eEjO0=</latexit>
<latexit
Isoterme di van der Waals: tensione di vapore
p
<latexit sha1_base64="O+jIhn3C1iiBoQWxnVGWdsKRD0M=">AAAB53icdVBNS8NAEN3Ur1q/qh69LBbBU9i01Ta3ghePLRhbaEPZbDft2s0m7G6EEvoLvHhQ8epf8ua/cdNWUNEHA4/3ZpiZFyScKY3Qh1VYW9/Y3Cpul3Z29/YPyodHtypOJaEeiXksewFWlDNBPc00p71EUhwFnHaD6VXud++pVCwWN3qWUD/CY8FCRrA2UicZlivIrtfcqnMJDanXnFojJxfIbSLo2GiBClihPSy/D0YxSSMqNOFYqb6DEu1nWGpGOJ2XBqmiCSZTPKZ9QwWOqPKzxaFzeGaUEQxjaUpouFC/T2Q4UmoWBaYzwnqifnu5+JfXT3XY9DMmklRTQZaLwpRDHcP8azhikhLNZ4ZgIpm5FZIJlphok03JhPD1KfyfeFXbtVGnXmm5qzSK4AScgnPggAZogWvQBh4ggIIH8ASerTvr0XqxXpetBWs1cwx+wHr7BK7SjQc=</latexit>
tensione di
vapore saturo
A C
L = Q1 |Q2 | = 0
B
<latexit sha1_base64="jr4gXy0TfEWp3zMPXX9ZXL8ipxg=">AAAB+3icdVDLSgMxFM3UV62v0S7dBIvgxiHTVttZCAU3Lly0YG2hLUMmzbShmQdJRijT+ituXKi49Ufc+TemD0FFD1w4Oedecu/xYs6kQujDyKysrq1vZDdzW9s7u3vm/sGtjBJBaJNEPBJtD0vKWUibiilO27GgOPA4bXmjy5nfuqNCsii8UeOY9gI8CJnPCFZacs38NbyADdeGp3DScIsT/UKuWUBWueQU7XOoSblklyozcoacKoK2heYogCXqrvne7UckCWioCMdSdmwUq16KhWKE02mum0gaYzLCA9rRNMQBlb10vvwUHmulD/1I6AoVnKvfJ1IcSDkOPN0ZYDWUv72Z+JfXSZRf7aUsjBNFQ7L4yE84VBGcJQH7TFCi+FgTTATTu0IyxAITpfPK6RC+LoX/k2bRcizUKBdqzjKNLDgER+AE2KACauAK1EETEDAGD+AJPBv3xqPxYrwuWjPGciYPfsB4+wQ7WJIa</latexit>
V
<latexit sha1_base64="EIPs80ILxyzdFMjtuZdzBxWK7jI=">AAAB53icdVBNS8NAEN3Ur1q/qh69LBbBU9i01Ta3ghePLZi20Iay2W7a1c0m7G6EEvoLvHhQ8epf8ua/cdNWUNEHA4/3ZpiZFyScKY3Qh1VYW9/Y3Cpul3Z29/YPyodHXRWnklCPxDyW/QArypmgnmaa034iKY4CTnvB3VXu9+6pVCwWN3qWUD/CE8FCRrA2Uqc7KleQXa+5VecSGlKvObVGTi6Q20TQsdECFbBCe1R+H45jkkZUaMKxUgMHJdrPsNSMcDovDVNFE0zu8IQODBU4osrPFofO4ZlRxjCMpSmh4UL9PpHhSKlZFJjOCOup+u3l4l/eINVh08+YSFJNBVkuClMOdQzzr+GYSUo0nxmCiWTmVkimWGKiTTYlE8LXp/B/4lVt10adeqXlrtIoghNwCs6BAxqgBa5BG3iAAAoewBN4tm6tR+vFel22FqzVzDH4AevtE4eEjO0=</latexit>
<latexit
Dal momento che il lavoro totale è nullo, le due aree in figura devono essere
uguali: solo in questo modo i lavori nei “sottocili” ABC (percorso in senso
antiorario, lavoro negativo) e CDE (percorso in senso orario, lavoro positivo)
sono uguali e di segno opposto!
tensione di
vapore saturo
A C
L = Q1 |Q2 | = 0
B
<latexit sha1_base64="jr4gXy0TfEWp3zMPXX9ZXL8ipxg=">AAAB+3icdVDLSgMxFM3UV62v0S7dBIvgxiHTVttZCAU3Lly0YG2hLUMmzbShmQdJRijT+ituXKi49Ufc+TemD0FFD1w4Oedecu/xYs6kQujDyKysrq1vZDdzW9s7u3vm/sGtjBJBaJNEPBJtD0vKWUibiilO27GgOPA4bXmjy5nfuqNCsii8UeOY9gI8CJnPCFZacs38NbyADdeGp3DScIsT/UKuWUBWueQU7XOoSblklyozcoacKoK2heYogCXqrvne7UckCWioCMdSdmwUq16KhWKE02mum0gaYzLCA9rRNMQBlb10vvwUHmulD/1I6AoVnKvfJ1IcSDkOPN0ZYDWUv72Z+JfXSZRf7aUsjBNFQ7L4yE84VBGcJQH7TFCi+FgTTATTu0IyxAITpfPK6RC+LoX/k2bRcizUKBdqzjKNLDgER+AE2KACauAK1EETEDAGD+AJPBv3xqPxYrwuWjPGciYPfsB4+wQ7WJIa</latexit>
V
<latexit sha1_base64="EIPs80ILxyzdFMjtuZdzBxWK7jI=">AAAB53icdVBNS8NAEN3Ur1q/qh69LBbBU9i01Ta3ghePLZi20Iay2W7a1c0m7G6EEvoLvHhQ8epf8ua/cdNWUNEHA4/3ZpiZFyScKY3Qh1VYW9/Y3Cpul3Z29/YPyodHXRWnklCPxDyW/QArypmgnmaa034iKY4CTnvB3VXu9+6pVCwWN3qWUD/CE8FCRrA2Uqc7KleQXa+5VecSGlKvObVGTi6Q20TQsdECFbBCe1R+H45jkkZUaMKxUgMHJdrPsNSMcDovDVNFE0zu8IQODBU4osrPFofO4ZlRxjCMpSmh4UL9PpHhSKlZFJjOCOup+u3l4l/eINVh08+YSFJNBVkuClMOdQzzr+GYSUo0nxmCiWTmVkimWGKiTTYlE8LXp/B/4lVt10adeqXlrtIoghNwCs6BAxqgBa5BG3iAAAoewBN4tm6tR+vFel22FqzVzDH4AevtE4eEjO0=</latexit>
<latexit
NOTA — I cicli ABC e CDE, presi singolarmente, non sono reversibili. Si consideri ad
esempio il ciclo ABC(A): la prima parte del ciclo, ABC, avviene lungo l’isoterma di van der
Waals e la sostanza si trova nello stato instabile omogeneo di vapore (sovrassaturo); la
seconda parte, CA, avviene lungo l’isobara isoterma in cui la sostanza è in uno stato
stabile non omogeneo.
Nel punto C, quindi, avverrebbe una trasformazione irreversibile da uno stato instabile a
uno stabile.
Energia interna dei gas reali
Consideriamo la relazione, che segue da dS nel piano (V, T):
✓ ◆ ✓ ◆
@U @p
=T p
<latexit sha1_base64="5Sd5is4FVAQTX8lagqcX/1k+YWI=">AAACUnicdVJBa9swGJWztkuzrM22Yy8fDYP0sGAn6ZocBoFddswgbgJxCLIiJ2plW0ifB8H4P47BDv0jveywyWlG09F9IHi89z190pNCJYVB171zKi8ODo9eVo9rr+qvT04bb95emzTTjPsslamehtRwKRLuo0DJp0pzGoeST8Lbz6U++ca1EWkyxo3i85iuEhEJRtFSi8ZNIHmELQgiTVkeKKpRUAl+8YivCwi0WK3xYpGPC/gEtfHzJrVnGu+Z7AbwAdSi0XTbve6g430EC3pdr3tVgkt30HfBa7vbapJdjRaNH8EyZVnME2SSGjPzXIXzvJzAJC9qQWa4ouyWrvjMwoTG3MzzbSYFvLfMEqJU25UgbNl9R05jYzZxaDtjimvzr1aSz2mzDKP+PBeJypAn7GFQlEnAFMqAYSk0Zyg3FlCmhT0rsDW1QaF9hpoN4e9N4f/A77QHbfdrrzkc7NKokjNyTlrEI1dkSL6QEfEJI9/JPfntEOen86tif8lDa8XZed6RJ1Wp/wEqOrMd</latexit>
@V T @T V
Mentre per un gas perfetto U dipende solo da T, per un gas reale, a causa delle
interazioni tra le molecole, l’energia interna dipende anche dal volume V.
nRT n2 a
p=
<latexit sha1_base64="EvwZ8NnzUOLxNvOpCbB5JQpns98=">AAACFHicdZDNSgMxFIUz/tb6V3Xp5mIRXGiZmVbbLpSCG5dVrAptLZk004ZmMkOSEcowL+HGV3HjQsWtC3e+jWmtoKIXEg7fySX3Hi/iTGnbfrempmdm5+YzC9nFpeWV1dza+oUKY0log4Q8lFceVpQzQRuaaU6vIklx4HF66Q2OR/7lDZWKheJcDyPaDnBPMJ8RrA3q5HYjADiEli8xScTZeZpcwB4ILzX3BF67gA2+dtNOLm8XSsWq6xyAEaWiUyyPxL5drdjgFOxx5dGk6p3cW6sbkjigQhOOlWo6dqTbCZaaEU7TbCtWNMJkgHu0aaTAAVXtZLxVCtuGdMEPpTlCw5h+70hwoNQwMKNuB1j31W9vBP/ymrH2K+2EiSjWVJDPj/yYgw5hFBF0maRE86ERmEhmZgXSxyYLbYLMmhC+NoX/RcMtVAv2aSlfO5qkkUGbaAvtIAeVUQ2doDpqIIJu0T16RE/WnfVgPVsvn0+nrEnPBvpR1usHwj6c8Q==</latexit>
V nb V2
si ottiene:
✓ ◆
@U n2 a n2 a
= 2 ) U (V, T ) = + f (T )
<latexit sha1_base64="RKWBmkUBPLCY4WUv0BNooKSHwDE=">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</latexit>
@V T V <latexit sha1_base64="BX5w1eBbW49j+nVThOa/pfknAqw=">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</latexit>
V
costante di integrazione
dipendente in generale da T
dovuto alle forze di coesione
Energia interna dei gas reali
Per trovare f(T) occorrono informazioni sui calori specifici, infatti:
✓ ◆
1 @U 1 0
cV = = f (T ) ) f (T ) = ncV T + cost.
n
<latexit sha1_base64="1lvHLkm3oB5Wtx7spdm7H8Jzbyc=">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</latexit>
@T V n <latexit sha1_base64="IqfblNtp28mzVkRfR2wuNItKzfM=">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</latexit>
Segue che:
n2 a
U (V, T ) = + ncV T + cost.
<latexit sha1_base64="5N/eENyw9XkKE8jzOQ81APjkFd4=">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</latexit>
V
✓ ◆
@U n2 a n2 a
= 2 ) U (V, T ) = + f (T )
<latexit sha1_base64="RKWBmkUBPLCY4WUv0BNooKSHwDE=">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</latexit>
@V T V <latexit sha1_base64="BX5w1eBbW49j+nVThOa/pfknAqw=">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</latexit>
V
costante di integrazione
dipendente in generale da T
dovuto alle forze di coesione
Entropia dei gas reali
Data l’energia interna:
n2 a p=
nRT n2 a
U (V, T ) = + ncV T + cost. V nb V2
<latexit sha1_base64="EDhPJxn9KqcJuCQ1FBdXNsymHZI=">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</latexit>
V <latexit sha1_base64="EvwZ8NnzUOLxNvOpCbB5JQpns98=">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</latexit>
segue che:
Q 1
dS = = (dU + p dV )
T T
<latexit sha1_base64="pmf25fz3hPGbo92lSvuG3jY9DL0=">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</latexit>
✓ 2
◆ ✓ 2
◆
1 n a 1 nRT n a
= 2
dV + ncV dT + dV
T <latexit sha1_base64="xCIcFndQz4x9la04X3TgMHk5kiM=">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</latexit>
V T V nb V2
dT dV
= ncV + nR
T V nb
<latexit sha1_base64="BSTC/quB7wjC3s8sRzhTQ+eJvRk=">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</latexit>
e, quindi:
ncV ln T + nR ln(V
<latexit sha1_base64="AA3oCO79PSplQZXfT1+YlwGvf/I=">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</latexit>
nb) = cost.
T (V
<latexit sha1_base64="mbRYgQVwZ2f8jA62uzu3c++W4BI=">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</latexit>
nb)R/cV = cost.
oppure:
✓ 2
◆
n a
p+ 2 (V nb) = cost.
<latexit sha1_base64="MkQ7UZdD5HJUX8+Oyu3ucCGdvhA=">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</latexit>
V
cp R
= cp cV = 2 ⇡R
cV 2na(V nb)
<latexit sha1_base64="Tu2wsky+Jj6VmHb919UXjCYLa5U=">AAAB73icdVBNS8NAEN34WetX1aOXxSJ4Cpu22uZW8OKxirGVNpTNdtMu3U3C7kYsob/CiwcVr/4db/4bN20FFX0w8Hhvhpl5QcKZ0gh9WEvLK6tr64WN4ubW9s5uaW//RsWpJNQjMY9lJ8CKchZRTzPNaSeRFIuA03YwPs/99h2VisXRtZ4k1Bd4GLGQEayNdNvDSSLje3jVL5WRXau6FecMGlKrOtV6Tk6R20DQsdEMZbBAq1967w1ikgoaacKxUl0HJdrPsNSMcDot9lJFE0zGeEi7hkZYUOVns4On8NgoAxjG0lSk4Uz9PpFhodREBKZTYD1Sv71c/Mvrpjps+BmLklTTiMwXhSmHOob593DAJCWaTwzBRDJzKyQjLDHRJqOiCeHrU/g/8Sq2a6PLWrnpLtIogENwBE6AA+qgCS5AC3iAAAEewBN4tqT1aL1Yr/PWJWsxcwB+wHr7BGHgkE8=</latexit>
<latexit sha1_base64="nm7wZLl8zgNkCbsNCplq9bKJ3PQ=">AAACAHicdVDLSgMxFM3UV62vqhvBTbAIrkqmrbZdCAU3Lis4rdAZSibNtKHJzJBkhDLUjb/ixoWKWz/DnX9jpq2gogfu5XDOvST3+DFnSiP0YeWWlldW1/LrhY3Nre2d4u5eR0WJJNQhEY/kjY8V5Sykjmaa05tYUix8Trv++CLzu7dUKhaF13oSU0/gYcgCRrA2Ur944A6xEBieQzeQmKSkH09N60z7xRIq16rNin0GDalV7Wo9I6eo2UDQLqMZSmCBdr/47g4ikggaasKxUj0bxdpLsdSMcDotuImiMSZjPKQ9Q0MsqPLS2QVTeGyUAQwiaSrUcKZ+30ixUGoifDMpsB6p314m/uX1Eh00vJSFcaJpSOYPBQmHOoJZHHDAJCWaTwzBRDLzV0hG2CShTWgFE8LXpfB/4lTKzTK6qpVazUUaeXAIjsAJsEEdtMAlaAMHEHAHHsATeLburUfrxXqdj+asxc4++AHr7RPk3Ja8</latexit>
1
<latexit sha1_base64="ocz+szv8dFvgQjxAJpq9pUE8LrM=">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</latexit>
RT V 3