Asfalt
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Asfalt (грч. ásphaltos — bez padanja) takođe poznat kao bitumen[1] je lepljiva, crna i visoko viskozna tečnost ili polu-tečnost koja se javlja uz brojna ležišta nafte i drugih minerala. It may be found in natural deposits or may be a refined product, and is classed as a pitch. Before the 20th century, the term asphaltum was also used.[2] The word is derived from the Ancient Greek ἄσφαλτος ásphaltos. The Pitch Lake is the largest natural deposit of asphalt in the world, estimated to contain 10 million tons. It is located in La Brea in southwest Trinidad, within the Siparia Regional Corporation.[3]
U prošlosti se koristio za popravljanje rupa na brodovima i sprečavanje prodora vode u iste. Danas se najviše koristi za pravljenje puteva i drugih saobraćajnica. Shodno različitom sastavu moguće je proizvesti različite tipove asfalta (prema tvrdoći, viskoznosti, kvalitetu i dr). Its other main uses are for bituminous waterproofing products, including production of roofing felt and for sealing flat roofs.[4]
In material sciences and engineering, the terms "asphalt" and "bitumen" are often used interchangeably to mean both natural and manufactured forms of the substance, although there is regional variation as to which term is most common. Worldwide, geologists tend to favor the term "bitumen" for the naturally occurring material. For the manufactured material, which is a refined residue from the distillation process of selected crude oils, "bitumen" is the prevalent term in much of the world; however, in American English, "asphalt" is more commonly used. To help avoid confusion, the phrase "liquid asphalt", "asphalt binder", or "asphalt cement" is used in the U.S. Colloquially, various forms of asphalt are sometimes referred to as "tar", as in the name of the La Brea Tar Pits, although tar is a different material.[5]
Naturally occurring asphalt is sometimes specified by the term "crude bitumen". Its viscosity is similar to that of cold molasses[6][7] while the material obtained from the fractional distillation of crude oil boiling at 525 °C (977 °F) is sometimes referred to as "refined bitumen". The Canadian province of Alberta has most of the world's reserves of natural asphalt in the Athabasca oil sands, which cover 142.000 km2 (55.000 sq mi), an area larger than England.[8]
Asphalt properties change with temperature, which means that there is a specific range where viscosity permits adequate compaction by providing lubrication between particles during the compaction process. Low temperature prevents aggregate particles from moving, and the required density is not possible to achieve.[9]
Etimologija
Reč asfalt dolazi od francuske reči asphalte bazirane na latinskim rečima asphalton, asphaltum, koje su izvedene iz grčkih reči ásphalton, ásphaltos (άσφαλτος). Grčke reči znače: α : "bez" i σφάλλω : "padanje".
Reference
- ^ Jones, Daniel (2011). Roach, Peter; Setter, Jane; Esling, John, ур. Cambridge English Pronouncing Dictionary (18. изд.). Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-15255-6.
- ^ Abraham, Herbert (1938). Asphalts and Allied Substances: Their Occurrence, Modes of Production, Uses in the Arts, and Methods of Testing (4th изд.). New York: D. Van Nostrand Co., Inc. Приступљено 16. 11. 2009. Full text at Internet Archive (archive.org)
- ^ https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/the-five-natural-asphalt-lake-areas-in-the-world.html
- ^ „Asphalt and Bitumen”. Ullmann’s Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. 2005. doi:10.1002/14356007.a03_169.pub2.
- ^ Brown, E.R.; Kandhal, P.S.; Roberts, F.L.; Kim, Y.R.; Lee, D.-Y.; Kennedy, T.W. (1991). Hot Mix Asphalt Materials, Mixture Design, and Construction (Third изд.). Lanham, Maryland: NAPA Education and Research Foundation. ISBN 978-0914313021.
- ^ „Oil Sands Glossary”. Oil Sands Royalty Guidelines. Government of Alberta. 2008. Архивирано из оригинала 1. 11. 2007. г. Приступљено 2. 2. 2008.
- ^ Walker, Ian C. (1998), Marketing Challenges for Canadian Bitumen (PDF), Tulsa, OK: International Centre for Heavy Hydrocarbons, Архивирано из оригинала (PDF) 13. 3. 2012. г., „Bitumen has been defined by various sources as crude oil with a dynamic viscosity at reservoir conditions of more than 10,000 centipoise. Canadian "bitumen" supply is more loosely accepted as production from the Athabasca, Wabasca, Peace River and Cold Lake oil-sands deposits. The majority of the oil produced from these deposits has an API gravity of between 8° and 12° and a reservoir viscosity of over 10,000 centipoise although small volumes have higher API gravities and lower viscosities.”
- ^ „ST98-2015: Alberta's Energy Reserves 2014 and Supply/Demand Outlook 2015–2024” (PDF). Statistical Reports (ST). Alberta Energy Regulator. 2015. Архивирано из оригинала (PDF) 30. 4. 2019. г. Приступљено 19. 1. 2016.
- ^ Polaczyk, Pawel; Han, Bingye; Huang, Baoshan; Jia, Xiaoyang; Shu, Xiang (30. 10. 2018). „Evaluation of the hot mix asphalt compactability utilizing the impact compaction method”. Construction and Building Materials. 187: 131—137. ISSN 0950-0618. doi:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.07.117.
Literatura
- Barth, Edwin J., Asphalt: Science and Technology Gordon and Breach (1962). ISBN 0-677-00040-5.
- Forbes, R. J. (1993) [Reprint of 1964 ed.], Studies in Ancient Technology, Volume 1, The Netherlands: E.J. Brill, ISBN 978-90-04-00621-8
- Lay, Maxwell G. (1992), The Ways of the World: A History of the World's Roads and of the Vehicles That Used Them, Rutgers University Press, ISBN 978-0-8135-2691-1
Vidi još
Spoljašnje veze
- Redwood, Boverton (1911). „Asphalt”. Encyclopædia Britannica (на језику: енглески). 2 (11 изд.). стр. 768.
„Bitumen”. New International Encyclopedia. 1905.- Интернационална карта хемијске безбедности 0612
- Pavement Interactive – Asphalt
- Asphalt Magazine
- CSU Sacramento, The World Famous Asphalt Museum!
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health – Asphalt Fumes
