Transmissiya sahifasining manbasini koʻrish


[[File:Cambio H.jpg |thumb|right|2009-yilgi [[Volkswagen Golf]] uzatmalar qutisi ichki qismlari]]
[[Fayl:Kurvenantrieb mit Zylinderkurve.gif|thumb]]
'''Transmissiya''' (shuningdek, '''[[uzatmalar qutisi]]''' deb ham ataladi) – ikki yoki undan ortiq uzatmalar toʻplami bilan birgalikda ishlab, [[mashina]]da [[tezlik]]ni, aylanish yoʻnalishini yoki aylantiruvchi lahzani koʻpaytiruvchi va kamaytiruvchi mexanik qurilma<ref name=":0">{{cite book |author1= J. J. Uicker |author2= G. R. Pennock |author3= J. E. Shigley |year= 2003 |title= Theory of Machines and Mechanisms |url= https://archive.org/details/theoryofmachines0000uick |publisher= Oxford University Press |place= New York |edition= 3rd|isbn= 9780195155983}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author= B. Paul |year= 1979 |title= Kinematics and Dynamics of Planar Machinery |url= https://archive.org/details/kinematicsdynami0000paul |publisher= Prentice Hall}}</ref>. Transmissiyalar bitta oʻzgarmas uzatmalar nisbatiga, bir nechta alohida uzatmalar nisbatiga yoki doimiy oʻzgaruvchan nisbatlarga ega boʻlishi mumkin.

== Foydalanilishi ==
=== Dastlabki foydalanilishi ===
Dastlabki transmissiyalar [[to‘g‘ri burchak]]li uzatmalar va [[Shamol tegirmoni|shamol tegirmonlaridagi]] boshqa [[tishli g‘ildirak]]lar, ot kuchiga ega qurilmalar va bugʻ bilan ishlaydigan qurilmalarni oʻz ichiga olgan.

=== Avtomobillarda ===
[[Image:Powerband.gif|thumb|right|Ikkita avtomobil dvigatellarining kuch va aylantiruvchi lahza egri chiziqlari]]
[[Ichki yonuv dvigateli]]da aylantiruvchi lahza va [[Ot kuchi|quvvat]] chiqishi aylanishlar soniga bogʻliq ravishda oʻzgarib turgani uchun, ichki yonuv dvigateli bilan ishlaydigan avtomobillarda optimal quvvat, yoqilgʻi samaradorligi va silliq ishlashi maqsadida dvigatelni quvvat diapazonida ushlab turish uchun bir nechta uzatmalar nisbatini talab qiladi. Avtomobil yoʻllarida xavfsiz va ishonchli ishlash uchun yetarli tezlanish va tezlikni taʼminlash uchun bir nechta tishli uzatma nisbatlari ham kerak. Ichki yonuv dvigatellari odatda taxminan 600-7000 ayl/min oraligʻida ishlaydi, avtomobilning tezligi esa gʻildiraklarning 0-1800 ayl/min oraligʻida aylanishini talab qiladi<ref>{{cite book |last1=Naunheimer |first1=Harald |last2=Bertsche |first2=Bernd |last3=Ryborz |first3=Joachim |last4=Novak |first4=Wolfgang |title=Automotive Transmissions: Fundamentals, Selection, Design and Application |date=2011 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-3-642-16214-5 |pages=100–114 |url=https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-642-16214-5_4 |access-date=21 January 2023 |language=en |chapter=Power Conversion: Selecting the Ratios|doi=10.1007/978-3-642-16214-5_4 }}</ref>. Hozirda ishlab chiqarilayotgan [[benzin]] yoki [[dizel]] dvigatelli yengil avtomobillarning aksariyatida 4-10 oldinga uzatmalar nisbati (shuningdek, tezliklar deb ataladi) va bitta teskari uzatmalar nisbatiga ega uzatmalardan foydalaniladi. Elektr bilan harakatlanadigan transport vositalarida esa odatda oʻzgarmas uzatmali yoki teskari uzatmalarsiz ikki tezlikli uzatmadan foydalaniladi.
[[Image:Helicopter Bristol 171 Sycamore main gear box and rotor head.jpg|left|thumb|Bristol Sycamore vertolyotining transmissiyasi]]

== Oʻzgarmas nisbatli uzatma ==
Eng oddiy uzatmalarda tezlikni kamaytirish yoki oshirish, baʼzan chiqish [[val]]ining yoʻnalishini oʻzgartirish bilan birgalikda taʼminlash uchun oʻzgarmas nisbatdan foydalaniladi. Bunday uzatmalar [[vertolyot]]lar va [[Shamol elektr stansiyasi|shamol generatorlarida]] ishlatiladi. Shamol generatori holatida, generatorning yuqori aylantiruvchi lahzalarga bardosh berishi bilan birga oʻlchamini minimallashtirish uchun, odatda, uzatmalar qutisining birinchi pogʻonasi [[planetar uzatma]] hisoblanadi<ref>{{Citation |last = Stiesdal |first = Henrik |title = The wind turbine: Components and operation |date = August 1999 |url = http://transmissionrepairguy.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/How-A-Turbine-Works.pdf |access-date = 2009-10-06 |arxiv-sana = 2020-08-09 |arxiv-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200809115229/http://transmissionrepairguy.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/How-A-Turbine-Works.pdf |url-status = dead }}</ref><ref>{{Citation |first1 = W. |last1 = Musial |first2 = S. |last2 = Butterfield |first3 = B. |last3 = McNiff |title = Improving Wind TurbineGearbox Reliability |date = May 2007 |publisher = National Renewable Energy Laboratory |url = http://www.nrel.gov/wind/pdfs/41548.pdf |access-date = July 2, 2013 |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120923074328/http://www.nrel.gov/wind/pdfs/41548.pdf |archive-date = September 23, 2012 }}</ref>.

== Turli nisbatli uzatma ==
Turli nisbatli uzatmalar – ayniqsa transport vositalarida bir nechta uzatmalarga ega boʻlib, ular kirish tezligining (masalan, dvigatel aylanish tezligi) chiqish tezligiga (masalan, avtomobil tezligi) nisbatini maʼlum bir vaziyat uchun talab qilinganidek oʻzgartirish uchun ishlatiladi. Uzatmalar (nisbat) [[Avtomatik uzatmalar qutisi#Mexanik boshqarish rejimi|mexanik]], yarim avtomatik yoki [[Avtomatik uzatmalar qutisi|avtomatik]] boʻlishi mumkin.

=== Mexanik uzatmalar qutisi ===
Mexanik uzatma haydovchidan uzatmalar qutisi va muftani (odatda [[avtomobil]]lar uchun oyoq pedali yoki [[mototsikl]]lar uchun qoʻl richagi) ishlatish orqali uzatmalarni qoʻlda tanlashni talab qiladi<ref>{{cite web |title=Manual Transmission Operation |url=https://youtube.com/watch?v=vOo3TLgL0kM |website=YouTube|access-date=21 January 2023 |language=en}}</ref>. Zamonaviy avtomobillardagi aksariyat uzatmalar kirish va chiqish vallarining tezliklarini sinxronlashtirish uchun sinxromeshdan foydalanadi. Biroq, 1950-yillarga qadar aksariyat avtomobillar sinxron boʻlmagan uzatmalardan foydalangan.
<gallery mode="packed" heights="180px" style="text-align:left">
File:John Deere 3350 tractor cut transmission.JPG|16 pogʻonali [[traktor]] transmissiyasi (qoʻshimcha 8 ta teskari uzatma)
File:M5OD transmission.jpg|Mazda M5OD mexanik uzatmasi (dvigatel tomonidan koʻrinishi)
File:Gearbox 4gears sequential.gif|4 pogʻonali ketma-ket qoʻl uzatmasining animatsiyasi
</gallery>

==== Ketma-ket mexanik uzatmalar qutisi ====
''Ketma-ket mexanik uzatma'' asosan [[mototsikl]]lar va poyga mashinalari uchun ishlatiladigan sinxron boʻlmagan uzatmaning bir turi. U sinxronlangan mexanik uzatmalarga qaraganda tezroq siljish vaqtini ishlab chiqaradi, chunki bu turdagi uzatmalar qutisida sinxromeshdan koʻra [[kuchuk mufta]]laridan foydalaniladi<ref>{{cite web |title=How Sequential Gearboxes Work |url=https://auto.howstuffworks.com/sequential-gearbox.htm |website=www.howstuffworks.com |access-date=2 January 2020 |language=en |date=4 April 2003}}</ref>. Shuningdek, ketma-ket mexanik uzatmalar, haydovchini keyingi yoki oldingi uzatmani ketma-ket tanlash bilan cheklaydi.
[[File:Honda CBR600RR teardown 2015-10-19 13.44.17.jpg|thumb|right|Honda CBR600RR transmissiyasining kontraval tishli gʻildiraklaridagi kuchuk mufta (ajratilgan)]]

=== Yarim avtomatik uzatmalar qutisi ===
''Yarim avtomatik uzatmalar qutisi'' baʼzi operatsiyalarni avtomatlashtiradi (koʻpincha muftani ishga tushirish), lekin haydovchidan avtomobilni toʻxtab turgan joyidan qoʻzgʻatish uchun uzatmani almashtirishni talab qiladi.

==== Avtomatlashtirilgan mexanik yoki muftasiz mexanik uzatmalar qutisi ====
''Avtomatlashtirilgan mexanik uzatma'' (AMT) – mohiyatan anʼanaviy mexanik uzatma boʻlib, u [[mufta]]ni yoki uzatmalar oʻrtasidagi siljishni boshqarish uchun avtomatik ishga tushirishdan foydalanadi. Ushbu uzatmalarning koʻplab dastlabki versiyalari yarim avtomatik tarzda ishlangan, masalan, ''[[Autostick]]'', u avtomatik ravishda faqat muftani boshqaradi, lekin baribir uzatmalarni oʻzgartirishni uchun haydovchining harakati zarur boʻladi. Bu turdagi tizimlarning baʼzilari muftalarsiz manual tizimlar deb ham ataladi<ref name="motorbiscuit.com clutchless manual">{{cite web|url=https://www.motorbiscuit.com/hyundai-created-a-clutch-less-manual-transmission|title=Hyundai Created a Clutch-less Manual Transmission|date=10 July 2020}}</ref>. ''[[Selespeed]]'' va ''[[Easytronic]]'' kabi toʻliq avtomatik ishlaydigan zamonaviy versiyalari haydovchining hech qanday harakatisiz ham muftaning ishlashini va uzatmaning siljishini avtomatik ravishda boshqaradi<ref>{{cite web |title=Directly from the Formula 1 |url=https://www.magnetimarelli.com/press_room/news/directly-formula-1 |website=www.magnetimarelli.com |access-date=26 July 2020}}</ref><ref name="tranzmile.com">{{cite web |title=Introduction to Automatic Transmission Systems |url=https://www.tranzmile.com/news/introduction-to-automatic-transmission-systems/ |website=www.tranzmile.com |access-date=1 August 2020 |arxivsana=2023-03-19 |arxivurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230319083253/https://www.tranzmile.com/news/introduction-to-automatic-transmission-systems/ }}</ref>.

=== Avtomatik uzatmalar qutisi ===
[[Avtomatik uzatmalar qutisi]] odatdagi haydash sharoitida uzatmalarni almashtirish uchun haydovchidan hech qanday harakat talab qilmaydi.

==== Gidravlik avtomat uzatmalar qutisi ====
Avtomatik uzatmalarning eng keng tarqalgan dizayni gidravlik avtomat boʻlib, u odatda [[gidravlika]] yordamida boshqariladigan planetar uzatmalardan foydalanadi<ref>{{cite web |title=How Automatic Transmissions Work |url=https://auto.howstuffworks.com/automatic-transmission.htm |website=www.howstuffworks.com |access-date=22 November 2020 |language=en |date=29 November 2000}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |title=What Makes Automatic Transmissions Automatic |journal=Popular Mechanics |date=February 1955 |pages=169–173 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=390DAAAAMBAJ&q=true&pg=RA1-PA169 |access-date=22 November 2020 |publisher=Hearst Magazines |language=en}}</ref>. Transmissiya dvigatelga [[gidrotransformator]] (yoki 1960-yillargacha boʻlgan [[gidravlik uzatma]]) orqali ulangan, friksion mufta oʻrniga aksariyat mexanik uzatmalar va juft tutashuvli uzatmalar tomonidan ishlatiladi<ref name=awnc>{{cite web|title=How does the AT work?|url=http://www.aw-nc.com/products/drivetrain/structure/index.html|website=AW North Carolina|access-date=6 October 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006084301/http://www.aw-nc.com/products/drivetrain/structure/index.html|archive-date=6 October 2014}}</ref>.
<gallery mode="packed" heights="180px" style="text-align:left">
File:Automatic transmission cut.jpg|[[Avtomatik uzatmalar qutisi#Gidromexanik avtomatik uzatmalar qutisi tuzilishi|Gidravlik avtomat]] transmissiya (kesilgan koʻrinishi)
File:Epicyclic gear ratios.png|Gidravlik avtomat uzatmalarda qoʻllanadigan epitsiklik uzatish sxemasi
File:ZF Automatik 6HP26.JPG|ZF 6HP gidravlik avtomat transmissiyasining kesilgan koʻrinishi
</gallery>

==== Juft tutashuvli transmissiya (DCT) ====
''Juft tutashuvli transmissiya'' (DCT) toq va juft tishli uzatmalar uchun ikkita alohida muftalardan foydalanadi<ref name=AMS>{{cite journal|title=Powertrain — transmissions: Shift in power to the gearbox|url=http://www.unofficialbmw.com/images/SHIFT1.pdf|journal=[[Auto, Motor und Sport|AMS]]|publisher=UnofficialBMW.com|date=September–October 2003|access-date=31 October 2009|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110717164509/http://www.unofficialbmw.com/images/SHIFT1.pdf|archive-date=17 July 2011}}</ref>. Dizayni ikkita alohida mexanik uzatmaga oʻxshaydi, ularning tegishli muftalari bitta korpus ichida joylashgan va bitta qism sifatida ishlaydi<ref name=AEI>{{cite journal|title=Automatic-shifting dual-clutch transmissions are poised to grab share from traditional transmissions thanks to their combination of efficiency and convenience|url=http://www.dctfacts.com/documents/1-117-6-20.pdf|journal=AEI-online.org|publisher=DCTfacts.com|date=June 2009|access-date=31 October 2009|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111007173150/http://www.dctfacts.com/documents/1-117-6-20.pdf|archive-date=7 October 2011}}</ref><ref name=PorschePDK_Glossary>{{cite web |title=Porsche Doppelkupplung (PDK) |url=http://www.porsche.com/microsite/technology/default.aspx?pool=uk&ShowSingleTechterm=PTPDopKuGe&Category=&Model=&SearchedString=&SelectedVariant= |publisher=Porsche.com |access-date=31 October 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081205135604/http://www.porsche.com/microsite/technology/default.aspx?pool=uk&ShowSingleTechterm=PTPDopKuGe&Category=&Model=&SearchedString=&SelectedVariant= |archive-date=5 December 2008 }}</ref>. Avtomobil va yuk mashinalari dasturlarida DCT avtomatik uzatma sifatida ishlaydi, bu esa uzatmalarni almashtirish uchun haydovchining harakatini talab qilmaydi.

== Doimiy oʻzgaruvchi nisbat ==
Doimiy oʻzgaruvchan transmissiya (CVT) uzluksiz uzatish nisbatlari oraligʻida osongina oʻzgaradi. Bu oʻzgarmas bosqichlarda cheklangan sondagi uzatmalar nisbatini taʼminlaydigan boshqa uzatmalardan farq qiladi. Muvofiq boshqaruvga ega boʻlgan CVT ning moslashuvchanligi dvigatel turli xil tezliklarda harakatlanayotganda doimiy aylanish tezligida ishlash imkonini beradi. CVT lar [[avtomobil]]lar, [[traktor]]lar, [[kvadrosikl]]lar, [[skuter]]lar, [[snoumobil]]lar, [[velosiped]]lar va yer qazish uskunalarida qoʻllanadi. CVT ning eng keng tarqalgan turi [[Belting|kamar]] yoki [[zanjirli uzatma]] bilan bogʻlangan ikkita gʻildirakdan foydalanadi; ammo, baʼzida boshqa bir nechta dizaynlar ham ishlatilgan.

== Manbalar ==
{{manbalar}}

== Havolalar ==
{{Wiktionary|Transmissiya}}
{{Commons|Transmissions}}

[[Turkum:Mexanik kuch uzatmasi]]
[[Turkum:Mexanizmlar]]