ISSN 2528-6595 SELL Journal Vol.

2(1) February 2017

PRESUPPOSITION TRIGGERS IN “THE BIG BANG THEORY

SEASON NINE” SITUATIONAL COMEDY

Nazar Azkhaf
DEC Pare
Masriatus Sholikhah
STKIP PGRI JOMBANG

[email protected]
[email protected]

Abstract: This present research is conducted to analyze the types of

presupposition triggers performed and to understand the presupposition of
the utterances in The Big Bang Theory Season Nine situational comedy.
Answering the formulated research question in this research, the researchers
used Levinson’s theory (1983) of presupposition triggers. Conducted with the
qualitative approach, this present research is designed with the document
analysis for the data was analyzed in the form of utterances uttered by the
characters as source of data. The subject of this research is a situational
comedy entitled The Big Bang Theory Season Nine episode one until five. The
result of the research showed the character mostly uttered 11 types of
Presupposition from 13 types (Levinson 1983), they are; counterfactual
conditionals, temporal clauses, iteratives, change of state verbs, questions,
definite descriptions, factive verbs, implicative verbs, comparison and
contrasts, verbs of judging, and non-restrictive relative clauses

Key Words: Presupposition Triggers, Context, The Big Bang Theory Season
Nine

INTRODUCTION

Language is the essential medium in which the ability to communicate

from the speaker to the hearer. The way to transfer speaker’s intention to the
listener or hearer may be different to make communication becomes more
effective. In addition, there are two ways to express the language; in written
and in oral. Further, both in written and in oral, language consists of structure,
form and meaning. Those must be delivered clearly by the locutor to
interlocutor to dig up or analyze the unclear conversation to get the
cooperative communication. An utterance or a sentence must convey some
informations although it is not mentioned in the conversation. This
assumption is then, processed by the speaker as the presupposition. Levinson
(1983: 181) stated that presupposition triggers are a construction or item that

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signals the existence of a presupposition in an utterance. A locutor may assume

that the interlocutor understands a thing, then this might drive them to state
certain utterance, as the example: Who is the professor of linguistics at MIT?. In
this utterance the assumption of the speaker is someone is the professor of
linguistics at MIT (Levinson, 1983: 184). Presupposition is ultimately the
interesting subject to be discussed because there are many presuppositions
found in the conversation of daily live. The researchers encounters many
utterances which consist of presupposition spoken by human being in daily
live and also spoken by characters in a situational comedy based on their
perceptions or assumptions. Since the speaker believes that the listener will
have the same assumptions or perceptions, inappropriate interpretation of the
utterances or dialogues will occur continuously. Situational comedy is one of
media which is purposed to entertain people. In this research, media which is
appropriate and interesting to analyze the phenomenon of presupposition
triggers is situational comedy. There are various characters with different
utterances can be analyzed related to presupposition triggers. The researchers
is interested in analyzing presuppsosition triggers in situational comedy
entitled The Big Bang Theory Season Nine.
On the conclusion, the researchers would analyze the types of
presupposition triggers performed and the presupposition of the utterances
in The Big Bang Theory Season Nine situational comedy according to the theory
of Levinson (1983:181-184). It is aimed to analyze the types of presupposition
triggers performed and to understand the presupposition of the utterances in
The Big Bang Theory Season Nine situational comedy episode one until five.
This research used qualitative research approach as method to collect and
analyze the data.The appropriate design of this current research is document
analysis since the data was in the form of utterances uttered by the characters
in situational comedy The Big Bang Theory Season Nine episode one until five
that contained presupposition triggers.

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

According to Levinson (1983: 181), presupposition triggers is a

construction or item that signals the existence of a presupposition in an
utterance and uses symbol >> for ‘presupposes’. The triggers are as follows:
a) Definite descriptions
It is a clear description that shows the existence of something. For
example: John saw/didn’t see the man with two heads >> there exists a man
with two heads.
b) Factive verbs
The trigger of presupposition is used in the classification of verbs,
referring to a verb which takes a complement clause, and where the
adresser presupposes the truth of the proposition expressed through the
clause. So, it is called the factive because it presupposes the truth of their
complement. Some factive verbs such as regret, aware, realize, odd.

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However, there are some factive predicates such as know, be sorry that, be
proud that, be indiferrent that, be glad that, be sad that. For example:
Martha regrets/doesn’t regret drinking John’s home brew >> Martha drank
John’s home brew.
c) Implicative verbs
An implicative verb is an act of implying or the condition of being
implied (implied meaning) and uses some further implicative predicates
such as manage, forget. For example: John managed/didn’t manage to open
the door >> John tried to open the door.
d) Change of state verbs
Change of state verb is verb that have a kind of switch
presupposition that the new state is both described and is presupposed not
to have held prior to the change. There are some change of state verbs such
as stop, begin, continue, start, finish, carry on, cease, take, leave, enter, come,
go, arrive. For example: John stopped/ didn’t stop beating his wife >> John
had been beating his wife.
e) Iteratives
The trigger of presupposition is involving repetition or a term used
to refer to an event which takes place repeatedly. There are some further
iterative such as: again, return, another time, to come back, restore, repeat.
The example of iterative is ‘ The flying saucer came/ didn’t come again >>
the flying saucer came before’.
f) Verbs of judging
It is an opinion or estimation. The example of verb of judging is ‘Ian
criticized/ didn’t criticize Agatha for running away >> (Ian thinks) Agatha
ran away’. Other verb of judging is accuse.
g) Temporal clauses
It relates to the time. There are some temporal clause constructors
such as after, during whenever, as, since, while, before. For example: While
Chomsky was revolutionizing linguistics, the rest of social science
was/wasn’t asleep >> Chomsky was revolutionizing linguistics’.
h) Cleft sentences
It is a complex sentence that has a meaning that could be expressed
by simple sentence. For example: ‘It was/ wasn’t Henry that kissed Rosie >>
Someone kissed Rosie’. Another example of cleft sentences is ‘What John
lost/ didn’t lose was his wallet >> John lost something.
i) Implicit cleft with stressed constituents
This trigger of presupposition contains the implicit meaning with
stressed constituents. For example: ‘John did/ didn’t compete in the
OLYMPICS >> John did compete somewhere.
j) Comparisons and contrasts
Comparison and contrasts may be marked by stress (or by other
prosodic means), by particle like too, back, in return, or by comparative
constructions. The example of comparisons and contrast is ‘ Carol is/ isn’t
better linguist than Barbara >> Barbara is a Linguist’. Another example of

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comparison and contrast is ‘Jimmy is/isn’t as unpredictable gauche as Billy

>> Billy is unpredictably gauche’.

k) Non-restrictive relative clauses

Non- restrictive relative clauses provide essential information about
the noun to which it refers. The example of non-restrictive relative clauses
is ‘The Proto-Harappans who flourished 2800-2650 B.C., were/ were not
great temple builders >> The Proto-Harrapans flourished 2800-2650 B.C.’
l) Counterfactual conditionals
A counterfactual conditional contains an if- clause which is contrary
to fact. The example of counterfactual conditionals is ‘If Hannibal had only
had twelve more elephants, the Romance languages would/ would not this
day exist >> Hannibal didn’t have twelve more elephants.
m) Questions
The presupposition triggers of question is divided into three kinds
which are WH- question, yes/no question and alternative question. WH-
question introduce the presupposition obtained by replacing the WH-word
by the appropriate existentially quantified variable, such as ‘who’ by
‘someone’, ‘where’ by ‘somewhere’, ‘how’ by ‘somehow’. The example of
WH- questions is ‘Who is the professor of linguistics at MIT? >> Someone is
the professor of linguistics at MIT’.
Yes/ no question is characterized by the auxiliary before the subject
that can be addressed by either yes or no. The auxiliary can be auxiliary
verbs, copular ‘be’, and modals. For example: Is there a professor of
linguistics at MIT? >> either there is a professor of linguistics at MIT or there
isn’t. this presupposition has the possibilities of the truth.
Alternative question is like yes/no question texts that occurs a
separation of possibilites of answer, but there are choices of it. Hence, the
presupposition of alternative question text also indicate that there is a
“case” that is not yet known to be true, but the truth is available in the
choices that are offered. For example, Is Newcastle in England or is it in
Australia. >> Newcastle is in England or Newcastle is in Australia.

RESEARCH METHOD

This research employed qualitative approach as method to collect and

analyze the data.The appropriate design of this current research is document
analysis since the data was in the form of utterances uttered by the characters
in situational comedy The Big Bang Theory Season Nine episode one until five
that contained presupposition triggers.
The data of this current research are all utterances which contained
the presupposition triggers uttered by the characters in The Big Bang Theory
Season Nine episode one until five. Meanwhile, the source of the data was taken
from the transcript of the dialogues among the characters in a situational
comedy The Big Bang Theory Season Nine.

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As the key instrument of the research, the researchers have vital roles
from collecting the raw data until drawing the conclusions of the research. The
other instruments that support the researchers in this research were
documentation and note taking.
In collecting the data, the researchers involved several steps. First, the
researchers watched the situational comedy of The Big Bang Theory Season
Nine episode one until five to analyze the types of presupposition triggers.
Second, the researchers found out the transcript of the utterances uttered by
the characters in situational comedy The Big Bang Theory Season Nine episode
one until five by downloading from www.subscene.com. Third, the researchers
read the theory of presupposition triggers then, confront it to find out the data
of the research. Fourth, the researchers classified or categorized the data on
the data sheets to code based on the types of presupposition triggers.
In doing the analysis, the researchers prepared the result of making
note on trancript of situational comedy The Big Bang Theory Season Nine
episode one until five and classified the data based on the categories using the
table sheets of presupposition triggers based on the theory of Levinson (1983:
181-184). Accordingly, the data described based on those categories and also
verified the data by re- reading and re- checking. After making written reports
of the analysis data, then conclusion were drawn.

FINDING AND DISCUSSION

After analyzing the utterances contained on situational comedy The Big

Bang Theory Season Nine episode one until five, the researchers found that
there are only eleven types of presupposition triggers used by the characters
in this situational comedy based on the theory of Levinson (1983: 181-184).
They are definite descriptions, factive verbs, implicative verbs, iteratives,
change of state verbs, verbs of judging, temporal clauses, comparisons and
contrasts, non-restrictive relative clauses, counterfactual conditionals, and
questions.
1. Definite descriptions
a) Sheldon : Amy has ended our relationship.
Leonard : Oh, no. Seriously?
(DD/Sh/00:01:55)
The presupposition triggers in this utterance is categorized into
definite description. This is categorized into definite description because
it is clear description that shows the existence of something. It is definite
description because there is assumption that someone is exist. “Amy” in
this utterance refers to the name of Sheldon’s ex-girlfriend and she has
already been known by Leonard.
Presupposition:
- There is a girl named Amy
- There was a relationship between Sheldon and Amy
- There is not a relationship between Sheldon and Amy

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- Amy is Sheldon’s ex-girlfriend

- Sheldon is single
Simply it shown if Sheldon has ever had the relationship with Amy
but when Amy decided to end the relationship with him, Sheldon
becomes a single.

2. Factive verbs
b) Leonard : Look, it-it’s not how I pictured it either, but I’m still
glad we are doing it.
Penny : Mee too.
(FV/Le/00:05:19)
The presupposition triggers in this utterance is included into
Factive verbs. It is factive verbs because the trigger “glad” presupposes
the truth of their complement. The truth of the complement is Leonard
and Penny are doing the wedding that has been prepared by them as a
couple.
Presupposition:
- Leonard and Penny have been preparing to be married couple
- Leonard ever thinks that he will not be able to be holding the
wedding with Penny
- Leonard and Penny are holding the wedding
- Leonard and Penny succeded to hold the wedding
- Leonard and Penny are husband and wife
In paraphrashing, it is seen that Leonard has been preparing a
marriage with Penny. So, when Leonard and Penny are holding the
wedding, their status becomes a husband and wife.
3. Implicative verbs
c) Sheldon : Why are you up?
Leonard : How am I supposed to sleep? I’ve been married less
than 24 hours, and my wife isn’t speaking to me.
Sheldon : Perhapas you can think of this in more positive light. In
one day, you’ve managed to do what it takes many couples
decades to achieve.
(IV/Le/00:00:08)
The presupposition triggers in this utterance is included into
implicative verbs because there is the condition of being implied
(implied meaning). It can be seen in utterance “you’ve managed to do
what it takes many couples decades to achieve”. By using the trigger
“manage” can be presupposed that Leonard tried to do what it takes
many couples decades to achieve.
Presupposition:
- Leonard has a wife
- Penny is Leonard’s wife
- Leonard and Penny are a husband and wife
- Penny isn’t speaking to Leonard

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- There are many couples aren’t speaking to their couples

- Many couples tried to do what it takes many couples decade
to achieve
- Leonard tried to do what it takes many couples decade to
achieve
In paraphrashing, it is seen that Leonard has a wife who isn’t
speaking to him. This thing is also experienced by many couples, and they
try to do what it takes many couples decade to achieve. So, Leonard tries
to do what it takes many couples decades to achieve too.
4. Iteratives
d) Sheldon : Boy, I'm glad we're going out again.
Amy : We're not back together.
(I/Sh/00:04:23)
The presupposition triggers in this utterance is categorized into
iterative. From the utterance we’re going out again, it can be assumed
that Sheldon and and Amy are going out before. This uttreance is uttered
by Sheldon to show Amy that the condition is ever happened before or
when they still have the relationship. It can be seen by using iterative
“again”. In this case the speaker uses this trigger to show the event
before.
Presupposition:
- Sheldon is single
- Amy is single
- Sheldon and Amy had the relationship before
- Sheldon and Amy has not have the relationship
- Sheldon ever went out with Amy before
- Sheldon doesn’t go out with Amy
It shown that Sheldon is single, and so, Amy is, but Sheldon and
Amy ever had the relationship and also ever went out together before.
5. Change of state verbs
e) Penny : How could you not tell me that?!
Leonard : I wanted to tell you in the car, but you told me to stop
talking!
(CSV/Le/00:13:02)
From the utterance ” you told me to stop talking!”, it can be seen
that the presupposition triggers used by the speaker is change of state
verbs. The utterance can be presupposed that Leonard has been talking
to Penny. This utterance is uttered by Leonard to show that the day
before Leonard has been talking to Penny in the car. So, we can get
another assumption from the utterance said by the speaker that the
condition has been doing. It is also can be said that change of state verbs
is the assumption that have a kind of switch presupposition.
Presupposition:
- Leonard has ex-girlfriend
- Leonard didn’t tell Penny about his ex-girlfriend yet

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- Leonard has been talking to Penny

- Penny knows Leonard ex-girlfriend
- Penny can’t believe to Leonard
Simply it shown if Leonard has ex-girlfriend but he doesn’t tell
Penny about his ex-girlfriend yet. So when Penny knows about Leonard
ex-girlfriend, she can’t believe to Leonard.

6. Verbs of judging
f) Leonard : Okay, yeah, um. Do you remember when you accused
me of trying to sabotage our wedding?
Penny :Uh-huh.
(VJ/Le/00:15:47)
The presupposition triggers in this utterance is included into
verbs of judging because there is an opinion or estimation from the
speaker in the utterance “you accused me of trying to sabotage our
wedding”. This utterance can be assumed or presupposed that (Penny
thinks) Leonard is trying to sabotage their wedding. This utterance is
uttered by Leonard when he is talking about the problem during their
wedding that Penny is sure that at that moment, Leonard is trying to
sabotage their wedding
Presupposition:
- Penny and Leonard have ever held the wedding
- There was an accident in their wedding
- Leonard almost sabotages their wedding
- Penny (thinks) Leonard is trying to sabotage their wedding
- Leonard didn’t sabotage their wedding
- Leonard and Penny are a husband and wife
In paraphrashing, it is seen that Penny and Leonard ever held the
wedding but there was an accident that made Leonard almost sabotages
the wedding. So, Penny (thinks) Leonard is trying to sabotage their
wedding before they become a husband and wife.
7. Temporal clauses
g) Leonard : I’ve loved you since the moment we met, and I will
keep loving you until the end of time.
Penny : Oh, my God. That is the most beautiful thing anyone’s
ever said to me.
(TC/Le/00:16:53)
The presupposition triggers in this utterance is included into
temporal clauses. It is temporal clauses because it relates to the time.
“I’ve loved you since the moment we met” indicates that there is something
going on. And by saying “I’ve loved you since the moment we met” can be
presupposed that Leonard has loved Penny the moment they were
meeting. The first utterance is uttered by Leonard as new married couple

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and he expresses his feeling to Penny that Leonard has been loving Penny
the first moment they met.
Presupposition:
- Leonard and Penny ever met
- Penny has something that makes someone spellbound
- Leonard is interested in Penny
- Leonard is not interested to someone else
- Leonard loved Penny the moment they met
- Leonard promises to keep his love to Penny till the end of time
In paraphrashing, it is seen that Leonard ever met with Penny and
it makes Leonard interested and loved Penny the moment they met
because Penny has something that makes someone spellbound. So,
Leonard promises to keep his love to Penny till the end of time.
8. Comparisons and contrasts
h) Sheldon : Oh, you don't need to worry about her. She's brilliant
and attractive. She can do way better than Leonard.
Penny : That's great.
(CC/Sh/00:16:43)
It can be seen that the presupposition triggers used in the
utterance “She can do way better than Leonard” is comparison and
contrast because the word “better” can be used in the sentence to
compare something. This utterance is uttered by Sheldon because he has
known the quality of Leonard’s ex-girlfriend Mandy Chao in university
he studies. So, by saying this utterance the speaker knows the quality
between Mandy Chao and Leonard in detail.
Presupposition:
- She (Mandy Chao) has the quality
- Leonard has the quality
- She (Mandy Chao) has good quality
- Leonard has good enough quality
- Leonard and Mandy Chao have different quality
- She (Mandy Chao) can do way
In paraphrasing, it is seen that Mandy Chao and Leonard have the
quality but there is the difference quality between them. So, she (Mandy
Chao) can do way herself.
9. Non-restrictive relative clauses
i) Leonard : Sheldon, can you believe that we’re driving in a van
that was owned by one of the greatest scientific minds of the
20th century?
Sheldon : It’s extraordinary.
(NRRC/Le/00:06:59)
It can be seen that the utterance “we’re driving in a van that was
owned by one of the greatest scientific minds of the 20th century” is
included into non- restrictive relative clauses because it provides
essential information about the noun to which it refers. The trigger “the

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20th century” indicates the information to “a van”. This utterance is

uttered by Leonard who explains about the informtion of a van which is
driven by Howard. He knows the information about a van very well. So,
by saying this utterance the speaker (Leonard) makes the hearer
(Sheldon) know the information about a van. This utterance has the
assumption that a van of the 20th century.
Presupposition:
- There is a van
- A van is driven by Leonard, Sheldon, Rajesh, and Howard
- Rajesh knows the information of the van
- A van is owned by one of the greatest scientific minds
- A van is made in 20th century
In paraphrasing, it is seen that there is a van which is driven by
Leonard, Sheldon, Rajesh, and Howard which has the information that a
van is made in 20th century.
10. Counterfactual conditionals
j) Leonard : If you're not into this, we can do it another time.
Penny : No. No, I want to. Look, we've put this off long enough.
Let's do it.
(CFC/Le/00:01:20)
The presupposition triggers in this utterance is included into
counterfactual conditional. It is counterfactual conditional because it
contains an if- clause which is contrary to fact. The utterance “If you're
not into this, we can do it another time” can be presupposed that Penny is
into this (wedding). This utterance is uttered by Leonard to show the real
condition in which between Leonard and Penny before holding the
wedding in church. Leonard said that if Penny is not into the wedding is
contrary to the fact that they are into the wedding. So, the real situation
is quite the opposite of what is spoken by Leonard.
Presupposition:
- Penny is holding the wedding ( >> there is not an accident that
makes Penny is not able to hold the wedding, Leonard just
give an excused and it is expressed by the statement which
means he actually can hold the wedding )
In paraphrasing, it is seen that Leonard and Penny are holding the
wedding.
11. Questions
k) Leonard : Who do you think carries Sheldon to bed when he
falls asleep in front of the TV?
Penny : Okay, let's do it.
(Q/Le/00:11:12)
From the utterance “Who do you think carries Sheldon to bed when
he falls asleep in front of the TV?” can be seen that it is categorized into
question because the question trigger ‘who’ that presuposes ‘someone’.
This is the assumption of the adresser that is believed as the truth ‘case’.

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The addresser believes that there is someone in this ‘case’ that he still
doesn’t know who the person is. The assumption of the adresser here is
that “someone carries Sheldon to bed when he falls asleep in front of TV”.
This utterence is uttered by Leonard to makes Penny believe that the
person is Leonard.
Presupposition:
- Sheldon watches TV
- Sheldon often falls asleep in front of the TV
- Sheldon always let the TV on
- There is someone that he still doesn’t know who the person is
- The person always carries Sheldon to bed
- Sheldon sleeps on the bed
It shown that Leonard often known Sheldon fallen asleep in front
of TV while watching television. The television was always on and there
was always someone that he still didn’t know who the person was that
carries carries Sheldon to bed. This person could be Leonard or another
person.

CONCLUSION

After doing the research, it can be concluded that there are only eleven
types of presupposition triggers; definite descriptions occur in the situational
comedy (episode 1, 2, and 3), factive verbs occur in the situational comedy
(episode 1, 4, and 5), implicative verbs occur in the situational comedy
(episode 1 and 2), iteratives occur in the situational comedy (episode 1, 2, 3,
and 4), change of state verbs occur in the situational comedy (episode 1, 2, 3,
and 5), verbs of judging ones just occur in the situational comedy (episode 1),
temporal clauses occur in the situational comedy (episode 1, 2, and 3),
comparisons and contrasts occur in the situational comedy (episode 1 and 3),
non-restrictive relative clauses ones just occur in the situational comedy
(episode 3), counterfactual conditionals occur in all episodes of situational
comedy (episode 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5), and questions occur in the situational
comedy (episode 1, 2, 3, and 5). The number of presupposition triggers found
are 46.
Presuppositions can be defined as assumptions that shared by the
speakers to the listeners. Presuppositions can be applied in daily life and
situational comedy conversation. The situational comedy The Big Bang Theory
Season Nine episode one until five as it found in episode one until five, mostly,
the utterances from the characters contain presuppositions and
counterfactual conditional is dominant types of presupposition in the data of
the research.

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