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[[Датотека:Asphalt base.jpg|мини|десно|250px|Sloj asfalta]]
[[Датотека:Asphalt base.jpg|мини|десно|250px|Sloj asfalta]]
[[Датотека:Asphalt_Concrete.jpg|мини|250px|Asfalt pripremljen za asfaltiranje puta]]
[[Датотека:Asphalt_Concrete.jpg|мини|250px|Asfalt pripremljen za asfaltiranje puta]]
[[File:Bitumen.jpg|thumb|250px|Natural bitumen from the [[Dead Sea]] ]]
[[File:Bitumen.jpg|thumb|250px|Prirodni bitumen iz [[Dead Sea|Mrtvog mora]] ]]
[[File:Refined bitumen.JPG|thumb|250px|Refined asphalt]]
[[File:Refined bitumen.JPG|thumb|250px|Rafinirani asfalt]]
[[File:University of Queensland Pitch drop experiment-white bg.jpg|thumb|250px|The University of Queensland [[pitch drop experiment]], demonstrating the [[viscosity]] of asphalt]]
[[File:University of Queensland Pitch drop experiment-white bg.jpg|thumb|250px|Eksperiment kapi bitumena u eksponatu sa Univerziteta Kvinslenda, demonstrira [[viscosity|viskoznost]] asfalta]]
{{L|rut}}
'''Asfalt''' ({{јез-грч|ásphaltos}} — ''bez padanja'') takođe poznat kao ''bitumen''<ref>{{cite EPD|18}}</ref> je lepljiva, crna i visoko viskozna [[tečnost]] ili polu-tečnost koja se javlja uz brojna ležišta [[nafta|nafte]] i drugih [[mineral]]a. It may be found in natural deposits or may be a refined product, and is classed as a [[Pitch (resin)|pitch]]. Before the 20th century, the term '''asphaltum''' was also used.<ref name="Abraham1938">{{cite book|first=Herbert|last=Abraham|year=1938| title=Asphalts and Allied Substances: Their Occurrence, Modes of Production, Uses in the Arts, and Methods of Testing | edition=4th| publisher=D. Van Nostrand Co., Inc.| location=New York |url=https://archive.org/details/asphaltsandallie031010mbp|accessdate=16 November 2009}} Full text at Internet Archive (archive.org)</ref> The word is derived from the [[Ancient Greek]] ἄσφαλτος ''ásphaltos''. The [[Pitch Lake]] is the largest natural deposit of asphalt in the world, estimated to contain 10 million tons. It is located in [[La Brea, Trinidad and Tobago|La Brea]] in southwest [[Trinidad]], within the [[Siparia Regional Corporation]].<ref>https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/the-five-natural-asphalt-lake-areas-in-the-world.html</ref>


'''Asfalt''' ({{јез-грч|ásphaltos}} — ''bez padanja'') takođe poznat kao ''bitumen''<ref>{{cite EPD|18}}</ref> je lepljiva, crna i visoko viskozna [[tečnost]] ili polu-tečnost koja se javlja uz brojna ležišta [[nafta|nafte]] i drugih [[mineral]]a. Može se naći u prirodnim ležištima ili može biti rafiniran proizvod, a klasifikuje se kao [[Pitch (resin)|katran]]. Pre 20. veka korišćen je i termin ''asfaltum''.<ref name="Abraham1938">{{cite book|first=Herbert|last=Abraham|year=1938| title=Asphalts and Allied Substances: Their Occurrence, Modes of Production, Uses in the Arts, and Methods of Testing | edition=4th| publisher=D. Van Nostrand Co., Inc.| location=New York |url=https://archive.org/details/asphaltsandallie031010mbp|accessdate=16 November 2009}} Full text at Internet Archive (archive.org)</ref> Reč je izvedena iz [[Ancient Greek|starogrčkog]] ἄσφαλτος ''ásphaltos''. [[Pitch Lake|Katransko jezero]] je najveće prirodno ležište asfalta na svetu, a procenjuje se da sadrži 10 miliona tona. Nalazi se u [[La Brea, Trinidad and Tobago|La Brei]], na jugozapadu [[Trinidad]]a, u okviru [[Siparia Regional Corporation|Regionalne korporacije Siparija]].<ref>[[cite web |url= https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/the-five-natural-asphalt-lake-areas-in-the-world.html |title= The Five Natural Asphalt Lake Areas In The World]]</ref>
U prošlosti se koristio za popravljanje rupa na [[brod]]ovima i sprečavanje prodora vode u iste. Danas se najviše koristi za pravljenje [[put]]eva i drugih saobraćajnica. Shodno različitom sastavu moguće je proizvesti različite tipove asfalta (prema tvrdoći, viskoznosti, kvalitetu i dr). Its other main uses are for [[bituminous waterproofing]] products, including production of [[roofing felt]] and for sealing flat roofs.<ref name="UllmannAsph">{{Ullmann |doi=10.1002/14356007.a03_169.pub2|title=Asphalt and Bitumen|year=2009|last1=Sörensen|first1=Anja|last2=Wichert|first2=Bodo|isbn=978-3527306732}}</ref>


U prošlosti se koristio za popravljanje rupa na [[brod]]ovima i sprečavanje prodora vode u iste. Danas se najviše koristi za pravljenje [[put]]eva i drugih saobraćajnica. Shodno različitom sastavu moguće je proizvesti različite tipove asfalta (prema tvrdoći, viskoznosti, kvalitetu i dr). Ostale glavne upotrebe su proizvodi za [[bituminous waterproofing|bitumensku hidroizolaciju]], uključujući proizvodnju [[roofing felt|krovnog filca]] i za brtvljenje ravnih krovova.<ref name="UllmannAsph">{{Ullmann |doi=10.1002/14356007.a03_169.pub2|title=Asphalt and Bitumen|year=2009|last1=Sörensen|first1=Anja|last2=Wichert|first2=Bodo|isbn=978-3527306732}}</ref>
In material sciences and engineering, the terms "asphalt" and "bitumen" are often used interchangeably to mean both natural and manufactured forms of the substance, although there is regional variation as to which term is most common. Worldwide, geologists tend to favor the term "bitumen" for the naturally occurring material. For the manufactured material, which is a refined residue from the [[distillation]] process of selected crude oils, "bitumen" is the prevalent term in much of the world; however, in [[American English]], "asphalt" is more commonly used. To help avoid confusion, the phrase "liquid asphalt", "asphalt binder", or "asphalt cement" is used in the U.S. Colloquially, various forms of asphalt are sometimes referred to as "tar", as in the name of the [[La Brea Tar Pits]], although [[tar]] is a different material.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Brown|first1=E.R.|last2=Kandhal|first2=P.S.|last3=Roberts|first3=F.L.|last4=Kim|first4=Y.R.|last5=Lee|first5=D.-Y.|last6=Kennedy|first6=T.W.|title=Hot Mix Asphalt Materials, Mixture Design, and Construction|edition=Third|year=1991|publisher=NAPA Education and Research Foundation|location=Lanham, Maryland|isbn=978-0914313021}}</ref>


U nauci o materijalima i inženjerstvu, termini „asfalt”" i „bitumen” često se naizmenično koriste pri čemu oba označavaju prirodne i proizvedene oblike ove supstance, mada postoji regionalna varijacija u pogledu toga koji je termin najčešći. U celom svetu geolozi imaju tendenciju da favoriziraju termin „bitumen” za prirodni materijal. Za proizvedeni materijal, koji je rafinirani ostatak iz procesa [[distillation|destilacije]] odabranih sirovih ulja, „bitumen” je preovlađujući pojam u većem delu sveta; međutim, u [[American English|američkom engleskom]] jeziku najčešće se koristi „asfalt”. Da bi se izbegla konfuzija, u SAD se kolokvijalno koristi fraza „tečni asfalt”, „asfaltno vezivo” ili „asfaltni cement“. Kolokvijalno, različiti oblici asfalta se ponekad nazivaju „katran”, kao u nazivu [[La Brea Tar Pits|La Brea katranske jame]], iako je [[katran]] drugačiji materijal.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Brown|first1=E.R.|last2=Kandhal|first2=P.S.|last3=Roberts|first3=F.L.|last4=Kim|first4=Y.R.|last5=Lee|first5=D.-Y.|last6=Kennedy|first6=T.W.|title=Hot Mix Asphalt Materials, Mixture Design, and Construction|edition=Third|year=1991|publisher=NAPA Education and Research Foundation|location=Lanham, Maryland|isbn=978-0914313021}}</ref>
Naturally occurring asphalt is sometimes specified by the term "crude bitumen". Its viscosity is similar to that of cold [[molasses]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Oil Sands Glossary |work=Oil Sands Royalty Guidelines |publisher=Government of Alberta |year=2008 |url=http://www.energy.gov.ab.ca/OilSands/1106.asp |accessdate=2 February 2008 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071101112113/http://www.energy.gov.ab.ca/OilSands/1106.asp |archivedate=1 November 2007 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Citation|last=Walker |first=Ian C. |title=Marketing Challenges for Canadian Bitumen |place=Tulsa, OK |publisher=International Centre for Heavy Hydrocarbons |year=1998 |url=http://www.oildrop.org/Info/Centre/Lib/7thConf/19980101.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120313084908/http://www.oildrop.org/Info/Centre/Lib/7thConf/19980101.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=13 March 2012 |quote=Bitumen has been defined by various sources as crude oil with a dynamic viscosity at reservoir conditions of more than 10,000 centipoise. Canadian "bitumen" supply is more loosely accepted as production from the Athabasca, Wabasca, Peace River and Cold Lake oil-sands deposits. The majority of the oil produced from these deposits has an API gravity of between 8° and 12° and a reservoir viscosity of over 10,000 centipoise although small volumes have higher API gravities and lower viscosities. }}</ref> while the material obtained from the [[fractional distillation]] of [[crude oil]] boiling at {{convert|525|C|F}} is sometimes referred to as "refined bitumen". The Canadian province of [[Alberta]] has most of the world's reserves of natural asphalt in the [[Athabasca oil sands]], which cover {{convert|142000|km2}}, an area larger than [[England]].<ref name="ST98">{{cite web| title = ST98-2015: Alberta's Energy Reserves 2014 and Supply/Demand Outlook 2015–2024| work = Statistical Reports (ST)| publisher = Alberta Energy Regulator| year = 2015| url = http://www.aer.ca/documents/sts/ST98/ST98-2015.pdf| accessdate = 19 January 2016| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190430135147/https://aer.ca/documents/sts/ST98/ST98-2015.pdf| archive-date = 30 April 2019| url-status = dead}}</ref>


Asfalt koji se prirodno pojavljuje ponekad se naziva terminom „sirovi bitumen”. Njegova viskoznost je slična onoj kod hladne [[Меласа|melase]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Oil Sands Glossary |work=Oil Sands Royalty Guidelines |publisher=Government of Alberta |year=2008 |url=http://www.energy.gov.ab.ca/OilSands/1106.asp |accessdate=2 February 2008 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071101112113/http://www.energy.gov.ab.ca/OilSands/1106.asp |archivedate=1 November 2007 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Citation|last=Walker |first=Ian C. |title=Marketing Challenges for Canadian Bitumen |place=Tulsa, OK |publisher=International Centre for Heavy Hydrocarbons |year=1998 |url=http://www.oildrop.org/Info/Centre/Lib/7thConf/19980101.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120313084908/http://www.oildrop.org/Info/Centre/Lib/7thConf/19980101.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=13 March 2012 |quote=Bitumen has been defined by various sources as crude oil with a dynamic viscosity at reservoir conditions of more than 10,000 centipoise. Canadian "bitumen" supply is more loosely accepted as production from the Athabasca, Wabasca, Peace River and Cold Lake oil-sands deposits. The majority of the oil produced from these deposits has an API gravity of between 8° and 12° and a reservoir viscosity of over 10,000 centipoise although small volumes have higher API gravities and lower viscosities. }}</ref> dok se materijal dobijen [[Frakciona destilacija|frakcionom destilacijom]] [[crude oil|sirove nafte]] koji ključa na {{convert|525|C|F}} ponekad naziva „rafinirani bitumen”. Kanadska provincija [[Alberta]] ima većinu svetskih rezervi prirodnog asfalta u [[Athabasca oil sands|naftnim peskovima Atabaske]], koji pokrivaju {{convert|142000|km2}}, površinu veću od [[England|Engleske]].<ref name="ST98">{{cite web| title = ST98-2015: Alberta's Energy Reserves 2014 and Supply/Demand Outlook 2015–2024| work = Statistical Reports (ST)| publisher = Alberta Energy Regulator| year = 2015| url = http://www.aer.ca/documents/sts/ST98/ST98-2015.pdf| accessdate = 19 January 2016| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190430135147/https://aer.ca/documents/sts/ST98/ST98-2015.pdf| archive-date = 30 April 2019| url-status = dead}}</ref>
Asphalt properties change with temperature, which means that there is a specific range where viscosity permits adequate compaction by providing lubrication between particles during the compaction process. Low temperature prevents aggregate particles from moving, and the required density is not possible to achieve.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Polaczyk|first=Pawel|last2=Han|first2=Bingye|last3=Huang|first3=Baoshan|last4=Jia|first4=Xiaoyang|last5=Shu|first5=Xiang|date=30 October 2018|title=Evaluation of the hot mix asphalt compactability utilizing the impact compaction method|journal=Construction and Building Materials|volume=187|pages=131–137|doi=10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.07.117|issn=0950-0618}}</ref>

Svojstva asfalta se menjaju sa temperaturom, što znači da postoji određeni opseg gde viskozitet omogućava adekvatno zbijanje obezbeđivanjem podmazivanja između čestica tokom procesa sabijanja. Niska temperatura sprečava pomeranje čestica agregata, a potrebnu gustinu nije moguće postići.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Polaczyk|first=Pawel|last2=Han|first2=Bingye|last3=Huang|first3=Baoshan|last4=Jia|first4=Xiaoyang|last5=Shu|first5=Xiang|date=30 October 2018|title=Evaluation of the hot mix asphalt compactability utilizing the impact compaction method|journal=Construction and Building Materials|volume=187|pages=131–137|doi=10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.07.117|issn=0950-0618}}</ref>


== Etimologija ==
== Etimologija ==

Верзија на датум 4. јул 2020. у 18:32

Шаблон:Short description

Sloj asfalta
Asfalt pripremljen za asfaltiranje puta
Prirodni bitumen iz Mrtvog mora
Rafinirani asfalt
Eksperiment kapi bitumena u eksponatu sa Univerziteta Kvinslenda, demonstrira viskoznost asfalta

Asfalt (грч. ásphaltosbez padanja) takođe poznat kao bitumen[1] je lepljiva, crna i visoko viskozna tečnost ili polu-tečnost koja se javlja uz brojna ležišta nafte i drugih minerala. Može se naći u prirodnim ležištima ili može biti rafiniran proizvod, a klasifikuje se kao katran. Pre 20. veka korišćen je i termin asfaltum.[2] Reč je izvedena iz starogrčkog ἄσφαλτος ásphaltos. Katransko jezero je najveće prirodno ležište asfalta na svetu, a procenjuje se da sadrži 10 miliona tona. Nalazi se u La Brei, na jugozapadu Trinidada, u okviru Regionalne korporacije Siparija.[3]

U prošlosti se koristio za popravljanje rupa na brodovima i sprečavanje prodora vode u iste. Danas se najviše koristi za pravljenje puteva i drugih saobraćajnica. Shodno različitom sastavu moguće je proizvesti različite tipove asfalta (prema tvrdoći, viskoznosti, kvalitetu i dr). Ostale glavne upotrebe su proizvodi za bitumensku hidroizolaciju, uključujući proizvodnju krovnog filca i za brtvljenje ravnih krovova.[4]

U nauci o materijalima i inženjerstvu, termini „asfalt”" i „bitumen” često se naizmenično koriste pri čemu oba označavaju prirodne i proizvedene oblike ove supstance, mada postoji regionalna varijacija u pogledu toga koji je termin najčešći. U celom svetu geolozi imaju tendenciju da favoriziraju termin „bitumen” za prirodni materijal. Za proizvedeni materijal, koji je rafinirani ostatak iz procesa destilacije odabranih sirovih ulja, „bitumen” je preovlađujući pojam u većem delu sveta; međutim, u američkom engleskom jeziku najčešće se koristi „asfalt”. Da bi se izbegla konfuzija, u SAD se kolokvijalno koristi fraza „tečni asfalt”, „asfaltno vezivo” ili „asfaltni cement“. Kolokvijalno, različiti oblici asfalta se ponekad nazivaju „katran”, kao u nazivu La Brea katranske jame, iako je katran drugačiji materijal.[5]

Asfalt koji se prirodno pojavljuje ponekad se naziva terminom „sirovi bitumen”. Njegova viskoznost je slična onoj kod hladne melase,[6][7] dok se materijal dobijen frakcionom destilacijom sirove nafte koji ključa na 525 °C (977 °F) ponekad naziva „rafinirani bitumen”. Kanadska provincija Alberta ima većinu svetskih rezervi prirodnog asfalta u naftnim peskovima Atabaske, koji pokrivaju 142.000 km2 (55.000 sq mi), površinu veću od Engleske.[8]

Svojstva asfalta se menjaju sa temperaturom, što znači da postoji određeni opseg gde viskozitet omogućava adekvatno zbijanje obezbeđivanjem podmazivanja između čestica tokom procesa sabijanja. Niska temperatura sprečava pomeranje čestica agregata, a potrebnu gustinu nije moguće postići.[9]

Etimologija

Reč asfalt dolazi od francuske reči asphalte bazirane na latinskim rečima asphalton, asphaltum, koje su izvedene iz grčkih reči ásphalton, ásphaltos (άσφαλτος). Grčke reči znače: α : "bez" i σφάλλω : "padanje".

Reference

  1. ^ Jones, Daniel (2011). Roach, Peter; Setter, Jane; Esling, John, ур. Cambridge English Pronouncing Dictionary (18. изд.). Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-15255-6. 
  2. ^ Abraham, Herbert (1938). Asphalts and Allied Substances: Their Occurrence, Modes of Production, Uses in the Arts, and Methods of Testing (4th изд.). New York: D. Van Nostrand Co., Inc. Приступљено 16. 11. 2009.  Full text at Internet Archive (archive.org)
  3. ^ url= https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/the-five-natural-asphalt-lake-areas-in-the-world.html |title= The Five Natural Asphalt Lake Areas In The World
  4. ^ „Asphalt and Bitumen”. Ullmann’s Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. 2005. doi:10.1002/14356007.a03_169.pub2. 
  5. ^ Brown, E.R.; Kandhal, P.S.; Roberts, F.L.; Kim, Y.R.; Lee, D.-Y.; Kennedy, T.W. (1991). Hot Mix Asphalt Materials, Mixture Design, and Construction (Third изд.). Lanham, Maryland: NAPA Education and Research Foundation. ISBN 978-0914313021. 
  6. ^ „Oil Sands Glossary”. Oil Sands Royalty Guidelines. Government of Alberta. 2008. Архивирано из оригинала 1. 11. 2007. г. Приступљено 2. 2. 2008. 
  7. ^ Walker, Ian C. (1998), Marketing Challenges for Canadian Bitumen (PDF), Tulsa, OK: International Centre for Heavy Hydrocarbons, Архивирано из оригинала (PDF) 13. 3. 2012. г., „Bitumen has been defined by various sources as crude oil with a dynamic viscosity at reservoir conditions of more than 10,000 centipoise. Canadian "bitumen" supply is more loosely accepted as production from the Athabasca, Wabasca, Peace River and Cold Lake oil-sands deposits. The majority of the oil produced from these deposits has an API gravity of between 8° and 12° and a reservoir viscosity of over 10,000 centipoise although small volumes have higher API gravities and lower viscosities. 
  8. ^ „ST98-2015: Alberta's Energy Reserves 2014 and Supply/Demand Outlook 2015–2024” (PDF). Statistical Reports (ST). Alberta Energy Regulator. 2015. Архивирано из оригинала (PDF) 30. 4. 2019. г. Приступљено 19. 1. 2016. 
  9. ^ Polaczyk, Pawel; Han, Bingye; Huang, Baoshan; Jia, Xiaoyang; Shu, Xiang (30. 10. 2018). „Evaluation of the hot mix asphalt compactability utilizing the impact compaction method”. Construction and Building Materials. 187: 131—137. ISSN 0950-0618. doi:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.07.117. 

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