Antisemitism
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Antisemitism is the hatred of, or prejudice against, Jewish people.[1][2] A synonym is Judeophobia,[3] preferred by those deeming antisemitism too ambiguous.[3]
Origin
changeAs per American historian Deborah Lipstadt, antisemitism (German: antisemitismus) was coined by German nationalist Wilhelm Marr in 1881 to describe the anti-Jewish sentiment in German society. The term refers to Jews who practice Judaism, Jews who have converted to Christianity as well as those of Jewish ancestry.[4]
Sometimes, the term is spelled as anti-Semitism, but such spelling is controversial, particularly because there is no such thing as "Semitism" and the concept "Semitic race" stemmed from scientific racism.[4]
Before 21st century
changeAntisemitism has a long history.[3] The worst instance of antisemitism in history is the Holocaust.
The Holocaust
changeThe Holocaust was a genocide committed by Nazi Germany from 1933 to 1945 (during World War II). It was also known as the Final Solution. The Nazis' plan was to get rid of every Jew in Europe. They succeeded in killing up to 67% of the Jews in Europe: around six million people. This plan was based on antisemitism. Adolf Hitler believed that the "Aryan race" was better than all others, including Jews. To him and his followers, the "Aryan race" was the master race.
21st century
changeMiddle East
changeAntisemitism[1][3] is extremely common in the Middle East.[2] In 2011 Pew Research Center polled people in all of the Middle Eastern countries where Muslims are the majority. Most of the interviewees viewed the Jews very negatively. Only 2% of Egyptians, 3% of Lebanese Muslims and 2% of Jordanians reported feeling good about Jews.[5] Some scholars believe that mass media have played a significant role in such phenomenon.[6][7]
Europe
changeOverall
changeIn a 2013 survey of 5,847 Jewish people in Europe, 76% thought that antisemitism had increased in the past five years. 29% had thought about moving countries because they felt unsafe.[8]
Eastern Europe
changeIn Eastern Europe, the level of antisemitism is found to be high.[9]
For instance, in Armenia,[10][11] a Caucassian country allied with Russia,[12] China[13] and Iran,[14] 58% of her population are found to hold negative views of Jews – the highest in Eastern Europe.[15] Garegin Nzhdeh (1886–1955), an Armenian nationalist who recruited thousands of Armenians to fight for Nazi Germany, is still popular within Armenia. Hundreds of statues have been erected in honor of him across Armenia.[16][17] Meanwhile, the only synagogue in Armenia's capital Yerevan was attacked four times in a row between 7 October 2023 and 11 June 2024.[18]
Members of the Marxist-Leninist militant[19] front Armenian Secret Army for the Liberation of Armenia[20] (ASALA) claimed responsibility for the attacks, some of which involved the synagogue being set on fire.[21]
United States
change2010s
changeA 2017 survey showed that 14% of Americans held negative views of Jews.[22] Since Hamas' brutal attack against Israel on October 7, 2023, there has been a surge of antisemitism in America and Europe, especially on college campuses in the United States. This antisemitism has led to Jewish students feelings alienated and attacks for expressing their identities as Jews. There is also widespread antisemitism in social media.[source?]
2020s
changeIn August 2024, the advocacy group Combat Antisemitism Movement (CAM) did a poll which found that 3.5 million American Jews had faced antisemitism since the October 7 massacre in 2023. 1,075 American Jews were asked, 28% of whom said that they, often, were told that "Jews care too much about money", 25% were told that "Jews control the world" and 13% were told that "the Holocaust did not happen" or its "severity has been exaggerated".[23][24]
Meanwhile, the FBI released crime statistics illustrating that antisemitic incidents accounted for 68% of all religion-based hate crimes in 2023 – a 63% rise compared to 2022.[25]
Lies about Jews
changeAncient
change- The Jews killed Jesus[26][27]
- The Jews conspire against Christianity[28]
Middle Ages
change- The Jews take blood from Christian babies for rituals (blood libel)[29]
- The Jews poison wells to cause pandemics, including the Black Death[30]
Modern
change- The Jews control mass media[31]
- The Jews control all the banks[32]
- The Jews control governments around the world[33][34]
- The Jews create wars and revolutions around the world[35]
Contemporary
change- The Jews are fake European converts to Judaism[36]
- The Jews ran the Atlantic slave trade[36][37]
- The Jews created the AIDS and COVID-19[38]
Antisemitism in Abrahamic religions
changeThe New Testament consists of antisemitic content blaming all Jews for the Crucifixion of Jesus:
For you, brothers and sisters, became imitators of God’s churches in Judea, which are in Christ Jesus: You suffered from your own people the same things those churches suffered from the Jews who killed the Lord Jesus and the prophets and also drove us out. They displease God and are hostile to everyone in their effort to keep us from speaking to the Gentiles so that they may be saved. In this way, they always heap up their sins to the limit. The wrath of God has come upon them at last.
The Qur'an consists of antisemitic content similar to that of the New Testament of the Bible:
Thou wilt find the most vehement of mankind in hostility to those who believe (to be) the Jews and the idolaters. And thou wilt find the nearest of them in affection to those who believe (to be) those who say: Lo! We are Christians. That is because there are among them priests and monks, and because they are not proud.
— Translation of Qur'an 5:82 by Marmaduke Pickthall
Related pages
change- Nazism
- Pogrom
- Fascism
- Babi Yar
- Genocide
- Iron Guard
- Adolf Hitler
- Iași pogrom
- Mein Kampf
- Kristallnacht
- Ion Antonescu
- Nazi Germany
- The Holocaust
- Holocaust inversion
- Holocaust trivialization
- Odessa massacre (1941)
- Jedwabne pogrom (1941)
- The Protocols of the Elders of Zion
- November 2024 Amsterdam attacks
References
change- ↑ 1.0 1.1 "Working Definition Of Antisemitism". World Jewish Congress. Retrieved October 22, 2024.
IHRA Working Definition of Antisemitism :- Calling for, aiding, or justifying the killing or harming of Jews in the name of a radical ideology or an extremist view of religion.
- Making mendacious, dehumanizing, demonizing, or stereotypical allegations about Jews as such or the power of Jews as collective — such as, especially but not exclusively, the myth about a world Jewish conspiracy or of Jews controlling the media, economy, government or other societal institutions.
- Accusing Jews as a people of being responsible for real or imagined wrongdoing committed by a single Jewish person or group, or even for acts committed by non-Jews.
- Denying the fact, scope, mechanisms (e.g. gas chambers) or intentionality of the genocide of the Jewish people at the hands of National Socialist Germany and its supporters and accomplices during World War II (the Holocaust).
- Accusing the Jews as a people, or Israel as a state, of inventing or exaggerating the Holocaust.
- Accusing Jewish citizens of being more loyal to Israel, or to the alleged priorities of Jews worldwide, than to the interests of their own nations.
- Denying the Jewish people their right to self-determination, e.g., by claiming that the existence of a State of Israel is a racist endeavor.
- Applying double standards by requiring of it a behavior not expected or demanded of any other democratic nation.
- Using the symbols and images associated with classic antisemitism (e.g., claims of Jews killing Jesus or blood libel) to characterize Israel or Israelis.
- Drawing comparisons of contemporary Israeli policy to that of the Nazis.
- Holding Jews collectively responsible for actions of the state of Israel.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1
- Klaff, Lesley (2014). "Holocaust Inversion and contemporary antisemitism". Fathom Journal. Retrieved October 24, 2024.
- "Holocaust inversion is going mainstream". Jewish News Syndicate. August 15, 2024. Retrieved October 24, 2024.
The point, of course, is to legitimize violence against Jews.
- "Magnifying glass
Debunking Misconceptions About the Definition of Antisemitism". World Jewish Congress. Retrieved October 23, 2024.Those who hate Jews can no longer hide behind empty rhetoric
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3
- Schäfer, Peter (October 1, 1998). Judeophobia: Attitudes toward the Jews in the Ancient World. Harvard University Press. ISBN 9780674487789. Retrieved November 3, 2024.
- Hayes, Christine (1999). "Judeophobia: Peter Schäfer on the Origins of Anti-Semitism". Jewish Studies Quarterly. 6 (3). Mohr Siebeck GmbH & Co. KG: 261–273. JSTOR stable/40753239. Retrieved November 3, 2024.
- S. Wistrich, Robert (1999). Demonizing the other: Antisemitism, racism and xenophobia (PDF). Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-51619-8. Retrieved November 1, 2024.
- Sand, Shlomo (November 24, 2020). "Opinion | Antisemitism? Better Call It Judeophobia". Haaretz. Retrieved November 3, 2024.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 Bard, Mitchell. "Anti-Semitism or Antisemitism?". Jewish Virtual Library. Retrieved November 4, 2024.
- ↑ "Muslim-Western Tensions Persist - Pew Research Center". Washington, DC. 21 July 2011.
- ↑
- "The Western Media Misguided Narrative about Al Jazeera". Washington Institute. March 22, 2018. Retrieved November 1, 2024.
- "Qatari-funded Al Jazeera Arabic channel suspends journalists over 'Holocaust denial' video". The Telegraph. May 20, 2019. Retrieved November 1, 2024.
- "Al Jazeera suspends journalists for Holocaust denial video". BBC News. May 20, 2019. Retrieved November 1, 2024.
- "Al Jazeera Must Register as a Foreign Agent". Foundation for Defense of Democracies. November 24, 2023. Retrieved November 1, 2024.
- "Al-Jazeera's Holocaust legacy: Justification alongside outright denial". The Jerusalem Post. May 6, 2024. Retrieved November 1, 2024.
- "Al Jazeera | News Channel, History, & Qatar | Britannica". Britannica. October 25, 2024. Retrieved November 1, 2024.
- ↑
- "Al Jazeera – Bias and Credibility". Media Bias / Fact Check. Retrieved November 9, 2024.
- "Middle East Eye". Honest Reporting. Retrieved November 3, 2024.
- "Al Jazeera Website Bias and Reliability". Ad Fontes Media. Retrieved November 9, 2024.
- "Qatar's Other Covert Media Arm". American Enterprise Institute. July 25, 2017. Retrieved November 3, 2024.
- "What is 'Middle East Eye' - the shadowy Qatar-linked news outlet that interviewed Humza Yousaf". Scottish Daily Express. February 29, 2024. Retrieved November 3, 2024.
- ↑ "Discrimination and hate crime against Jews in EU Member States: experiences and perceptions of antisemitism" (PDF). European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights. 2013. Retrieved December 2, 2024.
- ↑
- "The State of Antisemitism in Eastern Europe". American Jewish Committee. December 17, 2020. Retrieved December 2, 2024.
- "Jewish group's report finds rise in antisemitic incidents in Poland". The Times of Israel. April 25, 2023. Retrieved December 2, 2024.
First survey of its kind counts 488 anti-Jewish acts in Poland in 2022, more than 4 times the total cited by the European Union the previous year
- "Middle-East Conflict Sparks Uptick in Anti-Semitic Incidents in South-East Europe". Balkan Insight. October 23, 2023. Retrieved December 2, 2024.
Ongoing violence in Israel-Palestine is being linked to an upsurge in anti-Semtitic [...] vandalism of Holocaust sites in Eastern and South-Eastern Europe.
- "Antisemitism is deeply ingrained in European society, says EU official". The Guardian. October 30, 2023. Retrieved December 2, 2024.
Remarks by rights chief come as civil society groups warn of a rise in antisemitism amid Israel-Hamas war
- "Jews in Europe still face high levels of antisemitism". European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights (FRA). July 11, 2024. Retrieved December 2, 2024.
- ↑
- Kogan, Ariel (August 9, 2023). "Antisemitic and Anti-Israeli Narratives in Armenia and the Armenian Diaspora". Flashpoint (93). The Institute for the Study of Global Antisemitism & Policy. Retrieved December 2, 2024.
- Dr. Andrei Kazantsev-Vaisman (September 30, 2023). "The New Karabakh Crisis and the Rise of Antisemitism in Contemporary Armenia". Begin-Sadat Center for Strategic Studies. Retrieved December 2, 2024.
- "Neo-Nazis march in Yerevan: We can't ignore that". Ynetnews. January 9, 2024. Retrieved December 2, 2024.
- "Yerevan court opts against arrest for synagogue attacker". Caliber.Az. June 19, 2024. Retrieved December 2, 2024.
- "Fighting Anti-Semitism: Israel gets ready to help Jewish communities". The Jerusalem Post. June 20, 2024. Retrieved December 2, 2024.
- ↑
- Avraham, Rachel (December 20, 2021). "Does Armenia have an antisemitism problem?". Israel Hayom. Retrieved December 2, 2024.
- "Armenians threaten violence against Jews over Azeri relations". The Jerusalem Post. October 4, 2023. Retrieved December 2, 2024.
- Dr. Haim Ben Yakov, Director General, Euro-Asian Jewish Congress (EAJS) (May 1, 2024). "Latest anti-Semitic outbreaks in the Euro-Asian region against the backdrop of Israel's war with the terrorist group Hamas and local conflicts" (PDF). Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR). pp. 9–12. Retrieved December 2, 2024.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - "Armenia recognizes Palestine, adding to its strained ties with Israel". Jewish Telegraphic Agency. June 21, 2024. Retrieved December 2, 2024.
- "Why did Armenia recognize a potential Palestinian terror state?". Jewish News Syndicate (JNS). July 8, 2024. Retrieved December 2, 2024.
It is not a coincidence that Armenia is the most antisemitic country in the post-Soviet space.
- ↑
- "For the results of the alliance with Russia, ask Armenia!". Telegrafi. Albania. November 2020. Retrieved December 2, 2024.
{{cite news}}
: CS1 maint: year (link) - Ambrosio, Thomas (March 4, 2024). "Title: The Collective Security Treaty Organization: A Lifeless, Shambling 'Alliance'". Georgetown Journal of International Affairs. Retrieved December 2, 2024.
- "Armenia Seeks to Distance Mother Russia". Center for European Policy Analysis (CEPA). March 14, 2024. Retrieved December 2, 2024.
- "What Is The CSTO Military Alliance?". Radio Liberty. June 13, 2024. Retrieved December 2, 2024.
- Kaleji, Vali (July 17, 2024). "Iran's Paradoxical Expectations for Political Developments in Armenia". Eurasia Daily Monitor, The Jamestown Foundation. 21 (105). Retrieved December 2, 2024.
- "For the results of the alliance with Russia, ask Armenia!". Telegrafi. Albania. November 2020. Retrieved December 2, 2024.
- ↑
- "China Ready for Closer Ties with Armenia". Armenian National Committee of America. 2015. Retrieved December 2, 2024.
- "Soft power: China's spheres of influence in Armenia". JAM-news.net. February 25, 2024. Retrieved December 2, 2024.
- "CPC | China-Armenia Bilateral Relations". Caspian Policy Center. January 26, 2022. Retrieved December 2, 2024.
- ↑
- Kedar, Mordechai (May 23, 2024). "The tightening of Armenian-Iranian ties - opinion". The Jerusalem Post. Retrieved December 2, 2024.
The relationship between Iran and Armenia has been influenced by Armenian billionaire, Ruben Vardanyan, a close friend of Putin.
- "Iran and Armenia sign secret $500 million arms deal". Iran International. July 24, 2024. Retrieved December 2, 2024.
- "Secret Weapon Deal with Armenia Helps Iran to Disrupt the South Caucasus". Begin-Sadat Center for Strategic Studies. July 29, 2024. Retrieved December 2, 2024.
- "Iran Embraces Armenia, Widening its Axis of Evil". EU Today. November 8, 2024. Retrieved December 2, 2024.
- Kaleji, Vali (November 20, 2024). "Iran's Gas Export to Armenia: From Energy Imbalance in Iran to Russia's Monopoly in the Armenian Gas Market". Eurasian Daily Monitor, The Jamestown Foundation. Retrieved December 2, 2024.
- Kedar, Mordechai (May 23, 2024). "The tightening of Armenian-Iranian ties - opinion". The Jerusalem Post. Retrieved December 2, 2024.
- ↑
- "ADL Global 100". Anti-Defamation League. 2014. Retrieved December 2, 2024.
- "Anti-Semitism in Armenia: A Clear and Present Danger". Algemeiner. December 12, 2014. Retrieved December 2, 2024.
- "With anti-Semitic tendencies, Armenians dig deep hole for themselves". AzerNews. September 6, 2023. Retrieved December 2, 2024.
- "Surge in Anti-Semitism in Armenia: ASALA-Y Targets Jewish Centers". Caspian News. November 17, 2023. Retrieved December 2, 2024.
- "Antisemitism in Armenia: let's talk facts". Ynetnews. December 17, 2023. Retrieved December 2, 2024.
Analysis: Antisemitism in Armenia [...] neither an Azerbaijani invention nor an Israeli one, as over the years the magnitude of hatred [...] anti-Jewish speech online has risen significantly
- "Azerbaijan and Armenia: Political Stand in the Aftermath of October 7". The Begin-Sadat Center for Strategic Studies. January 15, 2024. Retrieved December 2, 2024.
- ↑
- "Armenian monument to Nazi collaborator draws criticism". The Jerusalem Post. June 17, 2016. Retrieved December 2, 2024.
- "Controversial Statue to Nazi Collaborator Nzhdeh Erected In Armenia". War History Online. July 2, 2016. Retrieved December 3, 2024.
- "How Armenia's glorification of a Nazi collaborator has gone unnoticed". New Eastern Europe. July 20, 2016. Retrieved December 2, 2024.
- Golinkin, Lev (January 27, 2021). "Nazi collaborator monuments in Armenia". The Forward. Retrieved December 2, 2024.
Armenian nationalist Garegin Nzhdeh, whose soldiers served the Third Reich, has 20 streets named after him
- "An Armenian leader's false Holocaust analogy". Jewish News Syndicate (JNS). September 20, 2023. Retrieved December 2, 2024.
The American Jewish community must condemn Prime Minister Nikol Pashinyan's comparison of the situation in Karabakh to Hitler's ghettos.
- ↑
- "Plan for bust of controversial figure at Bulgaria's 'Yard of the Cyrillic Alphabet'". The Sofia Globe. Sofia, Bulgaria. April 16, 2019. Retrieved December 2, 2024.
- Jaffe-Hoffman, Maayan (January 21, 2020). "At Auschwitz liberation tribute, Israel should study tale of two monuments". The Jerusalem Post. Retrieved December 3, 2024.
The Germans continue to [...] apologize for their dark past. In contrast, Lithuanians, Armenians, Poles and others are rewriting and distorting their roles in this tragic history.
- "Armenian capital: Antisemitic movement marches with Nazi flag". The Jerusalem Post. January 4, 2024. Retrieved December 2, 2024.
- "Armenia demands from Israel to respect fascist Nzhdeh". AzerNews. February 23, 2024. Retrieved December 2, 2024.
- ↑ "Yerevan's Lone Synagogue Attacked For Fourth Time In A Year". Radio Liberty. June 11, 2024. Retrieved December 2, 2024.
Yerevan's only synagogue was attacked again on June 10 when perpetrators threw rocks through a window.
- ↑
- "Files, 1985-1988 Folder Title: Armenian-Americans (2) Box: 1" (PDF). Ronald Reagan Library. Retrieved December 3, 2024.
- "Armenian Terrorist Matters," January 15, 1988, Secret" (PDF). The George Washington University. January 15, 1988. Retrieved December 3, 2024.
- "Armenian Secret Army for the Liberation of Armenia (ASALA)". Britannica. Retrieved December 3, 2024.
- "A slip-up in Beirut. Polish weapons for ASALA". Przystanek Historia. July 4, 2023. Retrieved December 3, 2024.
- "Militant Armenian Group Tied to PLO Allegedly Responsible for Synagogue Arson". Algemeiner. October 4, 2023. Retrieved December 3, 2024.
- ↑ Armenian: Հայաստանի ազատագրության հայ գաղտնի բանակ
Azerbaijani: Ermənistanın Azadlığı üçün Gizli Erməni Ordusu
Georgian: სომხეთის გათავისუფლების სომხური საიდუმლო არმია
Greek: Μυστικός Αρμενικός Στρατός για την απελευθέρωση της Αρμενίας - ↑
- "ARMENIA 2023 INTERNATIONAL RELIGIOUS FREEDOM REPORT" (PDF). U.S. Embassy in Armenia. Retrieved December 2, 2024.
- "Armenian culturcide in Yerevan: Jewish synagogue set on fire [VIDEO]". AzerNews. November 15, 2023. Retrieved December 2, 2024.
- "Why Was Armenia's Last Synagogue Set on Fire?". Jewish Journal. January 12, 2024. Retrieved December 2, 2024.
The Armenian Secret Army for the Liberation of Armenia (ASALA) claimed responsibility and vowed to continue attacking Jews across the globe as retribution for Israel's close friendship with the majority-Muslim Republic of Azerbaijan.
- "Jewish Journal: Arson of Yerevan synagogue is not only sign of anti-Semitism in Armenia". azərbaycan24. January 13, 2024. Retrieved December 2, 2024.
- "Yerevan Synagogue attacked for fourth time in a year". OC Media. June 12, 2024. Retrieved December 2, 2024.
- ↑ "In First, New ADL Poll Finds Majority of Americans Concerned About Violence Against Jews and Other Minorities, Want Administration to Act". Anti-Defamation League (ADL). Retrieved 2019-06-28.
- ↑ "Antisemitism in US at all-time high as American Jews report 'explosion of hate'". The Jerusalem Post. October 7, 2024. Retrieved October 13, 2024.
- ↑ "3.5 million US Jews experienced antisemitism since Oct. 7 Hamas attack, survey finds". The Times of Israel. October 7, 2024. Retrieved October 8, 2024.
- ↑
- "AJC Warns: Staggering FBI Hate Crimes Data Likely Represents Under-Reporting of Anti-Jewish Hate Crimes". American Jewish Committee. September 23, 2024. Retrieved October 10, 2024.
- "Jewish community most targeted religious group, new FBI hate crime report says". The Jerusalem Post. September 23, 2024. Retrieved October 10, 2024.
- "New FBI Data Reflects Record-High Number of Anti-Jewish Hate Crimes". Anti-Defamation League. September 23, 2024. Retrieved October 10, 2024.
- "Antisemitic hate crimes in US surged 63% in 2023, to all-time high of 1,832 – FBI". The Times of Israel. September 23, 2024. Retrieved October 10, 2024.
- "FBI reports record-high antisemitic hate crimes in 2023, up 63% from 2022". Jewish Insider. September 23, 2024. Retrieved October 6, 2024.
- ↑
- James Parkes, Prelude to Dialogue (London: 1969) p. 153; cited in Wilken, p. xv.
- Ritter, Adolf M. (1998). "John Chrysostom and the Jews — A Reconsideration". In Mgaloblishvili, Tamila (ed.). Ancient Christianity in the Caucasus. Routledge. doi:10.4324/9781315026954-11. ISBN 9781315026954.
- Brustein, Willian I. (2003). Roots of Hate: Anti-Semitism in Europe before the Holocaust. Cambridge University Press. p. 52. ISBN 0-521-77308-3.
- Levine, Amy-Jill; Brettler, Marc Zvi, eds. (2011). The Jewish Annotated New Testament. Oxford University Press.
- ↑
- "The resurrection of Christian antisemitism". The Jerusalem Post. 18 June 2020. Retrieved 6 October 2024.
- "Expelled Tory mayor 'said Jews were responsible for Jesus's death'". The Telegraph. February 15, 2024. Retrieved October 15, 2024.
- "Radical Traditional Catholicism". Southern Poverty Law Center.
- ↑ The Talmud in Anti-Semitic Polemics (PDF). Anti-Defamation League (ADL). 2003. p. 11. Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 August 2014. Retrieved 15 August 2014.
- ↑
- Gerber, Gane S. (1986). History and hate: the dimensions of anti-Semitism. Jewish Publication Society of America. p. 88. ISBN 0827602677.
- Kelly, John (2005). The Great Mortality: An Intimate History of the Black Death, the Most Devastating Plague of All Time. HarperCollins. p. 242. ISBN 978-0060006921.
- "Iranian TV Blood Libel: Jewish Rabbis Killed Hundreds of European Children to use Their Blood for Passover Holiday & Discussion on Holocaust Denial". 22 December 2005. Archived from the original on 4 June 2011.
- ↑
- Etinger, Iakov (1995). "The Doctors' Plot: Stalin's Solution to the Jewish Question". In Yaacov Ro'i, Jews and Jewish Life in Russia and the Soviet Union. London: Frank Cass. ISBN 0-7146-4619-9, pp. 103–6.
- "Six Jewish doctors arrested, jumpstarting 'Doctors Plot'". World Jewish Congress.
- "Stalin's last purge: the Doctors' Plot". The Article. 23 May 2024.
- "A viral post demonizing Zionist doctors sounds eerily like a Soviet antisemitic conspiracy theory". The Forward.
- "American 'anti-racism' activist condemned over 'terrified about Zionist doctors' claim". Jewish News.
- ↑ Láníček, Jan (2013). Czechs, Slovaks and the Jews, 1938–48: Beyond Idealisation and Condemnation. New York: Springer. ISBN 978-1-137-31747-6.
- ↑ "Jewish 'Control' of the Federal Reserve: A Classic Anti-Semitic Myth". Anti-Defamation League (ADL). Archived from the original on 12 January 2014. Retrieved 25 January 2014.
- ↑
- Boym, Svetlana (Spring 1999). "Conspiracy theories and literary ethics: Umberto Eco, Danilo Kis and The Protocols of Zion". Comparative Literature. 51 (2): 97–122. doi:10.2307/1771244. JSTOR 1771244.
- "The Myth that Jews Control the World". World Jewish Congress. Retrieved October 26, 2024.
- S. Broschowitz, Michael (May 6, 2022). "The Violent Impact of Anti-Semitic Conspiracy Theories: Examining the Jewish World Domination Narratives and History". Center on Terrorism, Extremism, and Counterterrorism. Middlebury Institute of International Studies at Monterey. Retrieved October 26, 2024.
- Alderman, G. (1983). The Jewish Community in British Politics. Oxford: Clarendon Press. p. 102.
- ↑
- Herf, Jeffrey (2005). "The 'Jewish War': Goebbels and the Antisemitic Campaigns of the Nazi Propaganda Ministry". Holocaust and Genocide Studies. 19 (1): 51–80. doi:10.1093/hgs/dci003. S2CID 143944355.
- "Dissemination of racist and antisemitic hate material on television programs". domino.un.org. United Nations Economic and Social Council. Archived from the original on 28 December 2012. Retrieved 30 September 2005.
- Schwarz, Sidney (2006). Judaism and Justice: The Jewish Passion to Repair the World. Jewish Lights Publishing. p. 96. ISBN 1-58023-312-0.
- Mendes, Philip (2010). Debunking the myth of Jewish communism.
- ↑ Karsh, Efraim (July 2012). "The war against the Jews". Israel Affairs. 18 (3): 319–343. doi:10.1080/13537121.2012.689514. S2CID 144144725.
- ↑ 36.0 36.1
- Faber, Eli (1998). Jews, Slaves, and the Slave Trade: Setting the Record Straight (1 ed.). NYU Press. ISBN 978-0814726396. JSTOR j.ctt9qg5gs. Retrieved December 2, 2024.
- "Extreme Black Hebrew Israelite Movement" (PDF). Simon Wiesenthal Center. December 2022.
- "What are the Myths, Facts, About Hebrew Israelites? Two Experts Discuss Jews of African Descent". UC Davis. 4 January 2023.
- "CAA Launched Four-part "Debunked: Black Hebrew Israelites" Instagram Series". Campaign Against Antisemitism. 14 March 2023.
- ↑
- "Louis Farrakhan". Southern Poverty Law Center (SPLC). Retrieved October 27, 2024.
- Ungar-Sargon, Batya (August 5, 2013). "Is Jewish Control Over the Slave Trade a Nation of Islam Lie or Scholarly Truth?". Tablet Magazine. Retrieved December 2, 2024.
- Katz, Dan (September 11, 2016). "Scapegoating Jews for the slave trade?". Workers’ Liberty. Retrieved December 2, 2024.
- Hughes, Coleman (2024). "Black Radicalism". SAPIR Journal. Retrieved October 27, 2024.
Antisemitism runs deeper in the black radical tradition than many realize
- ↑
- Topor, Lev (March 2020). "COVID-19: Blaming the Jews for the Plague, Again". Fathom Journal. Retrieved 13 October 2024.
- Dr. Manfred Gerstenfeld (31 March 2020). "Anti-Jewish Coronavirus Conspiracy Theories in Historical Context". Begin-Sadat Center for Strategic Studies. Retrieved 13 October 2024.
- "'Jewish Space Lasers': Rothschild antisemitic canards that refuse to die - review". The Jerusalem Post. 3 November 2023. Retrieved 13 October 2024.