Soft Computing
Fuzzy Propositions
Prof. Debasis Samanta
Department of Computer Science & Engineering
IIT Kharagpur
1
Fuzzy Propositions
• Two-valued logic vs. Multi-valued logic
• Examples of Fuzzy proposition
• Fuzzy proposition vs. Crisp proposition
• Canonical representation of Fuzzy proposition
• Graphical interpretation of Fuzzy proposition
Debasis Samanta
CSE
IIT Kharagpur 2
Two-valued logic vs. Multi-valued logic
• The basic assumption upon which crisp logic is based - that
every proposition is either TRUE or FALSE.
• The classical two-valued logic can be extended to multi-valued
logic.
• As an example, three valued logic to denote true(1), false(0)
and indeterminacy ( 1/2 ).
Debasis Samanta
CSE
IIT Kharagpur 3
Two-valued logic vs. Multi-valued logic
Different operations with three-valued logic can be extended as shown in the
truth table: a b
0 0 0 0 1 1 1
0 ½ 0 ½ 1 1 ½
0 1 0 1 1 1 0
½ 0 0 ½ ½ ½ ½
½ ½ ½ ½ ½ ½ 1
½ 1 ½ 1 ½ 1 ½
1 0 0 1 0 0 0
1 ½ ½ 1 0 ½ ½
1 1 1 1 0 1 1
Debasis Samanta
CSE
IIT Kharagpur 4
Three-valued logic
Fuzzy connectives defined for such a three-valued logic better can
be stated as follows:
Symbol Connective Usage Definition
NOT
OR
AND
IMPLICATION
EQUALITY
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CSE
IIT Kharagpur 5
Fuzzy proposition: Example 1
P: Ram is honest
T(P) = 0.0 : Absolutely false
T(P) = 0.2 : Partially false
T(P) = 0.4 : May be false or not false
T(P) = 0.6 : May be true or not true
T(P) = 0.8 : Partially true
T(P) = 1.0 : Absolutely true.
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CSE
IIT Kharagpur 6
Fuzzy proposition: Example 2
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CSE
IIT Kharagpur 7
Fuzzy proposition: Example 2
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CSE
IIT Kharagpur 8
Fuzzy proposition vs. Crisp proposition
• The fundamental difference between crisp (classical)
proposition and fuzzy propositions is in the range of their truth
values.
• While each classical proposition is required to be either true or
false, the truth or falsity of fuzzy proposition is a matter of
degree.
• The degree of truth of each fuzzy proposition is expressed by a
value in the interval [0,1] both inclusive.
Debasis Samanta
CSE
IIT Kharagpur 9
Canonical representation of Fuzzy proposition
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CSE
IIT Kharagpur 10
Canonical representation of Fuzzy proposition
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CSE
IIT Kharagpur 11
Graphical interpretation of fuzzy proposition
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CSE
IIT Kharagpur 12
Fuzzy system
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CSE
IIT Kharagpur 13
Thank You!!
Debasis Samanta
CSE
IIT Kharagpur 14
Soft Computing
Fuzzy Implication
Prof. Debasis Samanta
Department of Computer Science & Engineering
IIT Kharagpur
1
Fuzzy implications
• Fuzzy rule
• Examples of fuzzy implications
• Interpretation of fuzzy rules
• Product operators
• Zadeh’s Max-Min rule and some examples
Debasis Samanta
CSE
IIT Kharagpur 2
Fuzzy rule
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IIT Kharagpur 3
Fuzzy implication : Example 1
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CSE
IIT Kharagpur 4
Fuzzy implication : Example 2
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CSE
IIT Kharagpur 5
Fuzzy implication : Example 2
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CSE
IIT Kharagpur 6
Interpretation of fuzzy rules
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CSE
IIT Kharagpur 7
Interpretation as A coupled with B
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CSE
IIT Kharagpur 8
Interpretation as A coupled with B
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CSE
IIT Kharagpur 9
Interpretation as A coupled with B
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CSE
IIT Kharagpur 10
Product Operators
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CSE
IIT Kharagpur 11
Interpretation of A entails B
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CSE
IIT Kharagpur 12
Interpretation of A entails B
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CSE
IIT Kharagpur 13
Interpretation of A entails B
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CSE
IIT Kharagpur 14
Example 3: Zadeh’s Max-Min rule
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CSE
IIT Kharagpur 15
Example 3: Zadeh’s Max-Min rule
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CSE
IIT Kharagpur 16
Example 3: Zadeh’s Max-Min rule
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CSE
IIT Kharagpur 17
Example 4:
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CSE
IIT Kharagpur 18
Example 4:
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CSE
IIT Kharagpur 19
Example 4:
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CSE
IIT Kharagpur 20
Example 4:
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CSE
IIT Kharagpur 21
Example 4:
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CSE
IIT Kharagpur 22
Thank You!
23
Soft Computing
Fuzzy Inferences
Debasis Samanta
Department of Computer Science and Engineering
IIT KHARAGPUR
Fuzzy inferences
An example from propositional logic
Inferring procedures in Fuzzy logic
Fuzzy inferring procedures
Generalized Modus Ponens : Example
Example: Generalized Modus Ponens
Generalized Modus Ponens
Example. Generalized Modus Ponens
Example. Generalized Modus Ponens
Example. Generalized Modus Tollens
Example. Generalized Modus Tollens
Example. Generalized Modus Tollens
Practical example
Practice
Soft Computing
Defuzzyfication Techniques-I
Debasis Samanta
Department of Computer Science and Engineering
IIT KHARAGPUR
1
What is defuzzification?
Debasis Samanta
CSE
IIT Kharagpur 2
Example 2. Fuzzy to crisp
As an another example, let us consider a fuzzy set whose membership function is
shown in the following figure.
What is the crisp value of the fuzzy set in this case?
Debasis Samanta
CSE
IIT Kharagpur 3
Example 3. Fuzzy to crisp
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CSE
IIT Kharagpur 4
Why defuzzification?
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CSE
IIT Kharagpur 5
Generic structure of a Fuzzy system
Following figure shows a general framework of a fuzzy system.
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CSE
IIT Kharagpur 6
Defuzzification Techniques
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CSE
IIT Kharagpur 7
Defuzzification methods
A number of defuzzification methods are known. Such as
1) Lambda-cut method
2) Weighted average method
3) Maxima methods
4) Centroid methods
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CSE
IIT Kharagpur 8
Lambda-cut method
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CSE
IIT Kharagpur 9
Lambda-cut method
Lambda-cut method is applicable to derive crisp value of a fuzzy set or relation.
• Lambda-cut method for fuzzy relation
The same has been applied to Fuzzy set
• Lambda-cut method for fuzzy set
In many literature, Lambda-cut method is also alternatively termed as Alpha-cut method.
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CSE
IIT Kharagpur 10
Lamda-cut method for fuzzy set
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CSE
IIT Kharagpur 11
Lambda-cut for a fuzzy set : Example
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CSE
IIT Kharagpur 12
Lambda-cut sets : Example
Two fuzzy sets P and Q are defined on x as follows.
P 0.1 0.2 0.7 0.5 0.4
Q 0.9 0.6 0.3 0.2 0.8
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CSE
IIT Kharagpur 13
Lambda-cut for a fuzzy relation
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CSE
IIT Kharagpur 14
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CSE
IIT Kharagpur 15
Some properties of -cut relations
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CSE
IIT Kharagpur 16
Summary: Lambda-cut methods
Lambda-cut method converts a fuzzy set (or a
fuzzy relation) into a crisp set (or relation).
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CSE
IIT Kharagpur 17
Output of a Fuzzy System
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CSE
IIT Kharagpur 18
Output of a fuzzy System
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CSE
IIT Kharagpur 19
Output fuzzy set : Illustration
For instance,
let us consider
the following:
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CSE
IIT Kharagpur 20
Output fuzzy set : Illustration
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CSE
IIT Kharagpur 21
Output fuzzy set : Illustration
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CSE
IIT Kharagpur 22
Output fuzzy set : Illustration
Debasis Samanta
CSE
IIT Kharagpur 23
Thank You!!
24
Soft Computing
Defuzzyfication Techniques-II
Debasis Samanta
Department of Computer Science and Engineering
IIT KHARAGPUR
Defuzzification Methods
Maxima methods
Maxima method : Height method
Maxima method : FoM
Maxima method : LoM
Maxima method : MoM
MoM : Example 1
MoM : Example 2
Centroid methods
Centroid method : CoG
Centroid method : CoG
CoG : A geometrical method of calculation
CoG: An example of integral method of calculation
CoG: An example of integral method of calculation
CoG: An example of integral method of calculation
Centroid method : CoS
Centroid method : CoS
•
CoS: Example
CoS: Example
Centroid method: Centre of largest area
Weighted average methods
Weighted average method
Weighted average method
Exercise 1
Exercise 2
Exercise 3
Exercise 4
•
Exercise 5
