Downloaded 12/13/15 to 202.46.129.68. Redistribution subject to SEG license or copyright; see Terms of Use at http://library.seg.
org/
GEOPHYSICS, VOL. 70, NO. 3 (MAY-JUNE 2005); P. B11B18, 11 FIGS.
10.1190/1.1926571
Case History
2D electrical resistivity imaging of some complex landslides
in the Lucanian Apennine chain, southern Italy
Vincenzo Lapenna1 , Pietro Lorenzo2 , Angela Perrone1 , Sabatino Piscitelli1 ,
Enzo Rizzo1 , and Francesco Sdao2
INTRODUCTION
ABSTRACT
The Lucanian Apennine chain (Basilicata region, southern
Italy) is affected by a wide spectrum of mass movements and
is a natural outdoor laboratory for using geophysical tomographic methods to reconstruct the complex geometry of landslide bodies. Italian areas of more recent orogenesis, such as
the Apennine chain, are still subject to appreciable and differential neotectonic uplift; the geomorphologic evolution of
the slopes is clearly influenced by mass movements of different types and size (Polemio and Sdao, 1999). Italian territories
are characterized by a landslide density of about five per every
100 km2 , but some regions present more alarming statistics.
The Basilicata region exhibits the highest density of landslides,
with more than 27 landslide areas every 100 km2 (Canuti et al.,
2002). This high density of landslides is related to the presence of clayey materials, extreme rainfall events, deforestation, intense urbanization, and industrialization (Gulla` and
Sdao, 2001), which worsen the already inadequate drainage
of surface and deep waters in the hills and mountains of the
territory.
By taking these geologic and socioeconomic considerations
into account, we planned a geoelectrical field survey to help us
gain a better hydrogeologic understanding of three rototranslational slides. The first two survey sites are the Giarrossa and
Varco Izzo earthflows, which affect important communication
lifelines of the Basilicata region located to the west and east of
the town of Potenza, respectively. The third is the Latronico
landslide located near Latronico in the core of the southern
Apennine chain (Figure 1).
Geophysical methods (seismic, geoelectric, magnetometry, gravimetry, thermometry, global positioning system, etc.)
have been effective tools for studying hydrogeologic problems
We use high-resolution electrical resistivity imaging
to delineate the geometry of complex landslides in the
Lucanian Apennine chain of southern Italy, to identify the discontinuity between the landslide material
and bedrock, and to locate possible surfaces of reactivation. The Lucanian Apennine chain is characterized by high hydrogeological hazard and shows a
complete panorama of mass movements. In this area,
all typologies of landslides markedly predisposed and
tightly controlled by the geostructural characteristics,
are found: rotational and translational slides, rototranslational slides, earth and mudflows, as well as deepseated gravitational slope phenomena with a predominance of rototranslational slides evolving as earthflow
slides.
Three test sites, characterized by complex geology
and a high hydrogeologic hazard, are studied. The Giarrossa and Varco Izzo earthflow slides are located to
the west and east of the town of Potenza, whereas
the Latronico slide is located close to the town of Latronico. Electrical images are produced from dipoledipole geoelectric data acquired along arrays spanning
selected profiles positioned perpendicular and parallel
to the landslide bodies. High-resolution electrical resistivity images are attained through the use of geologic
and borehole constraints in the interpretation phase. Integration and comparison of our results with other geophysical data delineate the geometries and hydrologic
characteristics of the landslide structures.
Manuscript received by the Editor December 3, 2002; revised manuscript received March 23, 2004; published online May 23, 2005.
1
Istituto di Metodologie per lAnalisi Ambientale del CNR, 85050 Tito Scalo (PZ), Italy. E-mail: [email protected]; [email protected];
[email protected]; [email protected].
2
Universita` degli Studi della Basilicata, Dipartimento di Strutture, Geotecnica e Geologia Applicata allIngegneria, 85100 Potenza, Italy. E-mail:
[email protected]; [email protected].
c 2005 Society of Exploration Geophysicists. All rights reserved.
B11
Downloaded 12/13/15 to 202.46.129.68. Redistribution subject to SEG license or copyright; see Terms of Use at http://library.seg.org/
B12
Lapenna et al.
and, in particular, for defining the geometry of complex landslides (McCann and Forster, 1990; Bruno and Marillier, 2000;
Gallipoli et al., 2000; Mauritsch et al., 2000; Lapenna et al.,
2003; Perrone et al., 2004). Most recently, great attention
has been devoted to the electrical resistivity imaging (ERI)
method (Griffiths and Barker, 1993; Loke and Barker, 1996;
Giano et al., 2000; Schmutz et al., 2000), which provides high
spatial resolution with a relatively fast field acquisition time
while being low in cost. It appears as a natural counterpart of
the near-surface seismic reflection method and could play a
more relevant role in geophysical exploration of many landslide areas.
From 20012002, geoelectrical surveys were performed to
delineate the geometries of the Giarrossa, Varco Izzo, and Latronico landslides. Advanced instrumentation for data acquisition was combined with the data inversion method proposed
by Loke and Barker (1996). The challenge was to determine if
electrical imaging has the potential to illuminate sliding surfaces that separate layers characterized by a relatively lowresistivity contrast found in a complex hydrogeologic environment.
High resolution of the electrical images was essential for accurately describing the geometry of the landslide bodies. The
geoelectrical results have been systematically integrated with
the data obtained from geologic-geomorphologic surveys and
boreholes. The joint interpretation of geologic and geophysical data provides the means for identifying the sliding surfaces
and estimating the thickness of mobilized material.
We compared the results of the geoelectrical investigations
with other geophysical data. In particular, sonic soundings
obtained from spectral analysis of the seismic microtremors
using the HVSR technique of Nakamura (1989) allow us
to reduce ambiguities related to estimating thickness of the
landslide material. Furthermore, the comparison with selfpotential surveys (Patella, 1997; Sharma, 1997; Revil et al.,
1999) reveals how to better identify the lateral limits of the
landslide bodies and the main pattern of groundwater flow.
resistivity. It has been used to investigate areas of complex geology, such as volcanic and geothermal areas, seismotectonic structures, and areas of hydrogeologic phenomena
and environmental problems [Steeples (2001) and references
therein].
We used a multielectrode system with 32 electrodes in a
dipole-dipole array with an electrode spacing varying from
10 to 30 m. The choice of the dipole-dipole array was the
consequence of preliminary tests using the software of Loke
(1999). To construct a subsurface model representing the main
geometric features of the investigated landslides, theoretical
data were computed for different electrode arrays. The dipoledipole array, which can detect both vertical and horizontal
structures (i.e., lateral limits and sliding surface of the landslide bodies), was selected to optimally illuminate the landslide geometry under observation. When rugged topographical surfaces were present, we used a single-channel acquisition
system with a dipole-dipole array.
For each profile, more than 323 measurements were acquired in accordance with the 2D pseudosection scheme of
Sharma (1997). To optimize data acquisition and reduce errors associated with estimates of resistivity values, a statistical analysis of the voltage time series recorded for the measuring electrodes was performed in real time (Lapenna et al.,
1994; Cuomo et al., 1999). Long recording times were used to
achieve S/N ratios better than 20:1 after statistical processing.
We used the method proposed by Loke and Barker (1996)
to transform the apparent resistivity pseudosection into a
model of the subsurface resistivity distribution. The inversion routine is based on the smoothness-constrained, leastsquares inversion of Sasaki (1992) implemented with a quasiNewton optimization technique. The subsurface is subdivided
into rectangular blocks whose number is related to the measuring points. The optimization method iteratively adjusts the
2D resistivity model to minimize the difference between the
calculated and measured apparent resistivity values.
GIARROSSA LANDSLIDE
ELECTRICAL RESISTIVITY IMAGING METHOD
ERI is an active geoelectrical prospecting technique used
to obtain a high-resolution image of subsurface electrical
Figure 1. Map of the Basilicata region, noting the location of
the three test sites.
Geologic-geomorphic setting
The Giarrossa landslide, located in Potenza (southern Italy,
see Figure 1), is one of the greatest mass movements in the
whole Lucanian Apennine chain. On 5 December 1976, after
long and heavy rain showers, the entire landmass was mobilized, causing serious damage to diverse suburban areas and
to communication routes. Extremely high displacement velocities characterized the initial failure and then gradually slowed
(Polemio and Sdao, 1998; Gallipoli et al., 2000).
This landslide is a rototranslational slide-earthflow (Cruden
and Varnes, 1996) that dates to ancient times. It is approximately 2700 m long and about 60 to 420 m wide. It developed
along an area ranging from 1215 m (Poggi di San Michele) to
790 m above sea level (asl) (Fiumara Malamogliera) and has
a mean inclination of about 9 . The landslide is currently inactive, although some local reactivations are present in the accumulation zones (Figure 2). These localized reactivation areas
are related to two phenomena: the presence of some backward landslide terraces, which causes saturation of the landslide body, and erosion near the lateral trenches bounding the
body.
Downloaded 12/13/15 to 202.46.129.68. Redistribution subject to SEG license or copyright; see Terms of Use at http://library.seg.org/
Electrical Tomographies for Landslides
In the outcrop area, structurally complex clayey-marly terrains belong to the Upper Cretaceouslower Oligocene varicolored clays and to the Lower Cretaceous Galestrino Flysch
of the Lagonegrese unit (Di Nocera et al., 1988). Discordant on these terrains are middle Pliocene deposits composed
of essentially poligenic conglomerates with sandy intercalations (Ariano unit). The landslide is composed of varicolored
clays that are intensively tectonized and fissured and sheared
clay shales, clay, and mudstones, including locally disarranged
blocks and layers of lapideous rocks such as marls, calcarenites, and limestones. Accurate geologic and geomorphic surveys, aerial photo analyses related to flights conducted in 1956,
1982, 1991, and 1997, and boreholes reaching the bottom of
the detachment zone (Melidoro, 1977) delineate the landslide
boundaries (Figure 2), including probable thickness of the displaced material and depth of the sliding surface.
In particular, the data obtained from boreholes S1S7 (Figure 2) (Melidoro, 1977) show that thickness of the slide material varies from 3540 m in the source area (borehole S7)
to 2030 m in the flow track (boreholes S6S4). In the accumulation zone, thickness reaches a depth of about 25 to 30 m
(boreholes S3, S2, and S1).
B13
which is characterized by high clay content and high degrees
of saturation as defined by borehole data. The relatively highresistivity zone has been interpreted as compact deposits not
involved in the landslide. There are some high-resistivity nuclei that could be lapideous intercalations (calcilutitic blocks,
calcarenitic blocks, etc.) embedded in the dislocated material.
The low-resistivity zone is limited on both sides by the extremities of the landslide, as shown by the results of the geomorphic survey.
ERI results
A single-channel acquisition system was used to perform
five apparent resistivity profiles: four were oriented perpendicular (AA , BB , CC and DD ) and one was parallel (EE )
to the landslide body (Figure 2). The obtained ERIs of lines
CC and EE in Figures 3 and 4, respectively, show a range
of resistivity values of 1 < < 250 ohm-m and a lateral variability between the low-resistivity zones and relatively highresistivity zones. The low-resistivity values ( < 2030 ohm-m)
observed in the middle part of line CC (Figure 3) ERI and in
the shallow part of line EE ERI (Figure 4) could be associated with the landslide body, characterized by high content of
clayey material and water. The clayey material is made up of
mixed layers of illite-smectite characterized by a high cationic
exchange, which notably reduce resistivity values (Waxman
and Smits, 1968; Cavalcante et al., 2003). The relatively high
resistivity values ( > 60100 ohm-m) present at the bottom
of the slide in the EE ERI profile could be related to the comFigure 2. Geomorphic map of the Giarrossa landslide, with
location of the geologic and geophysical surveys.
pact bedrock and not be involved in the landslide. The shallow
high-resistivity nuclei, located in the upper part of the CC ERI profile, are associated with lapideous intercalations (calcilutitic blocks, calcarenitic blocks, etc.)
embedded in the dislocated material. Estimated thickness of the landslide body,
as inferred from the ERIs and confirmed
by borehole data, ranges from 15 m in the
flow track to 35 m in the accumulation
zone.
In particular, the transversal CC ERI
(Figure 3) shows poor resistivity contrast between a relatively high-resistivity
zone ( > 20 ohm-m) and a relatively
low-resistivity zone ( < 520 ohm-m)
Figure 3. ERI of the CC profile line, transverse to the accumulation zone of the Giat about 25 to 30 m depth. The low- arrossa landslide. The sliding surface, indicated with the dashed black line, reaches a
resistivity zone has a lenticular shape depth of about 30 m. The yellow dashed line indicates the sliding surface obtained by
and is associated with the landslide body, the microtremor measurements.
Downloaded 12/13/15 to 202.46.129.68. Redistribution subject to SEG license or copyright; see Terms of Use at http://library.seg.org/
B14
Lapenna et al.
The four HVSR sonic soundings acquired inside the landslide as well as the
one taken at a reference site outside the
mobilized area along the CC ERI line
are denoted in Figure 3. The thickness of
the landslide material, obtained by using the HVSR below each measurement
point, is in accordance with the thickness reported from the CC ERI (Gallipoli et al., 2000).
The longitudinal EE ERI in Figure
4 shows a clear resistivity contrast between a low-resistivity zone ( < 520
ohm-m) and a higher resistive zone (
> 20 ohm-m) at about 30 m depth. The
former has an irregular shape and could
be associated with the mobilized body,
while the latter probably reflects compact formations unaffected by the landFigure 4. ERI of the EE profile parallel to the Giarrossa landslide, compared to the slide. The two relatively high-resistivity
stratigraphic data from boreholes S3, S2, and S1. The 3035 m depth of the sliding shallow nuclei observed in the accusurface, obtained by the geoelectrical survey (dashed black line), agrees well with the
mulation zones could be interpreted
stratigraphic data.
as intercalated lapideous blocks. The comparison between the
electrical image and the boreholes data (S3, S2, S1 in Figure 2)
(Melidoro, 1977) allows us to depict the geometry of the sliding surface, which reaches a maximum depth of about 35 m. A
low-resistivity zone, identified between boreholes S2 and S1,
is likely associated with a counterslope area having higher water content (better seen after a rainy period), probably quite
liable for future remobilization.
VARCO IZZO LANDSLIDE
Geologic-geomorphic setting
The Varco Izzo landslide located in Potenza (southern
Italy) is one of the most dangerous mass movements situated
in the Lucanian Apennines (Figure 1). This active rototranslational slide-earthflow (Cruden and Varnes, 1996) is approximately 1400 m long and about 130 to 420 m wide, and it has
developed along an area ranging from 850 to 620 m above sea
level in the vicinity of the Basento River. It has a mean inclination of about 10 (Figure 5). In the outcropping section, the
same structurally complex clayey-marly terrains of the varicolored clays (Upper Cretaceouslower Oligocene), as discussed
for the Giarrossa site, can be found.
Geologic and geomorphic surveys and aerial photo analyses
related to flights carried out in 1956, 1982, and 1997 allow us to
define approximately the geometry and the boundaries of the
landslide in Figure 5. Direct sounding data coming from boreholes equipped with inclinometers and piezometers reaching
the bottom of the detachment zone (Curcetti, 1996) are used
to estimate the thickness of the displaced material corresponding to different portions of the landslide. In particular, inclinometric data in boreholes B22B25 show the thickness of the
slide material varying from 13 m in borehole B25 to 32 m in
borehole B22.
ERI results
Figure 5. Geomorphic map of the Varco Izzo landslide with
location of the geologic and geophysical soundings.
We performed eight electrical resistivity profiles: seven oriented perpendicular (AA , BB , CC , DD , EE , FF , GG ) and
Downloaded 12/13/15 to 202.46.129.68. Redistribution subject to SEG license or copyright; see Terms of Use at http://library.seg.org/
Electrical Tomographies for Landslides
B15
Self-potential results
one parallel (HH ) to the landslide body (Figure 5). Preliminary inspection of the ERIs identified weak variability of the
Figure 8 shows a map of the self-potential (SP) data colelectrical resistivity, showing values lower than 150 ohm-m,
lected over the Varco Izzo landslide. Slightly negative SP
as seen in Figures 6 and 7. In particular, the ERIs show lowvalues in the source area, a positive zone in the flow-track
resistivity values ( < 20 ohm-m) associated with the landarea, and a strong SP negative zone in the accumulation
slide material, located in the first 30 m of depth, characterized
area of the slide characterize the spatial pattern. The negaby high content of clayey material and water. Laterally and at
tive values in the source area are probably the result of wathe bottom of all ERIs, the relatively high-resistivity zones (
ter infiltration flowing through the detachment zone (Sharma,
> 30 ohm-m) correlate with the compact bedrock not involved
1997). The positive zone in the flow track is possibly from the
in the landslide. The shallow, high-resistivity nuclei may be ascontainment walls and drainage structures built for the Basensociated with lapideous intercalations (calcilutitic blocks, caltana road, which prevent groundwater from flowing toward
carenitic blocks, etc.) embedded in the dislocated material.
the accumulation zone, resulting in an accumulation and an
The estimated thickness of the landslide material, as inferred
excess of positive electrical charges. The SP negative sector in
from all of the electrical images, varies between 25 and 35 m in
the accumulation zone that delineates the outline of the slide
range.
may be explained by groundwater flow toward the Basento
The ERI along the transverse profile EE (Figure 6)
River where an excess in positive electric charges can be found
shows a resistivity contrast between a relatively low-resistivity
(Perrone et al., 2004).
layer ( < 20 ohm-m) and a higher resistivity zone ( >
30 ohm-m). The boundaries of these zones
are not well defined, but the resistivity slowly
increases beginning at a depth of about
30 m. The low-resistivity zone has a lenticular shape, corresponding with the landslide
body having high clay content and a high degree of saturation, while the high-resistivity
zone beginning at 30 m is considered alluvial material not involved in the movement.
This result is confirmed by data from borehole B22, which report the sliding surface to
be at a depth of about 32 m (11 m of altered
soil covering 21 m of landslide material). The
sliding surface corresponds to the transition
zone of increasing resistivity. The relatively
high-resistivity zone ( > 50 ohm-m) in the
central part of the ERI could be related to
the tunnel of a railway involved in the moveFigure 6. ERI of the EE profile line, transverse to the Varco Izzo landslide, comment. The deep resistivity zone is associated
pared to the stratigraphic data coming from borehole B22. The hypothetical depth
with compact deposits not involved in the
of the sliding surface is depicted by a dashed red line.
landslide.
The ERI of profile line HH , parallel to
the landslide (Figure 7), highlights a clear
resistivity contrast between a low-resistivity
zone ( < 20 ohm-m) and a relatively high
zone ( > 30 ohm-m). This contrast begins
at about 20 m and gradually increases to 30
m in depth as it progresses toward the toe
of the landslide. The low-resistivity zone has
an irregular shape, probably associated with
the mobilized body; the high-resistivity zone
could be related to the compact deposits (alluvial and clayey material) not involved with
the landslide.
These results are in accordance with the
stratigraphic and inclinometric data from
boreholes B24, B23, and B22, which show
a sliding surface at depths of about 21, 30,
and 32 m, respectively. The relatively highFigure 7. Comparison between the ERI of the HH profile line, parallel to the
resistivity nucleus ( > 50 ohm-m) located
Varco Izzo landslide, and the stratigraphic data inferred from boreholes B22, B23,
about 110 m from the origin of the proand B24. The shape of the landslide body is well defined, and the depth of the
file is related to a railway tunnel involved
sliding surface, indicated by the dashed red line, increases toward the toe of the
slide.
in the landslide.
B16
Lapenna et al.
LATRONICO LANDSLIDE
Downloaded 12/13/15 to 202.46.129.68. Redistribution subject to SEG license or copyright; see Terms of Use at http://library.seg.org/
Geologic-geomorphic setting
The northwest side of the developed area of the town of
Latronico (Figure 1) is characterized by many landslides of
various sizes and typologies, showing a prevailing longitudinal
development corresponding to a rotational slide in the upper
zone evolving into a translational slide and earthflow in the remaining area. These active landslides have a mean inclination
of about 11 that increases when approaching the valley; the
last reactivation occurred in 1990, causing considerable damage to area structures.
The upper section of the landslides are made up of terrains coming from the Frido Formation, characterized by
intensively tectonized shales showing chaotic attitude. The
Crete Nere Formation, which includes gray-black fissured and
fractured shales, layers of calcareous marls, calcarenites, and
quartzites (Bonardi et al., 1988; Pieri et al., 1994), is found in
the central and lower portions of the slide.
Geologic and geomorphic field surveys, aerial photo analyses, and interpretation of direct soundings acquired from
boreholes S3, S8, and S11, equipped with inclinometers and
piezometers, allow us to define approximately the boundaries
of the landslide body and to estimate the depth of the slid-
Figure 8. Self-potential map of the Varco dIzzo landslide.
ing surface (Figure 8). In particular, borehole S3 shows 36 m
of thickness in the slide material, while the depths of the slide
surfaces in boreholes S8 and S11 are about 26 and 7 m, respectively.
ERI results
We performed two electrical resistivity profiles: one parallel (AA ) and one perpendicular (BB ) to the landslide body
(Figure 9). In comparison to the other areas, we observed a
larger resistivity range and clear distinction of the electrical
resistivity, with values ranging from 10 to 1280 ohm-m, corresponding to the electrical properties of the outcropping clayey
and quartzarenitic materials.
The obtained ERIs (Figures 10 and 11) show a middle section with low-resistivity values ( < 160 ohm-m) corresponding to the landslide material. The relatively high-resistivity
zones ( > 160 ohm-m) represent lateral and basal material
not involved in the landslide. Some shallow high-resistivity
centers can be related to lapideous intercalations or infrastructures built to control movements in the landslide.
The ERI along profile line AA , parallel to the landslide body (Figure 10), shows a clear contrast between a
low-resistivity zone ( < 160 ohm-m) and a relatively highresistivity zone ( > 160 ohm-m) at a depth varying between
10 and 30 m. The low-resistivity zone has a lenticular shape
that could be associated with slide material, as inferred from
Figure 9. Geomorphic map of the Latronico landslide with location of the geologic and geophysical soundings.
Downloaded 12/13/15 to 202.46.129.68. Redistribution subject to SEG license or copyright; see Terms of Use at http://library.seg.org/
Electrical Tomographies for Landslides
boreholes S8 and S11. The deep, relatively high-resistivity
zone is assumed to be compact bedrock associated with the
Crete Nere Formation and is not involved in the landslide.
The shallow high-resistivity center, located about 130 to 140 m
from the origin in the ERI, is associated with the gabionade
built to contain the movement of the slide material.
Results from sonic soundings are superimposed onto the
ERI AA profile. The L4 and L5 measurement points outline a sliding surface at a depth of about 10 m, while the
L6 point reports a sliding surface at a depth of about 30 m
B17
(Timoran project, 2001), which is in accordance with the ERI
results.
The ERI from line BB perpendicular to the landslide body
(Figure 11) shows three low-resistivity zones ( < 160 ohm-m)
with a lenticular shape that reach a depth of about 35 to 40
m. This could be associated with three different landslides
that have developed within the main landslide body, as inferred from data acquired from boreholes S3 and S8. The
deep, relatively high-resistivity material is probably related to
the bedrock south of the conglomerates of the Castronuovo
Formation, as reported in the data from
borehole S3, and north of the quartzite,
as seen from borehole S8 data. The highresistivity nuclei embedded in the conductive material are interpreted as lapideous intercalations.
CONCLUSIONS
Figure 10. The ERI of the AA profile line parallel to the Latronico landslide, compared to the stratigraphic data coming from boreholes S8 and S11. The dashed black
line indicates the interpreted sliding surface, whose depth varies from 10 to 40 m. The
yellow dashed line indicates the sliding surface obtained by the microtremor measurements.
The ERI method is used successfully
to investigate three landslides located
in the Basilicata region, an area in the
Mediterranean basin exposed to different types of hydrogeologic hazard. The
geophysical data were interpreted using
geologic constraints from borehole data
and geomorphic surveys. The 2D electrical images, notwithstanding the geologic complexity of the investigated areas
and relatively low resistivity contrasts between the slide material and the bedrock,
outlined the geometry of the investigated
landslides. Therefore, the ERI method
appears to be a powerful tool for imaging the geometric boundaries of complex
rototranslational-earthflow landslides. It
combines an accurate capability for delineating the boundaries of landslide
bodies, fast field data acquisition, and low
cost. In the future, this technique could
be applied to monitor landslide bodies
continuously, thus opening a way to perform 4D time-lapse analysis of subsurface electrical images.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Figure 11. ERI of the BB profile line transverse to the Latronico landslide, compared
to the stratigraphic data coming from boreholes S3 and S8. The dashed black line
indicates the interpreted sliding surfaces.
This work has been carried out in
the framework of two projects supported
by the Italian Ministry of Research and
University: Design of geophysical monitoring network in areas of Basilicata
Region characterized by an high hydrogeological hazard and Geomorphological study and landslides control in some
areas of Basilicata region characterized
by historical-cultural heritage.
B18
Lapenna et al.
Downloaded 12/13/15 to 202.46.129.68. Redistribution subject to SEG license or copyright; see Terms of Use at http://library.seg.org/
REFERENCES
Bonardi, G., F. O. Amore, G. Ciampo, T. De Capua, P. Miconnet,
and V. Perrone, 1988, Il Complesso Liguride Auct.: Stato delle
conoscenze e problemi aperti sulla sua evoluzione pre-appenninica
ed i suoi rapporti con larco-calabro (The Auct. Liguride complex:
State of the art and open questions concerning its pre-Apennine
evolution and relation with the Calabrian Mountains): Memorie
della Societa` Geologica Italiana, 41, 1735.
Bruno, F., and F. Marillier, 2000, Test of high-resolution seismic reflection and other geophysical techniques on the Boup landslide in
the Swiss Alps: Surveys in Geophysics, 21, 333348.
Canuti, P., N. Casagli, and D. Tarchi, 2002, Le nuove tecnologie di
allertamento strumentali per la mitigazione del rischio di frana
(New technologies of instrumental warning for the mitigation of
landslide hazard): GeoItalia, 9, 913.
Cavalcante, F., S. Fiore, G. Piccarreta, and F. Tateo, 2003, Geochemical and mineralogical approaches to assessing provenance
and deposition of shales: A case study: Clay Minerals, 38, 383
397.
Cruden, D. M., and D. J. Varnes, 1996, Landslide types and processes,
in A. K. Turner, and R. L. Schuster, eds., Landslides Investigation and mitigation: U.S. National Research Council, Transportation Research Board Special Report 247, 3675.
Cuomo, V., V. Lapenna, M. Macchiato, C. Serio, and L. Tedesca,
1999, On the time dynamics of geoelectrical signals measured in a
seismic area of southern Italy: Geophysical Journal International,
139, 889894.
Curcetti, C., 1996, Franosita` pregressa ed attuale dellalta Valle del fiume Basento: la frana di Varco dIzzo (Past and present landslides
of the high valley of the Basento River): Tesi di Laurea in Ingegneria, Universita` degli Studi della Basilicata.
Di Nocera, S., S. Lazzari, T. Pescatore, and M. Tramutoli, 1988, Aspetti geologici e geotecnici dellarea urbana di Potenza (Geological
and geotechnical features of the urban area of Potenza): Memorie
della Societa` Geologica Italiana, 41, 373390.
Gallipoli, M., V. Lapenna, P. Lorenzo, M. Mucciarelli, A. Perrone,
S. Piscitelli, and F. Sdao, 2000, Comparison of geological and geophysical prospecting techniques in the study of a landslide in
southern Italy: European Journal of Environmental and Engineering Geophysics, 4, 117128.
Giano, S. I., V. Lapenna, S. Piscitelli, and M. Schiattarella, 2000, Electrical imaging and self-potential surveys to study the geological setting of the Quaternary slope deposits in the Agri high valley (southern Italy): Annali di Geofisica, 43, 409419.
Griffiths, D. H., and R. D. Barker, 1993, Two-dimensional resistivity
imaging and modelling in areas of complex geology: Journal of Applied Geophysics, 29, 211226.
` G., and F. Sdao, 2001, Dissesti prodotti o aggravati dal sisma
Gulla,
del 9 Settembre 1998 nel territorio del confine Calabro-Lucano (Accidents induced or related to the 9 September 1998 earthquake
in the Calabro-Lucano border zone): Monografia del Gruppo
Nazionale Difesa Catastrofi Idrogeologiche, CnrU.O. 2.56: Pubbl.
N. 2121 del Catalogo Pubblicazioni del GNDCI, Cnr.
Lapenna, V., M. Macchiato, D. Patella, C. Satriano, C. Serio, and
V. Tramutoli, 1994, Statistical analysis of non-stationary voltage
recordings in geoelectrical prospecting: Geophysical Prospecting,
42, 917952.
Lapenna, V., P. Lorenzo, A. Perrone, S. Piscitelli, E. Rizzo, and F.
Sdao, 2003, High-resolution geoelectrical tomographies in the study
of the Giarrossa landslide (Potenza, Basilicata): Bulletin of Engineering Geology and the Environment, 62, 259268.
Loke, M. H., 1999, RES2DINV, v. 3.42, geoelectrical imaging 2D &
3D software user manual.
Loke, M. H., and R. D. Barker, 1996, Rapid least-squares inversion
of apparent resistivity pseudosections by a quasi-Newton method:
Geophysical Prospecting, 44, 131152.
Mauritsch, H. J., W. Seiberl, R. Arndt, A. Romer, K. Schneiderbauer,
and G. P. Sendlhofer, 2000, Geophysical investigations of large
landslides in the Carnic region of southern Austria: Engineering
Geology, 56, 373388.
McCann, D. M., and A. Forster, 1990, Reconnaissance geophysical
methods in landslide investigations: Engineering Geology, 29, 59
78.
Melidoro, G., 1977, Relazione geologica sul movimento franoso del
1976 in localita` Giarrossa (Comune di Potenza) (Geological report
about the landslide that occurred in Giarrossa village(Potenza) in
1976): Regione Basilicata, Ufficio Genio Civile di Potenza.
Nakamura, Y., 1989, A method for dynamic characteristics estimation
of subsurface using microtremor on the ground surface: Quarterly
Report of the Railway Technical Research Institute, 30, 2533.
Patella, D., 1997, Introduction to ground surface self-potential tomography: Geophysical Prospecting, 45, 653681.
Perrone, A., A. Iannuzzi, V. Lapenna, P. Lorenzo, S. Piscitelli, E.
Rizzo, and F. Sdao, 2004, High-resolution electrical imaging of the
Varco dIzzo earthflow (southern Italy): Journal of Applied Geophysics, 56, 1729.
Pieri, P., L. Sabato, S. Loiacono, and M. Marino, 1994, Il bacino di
piggy-back di SantArcangelo: Evoluzione tettonico-sedimentaria:
(The SantArcangelo piggy-back basin: Tectonic-sedimentary evolution) Bollettino della Societa` Geologica Italiana, 113, 465481.
Polemio, M., and F. Sdao, 1998, Heavy rainfalls and extensive landslides that occurred in Basilicata, southern Italy: 8th Congress, International Association of Engineering Geology and Environment,
Proceedings, 18491855.
, 1999, Landslide hazard and heavy rains in southern Apennines (southern Italy): The case of Avigliano urban area: Engineering Geology, 53, 297309.
Revil, A., P. A. Pezard, and P. W. J. Glower, 1999, Streaming potential in porous media: 1 Theory of the zeta potential: Journal of
Geophysical Research, 104, 2002120031.
Sasaki, Y., 1992, Resolution of resistivity tomography inferred from
numerical simulation: Geophysical Prospecting, 54, 453464.
Schmutz, M., Y. Albouy, R. Guerin, O. Maquaire, J. Vassal, J. J.
Schott, and M. Descloitres, 2000, Joint electrical and time domain electromagnetism (Tdem) data inversion applied to the Super
Sauze earthflow (France): Surveys in Geophysics, 21, 371390.
Sharma, P. S., 1997, Enviromental and engineering geophysics: Cambridge University Press.
Steeples, D. W., 2001, Engineering and environmental geophysics at
the millennium: Geophysics, 66, 3135.
Timoran project, 2001, Final report of POP-FESR program (1997
1999), funded by the Basilicata Region.
Waxman, M. H., and L. J. M. Smits, 1968, Electrical conductivities in
oil-bearing shaly sands: Society of Petroleum Engineers Journal, 8,
107122.
