Systematics (Taxonomy)

This study was undertaken to investigate the diversity, abundance ratio, and distribution of the fish species and to record the water quality of Konhaye Stream, district Dir Lower, Pakistan. A total of 16 fish species were recorded, belonging to 4 orders (Cypriniformes, Channiformes, Siluriformes and Mastacebilformes), and 5 families including Cyprinidae (Schizopyge esocinus, Racoma labiata, Cyprinion watsoni, Cyprinus carpio, Barilius pakistanicus, B. vagra, B. modestus, Crossocheilus diplocheilus, Garra gotyla, Puntius ticto, and P. sophore), Channidae (Channa punctatus and Channa gachua), Nemacheilidae (Schistura macrolepis), Sisoidae (Glyptothorax punjabensis), and Mastacembelidae (Mastacembelus armatus). Different ichthyo-diversity indices [Simpson's biodiversity index (D=0.918), Simpson's reciprocal index (1/D=1.088), Simpson's evenness index (E 1/D =0.068), species richness (S), Shannon-Weiner's index (H′=3.775), Menhinick's index (D mn =0.804), and Margalef's index (D mg =2.510)] were calculated for the stream. The physicochemical parameters [temperature (23.125±3.514℃), dissolved Oxygen (9.003±0.627 mg L -1 ), pH (7.333±0.201), turbidity (76.5±6.403 NTU), electric conductivity (201.68±11.31 µs cm -1 ), free CO 2 (124.75±9.912 ppm), total dissolved solids (126.1±9.477 ppm), total alkalinity (4.325±0.171 mg L -1 ), total suspended solids (127.1±6.864 ppm), total hardness (5.225±0.341 mg L -1 ), salinity (42.25±6.292 ppt), calcium hardness (2.975±0.670 mg L -1 ), magnesium hardness (105±9.954 mg L -1 ), potassium (0.0145±0.001 mg L -1 ), sodium (16.55±3.861 mg L -1 ), chloride (1.825±0.727 mg/l), and nitrate (0.053±0.006 mg L -1 ) level] were monitored and found to be in varying but permissible ranges. The stream was found to be harboring a number of economically valuable fish species. An exotic fish species, C. carpio, was found well flourished, indicating the potential of the stream to be used for mitigating the declining ichthyofaunal diversity in the main nearby rivers. Two species, P. sophore and P. ticto, were recorded for the first time from the district. Proper management, appropriate fish stocking, and implementing environmental/fishing laws are suggested for the maintenance of the diversity and alleviating anthropogenic stress/threats.

The species Pseudoloris parvulus, identified in several Middle and Late Eocene European sites, was previously known in the Iberian Peninsula by a single mandible preservinging P 4 -M 3 from Sossís (Southern Pyrenean Basins, northeastern Spain), described in the 1960s. Further field work at this Late Eocene site has led to the recovery of a large number of mammal remains, including the additional material of Pseudoloris parvulus described in this paper. Some specimens of P. parvulus from this locality have also been recently found in the collections of the Naturhistorisches Museum Basel, Switzerland. The whole sample consists of 11 mandible fragments including several teeth, three upper dental series and nearly 80 isolated teeth including all of the dental elements, and represents the most complete sample of the genus described from the Iberian Peninsula. This abundant material allows us to provide an emended diagnosis for the species and to observe several directional changes in the dental morphology of the lineage including the species Pseudoloris saalae, P. isabenae, P. pyrenaicus and P. parvulus. These directional changes include the progressive reduction of the paraconid in the lower molars and the increase in size of the hypocone, metaconule and paraconule in the upper molars. Moreover, despite the overall resemblance among all of the samples ascribed to P. parvulus, we also recognize some differences, particularly an increase in size and better development of the hypocone from the oldest populations of the species, such as Le Bretou, to the most recent ones, like Sossís and Perrière. Therefore, this study sheds new light on the evolution of this genus, which inhabited Europe from the Middle Eocene to the Early Oligocene.

The species Pseudoloris parvulus, identified in several Middle and Late Eocene European sites, was previously known in the Iberian Peninsula by a single mandible preservinging P 4 -M 3 from Sossís (Southern Pyrenean Basins, northeastern Spain), described in the 1960s. Further field work at this Late Eocene site has led to the recovery of a large number of mammal remains, including the additional material of Pseudoloris parvulus described in this paper. Some specimens of P. parvulus from this locality have also been recently found in the collections of the Naturhistorisches Museum Basel, Switzerland. The whole sample consists of 11 mandible fragments including several teeth, three upper dental series and nearly 80 isolated teeth including all of the dental elements, and represents the most complete sample of the genus described from the Iberian Peninsula. This abundant material allows us to provide an emended diagnosis for the species and to observe several directional changes in the dental morphology of the lineage including the species Pseudoloris saalae, P. isabenae, P. pyrenaicus and P. parvulus. These directional changes include the progressive reduction of the paraconid in the lower molars and the increase in size of the hypocone, metaconule and paraconule in the upper molars. Moreover, despite the overall resemblance among all of the samples ascribed to P. parvulus, we also recognize some differences, particularly an increase in size and better development of the hypocone from the oldest populations of the species, such as Le Bretou, to the most recent ones, like Sossís and Perrière. Therefore, this study sheds new light on the evolution of this genus, which inhabited Europe from the Middle Eocene to the Early Oligocene.

Taxonomic investigation of the family solanaceae growing through out the Rajshahi University campus was carried out. A total of 8 (eight) species under 4 (four) genera of the family Solanaceae were collected and identified by comparing with correctely identified herbarium sheets deposited at Rajshahi University Herbarium and checking with taxonomic literature ( khan and Mia, 2002). A complete taxonomic account of each species is given with current nomenclature, local name, Chromosome number, flowering season and uses. Most of the species are distributed all

In a survey of the polychaetes of the Lizard Island region, sixteen new species of terebellids, plus one previously described species, were found from material collected during the two week long Lizard Island Taxonomic Workshop in 2013, along with material collected from previous projects carried out at Lizard Island. This included the CReefs Project (), of which Lizard was one of the nodes. Those species are distributed as follows: one species of each of the following genera

The objective of the study was to get an overview of different species belonging to the genus Costus that are available in Assam with special emphasis on the use of the plants in traditional medicine. To attain the objective an ethnomedicinal study was conducted in several geographically distinct zones, encompassing seven administrative districts spread across Assam viz. Nagakhelia village and Jokai area, Dibrugarh; Naojan and Borghoria area, Golaghat; Laipuli, Tinsukia; Majarbari village and Sissiborgaon, Dhemaji; Kathkatia village, Karbi Anglong; Dhupdhora, Goalpara and Dotma, Kokrajhar. Three species belonging to the genus Costus namely Costus speciosus, Costus pictus and Costus scaber were found to be mainly prevalent in traditional medicine in the different surveyed areas of Assam, particularly in the upper Assam. Costus speciosus is found to be mainly used in the treatment of jaundice. Costus pictus was found to be used traditionally in the upper Assam region bordering Nagaland for treating diabetes and associated conditions and Costus scaber is being used in the area bordering Arunachal Pradesh for treating people with jaundice, snake bite etc.

Ulkemiz tibbi bitkiler yonunden zengin bir floraya sahiptir. Labiatae bu florayi olusturan familyalardan birisidir. Labiatae familyasi dunyada 220 cins ve 3200 tur, yurdumuzda 45 cins ve 546 tur ile temsil edilmektedir. Bu familya Akdeniz bolgesinde genis yayilis gostermektedir. Bu familyanin onemli bir cinsi olan Thymus’un Konya’da 1380 takson, 90 familya 463 cins ve 23 turu bulunmaktadir. Ayrica Endemik olarak 409 takson, 41 familya, 148 cins ve 392 tur oldugu bildirilmistir. Thymus L. bitkisi genellikle taslik yerlerde, taslarin catlaklari arasinda yetismekte ve kekik veya tas kekigi olarak taninmaktadir. Ucucu yag icerikleri yonunden incelendiginde Thymus taksonlari arasinda onemli duzeyde farkliliklar bulunmaktadir.

Abstract.-A study was conducted in November-December 2006 to determine the current distribution, population status and habitat utilization of Himalayan Musk Deer (Moschus chrysogaster) in the Machiara National Park, Azad Jammu and Kashmir. Line transect ...

Aufgrund der in vielen Branchen zunehmend beziehungsorientierten Sichtweise im Kundenmanagement gewinnen dynamische Bewertungsmodelle, wie z.B. der Kundenkapitalwert, an Bedeutung für die Beurteilung und Steuerung von Kundenbeziehungen. Dabei werden jedoch mit dem Kunden verbundene Handlungsflexibilitäten nicht in das rechnerische Bewertungskalkül einbezogen. Ziel dieses Beitrages ist es daher zu untersuchen, ob und wie diese Handlungsflexibilitäten mit Hilfe von optionspreistheoretischen Modellen bei der Bewertung von Kundenbeziehungen berücksichtigt werden können. Dabei werden theoretische Grundlagen zum Kundenkapitalwert und der Optionspreistheorie erläutert sowie ein Bewertungsbeispiel dargestellt. Eine kritische Würdigung zeigt abschließend die methodischen Grenzen bei der Bewertung von kundenspezifischen Realoptionen auf.

Current population and conservation status of Himalayan grey goral (Naemorhedus goral bedfordi) was assessed in Machiara National Park (MNP), Azad Jammu and Kashmir (AJK the highest density was recorded at Ravri (4 goral/km 2 ; UC Machiara). Illegal hunting of 24 goral during 2000-2011 was reported by AJ&K Wildlife Department, of which nine were reported from protected areas and two from MNP. Despite the protected status of goral under AJ&K Wildlife Act, habitat destruction, illegal hunting, poaching, over-grazing by livestock and human disturbance are the major threats to future conservation of grey goral.

Se identifican las especies de mariposas Castniidae y Papilionidae que aparecen en las acuarelas del libro "Mariposas de Venezuela" de Théophile Raymond (1982, Ediciones Corpoven, Caracas). Comentarios para algunas de las especies citadas son incorporados al texto a objeto de facilitar y ayudar en su conocimiento.

This study was conducted to assess the composition and distribution of gingers (Zingiberaceae) in Mt. Hamiguitan expansion site, Tumalite, San Isidro, Davao Oriental, Philippines. Transect walk and opportunistic sampling were carried out along established forest trails, rivers, creeks and streams. Fourteen (14) ginger species were found, of which 10 species are endemic to the Philippines, two species are introduced, and two species are unidentified to the species level. The species belong to two subfamilies (Alpinioideae and Zingiberoideae) and three tribes (Alpinieae, Globbeae, and Zingibereae). The species recorded include Alpinia haenkei C.Presl, Alpinia cf. vulcanica Elmer, Alpinia rufa C.Presl, Alpinia sp., Curcuma zedoaria (Christm.) Rosc., Curcuma longa L., Etlingera dalican (Elmer) A.D.Poulsen, Etlingera hamiguitanensis Naive, Etlingera sp., Geocharis fusiformis (Ridl.) R.M.Sm., Globba campsophylla K.Schum., Hornstedtia conoidea Ridl., Hornstedtia microcheila Ridl., and Meis...

A Philippine specimen of Plagiostachys albiflora Ridl. (Zingiberaceae) which was previously recorded only from the Malay Peninsula and Borneo was recently discovered in Mt. Malambo, Brgy. Datu Salumay, Marilog District, Davao City, Philippines. The specimen, described herein, constitutes the first record of the said species in the Philippines. Further, P. albiflora is the only non-endemic species among the Philippine Plagiostachys and is an addition to the seven known endemic species in the country. Existing populations of the species are rare and under severe threats due to anthropogenic activities and therefore call for immediate conservation initiatives.

Histopathological studies the existence of 'Chainette' and satellite hooks of different size were studied and described by Light and Scanning electron microscope. The phylogenetic analysis of lsrDNA gene of plerocerci confirmed the identification of the species to be deeply embedded in genus Callitetrarhynchus. The histopathological examination revealed severe pathological changes in the affected organs, including necrosis, inflammatory reactions, fibrosis and migratory tracts of the parasitic larvae together with marked visceral organs adhesions. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report describing the detection of C. gracilis in little tunny collected from the Abu Qir landing site in Alexandria, Egypt.

Efforts to describe the Pennsylvanian age coal floras of Posey County were initiated simultaneously with the European's early descriptions of their Carboniferous floras. Most of the early research was written by Continental and British naturalists. F.B. Schlotheim (1804), E.T. Artis (1833), J. Lindley and W. Hutton (1831), and H.T. Witham (1833) produced some of the earlier monographs describing the coal floras. "Histoire des Vegetaux Fossiles," by A. Brongniart (1828) became perhaps the most significant of these monographs to influence the development of early Amerian coal flora classifications. Professor Leo Lesquereux published the first extensive account of North American coal floras (1878-1880) in which Brongniart's division fo the genus Neuropteris, "Nevropteris" into species was strongly disputed. Lesquereux having not seen the European type specimens erroneously identified many new species of Neuropteris; although this event inspired later insight into the natural groupings of pinnule forms and weaknesses of the form genera convention used for foliage classification. Authors have resolved some of the ambiguity created by Lesquereux while others have further added to it. Investigation of the Raben Branch coal flora is based on pinnule form and vennation pattern. Traditionally investigations of the coal floras described the locations and general stratal horizons where the floras were found. Classical Nineteenth Century concepts in dynamical and historical geology, foundations of today's discipline, which evolved from the institutions of British and Continental geologists were soon imparted to North America by David Dale Owen, M.D. and gentlemen colleagues at New Harmony, Indiana. In conformity to an order of the Indiana Legislature, David Dale Owen, M.D., State Geologist conducted a geological reconnaissance of the state of Indiana in 1837, (Owen, D. 1859, p. 5-8) in which a description of Posey County included the ridge between Big Creek and the Ohio River and the "Succession" in the hills at the New Harmony "Cutoff" along the Wabash River. D.D. Owen (1859, Second Part. p. 14) in a continuation of report presented a table illustrating the chronological succession of sedimentary or aqueous rocks including the Coal Measures. Also included in the report Coal Measures of Indiana, written by Prof. Leo Lesquereux (1859, Second part. p. 296) were references to coal floras at Big Creek, Blairsville, and Rush Creek. A translation of A. Brongniart's classification for foliage in the coal floras was included (Lesquereux, L. 1859, Second Part. p. 352). Following his geological reconnaissance of the State of Indiana in 1837, David Dale Owen was appointed United States Geologist, and the Headquarters of the United States Geological Survey was located in New Harmony for the proceeding seventeen years (Wilson, W. 1964. p. 199). David Owen (1843, p. 336-337) described lycopod trunks from Posey County as "fossil palm trees." Sir Charles Lyell (1849, p. 272) and D.D. Owen described "an upright Sigillarian tree" and growth floor in shale which they excavated on the ridge near Blairsville (Figure 1). D.D. Owen (1856) acting as Principal Geologist for the Commonweath of 9. Coal balls. J. Hall (1952) Kentucky reported on a geological survey in Kentucky made in the years 1854-1855. The Carthage Limestone (Parker Limestone Indiana equivalent) across the Ohio River (1856, p. 60). D.D. Owen (1856, p. 537) included a Paleontological Report of the Fossil Flora of Coal Measures of the Western Kentucky Coal Field by L. Lesquereux. Neuropteris flexuosa and Neuropteris tenuifolia were described from strata associated with the No. 5 coal at the Mulford mines in Union County, Kentucky. Colonel Richard Dale Owen, M.D. State Geologist (1862) published a report of a Geological Reconnaissance of Indiana made during 1859 and 1860 by D.D. Owen. In-

The purpose of this paper is to study Urochloa species and update information on the genus in light of recent changes in the taxonomy of the Poaceae family. Urochloa is popularly known as para grass. Disease-free specimens were collected and their morphological features, such as roots, stems, leaves, and floral parts, were studied. Herbarium specimens from KATH were also examined. Five species of Urochloa, namely, Urochloa subquadripara, U. distachya, U. kurzii, U. ramosa, and U. villosa, were studied. As per observation, taxonomic notes, illustrations, and keys were made.

This paper reports on the presence of one generic and six specific new records of Cyperaceous species for the flora of Nepal. Amongst the new discoveries are the genus Machaerina, alongside species: Eleocharisochrostachys, Fimbristylisacuminata, F.ferruginea, F.nutans, F.thomsonii and Scleriarugosa. The taxonomy and distribution of Actinoscirpusgrossus, Fimbristylissalbundia and Fuirenaumbellata in Nepal are clarified through notes on nomenclature, description, distribution, specimen examination, identification keys and photographs.

PURPOSE: Evaluation of growth, phytochemical and morpho-physiological properties in fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.) under application of plant growth regulators (PGRs). METHODS: The experiment was conducted on randomized complete blocks design (RCBD) with 13 treatments and 3 replications. The treatments were consist of control (distilled water application), giberrellic acid (GA 3) and naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) each at 25 and 50 ppm by either a pre-plant soaking, a spraying at 20 days after planting, and a combination of pre-plant soaking plus a spraying at 20 days after planting. RESULTS: Application of PGRs through combination of pre-plant soaking plus a spraying significantly increased shoot dry weight, 1000-seeds weight, number of seeds per pod, content of seed trigonelline, leaf area per plant (p≤0.01), and also, plant height, stem diameter, number of pods per plant, content of seed mucilage, and root, stem, leaf and pod dry weight (p≤0.05). Of course, application o...

Music Acoustics. The study of music acoustics may be considered the quintessential interdisciplinary musical science, requiring expertise in a number of areas, including but not limited to musical performance, psychoacoustics, and physics. Acoustics is the science that deals with the production, control, transmission, reception, and effects of sound. Sub disciplines include speech processing, room acoustics, environmental noise, vibration in vehicles, ground vibration, marine mammal communication, bioacoustics and musical acoustics. Sub disciplines of musical acoustics include music perception, physical modeling, music performance, and instrumental acoustics. One of the goals of instrumental acoustics is to define quality parameters enabling objective judgments of musical instruments. These quality parameters are largely dependent on subjective factors, however, and remain elusive. Background in music performance. Musical instruments evolved by trial-and-error, fulfilling developing needs of contemporary musicians. Instruments and musicians' playing techniques developed a high level of sophistication long before they came under scientific scrutiny in the last century. Skilled musicians may be able to say immediately if they like an instrument without any idea of its physical function based on his or her traditions, habits, taste, and expressive vision. The complex and ethereal judgement factors of musicians make it therefore difficult to obtain unified quality judgements to correlate with objectively measurable acoustical data.

The species range of Boleophthalmus pectinirostris sensu lato includes two disjunctive areas, i.e., East Asia and Strait of Malacca in Malaysia along the northwestern Pacific coast. However, the species status of Malaysian populations remains disputed. Mitochondrial ND5 gene (718 bp) and nuclear Rag1 gene (1395 bp) were used to reconstruct phylogenetic relationships among Boleophthalmus pectinirostris fishes by sampling 45 specimens from 11 locations in the north-western Pacific. The results showed that Boleophthalmus pectinirostris fishes could be divided into two major monophyletic groups, i.e., East Asian lineage and Malaysian lineage, and which together formed the sister-group relationship. Species delineation using the analyses of GMYC and *Beast species tree supports that East Asian lineage and Malasian lineage of Boleophthalmus pectinirostris sensu lato should be placed into two different species. Molecular dating revealed that the divergence time between East Asian lineage a...

The small green geometrid Nemoria extremaria (Walker) was reported by Ferguson (1985) as occurring only in a narrow zone of counties in peninsular Florida. Ferguson further stated only 30 specimens are known to exist. This author has taken extremaria in Louisiana continuously1982 through 2001, near Abita Springs. At this location, it is one of the most common of the green geometrids taken in ultra violet light traps, occurring as adults in all 12 months (Fig. 1). Ferguson has confirmed this Louisiana population is indeed extremaria based on a series of specimens sent to him in the mid 1980s. This species can be easily confused with the green forms of the highly variable Nemoria elfa Ferguson, a widely common species in Louisiana. Nemoria extremaria is one of seven species of the genus known to occur in Louisiana, some of which have been previously reported.

This study deals with ethnobotanical surveys of the use of woody species collected in three villages including three different ethno-socio-linguistic groups (Shi, Tembo and Pygmies) who live in the Kahuzi-Biega National Park (KBNP) submountain area. The index of response rate, the value of ethnobotanical use and the importance of the species have been made processed and analysed on data collected. A total of 53 plants used are described, identified and divided into the following four categories according to their use: edible plants, medicinal plants, plants used for woody energy and plant used for constructions. This study has showen that pygmies have knowledge on edible and medicinal plants mostly. The value of the total ethnobotanical use of species not significant from one etnho-socio-linguistic group to another (p-value = 0,514; F= 1, 08 et ddl= 3). Species presenting a high potential of ethnobotanical uses are respectively Prunus africana (Hook f.) Kalkman, Lebrunia buchaie Staner, Maesa lanceolata Forssk, Strombosia scheffleri Engl et Raphia gilletii (De Wild.) Becc. The test of Kruskal-Wallis has revealed that the different plant parts do not have the same level of use importance for the population (F= 1, 08 et ddl = 3) and the correlations are significant for the three ethno-socio-linguistic groups but that of Pygmies is very significant (R² =0,084%). Given the important role of those vegetal resources in the everyday life of the population, studies should be undertaken and decisions should be taken for sustainable management of Kahuzi-Biega National Park.

Two widely acknowledged problems with the use of the ribosomal ITS region as a phylogenetic marker were examined in scleractinian coral: intragenomic variation and alignment ambiguities. Sequences from Caribbean and Eastern Pacific Porites and Siderastrea species were examined, as well as the nearest available outgroup sequences from GenBank

Birders who claim they can confidently identify any large grey cuckoo momentarily glimpsed are either deceiving themselves or deceiving their audience. Part of the problem stems from the innate secrecy of cuckoos, which means that opportunities to study them at leisure in the field are very rare. Fortunately the simple but persistent songs of males count amongst the most characteristic and well-known sounds of spring and summer. Yet, actually laying eyes on the caller is less straightforward, as Shakespeare alludes in Henry IV: "He was but as the cuckoo is in June, heard, not regarded." The problem is particularly severe when dealing with the multiple species of grey Cuculus, represented in southern Africa by the Common (or Euopean) Cuckoo Cuculus canorus, the African Cuckoo C. gularis, the (Asian) Lesser Cuckoo C. poliocephalus Madagascar Cuckoo C. rochii. Of these four very similar species, the African Cuckoo is the only one that breeds in the region, where it is common in summer. As its name implies, Madagascar Cuckoo breeds in Madagascar, where it parasitizes various small passerines in summer; although some are resident on Madagascar, most are believed to winter in East Africa from April to September (Fry 1988). However, there have been records of Madagascar Cuckoos singing in South Africa and Mozambique during the summer

Birders who claim they can confidently identify any large grey cuckoo momentarily glimpsed are either deceiving themselves or deceiving their audience. Part of the problem stems from the innate secrecy of cuckoos, which means that opportunities to study them at leisure in the field are very rare. Fortunately the simple but persistent songs of males count amongst the most characteristic and well-known sounds of spring and summer. Yet, actually laying eyes on the caller is less straightforward, as Shakespeare alludes in Henry IV: "He was but as the cuckoo is in June, heard, not regarded." The problem is particularly severe when dealing with the multiple species of grey Cuculus, represented in southern Africa by the Common (or Euopean) Cuckoo Cuculus canorus, the African Cuckoo C. gularis, the (Asian) Lesser Cuckoo C. poliocephalus Madagascar Cuckoo C. rochii. Of these four very similar species, the African Cuckoo is the only one that breeds in the region, where it is common in summer. As its name implies, Madagascar Cuckoo breeds in Madagascar, where it parasitizes various small passerines in summer; although some are resident on Madagascar, most are believed to winter in East Africa from April to September (Fry 1988). However, there have been records of Madagascar Cuckoos singing in South Africa and Mozambique during the summer

Appendix 7a: Echolocation call Parameters from Literature ACR taxon -the taxon names as used in the current African Chiroptera Report. # ind.: the number of individuals used to record echolocation from, if indicated the number recorded in different contexts is shown, and what sex and age (j. = juvenile, a. = adult, f = female, m = male) the individuals where. # calls: the number of calls on which the analysis of the different echolocation parameters was based. Duration of the call and interpulse interval in milliseconds. Lowest and highest frequency, frequency with the most energy and bandwidth in kHz. * -fundamental frequency not first harmonic. ** -frequency at the knee values from Anabat recordings. Band: frequency bandwidth. Where available the call parameter information given is the mean, in brackets the standard deviation, then the range. Reference of the publication from which the information was taken.

This appendix contains an overview of the keys on African Chiroptera found in various publications. The keys are presented in a chronological order and within the same year alphabetical per author. The keys do not include the drawings or figures being references. For this, we refer to the original publication. If the identifications in the keys are not equal to the ones used in the current publication, the current name is also mentioned in BLUE. Some notes in GREEN refer to identifications found in error by other publications. The most recent published name for this taxon is given in ORANGE. If the identification has been modified, this modified name has been used to link it with the name used in the present publication. Unfortunately, however, not all identifications in the keys have been checked on their correctness.

In this appendix all the information related to the collectors is brought together. This might be useful to find discrepancies between the collector, collection date and locality. All subtables contain the following data: collector, collection date, country and locality, museum code and number of specimens. Totals per category are also given. Appendix 4a: Follow the Collector In this appendix, the trail of the collector is followed, since it contains the records sorted by collector and date. The underlined numbers indicate the number of specimens for the locality present in one or more collections. The bold numbers represent the number of specimens for the country and the bold and underlined numbers the totals for the specific date. ?: Collector Unknown

The designation of geographical entities in this report, and the presentation of the material, do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the African Chiroptera Project, managing editors, or other collaborating individuals or organisations concerning the legal status of any country, territory, or area, or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. Furthermore, the views expressed in this report do not necessarily reflect those of any of the collaborating organisations. This is a print report from the data contained in the 2025 version of the African Chiroptera Database. The resulting views and outputs are based solely on the data contained within the tables in this database.

with the type specimen [K000671643 digital image!], it was identified as Sterculia euosma W.W.Sm., a species hitherto not reported from India. A description with colour photographs and a line drawing to facilitate easy identification have been provided. The herbarium sheets were deposited in the Patanjali Research Foundation Herbarium (PRFH), Haridwar, Uttarakhand. Additionally, notes on phenology, ecology, distribution and a comparison with morphologically most similar species, S. guttata Roxb., have been provided.

Calliostoma muriellae n.sp. is described and compared with similar Calliostoma species from deep waters around the world. RESUME. Calliostoma muriellae n.sp. est décrite et comparée avec des espèces analogues de Calliostoma d'eaux profondes du monde entier.

At least five stenonoid horses have been recorded in the Early to early Middle Plestocene Italian faunal assemblages: Equus livenzovensis, Equus stenonis, Equus stehlini, Equus altidens and large sized equids generally referred to as the so-called "Equus ex gr. E. bressanus -E. suessenbornensis". Equus altidens and Equus suessenbornensis are a rather long surviving species, ranging in age from the latest Villafranchian (Pirro FU) to the late Galerian, and are sometimes found together in the same local faunal assemblage. This study mainly focuses on these two species.

An inventory of species of sphecid wasps of the Espírito Santo State is provided, based on the examination of entomological collections of five great public Brazilian institutions. There were identified 110 specimens of Sphecidae proceeding from Espírito Santo State, including 23 species, from which nine are new records to the state, not previously cited in the literature:

An inventory of species of sphecid wasps of the Espírito Santo State is provided, based on the examination of entomological collections of five great public Brazilian institutions. There were identified 110 specimens of Sphecidae proceeding from Espírito Santo State, including 23 species, from which nine are new records to the state, not previously cited in the literature:

Three new taxa are described: Pilemia (Pseudopilemia) arida sp. nov. from Jordan, P. (P.) hirsutula karadutensis ssp. nov. from Turkey, P. (P.) hirsutula richardi ssp. nov. from Iran (Lorestan), P. (P.) homoiesthes (Ganglbauer, 1888), stat. nov. upgraded to the species rank. P. (P.) hirsutula holosericea (Faldermann, 1837), stat. nov. is regarded as a valid name for a taxon from Transcaucasia and Turkey.

Jordanoleiopus (Polymitoleiopus) annae sp. n. is described from Oman. The new species is close to J. (P.) monoxenoides Breuning, 1972, J. (P.) monoxenus (Kolbe, 1893), J. (P.) gabonicus (Breuning, 1958b). J. (P.) bifuscoplagiatus Báguena & Breuning, 1958 is firstly recorded from Guinea.

Dorcadion scrobicolle Kraatz, 1873 is accepted with 8 subspecies. All subspecies are described. Three subspecies are described as new: D. s. hroni ssp. n. (Tokat province, Almus environs), D. s. parabouilloni ssp. n. (Giresun province, type locality: Bulancak environs), D. s. tatari ssp. n. (Erzurum province, Kireçli Pass environs).

Marine Ornithology 44: 247–248 (2016) The taxonomy of the Brown Pelican Pelecanus occidentalis was recently changed to distinguish it from P. thagus, because the Brown Pelican is smaller, has a shorter crest, the gular pouch has olivaceous color, the lower mandible has tints of red and there are some differences in the color of feathered areas. P. thagus are RECORDS OF BROWN PELICAN PELECANUS OCCIDENTALIS INLAND IN NORTHERN BRAZIL: DISTRIBUTIONAL EXPANSION OR JUVENILE DISPERSAL?

This book chapter, co-authored with Édouard Di Maio, forms part of a larger project concerning the hitherto little-known Neuchâtel botanist and sometime military officer, Jean-Frédéric Chaillet (1747-1839). Chaillet, as we argue here, was not only caught up in the events of the French Revolution (which effectively ended his military career), but also participated in a revolutionary period in botany, following the passing in the 1770s of major figures such as Carl von Linné (1707 - 1778), Albrecht von Haller (1708 - 1777), and Bernard de Jussieu (1699 - 1777). Over the course of the nearly half-century that constituted his post-military life, Chaillet’s work--especially his discovery of 150 new species of fungi—was well-known to, and published by, some of Europe’s leading botanists, notably Alphonse Pyramus de Candolle (1806-1893) in Geneva, Christian Hendrik Persoon (1761-1836) in Paris, and Elias Magnus Fries (1794-1878) in Uppsala. Of particular note are Chaillet’s bound volumes of bryophytes, lichens, and fungi that are nearly unique in science and constitute some of the oldest known cryptogam collections. However, unlike any of the figures mentioned above, Chaillet had not trained as a physician, and shows none of the physician’s interest in the medical uses of plants. Following rather in the footsteps of a Theophrastus (c. 371 – c. 287 BCE) or a Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1712 – 1778) (Chaillet’s father supported Rousseau during the philosopher’s turbulent exile in the then-principality of Neuchâtel, where, incidentally, Rousseau took up botany), Chaillet—even if he never mentioned either Rousseau’s herbaria or Lettres élémentaires sur la botanique (both well-known in francophone circles when Chaillet took up botany)—implicitly endorsed Rousseau’s disdain for utilitarian concerns. We therefore suggest that Chaillet was not only a great citizen scientist, to borrow a current term, but that his work should be seen as consistent with a disinterested care for plants that Rousseau advocated when he “lay down next to the plant in question to observe it at his leisure” (Confessions, Book XII).

In industrial dessert banana cultivation, weed control involves the use of chemical herbicides that are harmful to human health and the environment. In this study, the introduction of cover crops as an alternative was considered in banana plantations in southeastern Côte d’Ivoire. The experimental design was a Fisher block with three replicates of three treatments consisting of the use of the species Arachis repens and Desmodium adscendens, as well as two synthetic herbicides (control). The specific diversity and biological spectrum of weeds were evaluated. The results identified 71 weed species divided into 50 genera and 25 families, with slightly greater diversity of species and biological spectrum in the D. adscendens and control plots compared to A. repens. This study therefore suggests that A. repens could be used as a cover crop for weed management in banana plantations, replacing herbicides such as glyphosate and glufosinate. This conclusion is supported by the lower weed diversity observed under Arachis repens, indicating its superior competitive ability and stronger weed-suppressive effect.

Highly iterated palindromes (HIP) have been used as high resolution molecular markers for assessing the genetic variability and phylogenetic relatedness of heterocystous cyanobacteria (subsections IV and V) representing 12 genera of heterocystous cyanobacteria, collected from different geographical areas of India. DNA fingerprints generated using four HIP markers viz. HIP-AT, HIP-CA, HIP-GC, and HIP-TG showed 100 % polymorphism in all the heterocystous cyanobacteria studied and each marker produced unique and strain-specific banding pattern. Furthermore, phylogenetic affinities based on the dendrogram constructed using HIP DNA profiles of heterocystous cyanobacteria suggest the monophyletic origin of this entire heterocystous clade along with a clear illustration of the polyphyletic origin of the branched Stigonematalean order (Subsection V). In addition, phylogenetic affinities were validated by principal component analysis of the HIP fingerprints. The overall data obtained by both the phylogeny and principal component assessments proved that the entire heterocystous clade was intermixed, and there are immediate needs for classificatory reforms that satisfy morphological plasticity and environmental concerns.