Table of Contents

Revision
History..............................................................................................................xi
i
Foreword ............................................................................................................
............xiv
CHAPTER 1 BASIC HYDRAULIC PRINCIPLES 1
1.1 General Flow
Characteristics..................................................................................1
Flow Conveyance.......................................................................................................1
Area, Wetted Perimeter, and Hydraulic Radius .........................................................1
Velocity......................................................................................................................2
Steady Flow................................................................................................................3
Laminar Flow, Turbulent Flow, and Reynolds Number ............................................3
1.2
Energy ...............................................................................................................
........5
The Energy Principle..................................................................................................5
The Energy Equation..................................................................................................6
Hydraulic Grade.........................................................................................................6
Energy Grade .............................................................................................................7
Energy Losses and Gains ...........................................................................................7
1.3 Orifices and
Weirs....................................................................................................8
Orifices.......................................................................................................................8
Weirs ........................................................................................................................10
1.4 Friction
Losses........................................................................................................13
Mannings Equation .................................................................................................14
Chzys (Kutters) Equation.....................................................................................14
Hazen-Williams Equation ........................................................................................15
Darcy-Weisbach (Colebrook-White) Equation ........................................................15
Typical Roughness Factors ......................................................................................16
1.5 Pressure
Flow .........................................................................................................17
1.6 Open-Channel
Flow. ..............................................................................................18
Uniform Flow...........................................................................................................18
Specific Energy and Critical Flow ...........................................................................20
1.7 Computer
Applications..........................................................................................22
1.8
FlowMaster .........................................................................................................
....23
1.9 Tutorial
Example ...................................................................................................24
1.10
Problems ............................................................................................................
.....27
CHAPTER 2 BASIC HYDROLOGY 35
2.1
Rainfall...............................................................................................................
.....35
Basic Rainfall Characteristics ..................................................................................35
Return Period and Frequency...................................................................................35
Types of Rainfall Data .............................................................................................36
2.2 Rainfall Abstractions and Runoff
Volume...........................................................45
Bentley In vi stitute Press
Watershed Area ........................................................................................................45
Rainfall Abstractions................................................................................................45
Determining Runoff Volume....................................................................................46
Horton Infiltration Equation.....................................................................................48
Runoff Coefficient....................................................................................................49
NRCS (SCS) Curve Number Method.......................................................................51
2.3 Computing Peak Runoff Flow
Rate......................................................................56
Time of Concentration..............................................................................................56
The Rational Method................................................................................................60
NRCS (SCS) Peak Flow Estimation.........................................................................64
2.4 Computing
Hydrographs.......................................................................................67
Creating Runoff (Effective Rainfall) Hyetographs...................................................69
Unit Hydrographs.....................................................................................................72
Discrete Convolution................................................................................................77
2.5
Problems.............................................................................................................
.....82
CHAPTER 3 INLETS, GRAVITY PIPING SYSTEMS,
AND STORM SEWER DESIGN 89
3.1 Inlet Design
Overview............................................................................................89
3.2 Gutter Sections on
Grade ......................................................................................90
3.3 Inlets on
Grade .......................................................................................................92
Grate Inlets on Grade ...............................................................................................92
Curb Inlets on Grade ................................................................................................93
Combination Inlets on Grade ...................................................................................95
3.4 Inlets in
Sag.............................................................................................................96
3.5 Inlet Design
Overview............................................................................................98
Inlet and Gutter Problems Using FlowMaster..........................................................98
Inlet and Gutter Network Problems Using StormCAD............................................99
3.6 Gradually Varied
Flow ..........................................................................................99
Flow Classification.................................................................................................100
Energy Balance ......................................................................................................103
3.7 Mixed Flow
Profiles .............................................................................................104
Sealing Conditions .................................................................................................104
Rapidly Varied Flow ..............................................................................................104
3.8 Storm Sewer
Applications ...................................................................................105
Hydrology Model ...................................................................................................105
3.9
StormCAD ...........................................................................................................
.106
How Can You Use StormCAD?.............................................................................107
Analysis and Design...............................................................................................107
Profiles ...................................................................................................................107
3.10 Tutorial
Examples................................................................................................108
Tutorial 1 Design of a Network with Auto Design............................................108
Tutorial 2 Alternatives Analysis with Scenario Manager..................................113
Computer Applications in Hydraulic Engineering vii
Tutorial 3 Cost Estimating ................................................................................114
3.11
Problems ............................................................................................................
...116
CHAPTER 4 CULVERT HYDRAULICS 135
4.1 Culvert
Systems....................................................................................................135
Culvert Hydraulics .................................................................................................136
4.2 Outlet Control
Hydraulics...................................................................................136
Friction Losses .......................................................................................................138
Entrance Minor Loss ..............................................................................................138
Exit Minor Loss .....................................................................................................140
Gradually Varied Flow Analysis............................................................................140
4.3 Inlet Control
Hydraulics......................................................................................140
Unsubmerged Flow ................................................................................................142
Submerged Flow ....................................................................................................142
4.4
CulvertMaster .....................................................................................................
.144
How Can You Use CulvertMaster?........................................................................144
4.5 Tutorial
Example .................................................................................................144
4.6
Problems ............................................................................................................
...147
CHAPTER 5 DETENTION POND DESIGN 153
5.1 Overview of Stormwater
Detention ....................................................................153
5.2 Basic Design
Considerations ...............................................................................154
Pre-Development versus Post-Development Criteria and Recurrence Frequency .154
Types and Configurations of Stormwater Detention Facilities ..............................155
5.3 Detention Pond Modeling
Concepts ...................................................................156
5.4 Components of Detention
Facilities ....................................................................157
Dam Embankments ................................................................................................158
Freeboard ...............................................................................................................158
Pond Bottoms and Side Slopes...............................................................................158
Outlet Structures.....................................................................................................158
Overflow Spillways................................................................................................159
5.5 Routing Data: Storage and Hydraulic
Relationships........................................159
Stage versus Storage Volume.................................................................................159
Stage versus Discharge ..........................................................................................165
Composite Stage versus Discharge Relationships..................................................167
5.6 Storage Indication
Method..................................................................................171
5.7 Stormwater Detention Analysis
Procedure........................................................175
5.8
PondPack ...........................................................................................................
...180
What Is PondPack? ................................................................................................180
How Can You Use PondPack for Windows? .........................................................180
5.9 Tutorial
Example .................................................................................................181
5.10
Problems ............................................................................................................
...186
Bentley In viii stitute Press
CHAPTER 6 PRESSURE PIPING SYSTEMS AND
WATER QUALITY ANALYSIS 195
6.1 Pressure
Systems ..................................................................................................195
Water Demands ......................................................................................................195
6.2 Energy
Losses .......................................................................................................197
Friction Losses .......................................................................................................197
Minor Losses..........................................................................................................198
6.3 Energy Gains
Pumps.......................................................................................200
Variable-Speed Pumps ...........................................................................................201
Constant Horsepower Pumps .................................................................................202
6.4 Control
Valves ......................................................................................................202
Check Valves (CVs)...............................................................................................202
Flow Control Valves (FCVs) .................................................................................202
Pressure Reducing Valves (PRVs) .........................................................................202
Pressure Sustaining Valves (PSVs) ........................................................................202
Pressure Breaker Valves (PBVs)............................................................................203
Throttle Control Valves (TCVs).............................................................................203
6.5 Pipe
Networks.......................................................................................................203
Conservation of Mass Flows and Demands ......................................................203
Conservation of Energy..........................................................................................204
6.6 Network
Analysis..................................................................................................205
Steady-State Network Hydraulics ..........................................................................205
Extended-Period Simulation...................................................................................205
6.7 Water Quality
Analysis........................................................................................205
Age.........................................................................................................................206
Trace.......................................................................................................................206
Constituents............................................................................................................206
Initial Conditions....................................................................................................207
Numerical Methods ................................................................................................208
Discrete Volume Method .......................................................................................208
Time-Driven Method..............................................................................................208
6.8 Automated
Optimization .....................................................................................209
Model Calibration ..................................................................................................210
System Design........................................................................................................210
6.9
WaterGEMS ........................................................................................................
.211
What Does WaterGEMS Do?.................................................................................211
How Can You Use WaterGEMS? ..........................................................................212
6.10 Tutorial
Example..................................................................................................213
Tutorial 1 Three Pumps in Parallel......................................................................213
Tutorial 2 Water Quality .....................................................................................219
Tutorial 3 Pumping Costs....................................................................................228
Tutorial 4 Capital Cost Estimating using Darwin Designer ................................229
Computer Applications in Hydraulic Engineering ix
Model Calibration using Darwin Calibrator...........................................................232
6.11
Problems ............................................................................................................
...236
CHAPTER 7 SANITARY SEWER DESIGN 255
7.1 Sanitary Sewer
Systems.......................................................................................255
Common Sanitary Sewer Elements........................................................................256
7.2
Loading ..............................................................................................................
...256
Common Load Types.............................................................................................257
Sanitary Unit Loading ............................................................................................259
Extreme Flow Factors ............................................................................................261
Common Variable Peaking Factors (PF)................................................................261
Wet-Weather Loading............................................................................................263
7.3 Extended Period
Simulations ..............................................................................264
Overview................................................................................................................264
Routing Overview ..................................................................................................264
Hydrologic and Hydraulic Time Steps...................................................................266
7.4
SewerCAD...........................................................................................................
..266
What Does SewerCAD Do?...................................................................................266
How Can You Use SewerCAD? ............................................................................267
7.5 Tutorial
Examples................................................................................................268
Tutorial 1 Pump Size for Peak Flows..................................................................268
Tutorial 2 24-Hour Simulation of Dry Weather Flow.........................................274
Tutorial 3 Constructing a Profile.........................................................................277
Tutorial 4 Capital Cost Estimating......................................................................278
7.6
Problems ............................................................................................................
...281
CHAPTER 8 DYNAMIC MODELING 297
8.1
Introduction........................................................................................................
..297
System of Units......................................................................................................298
8.2 Dynamic
Modeling ...............................................................................................299
St Venant Equations...............................................................................................299
Numerical Solution ................................................................................................300
Initial and Boundary Conditions ............................................................................301
8.3 Hydrograph Routing
Effects ...............................................................................303
8.4 Simplified Routing
Models ..................................................................................303
Diffusion Wave ......................................................................................................304
Kinematic Wave.....................................................................................................305
Muskingum Routing...............................................................................................305
Muskingum-Cunge Method ...................................................................................306
8.5 Why Use an Unsteady Flow
Model?...................................................................307
8.6
SewerGEMS ........................................................................................................
.308
What Does SewerGEMS Do? ................................................................................308
Bentley In x stitute Press
How Can You Use SewerGEMS?..........................................................................309
8.7 Tutorial
Examples................................................................................................310
Tutorial 1 Stormwater Conveyance System Performance...................................310
Tutorial 2 Pump Stations and Force Mains in a Sanitary Sewer System.............318
8.8
Problems.............................................................................................................
...325