Lihat sumber bagi Papua New Guinea

{{Infobox country
|conventional_long_name = Negara Merdeka Papua New Guinea
| native_name            = {{ubl|{{native name|tpi|Independen Stet bilong Papua Niugini}}|{{native name|ho|Independen Stet bilong Papua Niu Gini}}}}
|common_name = Papua New Guinea<br>{{script|Arab|ڤاڤوا نيوڬيني}}
|image_flag = Flag of Papua New Guinea.svg
|image_coat = National Emblem of Papua New Guinea.svg
|symbol_type = Lambang
|national_motto = "[[Unity in diversity]]"<br/>([[Bahasa Melayu|Melayu]]: "Perpaduan dalam kepelbagaian")<ref>{{cite web |title=Stable Government, Investment Initiatives, and Economic Growth |work=Keynote address to the 8th Papua New Guinea Mining and Petroleum Conference  |date=6 December 2004 |author=Somare, Michael |url=http://web.archive.org/web/20060628014059/http://www.pm.gov.pg/PMsOffice/PMsoffice.nsf/pages/B6475E51C894229B4A256F6900141A4B?OpenDocument|accessdate=9 August 2007}}</ref>
|national_anthem = ''[[O Arise, All You Sons]]''<br/>([[Bahasa Melayu|Melayu]]: "Bangkitlah, wahai anak-anak sekalian") &nbsp;<ref>{{cite web |title=Never more to rise |work=The National (February 6, 2006)| royal_anthem           = "[[God Save the King]]"<br /><div  
style="display:inline-block;margin-top:0.4em;">[[File:U.S. Navy Band - God Save the King.oga]]</div> |url=http://www.thenational.com.pg/020606/w5.htm |accessdate=19 January 2005}}</ref>
|image_map = Papua New Guinea (orthographic projection).svg
|languages_type = [[Bahasa rasmi]]<ref name=cia/>
|languages = {{unbulleted list |[[Bahasa Hiri Motu|Hiri Motu]] |[[Bahasa Tok Pisin|Tok Pisin]] |[[Bahasa Inggeris|Inggeris]] |[[Bahasa Indonesia|Indonesia]]}}
|demonym = Orang Papua New Guinea
|capital = [[Port Moresby]]
|latd=9 |latm=30 |latNS=S |longd=147 |longm=07 |longEW=E
|largest_city = [[Port Moresby]]
|government_type = [[Negara unitari|Unitari]] [[demokrasi berparlimen]] dibawah sistem [[raja berperlembagaan]]
|leader_title1 = [[Raja Papua New Guinea|Raja]]
|leader_name1 = [[Charles III]]
|leader_title2 = [[Governor-General of Papua New Guinea|Governor General]]
|leader_name2 = [[Bob Dadae]]
|leader_title3 = [[Perdana Menteri Papua New Guinea|Perdana Menteri]]
|leader_name3 = [[James Marape]]
|legislature = [[Parlimen Kebangsaan Papua New Guinea|Parlimen Kebangsaan]]
|area_rank = ke-56
|area_magnitude = 1_E12
|area_km2 = 462,840
|area_sq_mi = 178,703<!-- Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]] -->
|percent_water = 2
|population_estimate = 7,059,653<ref>[http://www.postcourier.com.pg/20130625/tuhome.htm Population a concern] {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.is/20130628023509/http://www.postcourier.com.pg/20130625/tuhome.htm |date=2013-06-28 }} postcourier.com.pg (25 June 2013)</ref>
|population_estimate_year = 2011 Census preliminary results
|population_estimate_rank = ke-102
|population_census = 5,190,783
|population_census_year = 2000
|population_density_km2 = 15
|population_density_sq_mi = 34.62<!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]-->
|population_density_rank = ke-201
|sovereignty_type = [[Kemerdekaan]]
|established_event1 = daripada [[Australia]]
|established_date1 = 16 September 1975
|GDP_PPP_year = 2011
|GDP_PPP = $16.863 bilion<ref name=imf2>{{cite web |url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2012/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=61&pr.y=6&sy=2009&ey=2012&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=853&s=NGDPD%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPGDP%2CPPPPC%2CLP&grp=0&a= |title=Papua New Guinea |publisher=International Monetary Fund |accessdate=20 April 2012}}</ref>
|GDP_PPP_rank =
|GDP_PPP_per_capita = $2,532<ref name=imf2/>
|GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank =
|GDP_nominal = $12.655 bilion<ref name=imf2/>
|GDP_nominal_rank =
|GDP_nominal_year = 2011
|GDP_nominal_per_capita = $1,900<ref name=imf2/>
|GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank =
|Gini_year = 1996
|Gini_change = <!--increase/derease/steady-->
|Gini = 50.9<!--number only-->
|Gini_ref =<ref name=gini>{{cite web|title=GINI index|url=http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI?page=3|publisher=World Bank|accessdate=30 July 2013}}</ref>
|Gini_rank =
|HDI_year = 2011
|HDI_change = meningkat<!--meningkat/menurun/mendatar-->
|HDI = 0.466<!--nombor sahaja-->
|HDI_ref =
|HDI_rank = ke-153
|currency = [[Kina Papua New Guinea]]
|currency_code = PGK
|time_zone = [[Australian Eastern Standard Time|AEST]]
|utc_offset = +10
|time_zone_DST = tidak diperhati
|utc_offset_DST = +10
|DST_note = (pada tahun 2005)
|drives_on = kiri
|cctld = [[.pg]]
|calling_code = [[+675]]
}}

'''Papua New Guinea''' (singkatan '''PNG'''; nama rasmi '''Negara Merdeka Papua New Guinea''' ({{lang-tpi|Independen Stet bilong Papua Niugini}}; {{lang-ho|Independen Stet bilong Papua Niu Gini}}) merupakan sebuah negara di [[Oceania]] yang terdiri daripada separuh timur pulau [[New Guinea]] dan pulau-pulau luar pesisirnya di [[Melanesia]] (wilayah barat daya [[Lautan Pasifik]] di utara Australia). Ibu kotanya ialah [[Port Moresby]] yang terletak di sepanjang pantai tenggaranya. Negara ini adalah [[Senarai negara pulau|negara pulau]] ketiga terbesar di dunia, dengan keluasan {{Convert|462840|km2|mi2|abbr=on}}.<ref name="world-atlas">{{Cite web|url=https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/which-are-the-island-countries-of-the-world.html|title=Island Countries of the World|publisher=WorldAtlas.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171207094959/http://www.worldatlas.com/articles/which-are-the-island-countries-of-the-world.html|archive-date=7 December 2017|access-date=10 August 2019}}</ref>

Di peringkat nasional, selepas diperintah oleh tiga kuasa luar sejak 1884, termasuk hampir 60 tahun pentadbiran Australia bermula semasa [[Perang Dunia Pertama|Perang Dunia I]], Papua New Guinea menubuhkan kedaulatannya pada 1975. Ia menjadi sebuah [[Alam Komanwel|wilayah Komanwel]] yang bebas pada 1975 dengan [[Elizabeth II]] sebagai [[Monarki Papua New Guinea|ratunya]]. Ia juga menjadi ahli [[Negara-Negara Komanwel|Komanwel]] dalam haknya sendiri.

Dengan 839 [[Bahasa di Papua New Guinea|bahasa yang diketahui di Papua New Guinea]], salah satu negara yang paling pelbagai dari segi bahasa di dunia.<ref name="ethnologue">[http://www.ethnologue.com/country/PG Papua New Guinea] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130703201638/http://www.ethnologue.com/country/PG|date=3 July 2013}}, Ethnologue</ref> Sehingga 2019, ia juga merupakan negara dengan bahagian luar bandar terbesar, dengan hanya 13.25% penduduknya tinggal di pusat bandar.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.URB.TOTL.IN.ZS?locations=PG|title=Urban population (% of total population) - Papua New Guinea|website=data.worldbank.org|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200720063720/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.URB.TOTL.IN.ZS?locations=PG|archive-date=20 July 2020|access-date=19 July 2020}}</ref> Kebanyakan penduduknya yang berjumlah lebih 8 juta orang tinggal dalam [[Tanah adat|masyarakat adat]].<ref name="University of Hawaii Press">{{Cite book|url=https://www.academia.edu/3230875|title=Sustainable Communities, Sustainable Development: Other Paths for Papua New Guinea|last=James|first=Paul|last2=Nadarajah|first2=Yaso|last3=Haive|first3=Karen|last4=Stead|first4=Victoria|publisher=University of Hawaii Press|year=2012|location=Honolulu, HI|author-link=Paul James (academic)|access-date=15 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210809030423/https://www.academia.edu/3230875|archive-date=9 August 2021}}</ref> Walaupun anggaran kerajaan telah meletakkan penduduk negara ini pada 9.4 juta, dilaporkan pada Disember 2022 bahawa kajian yang belum diterbitkan menunjukkan populasi sebenar adalah hampir 17 juta.<ref name="Lagan202212">{{Cite news|url=https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/papua-new-guinea-finds-real-population-is-almost-double-official-estimates-n86g6sdpm|title=Papua New Guinea finds real population is almost double official estimates|last=Lagan|first=Bernard|date=5 December 2022|access-date=2022-12-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221206142910/https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/papua-new-guinea-finds-real-population-is-almost-double-official-estimates-n86g6sdpm|archive-date=6 December 2022|work=[[The Times]]|language=en|issn=0140-0460}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.ft.com/content/5a1a8d10-d2cd-4467-b877-06146cdb48e1|title=Papua New Guinea's population size puzzles prime minister and experts|last=Fildes|first=Nic|date=5 December 2022|access-date=5 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221205095257/https://www.ft.com/content/5a1a8d10-d2cd-4467-b877-06146cdb48e1|archive-date=5 December 2022|work=Financial Times}}</ref> Negara ini dipercayai menjadi rumah bagi banyak spesies tumbuhan dan haiwan yang tidak didokumentasikan.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/science/spiders-and-frogs-identified-among-50-new-species-1654296.html|title=Spiders and frogs identified among 50 new species|last=Gelineau|first=Kristen|date=26 March 2009|access-date=26 March 2009|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220524/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/science/spiders-and-frogs-identified-among-50-new-species-1654296.html|archive-date=24 May 2022|work=[[The Independent]]}}</ref>

Negara ini diklasifikasikan sebagai [[Negara membangun|ekonomi membangun]] oleh [[Tabung Kewangan Antarabangsa]];<ref>[http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2015/02/weodata/weorept.aspx?sy=2014&ey=2014&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&pr1.x=16&pr1.y=7&c=512%2C668%2C914%2C672%2C612%2C946%2C614%2C137%2C311%2C962%2C213%2C674%2C911%2C676%2C193%2C548%2C122%2C556%2C912%2C678%2C313%2C181%2C419%2C867%2C513%2C682%2C316%2C684%2C913%2C273%2C124%2C868%2C339%2C921%2C638%2C948%2C514%2C943%2C218%2C686%2C963%2C688%2C616%2C518%2C223%2C728%2C516%2C558%2C918%2C138%2C748%2C196%2C618%2C278%2C522%2C692%2C622%2C694%2C156%2C142%2C624%2C449%2C626%2C564%2C628%2C565%2C228%2C283%2C924%2C853%2C233%2C288%2C632%2C293%2C636%2C566%2C634%2C964%2C238%2C182%2C662%2C453%2C960%2C968%2C423%2C922%2C935%2C714%2C128%2C862%2C611%2C135%2C321%2C716%2C243%2C456%2C248%2C722%2C469%2C942%2C253%2C718%2C642%2C724%2C643%2C576%2C939%2C936%2C644%2C961%2C819%2C813%2C172%2C199%2C132%2C733%2C646%2C184%2C648%2C524%2C915%2C361%2C134%2C362%2C652%2C364%2C174%2C732%2C328%2C366%2C258%2C734%2C656%2C144%2C654%2C146%2C336%2C463%2C263%2C528%2C268%2C923%2C532%2C738%2C944%2C578%2C176%2C537%2C534%2C742%2C536%2C866%2C429%2C369%2C433%2C744%2C178%2C186%2C436%2C925%2C136%2C869%2C343%2C746%2C158%2C926%2C439%2C466%2C916%2C112%2C664%2C111%2C826%2C298%2C542%2C927%2C967%2C846%2C443%2C299%2C917%2C582%2C544%2C474%2C941%2C754%2C446%2C698%2C666&s=PPPPC&grp=0&a= World Economic Outlook Database, October 2015] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101095349/http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2015/02/weodata/weorept.aspx?sy=2014&ey=2014&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&pr1.x=16&pr1.y=7&c=512%2C668%2C914%2C672%2C612%2C946%2C614%2C137%2C311%2C962%2C213%2C674%2C911%2C676%2C193%2C548%2C122%2C556%2C912%2C678%2C313%2C181%2C419%2C867%2C513%2C682%2C316%2C684%2C913%2C273%2C124%2C868%2C339%2C921%2C638%2C948%2C514%2C943%2C218%2C686%2C963%2C688%2C616%2C518%2C223%2C728%2C516%2C558%2C918%2C138%2C748%2C196%2C618%2C278%2C522%2C692%2C622%2C694%2C156%2C142%2C624%2C449%2C626%2C564%2C628%2C565%2C228%2C283%2C924%2C853%2C233%2C288%2C632%2C293%2C636%2C566%2C634%2C964%2C238%2C182%2C662%2C453%2C960%2C968%2C423%2C922%2C935%2C714%2C128%2C862%2C611%2C135%2C321%2C716%2C243%2C456%2C248%2C722%2C469%2C942%2C253%2C718%2C642%2C724%2C643%2C576%2C939%2C936%2C644%2C961%2C819%2C813%2C172%2C199%2C132%2C733%2C646%2C184%2C648%2C524%2C915%2C361%2C134%2C362%2C652%2C364%2C174%2C732%2C328%2C366%2C258%2C734%2C656%2C144%2C654%2C146%2C336%2C463%2C263%2C528%2C268%2C923%2C532%2C738%2C944%2C578%2C176%2C537%2C534%2C742%2C536%2C866%2C429%2C369%2C433%2C744%2C178%2C186%2C436%2C925%2C136%2C869%2C343%2C746%2C158%2C926%2C439%2C466%2C916%2C112%2C664%2C111%2C826%2C298%2C542%2C927%2C967%2C846%2C443%2C299%2C917%2C582%2C544%2C474%2C941%2C754%2C446%2C698%2C666&s=PPPPC&grp=0&a=|date=1 January 2016}}, [http://www.imf.org/external/ns/cs.aspx?id=28 International Monetary Fund] {{Webarchive|url=https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20060214005019/http://www.imf.org/external/ns/cs.aspx?id=28|date=14 February 2006}}. Database updated on 6 October 2015.</ref> hampir 40% penduduk ialah petani sara diri, hidup secara relatifnya bebas daripada ekonomi tunai.<ref>World Bank. 2010.</ref> Kumpulan sosial tradisional mereka diakui secara jelas oleh [[Undang-undang Papua New Guinea|Perlembagaan Papua New Guinea]], yang menyatakan hasrat agar "kampung dan komuniti tradisional kekal sebagai unit berdaya maju masyarakat Papua New Guinea,"<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.paclii.org/pg/legis/consol_act/cotisopng534/|title=Constitution of Independent State of Papua New Guinea (consol. to amendment #22)|website=Pacific Islands Legal Information Institute|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120826115612/http://www.paclii.org/pg/legis/consol_act/cotisopng534/|archive-date=26 August 2012|access-date=16 July 2005}}</ref> dan melindungi kepentingan berterusan mereka kepada kehidupan masyarakat tempatan dan nasional. Papua New Guinea telah menjadi negara pemerhati dalam [[Persatuan Negara-Negara Asia Tenggara]] (ASEAN) sejak 1976, dan telah memfailkan permohonan keahlian penuh.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bt.com.bn/news-asia/2015/08/05/papua-new-guinea-keen-join-asean|title=Papua New Guinea keen to join ASEAN|date=7 March 2016|website=The Brunei Times|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160307210721/http://www.bt.com.bn/news-asia/2015/08/05/papua-new-guinea-keen-join-asean|archive-date=7 March 2016}}</ref> Negara ini merupakan ahli penuh [[Negara-Negara Komanwel|Komanwel Negara]],<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/country_profiles/1554175.stm|title=Profile: The Commonwealth|date=1 February 2012|access-date=14 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210309175345/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/country_profiles/1554175.stm|archive-date=9 March 2021|via=news.bbc.co.uk}}</ref> [[Komuniti Pasifik]], dan [[Forum Kepulauan Pasifik]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.forumsec.org/about-us/|title=About Us – Forum Sec|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181229134224/https://www.forumsec.org/about-us/|archive-date=29 December 2018|access-date=14 November 2018}}</ref>

== Sejarah ==
{{Utama|Sejarah Papua New Guinea}}

Manusia yang menetap di Papua New Guinea dianggarkan wujud sejak 50,000 tahun yang lalu. Penduduk kuno ini mungkin berasal dari [[Asia Tenggara]], sementara mereka yang berasal dari [[Afrika]] telah tiba sejak 50,000 sehingga 70,000 tahun yang lalu. Pulau Papua merupakan salah satu benua pertama setelah Afrika dan Eurasia yang dihuni oleh manusia moden, dengan penghijrahan pertama pada waktu lebih kurang sama dengan yang di Australia. Pertanian dikembangkan secara mandiri di dataran tinggi Pulau Papua sekitar 7,000 SM, membuatnya menjadi salah satu dari sedikit daerah domestik tanaman asli di dunia. Migrasi utama penutur [[bahasa Austronesia]] datang ke daerah pantai sekitar 2,500 tahun yang lalu, dan ini terkait dengan pembawaan [[tembikar]], [[babi]], dan teknik-teknik memancing tertentu. Pada abad ke-18, peniaga membawa [[Keledek|ubi keledek]] ke New Guinea, di mana ia diterima pakai dan menjadi [[makanan ruji]]. [[Penemuan Portugis|Pedagang Portugis]] telah memperolehnya dari Amerika Selatan dan memperkenalkannya ke [[Kepulauan Maluku|Maluku]].<ref>[[Papua New Guinea#Swadling|Swadling]], p. 282</ref> Hasil tanaman yang jauh lebih tinggi daripada ubi keledek telah mengubah secara radikal pertanian dan masyarakat tradisional. Ubi keledek sebahagian besarnya menggantikan ruji sebelumnya, [[Keladi Cina|keladi]], dan mengakibatkan peningkatan ketara dalam populasi di tanah tinggi.

Walaupun pada penghujung abad ke-20, [[pemburuan kepala]] dan [[kanibalisme]] secara praktikal telah dihapuskan, pada masa lalu, ia diamalkan di banyak bahagian negara sebagai sebahagian daripada ritual berkaitan [[Peperangan ritual|peperangan]] dan mengambil roh atau kuasa musuh.<ref>Knauft, Bruce M. (1999) ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=YM18gG16Z7YC&pg=PA103 From Primitive to Postcolonial in Melanesia and Anthropology] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230407104415/https://books.google.com/books?id=YM18gG16Z7YC&pg=PA103|date=7 April 2023}}''.</ref><ref>"[http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2003/04/0410_030410_cannibal.html Cannibalism Normal For Early Humans?]</ref> Pada tahun 1901, di [[Pulau Goaribari]] di [[Teluk Papua]], mubaligh [[Harry Moore Dauncey|Harry Dauncey]] menemui 10,000 tengkorak di rumah panjang pulau itu, demonstrasi amalan masa lalu.<ref>Goldman, Laurence (1999).</ref> Menurut Marianna Torgovnick, menulis pada tahun 1991, "kejadian kanibalisme yang paling didokumentasikan sepenuhnya sebagai sebuah institusi sosial berasal dari New Guinea, di mana perburuan kepala dan kanibalisme ritual bertahan, di kawasan terpencil tertentu, hingga ke tahun lima puluhan, enam puluhan dan tujuh puluhan, dan masih meninggalkan kesan dalam kumpulan sosial tertentu."<ref>Torgovnick, Marianna (1991).</ref>

=== Perhubungan Barat dan penjajahan ===
Sedikit yang diketahui di Eropah tentang pulau itu sehingga abad ke-19, walaupun penjelajah Portugis dan Sepanyol, seperti Dom [[Jorge de Menezes]] dan [[Yñigo Ortiz de Retez]] telah menemuinya seawal abad ke-16. Pedagang dari Asia Tenggara telah melawat New Guinea bermula 5,000 tahun yang lalu untuk mengumpul bulu [[Cenderawasih|burung cenderawasih]].<ref>[[Papua New Guinea#Swadling|Swadling]]: "Such trade links and the nominal claim of the Sultan of Ceram over New Guinea constituted the legal basis for the Netherlands' claim over West New Guinea and ultimately that of Indonesia over what is new West Papua."</ref>

Nama duaan negara terhasil daripada sejarah pentadbirannya yang kompleks sebelum merdeka. Pada abad ke-19, [[Empayar Jerman|Jerman]] memerintah bahagian utara negara itu selama beberapa dekad, bermula pada tahun 1884, sebagai tanah jajahan bernama [[New Guinea Jerman]]. Pada 1914, selepas meletusnya [[Perang Dunia Pertama|Perang Dunia&nbsp;Pertama]], tentera Australia [[Pendudukan Australia di New Guinea Jerman|menawan New Guinea]] dan mendudukinya sepanjang perang. Selepas perang, di mana Jerman dan [[Kuasa Tengah]] ditewaskan, [[Liga Bangsa|Liga Bangsa-Bangsa]] memberi kuasa kepada Australia untuk mentadbir kawasan ini sebagai wilayah [[Mandat Liga Bangsa|mandat Liga Bangsa-Bangsa]] yang menjadi [[Wilayah New Guinea]].

Juga pada tahun 1884, bahagian selatan negara itu menjadi [[Negeri naungan|negeri naungan British]]. Pada tahun 1888, ia telah diilhakkan bersama dengan beberapa pulau bersebelahan oleh [[United Kingdom|Britain]] sebagai New Guinea British. Pada 1902, Papua secara efektif dipindahkan ke kuasa [[Dominion|pemerintahan]] British yang baru di [[Australia]]. Dengan kelulusan Akta Papua 1905, kawasan itu secara rasmi dinamakan semula sebagai Wilayah Papua, dan pentadbiran Australia menjadi rasmi pada 1906. Berbeza dengan penubuhan mandat Australia di New Guinea Jerman, Liga Bangsa-Bangsa menentukan bahawa Papua adalah wilayah luar Komanwel Australia; mengikut undang-undang, ia kekal sebagai milik British. Perbezaan dalam status undang-undang bermakna sehingga 1949, Papua dan New Guinea mempunyai pentadbiran yang berasingan sepenuhnya, tetapi kedua-duanya dikawal oleh Australia. Keadaan ini menyumbang kepada kerumitan penyusunan sistem perundangan negara selepas merdeka.

Semasa [[Perang Dunia Kedua|Perang Dunia II]], [[kempen New Guinea]] (1942–1945) merupakan salah satu kempen ketenteraan dan konflik utama antara Jepun dan [[pihak Berikat]]. Kira-kira 216,000 askar Jepun, Australia, dan AS meninggal dunia.<ref>Fenton, Damien. {{Cite web|url=http://ajrp.awm.gov.au/ajrp/remember.nsf/pages/NT000027A2|title=How many died? (QnA)|url-status=bot: unknown|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090705115116/http://ajrp.awm.gov.au/ajrp/remember.nsf/pages/NT000027A2|archive-date=5 July 2009|access-date=9 August 2012}}</ref> Selepas Perang Dunia II dan kemenangan pihak Berikat, kedua-dua wilayah itu digabungkan menjadi [[Wilayah Papua dan New Guinea]]. Ini kemudiannya dirujuk sebagai "Papua New Guinea".

Orang asli Papua merayu kepada Pertubuhan Bangsa-Bangsa Bersatu (PBB) untuk menuntut pengawasan dan kemerdekaan. Negara ini telah mencapai kemerdekaan daripada Australia pada 16 September 1975, menjadi [[Alam Komanwel|sebahagian Alam Komanwel]], dan terus berkongsi [[Pemerintahan beraja United Kingdom|raja British]] sebagai ketua negaranya. Ia mengekalkan hubungan rapat dengan Australia yang terus menjadi penderma bantuan terbesarnya. Papua New Guinea telah diterima menjadi ahli PBB pada 10 Oktober 1975.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.un.org/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol=A%2FRES%2F3368%28XXX%29|title=United Nations Official Document|website=www.un.org|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305095455/http://www.un.org/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol=A%2FRES%2F3368%28XXX%29|archive-date=5 March 2016|access-date=29 June 2017}}</ref>

=== Pascakemerdekaan ===
Satu konflik utama Papua New Guinea pascamerdeka ialah pertelingkahan dengan kawasan Bougainville. Orang asli merasakan mereka menanggung kesan buruk alam sekitar dari perlombongan, yang mencemarkan tanah, air dan udara tanpa mendapat bahagian keuntungan yang saksama.<ref>"[http://www.radioaustralia.net.au/international/radio/onairhighlights/428966 New report doubles death toll on Bougainville to 20,000] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150621042808/http://www.radioaustralia.net.au/international/radio/onairhighlights/428966|date=21 June 2015}}."</ref> Pemberontakan pemisah pada 1975–76 di [[Pulau Bougainville]] mengakibatkan pengubahsuaian draf [[Undang-undang Papua New Guinea|Perlembagaan Papua New Guinea]] selama 11 jam untuk membolehkan Bougainville dan 18 daerah lain mempunyai status separa persekutuan sebagai wilayah. [[Perang Saudara Bougainville|Pemberontakan di Bougainville]] berulang bermula pada 1988, dan meragut 20,000 nyawa sehingga tamat pada 1997.

Kerajaan dan pemberontak merundingkan perjanjian damai yang menubuhkan Daerah dan Wilayah Autonomi Bougainville. Bougainville yang berautonomi memilih [[Joseph Kabui]] sebagai presiden pada 2005, yang berkhidmat sehingga kematiannya pada 2008. Beliau digantikan oleh timbalannya [[John Tabinaman]] sebagai pemangku presiden manakala pemilihan untuk mengisi penggal yang belum tamat telah dianjurkan. [[James Tanis]] memenangi pilihan raya itu pada Disember 2008 dan berkhidmat sehingga perasmian John Momis, pemenang pilihan raya 2010. Sebagai sebahagian daripada penyelesaian damai semasa, [[Referendum kemerdekaan Bougainville 2019|referendum kemerdekaan]] tidak terikat telah diadakan, antara 23 November dan 7 Disember 2019. Soalan referendum ialah pilihan antara autonomi yang lebih besar dalam Papua New Guinea dan kemerdekaan penuh untuk Bougainville, dan rata-rata semua pengundi (98.31%) memilih kemerdekaan.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/dec/11/bougainville-referendum-region-votes-overwhelmingly-for-independence-from-papua-new-guinea|title=Bougainville referendum: region votes overwhelmingly for independence from Papua New Guinea|last=Lyons|first=Kate|date=11 December 2019|access-date=12 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191211163246/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/dec/11/bougainville-referendum-region-votes-overwhelmingly-for-independence-from-papua-new-guinea|archive-date=11 December 2019|work=The Guardian|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077}}</ref> Rundingan antara kerajaan Bougainville dan kerajaan Papua New Guinea mengenai laluan menuju kemerdekaan bermula selepas referendum, dan masih berkembang hingga kini.

Rusuhan anti-Cina melibatkan puluhan ribu orang tercetus pada Mei 2009. Punca awal ialah pergaduhan antara pekerja [[Orang Cina seberang laut|etnik Cina]] dan orang asli di sebuah kilang [[nikel]] yang sedang dalam pembinaan oleh sebuah syarikat China. Kebencian orang asli terhadap pemilikan Cina ke atas banyak perniagaan kecil dan monopoli komersial mereka di pulau-pulau menyebabkan rusuhan ini.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Callick|first=Rowan|date=23 May 2009|title=Looters shot dead amid chaos of Papua New Guinea's anti-Chinese riots|url=http://www.theaustralian.com.au/archive/news/looters-shot-dead-amid-chaos-of-papua-new-guineas-anti-chinese-riots/story-e6frg6no-1225715006615|journal=The Australian|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140826172732/http://www.theaustralian.com.au/archive/news/looters-shot-dead-amid-chaos-of-papua-new-guineas-anti-chinese-riots/story-e6frg6no-1225715006615|archive-date=26 August 2014|access-date=30 June 2014}}</ref><ref>"[http://www.economist.com/node/14207132 Overseas and under siege"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180825223045/http://www.economist.com/node/14207132|date=25 August 2018}}, ''The Economist'', 11 August 2009</ref>

== Geografi ==	
{{Utama|Geografi di Papua New Guinea}}

Negara ini, dengan keluasan 462,840 km² (178,704 batu²),  ialah negara ke-54 terluas di dunia. Papua New Guinea sebahagian besar bergunung-ganang (puncak tertingginya adalah Gunung Wilhelm setinggi 4,509 meter; 14,793 kaki dan sebahagian besarnya ditutupi hutan hujan tropika, seperti juga kawasan tanah lembap yang sangat luas di sekitaran sungai Sepik dan Fly. Papua New Guinea dikelilingi oleh terumbu karang yang turut memeliharanya.

Negara ini terletak di [[lingkaran api Pasifik]], pada titik tumbukan beberapa plat tektonik. Terdapat sejumlah gunung berapi yang aktif, dan letupan gunung itu sangatlah sering. Gempa bumi cukup lazim berlaku, kadang-kadang disertai tsunami.

Daratan utama negara ini adalah dataran timur Pulau Papua, tempat terletaknya bandar-bandar utama negara, termasuk di antaranya ibu kota Port Moresby dan Lae; pulau-pulau utama yang lain ialah New Ireland, New United, Manus, dan Bougainville.

Papua New Guinea adalah salah satu dari sedikit kawasan yang berhampiran dengan khatulistiwa yang mengalami hujan salji, yang hadir di titik-titik yang tertinggi di daratan utamanya.

== Politik ==
Papua New Guinea merupakan anggota [[Negara-Negara Komanwel]], dan [[Charles III|Raja Charles III]] merupakan ketua negaranya. Sudah diharapkan oleh konvensi perlembagaan, yang menyiapkan rancangan perlembagaan, dan oleh [[Australia]], bahawa Papua New Guinea akan memilih untuk tidak mempertahankan hubungan dengan monarki [[Inggeris]]. Bagaimanapun, para pendirinya menganggap bahawa kaum terhormat kerajaan menganggap bahawa negara yang baru merdeka tidak akan mampu berbincang dengan murni melalui sistem kerajaan pribumi - sehingga sistem monarki Inggeris dipertahankan.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bradford |first=Sarah |title=Elizabeth: A Biography of Britain's Queen |year=1997 |publisher=Riverhead Books |isbn=1-57322-600-9}}</ref> Raja diwakili oleh [[Gabenor Jeneral Papua New Guinea]], saat ini [[Michael Ogio]]. Papua New Guinea dan [[Kepulauan Solomon]] adalah dua entiti negara yang tidak biasa di antara Negara-Negara Komanwel, yakni bahwa Gabenor Jeneral secara efektif dipilih oleh badan perundangan dan bukan oleh cabang eksekutif, seperti di beberapa negara demokrasi berparlimen.

== Undang-undang ==
Parlimen berbilik tunggal menjalankan legislasi menurut cara yang sama seperti di dalam ranah hukum lainnya, iaitu dengan memiliki "kabinet," "pemerintah yang bertanggung jawab," atau "demokrasi berparlimen": sistem ini diajukan oleh pemerintah eksekutif kepada legislatif, diperdebatkan, dan bila lulus, akan menjadi undang-undang ketika rancangan itu menerima persetujuan kerajaan melalui Gabenor Jeneral. Sebahagian peraturan legislasi sebenarnya diterapkan oleh birokrasi di bawah legislasi sebelumnya yang sudah diluluskan dan dibenarkan oleh Parlimen.
<!--
All ordinary statutes enacted by Parliament must be consistent with the Constitution. The courts have jurisdiction to rule on the constitutionality of statutes, both in disputes before them and on a reference where there is no dispute but only an abstract question of law. Unusual among developing countries, the judicial branch of government in Papua New Guinea has remained remarkably independent, and successive executive governments have continued to respect its authority.

The "underlying law" — that is, the common law of Papua New Guinea — consists of Australian [[common law]] as it stood on September 16, 1975 (the date of Independence), and thereafter the decisions of PNG’s own courts. The courts are directed by the Constitution and, latterly, the ''Underlying Law Act'', to take note of the "custom" of traditional communities, with a view to determining which customs are common to the whole country and may be declared also to be part of the underlying law. In practice, this has proved extremely difficult and has been largely neglected. Statutes are largely adapted from overseas jurisdictions, primarily Australia and England. Advocacy in the courts follows the adversarial pattern of other common law countries.

== Pembahagian pentadbiran ==
[[Fail:Papua new guinea provinces (numbers).png|300px|left|Peta Papua New Guinea]]
{{utama|Daftar Region di Papua New Guinea|Daftar Provinsi di Papua New Guinea|Daftar Distrik dan Pemerintah Lokal di Papua New Guinea}}
Papua New Guinea dibagi menjadi empat [[Daftar Region di Papua New Guinea|region]], yang bukan merupakan pembagian administratif primer melainkan cukup signifikan di dalam banyak sendi pemerintah, perdagangan, olah raga, dan kegiatan lainnya.

Negara ini memiliki 20 pembagian wilayah yang setara provinsi: 18 [[Daftar Provinsi di Papua New Guinea|provinsi]], Daerah Otonom [[Provinsi Bougainville|Bougainville]] dan [[Port Moresby|Distrik Ibu Kota Nasional]]. Tiap-tiap provinsi dibagi menjadi satu [[Daftar Distrik dan Pemerintah Lokal di Papua New Guinea|distrik]] atau lebih, yang kemudian dibagi lagi menjadi satu [[Daftar Distrik dan Pemerintah Lokal di Papua New Guinea|pemerintah lokal]] atau lebih.

Provinsi<ref>Konstitusi Papua Nugii mendaftarkan 19 provinsi pada saat kemerdekaannya. Beberapa provinsi mengubah namanya; perubahan itu kurang terkesan formal dan tanpa perubahan konstitusi, meskipun "Oro," misalnya, digunakan secara umum untuk merujuk provinsi itu.</ref> adalah pembagian administratif primer di Papua New Guinea. Pemerintah provinsi adalah cabang pemerintah nasional — Papua New Guinea bukanlah [[federasi]] provinsi. Wilayah-wilayah yang setara provinsi itu adalah:

{{Col-css3-begin|2}}
# [[Daerah Otonom Bougainville]]
# [[Port Moresby|Port Moresby (Distrik Ibu Kota Nasional)]]
# [[Provinsi Barat|Provinsi Barat (Fly)]]
# [[Provinsi Britania Baru Barat]]
# [[Provinsi Britania Baru Timur]]
# [[Chimbu|Provinsi Chimbu (Simbu)]]
# [[Provinsi Dataran Tinggi Barat]]
# [[Provinsi Dataran Tinggi Selatan]]
# [[Provinsi Dataran Tinggi Timur]]
# [[Provinsi Enga]]
# [[Provinsi Irlandia Baru]]
# [[Provinsi Madang]]
# [[Provinsi Manus]]
# [[Provinsi Morobe]]
# [[Provinsi Oro|Provinsi Oro (Utara)]]
# [[Sandaun|Provinsi Sepik Barat (Sandaun)]]
# [[Provinsi Sepik Timur]]
# [[Provinsi Teluk]]
# [[Provinsi Teluk Milne]]
# [[Provinsi Tengah (Papua New Guinea)|Provinsi Tengah]]
{{Col-css3-end}}

== Ekologi ==
Papua New Guinea adalah bagian dari Zona Ekologi [[Australasia]], yang juga meliputi [[Australia]], [[Selandia Baru]], timur [[Indonesia]], dan beberapa kelompok kepulauan di [[Samudera Pasifik|Pasifik]], termasuk [[Kepulauan Solomon]] dand [[Vanuatu]].

Secara [[geologi]], Pulau Papua adalah perluasan utara dari [[Lempeng Indo-Australia]], membentuk bagian massa daratan tunggal '''Australia-Papua''' (juga disebut ''Sahul'' atau ''Meganesia''). Pulau Papua terhubung dengan ruas Australia oleh sebuah paparan benua yang dangkal melintasi [[Selat Torres]], yang pada zaman lampau merupakan sebuah [[land bridge]] — khususnya pada [[Zaman es]] ketika [[permukaan laut]] lebih rendah daripada zaman sekarang.

[[Fail:PNG-climate.png|thumb|left|270px|[[Hutan]] hijau Papua New Guinea berhadapan dengan pemandangan yang kontras yaitu gurun pasir di [[Australia]]]]
Akibatnya, banyak spesies [[burung]] dan [[mamalia]] yang ditemukan di Pulau Papua memiliki pranala genetik yang dekat dengan spesies yang berpadanan di Australia. Satu fitur yang berharga bagi kedua-dua daratan ini adalah kehadiran beberapa spesies mamalia [[marsupial]], termasuk beberapa [[kangguru]] dan [[possum]], yang tidak ada di tempat lain.-->

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Many of the other islands within PNG territory, including New Britain, New Ireland, Bougainville, the [[Admiralty Islands]], the [[Trobriand Islands]], and the [[Louisiade Archipelago]], were never linked to New Guinea by land bridges, and they lack many of the land mammals and flightless birds that are common to New Guinea and Australia.

Australia and New Guinea are portions of the ancient supercontinent of [[Gondwana]], which started to break into smaller continents in the [[Cretaceous]] era, 65-130&nbsp;million years ago. Australia finally broke free from [[Antarctica]] about 45&nbsp;million years ago. All the Australasian lands are home to the [[Antarctic flora]], descended from the flora of southern Gondwana, including the [[conifer]]ous [[podocarpaceae|podocarps]] and ''[[Araucaria]]'' pines, and the broadleafed [[southern beech]] (''Nothofagus''). These plant families are still present in Papua New Guinea.

As the Indo-Australian Plate (which includes landmasses of India, Australia, and the [[Indian Ocean]] floor in between) drifts north, it collides with the [[Eurasian Plate]], and the collision of the two plates pushed up the [[Himalayas]], the Indonesian islands, and New Guinea's Central Range. The Central Range is much younger and higher than the mountains of Australia, so high that it is home to rare equatorial [[glacier]]s. New Guinea is part of the humid tropics, and many [[Indomalaya]]n rainforest plants spread across the narrow straits from Asia, mixing together with the old Australian and Antarctic floras.

[[Fail:Tarvurvur.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Mount Tavurvur in Papua New Guinea.]]

PNG includes a number of [[terrestrial ecoregions]]:
*[[Admiralty Islands]] lowland rain forests
*Central Range montane rain forests
*Huon Peninsula montane rain forests
*[[Louisiade Archipelago]] rain forests
*New Britain-New Ireland lowland rain forests
*New Britain-New Ireland montane rain forests
*[[New Guinea mangroves]]
*[[Northern New Guinea lowland rain and freshwater swamp forests]]
*Northern New Guinea montane rain forests
*[[Solomon Islands rain forests]] (includes [[Bougainville Island|Bougainville]] and Buka)
*Southeastern Papuan rain forests
*Southern New Guinea freshwater swamp forests
*Southern New Guinea lowland rain forests
*[[Trobriand Islands]] rain forests
*Trans Fly savanna and grasslands
*Central Range sub-alpine grasslands

== Ekonomi ==
{{Utama|Ekonomi Papua New Guinea}}
[[Fail:Port Moresby Town.JPG|thumb|Port Moresby]]
Papua New Guinea kaya akan sumber daya alam, tetapi eksploitasinya terkendala oleh rupa buminya yang rumit, tingginya biaya pembangunan infrastruktur, persoalan perundang-undangan yang serius, dan sistem status pertanahan yang membuat upaya pengenalan pemilik tanah untuk tujuan negosiasi perjanjian terhadapnya tetap saja menyisakan masalah. Pertanian memberikan penghidupan yang penting bagi 85% penduduk. Cadangan [[mineral]], meliputi [[minyak bumi]], [[tembaga]], dan [[emas]], menyumbangkan 72% perolehan ekspor. Negara ini juga memiliki industri [[kopi]] yang cukup bernilai. Mantan Perdana Menteri Sir [[Mekere Morauta]] berupaya untuk meletakkan kembali kesatuan perlembagaan negara, memantapkan mata uang kina, meletakkan kembali kemantapan anggaran nasional, memprivatisasi perusahaan-perusahaan umum yang dirasa cocok, dan memastikan kelestarian perdamaian Bougainville setelah tercapainya perjanjian 1997 yang mengakhiri ketegangan kaum separatis Bougainville. Pemerintah Morauta mencapai kejayaan ketika menarik dukungan internasional, khususnya mendapat dukungan dari [[International Monetary Fund|IMF]] dan [[World Bank|Bank Dunia]] demi mengamankan pinjaman bantuan pembangunan. Tantangan yang cukup hebat dihadapi oleh Perdana Menteri Sir [[Michael Somare]], termasuk upaya memperkuat kepercayaan penanam modal, melanjutkan upaya privatisasi aset-aset pemerintah, dan memelihara dukungan dari anggota Parlemen.

In March 2006 the United Nations Committee for Development Policy called for Papua New Guinea's designation of developing country to be downgraded to least-developed country because of protracted economic and social stagnation.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.un.org/esa/policy/devplan/cdppublications/2006cdpreport_3.pdf|page=29|format=PDF|title=Overcoming economic vulnerability and creating employment|chapter=Review of the status of least-developed countries|publisher=Committee for Development Policy|date=20-24 March 2006|accessdate=2008-12-24}}</ref> However, an evaluation by the [[International Monetary Fund]] in late 2008 found that "a combination of prudent fiscal and monetary policies, and high global prices for mineral commodity exports, have underpinned Papua New Guinea's recent buoyant economic growth and macroeconomic stability. Real GDP growth, at over 6% in 2007, was broad-based and is expected to continue to be strong in 2008."<ref> http://www.imf.org/external/np/sec/pr/2008/pr08107.htm "Statement of an IMF Mission at the Conclusion of the Staff Visit to Papua New Guinea"</ref>

=== Pertanahan ===
Hanya kira-kira 3% tanah Papua New Guinea dimiliki oleh perseorangan; itupun merupakan pinjaman dari negara untuk masa pakai 99 tahun, selebihnya adalah milik negara. Secara virtual, tidak ada sebutan untuk penguasaan/pemilikan yang bebas; kepemilikan yang hanya sedikit itu secara otomatis dialihkan statusnya menjadi Pinjaman Negara ketika mereka dipindahtangankan dari pemasok ke pembeli. Tanah yang tidak dijual ke pihak asing dimiliki oleh pemilik tanah ulayat di bawah sebutan adat. Sifat yang persis dari [[seisin]] berupa-rupa dari satu budaya ke budaya lainnya. Banyak penulis yang menggambarkan tanah sebagai sesuatu yang berada dalam kepemilikan komunitas dari marga-marga tradisional; tetapi, pengkajian yang lebih saksama biasanya menunjukkan bahwa bagian terkecil dari kepemilikan tanah yang tidak dapat dibagi-bagi lagi itu dikuasai oleh kepala/tetua keluarga besar peseorangan dan anak-cucunya, atau keturunan mereka jika mereka baru saja meninggal dunia. Inilah kepentingan yang mendesak karena masalah pembangunan ekonomi mempertimbangkan keanggotaan kelompok pemilik tanah ulayat dan para pewarisnya. Sengketa antarperusahaan pertambangan dan kehutanan dengan kelompok pemilik tanah seringkali terpicu pada hal-hal apakah perusahaan-perusahaan itu memasuki hubungan ikatan kontrak atas penggunaan tanah dengan pemilik sejatinya. Hak milik perseorangan — biasanya tanah — tidak dapat ditentukan atas dasar kehendak; ia hanya dapat diwariskan menurut adat masyarakat secara turun-temurun.

== Demografi ==
[[Fail:Huli wigman.jpg|thumb|right|200px|[[Huli people|Huli]] Wigman from the [[Southern Highlands, Papua New Guinea|Southern Highlands]]]]
{{Utama|Demografi Papua New Guinea}}

Papua New Guinea is one of the most [[heterogeneous]] nations in the world. There are hundreds of ethnic groups indigenous to Papua New Guinea, the majority being from the group known as [[Papuans]], whose ancestors arrived in the New Guinea region tens of thousands of years ago. Many remote Papuan tribes still have only marginal contact with the outside world. The others are [[Austronesian people|Austronesians]], their ancestors having arrived in the region less than four thousand years ago. There are also numerous people from other parts of the world now resident, including [[Chinese people in Papua New Guinea|Chinese]],<ref>"[http://www.news.com.au/story/0,27574,25488721-401,00.html Chinese targeted in PNG riots - report]". News.com.au. May 15, 2009.</ref> Europeans, Australians, Filipinos, Polynesians and Micronesians. At the brink of Papuan independence in 1975, there were 40,000 expatriates (mostly Australian and Chinese) in Papua New Guinea.<ref>"[http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/442191/Papua-New-Guinea Papua New Guinea]". ''Encyclopædia Britannica'' Online.</ref>

Papua New Guinea has more languages than any other country, with over 820 indigenous languages, representing twelve percent of the world's total. Indigenous languages are classified into two large groups: [[Austronesian languages]] and non-Austronesian (or [[Papuan languages]]). There are three official languages for Papua New Guinea. [[English language|English]] is an official language and is the language of government and the education system, but it is not widely spoken. The primary [[lingua franca]] of the country is [[Tok Pisin]] (commonly known in English as New Guinea Pidgin or Melanesian Pidgin), in which much of the debate in Parliament is conducted, many information campaigns and advertisements are presented, and until recently a national newspaper, ''Wantok'', was published. The only area where Tok Pisin is not prevalent is the southern region of [[Papua region|Papua]], where people often use the third official language, [[Hiri Motu]]. Although it lies in the Papua region, Port Moresby has a highly diverse population which primarily uses Tok Pisin, and to a lesser extent English, with Motu spoken as the indigenous language in outlying villages. With an average of only 7,000 speakers per language, Papua New Guinea has a greater density of languages than any other nation on earth except [[Vanuatu]].

=== Kesehatan ===
Public expenditure was at 3 % of the GDP in 2004, whereas private expenditure was at 0.6 % of the GDP.<ref>http://hdrstats.undp.org/en/countries/data_sheets/cty_ds_PNG.html</ref>
PNG has the [[HIV/AIDS in Papua New Guinea|highest incidence of HIV and AIDS]] in the Pacific region and is the fourth country in the Asia Pacific region to fit the criteria for a generalised HIV/AIDS epidemic.<ref>{{cite web | title=HIV/AIDS in Papua New Guinea | work= Australia's Aid Program (AusAID) | url=http://www.ausaid.gov.au/country/png/hivaids.cfm | accessdate= 2005-12-16}}</ref> Lack of HIV/AIDS awareness is a major problem, especially in rural areas. There were 5 physicians per 100,000 people in the early 2000s.<ref>http://hdrstats.undp.org/en/countries/data_sheets/cty_ds_PNG.html</ref>

== Agama ==
{{Utama|Agama di Papua New Guinea}}
The courts and government practice uphold the constitutional right to freedom of speech, thought, and belief, and no legislation to curb those rights has been adopted, though Sir Arnold Amet, previous Chief Justice of Papua New Guinea and an outspoken proponent of [[Pentecostalism|Pentecostal Christianity]], frequently urged legislative and other curbs on the activities of [[Islam in Papua New Guinea|Muslims]] in the country.

The 2000 census showed 96% of citizens were members of a Christian church; however, many citizens combine their Christian faith with some pre-Christian traditional indigenous practices. The census percentages were as follows:
* [[Roman Catholic Church]] (27.0%)
* [[Evangelical Lutheran Church of Papua New Guinea]] (19.5%)
* [[United Church in Papua New Guinea and the Solomon Islands|United Church]] (11.5%)
* [[Seventh-day Adventist Church]] (10.0%)
* [[Pentecostalism|Pentecostal]] (8.6%)
* [[evangelicalism|Evangelical]] Alliance (5.2%)
* [[Anglican Church of Papua New Guinea]] (3.2%)
* [[Members Church of God International]] (2.0%)
* [[Baptist]] (0.5%)
* [[Churches of Christ|Church of Christ]] (0.4%)
* [[Jehovah's Witnesses]] (0.3%)
* [[Salvation Army]] (0.2%)
* Other Christian (8.0%)

Minority religions include the [[Bahá'í Faith]] (15,000 or 0.3%), while [[Islam in Papua New Guinea]] accounts for approximately 1,000 to 2,000 or about 0.04%, (largely foreign residents of African and Southeast Asian origin but with some Papua New Guinean converts in the towns). Non-traditional Christian churches and non-Christian religious groups are active throughout the country. The [[Papua New Guinea Council of Churches]] has stated that both Muslim and Confucian missionaries are active, and foreign missionary activity in general is high.

Traditional religions, such as that of the [[Korowai]], were often [[animist]]. Some also tended to have elements of [[ancestor worship]], though generalisation is suspect given the extreme heterogeneity of Melanesian societies. Prevalent among traditional tribes is the belief in ''masalai'', or evil spirits, which are blamed for "poisoning" people, causing calamity and death, and the practice of [[Puri Puri]] in the highlands.<ref name=FourCorners_Amazon_entry> {{cite web|url=http://www.amazon.com/Four-Corners-Journey-Heart-Guinea/dp/0792274172/ref=pd_bxgy_b_img_b |title=Amazon.com listing for the "Four Corners: A Journey into the Heart of Papua New Guinea" }}</ref><ref name=FourCornersWeb>{{cite web |url=http://www.kirasalak.com/FourCorners.html |title=Nonfiction book "Four Corners: A Journey into the Heart of Papua New Guinea" |last=Salak |first=Kira }}</ref>

== Budaya ==
{{Utama|Kebudayaan Papua New Guinea|Muzik Papua New Guinea}}
[[Fail:Papua New Guinean.JPG|thumb|left|250px|Resident of Bago-bago, an island in the southeast of Papua New Guinea]]
[[Fail:Abelam wooden ancestor figure 2 CAC.JPG|thumb|right|150px|20th century wooden [[Abelam]] ancestor figure (nggwalndu).]]

It is estimated that more than a thousand different cultural groups exist in Papua New Guinea. Because of this diversity, many different styles of cultural expression have emerged; each group has created its own expressive forms in [[art]], [[dance]], [[weapon]]ry, [[costume]]s, [[singing]], [[music]], [[architecture]] and much more.
Most of these different cultural groups have their own language. People typically live in [[village]]s that rely on subsistence farming. In some areas people hunt and collect wild plants (such as [[Yam (vegetable)|yam roots]]) to supplement their diets. Those who become skilled at hunting, farming and fishing earn a great deal of respect.

On the [[Sepik]] river, there is a tradition of [[wood carving]], often in the form of plants or animals, representing [[ancestor]] spirits.

[[Sea shell]]s are no longer the [[currency]] of Papua New Guinea, as they were in some regions — sea shells were abolished as currency in 1933. However, this [[Tradition|heritage]] is still present in local customs; in some cultures, to get a bride, a groom must bring a certain number of golden-edged clam shells<ref>{{cite web |title=Papua New Guinea — culture |work=Datec Pty Ltd |url=http://web.archive.org/web/19990210114159/www.datec.com.au/png/culture.htm |accessdate=2005-12-16}}</ref> as a [[bride price]]. In other regions, bride price is paid in lengths of [[shell money]], [[pigs]], [[cassowaries]] or [[cash]]; elsewhere, bride price is unknown, and it is brides who must pay [[dowry]].

People of the highlands engage in colourful local rituals that are called "sing sings". They paint themselves and dress up with [[feather]]s, [[pearl]]s and animal skins to represent birds, trees or mountain spirits. Sometimes an important event, such as a legendary [[battle]], is enacted at such a musical festival.

== Pendidikan ==
Papua New Guinea has six universities apart from other major tertiary institutions. The two founding universities are the [[University of Papua New Guinea]] based in the [[National Capital District]]<ref>[http://www.upng.ac.pg/index.html University of Papua New Guinea]</ref>, and the [[Papua New Guinea University of Technology]] based outside of [[Lae]], in [[Morobe]] Province.

The four other universities which were once colleges, were established recently after gaining government recognition. These are the University of Goroka in the Eastern Highlands province, Divine Word University (run by the Catholic Church) in Madang province, Vudal Agriculture University in East New Britain province and Pacific Adventist University (run by the Seventh Day Adventist Church) in the National Capital District.

== Sukan ==
{{Utama|Sukan di Papua New Guinea}}

Sport is an important part of Papua New Guinean culture and [[rugby league]] is by far the most popular sport.<ref>{{cite web
  | last = Hadfield
  | first = Dave
  | authorlink = 
  | coauthors = 
  | title = Island gods high in a dream world
  | work = [[The Independent]]
  | publisher = independent.co.uk
  | date = 1995-10-08
  | url = http://www.independent.co.uk/sport/island-gods-high-in-a-dream-world-1576603.html
  | format = 
  | doi = 
  | accessdate = 2009-10-06}}</ref> In a nation where communities are far apart and many people live at a minimal subsistence level, rugby league has been described as a replacement for tribal warfare as a way of explaining the local enthusiasm for the game (a matter of life and death). Many Papua New Guineans have become instant celebrities by representing their country or playing in an overseas professional league. Even Australian rugby league players who have played in the annual (Australian) [[Rugby League State of Origin|State of Origin]] clash, which is celebrated feverishly every year in PNG, are among the most well known people throughout the nation. State of Origin is a highlight of the year for most Papua New Guineans, although the support is so passionate that many people have died over the years in violent clashes supporting their team.<ref>http://www.brisbanetimes.com.au/world/three-dead-in-png-after-state-of-origin-violence-20090626-cywd.html</ref> The [[Papua New Guinea national rugby league team]] usually plays against the [[Australian national rugby league team]] each year in Port Moresby. The limited capacity of the stadium for this fixture often sparks riots; spectators clashed with riot police during the game in 2006. Over 50% of the male population under age 20 play rugby league.

Other major sports which have a part in the Papua New Guinea sporting landscape are [[football (soccer)|football]], [[rugby union]], [[Papua New Guinea national Australian rules football team|Aussie rules]] and, in eastern Papua, [[cricket]].

== Lihat juga ==
{{utama|Garis kasar Papua New Guinea}}
* [[Awards system of Papua New Guinea]]
* [[Biodiversity protection efforts in Papua New Guinea]]
* [[Communications in Papua New Guinea]]
* [[Education in Papua New Guinea]]
* [[Foreign relations of Papua New Guinea]]
* [[List of diplomatic missions in Papua New Guinea]]
* [[List of Papua New Guineans]]
* Lists of [[List of cities in Papua New Guinea|cities]] & [[List of towns in Papua New Guinea|towns]] in Papua New Guinea [[List of towns and cities in Papua New Guinea by population|by population]]
* [[List of Districts and LLGs of Papua New Guinea|List of Districts and Local Level Governments of Papua New Guinea]]
* [[Military of Papua New Guinea]]
* [[Tourism of Papua New Guinea]]
*[[Daftar tokoh Papua New Guinea]]
-->

== Pengangkutan ==
{{Utama|Pengangkutan di Papua New Guinea}}

Sifat geografi negara yang bergunung-ganang menghalang perkembangan pengangkutan. Pengangkutan udara mula membuka negara semasa zaman penjajahannya dan terus digunakan dalam kebanyakan perjalanan dan serta kebanyakan pengangkutan berketumpatan/bernilai tinggi. Port Moresby, tidak mempunyai hubungan jalan raya ke mana-mana bandar utama negara lain. Di samping itu, banyak kampung terpencil hanya boleh dicapai dengan pesawat ringan atau berjalan kaki.

[[Lapangna Terbang Antarabangsa Jacksons]] ialah lapangan terbang utama Papua New Guinea, berkedudukan {{convert|5|mi|km|0|order=flip}} dari Port Moresby. Di samping dua lapangan terbang antarabangsa,, Papua New Guinea memiliki 578 padang terbang, kebanyakannya tak berturap.<ref name="cia">{{cite web |year=2012 |title=Papua New Guinea |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/papua-new-guinea/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210412232302/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/papua-new-guinea |archive-date=12 April 2021 |access-date=5 October 2012 |work=[[The World Factbook]] |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency]] |location=Langley, Virginia}}</ref> Syarikat pernebangan negara ialah [[Air Niugini]] yang berkhidmat di Jacksons.<ref>{{cite web |title=Our History |url=https://www.airniugini.com.pg/about-us/our-history/ |website=airniugini.com.pg |access-date=15 February 2023 |archive-date=5 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230405075717/https://www.airniugini.com.pg/about-us/our-history/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Rujukan ==
{{reflist|2}}

=== Bibliografi ===
* {{Cite book |last=Swadling |first=Pamela |title=Plumes from Paradise |year=1996 |publisher=Papua New Guinea National Museum |isbn=9980-85-103-1}}

== Pautan luar ==
{{portal|Papua New Guinea}}
{{Kategori Commons|Papua New Guinea|Papua New Guinea}}
{{wikivoyage|Papua New Guinea}}
* {{en}} [http://www.pngonline.gov.pg/ Portal rasmi]

{{ASEAN|state=collapsed}}
{{Pergerakan Negara-Negara Berkecuali|state=collapsed}}
{{APEC|state=collapsed}}
{{WTO|state=collapsed}}
{{Komanwel|state=collapsed}}
{{Oceania|state=collapsed}}
{{Islands of Papua New Guinea|state=collapsed}}
{{Monarki|state=collapsed}}

[[Kategori:Papua New Guinea|*]]
[[Kategori:Negara pulau]]
[[Kategori:Negara dan wilayah berbahasa Inggeris]]
[[Kategori:Asia Tenggara Maritim]]