Википедија

Asfalt

Датум измене: 21. октобар 2022. у 02:21; аутор: Dcirovic (разговор | доприноси) (.)

Шаблон:Short description

Sloj asfalta
Asfalt pripremljen za asfaltiranje puta
Prirodni bitumen iz Mrtvog mora
Rafinirani asfalt
Eksperiment kapi bitumena u eksponatu sa Univerziteta Kvinslenda, demonstrira viskoznost asfalta

Asfalt (грч. ásphaltos — bez padanja) takođe poznat kao bitumen[1] je lepljiva, crna i visoko viskozna tečnost ili polu-tečnost koja se javlja uz brojna ležišta nafte i drugih minerala. Može se naći u prirodnim ležištima ili može biti rafiniran proizvod, a klasifikuje se kao katran. Pre 20. veka korišćen je i termin asfaltum.[2] Reč je izvedena iz starogrčkog ἄσφαλτος ásphaltos. Katransko jezero je najveće prirodno ležište asfalta na svetu, a procenjuje se da sadrži 10 miliona tona. Nalazi se u La Brei, na jugozapadu Trinidada, u okviru Regionalne korporacije Siparija.[3]

U prošlosti se koristio za popravljanje rupa na brodovima i sprečavanje prodora vode u iste. Danas se najviše koristi za pravljenje puteva i drugih saobraćajnica. Shodno različitom sastavu moguće je proizvesti različite tipove asfalta (prema tvrdoći, viskoznosti, kvalitetu i dr). Ostale glavne upotrebe su proizvodi za bitumensku hidroizolaciju, uključujući proizvodnju krovnog filca i za brtvljenje ravnih krovova.[4]

U nauci o materijalima i inženjerstvu, termini „asfalt”" i „bitumen” često se naizmenično koriste pri čemu oba označavaju prirodne i proizvedene oblike ove supstance, mada postoji regionalna varijacija u pogledu toga koji je termin najčešći. U celom svetu geolozi imaju tendenciju da favoriziraju termin „bitumen” za prirodni materijal. Za proizvedeni materijal, koji je rafinirani ostatak iz procesa destilacije odabranih sirovih ulja, „bitumen” je preovlađujući pojam u većem delu sveta; međutim, u američkom engleskom jeziku najčešće se koristi „asfalt”. Da bi se izbegla konfuzija, u SAD se kolokvijalno koristi fraza „tečni asfalt”, „asfaltno vezivo” ili „asfaltni cement“. Kolokvijalno, različiti oblici asfalta se ponekad nazivaju „katran”, kao u nazivu La Brea katranske jame, iako je katran drugačiji materijal.[5]

Asfalt koji se prirodno pojavljuje ponekad se naziva terminom „sirovi bitumen”. Njegova viskoznost je slična onoj kod hladne melase,[6][7] dok se materijal dobijen frakcionom destilacijom sirove nafte koji ključa na 525 °C (977 °F) ponekad naziva „rafinirani bitumen”. Kanadska provincija Alberta ima većinu svetskih rezervi prirodnog asfalta u naftnim peskovima Atabaske, koji pokrivaju 142.000 km2 (55.000 sq mi), površinu veću od Engleske.[8]

Svojstva asfalta se menjaju sa temperaturom, što znači da postoji određeni opseg gde viskozitet omogućava adekvatno zbijanje obezbeđivanjem podmazivanja između čestica tokom procesa sabijanja. Niska temperatura sprečava pomeranje čestica agregata, a potrebnu gustinu nije moguće postići.[9]

Terminology

Etimologija

Reč asfalt dolazi od francuske reči asphalte bazirane na latinskim rečima asphalton, asphaltum, koje su izvedene iz grčkih reči ásphalton, ásphaltos (άσφαλτος). Grčke reči znače: α : "bez" i σφάλλω : "padanje".[10][11] The first use of asphalt by the ancients was in the nature of a cement for securing or joining various objects, and it thus seems likely that the name itself was expressive of this application. Specifically, Herodotus mentioned that bitumen was brought to Babylon to build its gigantic fortification wall.[12] From the Greek, the word passed into late Latin, and thence into French (asphalte) and English ("asphaltum" and "asphalt"). In French, the term asphalte is used for naturally occurring asphalt-soaked limestone deposits, and for specialised manufactured products with fewer voids or greater bitumen content than the "asphaltic concrete" used to pave roads.

The word "bitumen" is from Latin, and passed via French into English. The Latin word traces to the Proto-Indo-European root *gʷet- "pitch"; see that link for other cognates.

Moderna terminologija

In British English, tarmac is used predominantly, which is a generic name, short for tar macadam. "Bitumen" is used instead of "asphalt". The word "asphalt" is instead used to refer to asphalt concrete, a mixture of construction aggregate and asphalt itself (also called "tarmac" in common parlance). Bitumen mixed with clay was usually called "asphaltum", but the term is less commonly used today.[13]

In Australian English, the word "asphalt" is used to describe a mix of construction aggregate. "Bitumen" refers to the liquid derived from the heavy-residues from crude oil distillation.

In American English, "asphalt" is equivalent to the British "bitumen". However, "asphalt" is also commonly used as a shortened form of "asphalt concrete" (therefore equivalent to the British "asphalt" or "tarmac").

In Canadian English, the word "bitumen" is used to refer to the vast Canadian deposits of extremely heavy crude oil,[14] while "asphalt" is used for the oil refinery product. Diluted bitumen (diluted with naphtha to make it flow in pipelines) is known as "dilbit" in the Canadian petroleum industry, while bitumen "upgraded" to synthetic crude oil is known as "syncrude", and syncrude blended with bitumen is called "synbit".[15]

"Bitumen" is still the preferred geological term for naturally occurring deposits of the solid or semi-solid form of petroleum. "Bituminous rock" is a form of sandstone impregnated with bitumen. The oil sands of Alberta, Canada are a similar material.

Neither of the terms "asphalt" or "bitumen" should be confused with tar or coal tars. Tar is the thick liquid product of the dry distillation and pyrolysis of organic hydrocarbons primarily sourced from vegetation masses, whether fossilized as with coal, or freshly harvested. The majority of bitumen, on the other hand, was formed naturally when vast quantities of organic animal materials were deposited by water and buried hundreds of metres deep at the diagenetic point, where the disorganized fatty hydrocarbon molecules joined in long chains in the absence of oxygen. Bitumen occurs as a solid or highly viscous liquid. It may even be mixed in with coal deposits. Bitumen, and coal using the Bergius process, can be refined into petrols such as gasoline, and bitumen may be distilled into tar, not the other way around.

Kompozicija

Takođe pogledajte: Asfalten

Normalna kompozicija

The components of asphalt include four main classes of compounds:

The naphthene aromatics and polar aromatics are typically the majority components. Most natural bitumens also contain organosulfur compounds, resulting in an overall sulfur content of up to 4%. Nickel and vanadium are found at <10 parts per million, as is typical of some petroleum.[4]

The substance is soluble in carbon disulfide. It is commonly modelled as a colloid, with asphaltenes as the dispersed phase and maltenes as the continuous phase.[16] "It is almost impossible to separate and identify all the different molecules of asphalt, because the number of molecules with different chemical structure is extremely large".[17]

Vidi još

Reference

  1. ^ Jones, Daniel (2011). Roach, Peter; Setter, Jane; Esling, John, ур. Cambridge English Pronouncing Dictionary (18. изд.). Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-15255-6. 
  2. ^ Abraham, Herbert (1938). Asphalts and Allied Substances: Their Occurrence, Modes of Production, Uses in the Arts, and Methods of Testing (4th изд.). New York: D. Van Nostrand Co., Inc. Приступљено 16. 11. 2009.  Full text at Internet Archive (archive.org)
  3. ^ „The Five Natural Asphalt Lake Areas In The World”. 
  4. ^ а б „Asphalt and Bitumen”. Ullmann’s Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. 2005. doi:10.1002/14356007.a03_169.pub2. 
  5. ^ Brown, E.R.; Kandhal, P.S.; Roberts, F.L.; Kim, Y.R.; Lee, D.-Y.; Kennedy, T.W. (1991). Hot Mix Asphalt Materials, Mixture Design, and Construction (Third изд.). Lanham, Maryland: NAPA Education and Research Foundation. ISBN 978-0914313021. 
  6. ^ „Oil Sands Glossary”. Oil Sands Royalty Guidelines. Government of Alberta. 2008. Архивирано из оригинала 1. 11. 2007. г. Приступљено 2. 2. 2008. 
  7. ^ Walker, Ian C. (1998), Marketing Challenges for Canadian Bitumen (PDF), Tulsa, OK: International Centre for Heavy Hydrocarbons, Архивирано из оригинала (PDF) 13. 3. 2012. г., „Bitumen has been defined by various sources as crude oil with a dynamic viscosity at reservoir conditions of more than 10,000 centipoise. Canadian "bitumen" supply is more loosely accepted as production from the Athabasca, Wabasca, Peace River and Cold Lake oil-sands deposits. The majority of the oil produced from these deposits has an API gravity of between 8° and 12° and a reservoir viscosity of over 10,000 centipoise although small volumes have higher API gravities and lower viscosities.” 
  8. ^ „ST98-2015: Alberta's Energy Reserves 2014 and Supply/Demand Outlook 2015–2024” (PDF). Statistical Reports (ST). Alberta Energy Regulator. 2015. Архивирано из оригинала (PDF) 30. 4. 2019. г. Приступљено 19. 1. 2016. 
  9. ^ Polaczyk, Pawel; Han, Bingye; Huang, Baoshan; Jia, Xiaoyang; Shu, Xiang (30. 10. 2018). „Evaluation of the hot mix asphalt compactability utilizing the impact compaction method”. Construction and Building Materials. 187: 131—137. ISSN 0950-0618. doi:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.07.117. 
  10. ^ ἄσφαλτος. Liddell, Henry George; Scott, Robert; A Greek–English Lexicon at the Perseus Project.
  11. ^ σφάλλειν in Liddell and Scott.
  12. ^ Herodotus, The Histories, 1.179.4, on Perseus.
  13. ^ census, 1900, United States Census Office 12th; Steuart, William Mott; Census, United States Bureau of the (1905). Mines and quarries 1902 (на језику: енглески). Govt. Print. Off. стр. 980. „Bitumen mixed with clay was usually called asphaltum.” 
  14. ^ „What is Oil Sands”. Alberta Energy. 2007. Архивирано из оригинала 5. 2. 2016. г. 
  15. ^ „2007 Canadian Crude Oil Forecast and Market Outlook”. Canadian Association of Petroleum Producers. јун 2007. Архивирано из оригинала 26. 2. 2014. г. 
  16. ^ Muhammad Abdul Quddus (1992). „Catalytic Oxidation of Asphalt”. Thesis submitted to Department of Applied Chemistry; University of Karachi. Pakistan: Higher Education Commission Pakistan: Pakistan Research Repository. стр. 6, in ch. 2 pdf. Архивирано из оригинала 5. 2. 2011. г. 
  17. ^ Muhammad Abdul Quddus (1992), p. 99, in ch. 5 pdf

Literatura

  • Barth, Edwin J., Asphalt: Science and Technology Gordon and Breach (1962). ISBN 0-677-00040-5.
  • Forbes, R. J. (1993) [Reprint of 1964 ed.], Studies in Ancient Technology, Volume 1, The Netherlands: E.J. Brill, ISBN 978-90-04-00621-8 
  • Lay, Maxwell G. (1992), The Ways of the World: A History of the World's Roads and of the Vehicles That Used Them, Rutgers University Press, ISBN 978-0-8135-2691-1 
  • Podgorski, D. C. (2013). „Heavy Petroleum Composition. 5. Compositional and Structural Continuum of Petroleum Revealed”. Energy & Fuels. 27 (3): 1268—1276. doi:10.1021/ef301737f. 
  • McKenna, A. M. (2013). „Heavy Petroleum Composition. 3. Asphaltene Aggregation”. Energy & Fuels. 27 (3): 1246—1256. doi:10.1021/ef3018578. 
  • Rueda-Velasquez, R. I. (2013). „Characterization of Asphaltene Building Blocks by Cracking under Favorable Hydrogenation Conditions”. Energy & Fuels. 27 (4): 1817—1829. doi:10.1021/ef301521q. 
  • Yen, T.G.; Erdman, J.G.; Saraceno, A.J. (1962). „Investigation of the nature of free radicals in petroleum asphaltenes and related substances by Electron Spin Resonance”. Analytical Chemistry. 34: 694—700. doi:10.1021/ac60186a034. 
  • Abdallah, D.; Punnapalla, S.; Kulbrandstad, O.; Godoy, M.; Madem, S.; Babakhani, A.; Lovell, J. (2018). Asphaltene studies in on-shore Abu Dhabi fields, Part IV: Development of a surface sensor. SPE ATCE. SPE-191676. Dallas. doi:10.2118/191676-MS. 

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