Priming and Painting Slip

Critical Steel Connections

10 May 2012 Protective & Marine Coatings

Troy Fraebel
Corrosion Specification Specialist

• 25 years in industrial coatings

• SSPC Protective Coatings Specialist
• SSPC C-1 and C-2 Instructor
• NACE Certified Coatings Inspector
• Former AWWA D-102 Voting Member
• 13 Years with KTA-Tator, Inc.
• 3.5 Years with Caldwell Tanks

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Incorporated in 1866
Henry Sherwin

Edward Williams

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 Over 3,325 Service Centers

With Dedicated Protective & Marine Representatives

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The Protective & Marine Group is Dedicated

to Providing Coatings for the Prevention of
Corrosion, which Results in the
Loss of $300+ Billion Annually

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Research & Development

John Breen Tech Center,

Center Cleveland

AW Steudel IM Lab, Chicago

Warrensville Lab, Cleveland

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 Agenda
• Structural Joints Using High Strength Bolts and
Coatings Qualified for Class A or Class B Slip
• Surface Preparation of Steel (SSPC-SP 1 to SP 15)
• Steel Primers
– Zinc-rich
– Epoxy
– MCU
– Alkyd
– Acrylic
• High Performance
Steel Topcoats
– Fluoropolymers
– Polysiloxanes
– Polyurethanes
– Acrylic
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Slip-Critical
Joint

A joint that transmits shear

loads
l d or shear
h lloads
d iin
combination with tensile loads in
which the bolts have been
installed . . . to provide a
pretension in the installed bolt
(clamping force on the faying
surfaces), and with faying
surfaces that have been
prepared to provide a calculable
resistance against slip.

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 Standards Organizations
Involved

“Familiarity with the referenced AISC, ASCE, ASME, ASTM and SSPC specification
requirements is necessary for the proper application of this Specification.”

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From the Glossary

• Faying Surface. The plane of contact between two plies
of a joint.

• Coated Faying Surface. A faying surface that has been

primed, primed and painted or protected against
corrosion,
i exceptt b
by h
hot-dip
t di galvanizing.
l i i

• Mean Slip Coefficient. μ,

the ratio of the frictional shear
load at the faying surface to
the total normal force when
slip occurs.

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3.2.2. Slip-Critical Joints

The faying surfaces of slip-critical joints as
defined in Section 4.3, including those of filler
plates and finger shims, shall meet the
following requirements:
......
(b) Coated Faying Surfaces: Coated faying
surfaces shall first be blast cleaned and
subsequently coated with a coating that is
qualified in accordance with the requirements
in Appendix A as a Class A or Class B
coating as defined in Section 5.4.

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 Why Blast
Clean?
• Clean and Profile

• Paints Adhere to the Surface by

Mechanical and / or Chemical Bond

• Whatever interferes with mechanical or

chemical bond will, in turn, interfere with
adhesion.
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Standards
SSPC-SP 1 Solvent Cleaning
SSPC-SP 2 Hand Tool Cleaning
SSPC-SP 3 Power Tool Cleaning
SSPC-SP 5 / NACE 1 White Metal Blast Cleaning
SSPC-SP 6 / NACE 3 Commercial Blast Cleaning
SSPC-SP 7 / NACE 4 Brush-Off Blast Cleaning
SSPC-SP 8 Pickling
SSPC-SP 10 / NACE 2 Near-White Blast Cleaning
SSPC-SP 11 Power Tool Cleaning to Bare Metal
SSPC-SP 12 / NACE 5 Surface Preparation and Cleaning of Steel
and other Hard Materials by High and Ultra
High Water Jetting
SSPC-SP 14 / NACE 8 Industrial Blast Cleaning
SSPC-SP 15 Commercial Power Tool Cleaning
SSPC-SP 16 Brush-Off Blast Cleaning of Coated and
Uncoated Galvanized Steel,
Stainless Steels, and Non-Ferrous Metals

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SSPC-SP1 Solvent Cleaning

“Solvent Cleaning is a method for removing all visible oil,

grease, soil, drawing and cutting compounds, and other
soluble contaminants from steel surfaces.”

It is the first step by definition in every preparation method!

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 SSPC-SP2 Hand Tool Cleaning
“Hand Tool Cleaning removes all loose mill scale, loose rust,
loose paint, and other loose detrimental foreign matter. It is
not intended that adherent mill scale, rust, and paint be
removed by this process. Mill scale, rust, and paint are
considered adherent if they cannot be removed by lifting with
a dull putty knife.
knife ”

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SSPC-SP3 Power Tool Cleaning

“Power Tool Cleaning removes all loose mill scale, loose rust,
loose paint, and other loose detrimental foreign matter. It is
not intended that adherent mill scale, rust, and paint be
removed by this process. Mill scale, rust, and paint are
considered adherent if they cannot be removed by lifting with
a dull putty knife.”

SSPC-SP 7 / NACE 4 Brush-Off

Blast Cleaning has the same
definition.
Appropriate for LARGE areas.
“The entire surface shall be
subjected to the abrasive blast. . . .
When a coating is specified, the
surface shall be roughened to a
degree suitable for the specified
coating system.”

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SSPC-SP6 Commercial Blast

“A Commercial Blast cleaned surface, when viewed without
magnification, shall be free of all visible oil, grease, dust, dirt,
mill scale, rust, coating, oxides, corrosion products, and other
foreign matter, except for staining as noted below…
“… random staining shall be
limited to no more than 33% of
each unit area of surface (9 in2),
and may consist of light
shadows, slight streaks, or
minor discolorations caused by
stains of rust, stains of mill
scale, or stains of previously
applied coatings …”

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 SSPC-SP10 Near-White Blast
“A Near-White Blast cleaned surface, when viewed without
magnification, shall be free of all visible oil, grease, dust, dirt,
mill scale, rust, coating, oxides, corrosion products, and other
foreign matter, except for staining as noted below…

“… random staining shall be limited to no more than 5% of

each unit area of surface (9 in2),) and may consist of light
shadows, slight streaks, or minor discolorations caused by
stains of rust, stains of mill scale, or stains of previously
applied coatings …”

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SSPC-SP5 White Metal Blast

“A White Metal Blast cleaned surface, when viewed without
magnification, shall be free of all visible oil, grease, dust, dirt,
mill scale, rust, coating, oxides, corrosion products, and other
foreign matter.”

AASHTO R31 for Evaluation of Protective Coating

Systems for Structural Steel requires abrasive blast
cleaning to achieve a White Metal Blast using 100% S280
steel shot to produce a 2‐3.5 mil surface profile for the slip
coefficient test. Steel shot was selected to produce a
peened surface texture (lower peak density) to create a
worst‐case scenario.

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Centrifugal Blast Cleaning

Shops will often combine steel shot and grit for blasting.
The shot impacts the mill scale while the grit imparts profile.

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 Centrifugal Blast Cleaning
• Savings of time, labor, energy,
and abrasive
• Superior, more uniform cleaning

• Reduces blast waste by

recycling abrasive
• Protects of the
environment

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Active/Anodic
Magnesium
Zinc
Aluminum
Cadmium
Tin Mill Scale
Lead
Steel
Iron
Copper
410 Passive
304 Passive
Silver
Graphite
Gold
Platinum
Passive/Cathodic

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SSPC-VIS 1

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 The plies of slip-
critical joints with
coated faying
surfaces shall not
be assembled
before the coating
has cured for the
minimum time that
was used in the
qualifying tests.

AASHTO R31 specification requires curing at 25

+/‐ 2°C and 65 +/‐ 5% relative humidity.

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1985 Publication now modified and

APPENDIX A of Specification for
Structural Joints Using High-Strength Bolts

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Appendix A
Purpose and Scope
The purpose of this testing procedure is
to determine the mean slip coefficient of
a coating for use in the design of slip-
critical joints. Adherence to this testing
method provides that the creep
deformation of the coating due to both
the clamping force of the bolt and the
service-load joint shear are such that the
coating will provide satisfactory
performance under sustained loading.

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 Definition of Essential
Variables
• The time interval between application of the
coating and the time of testing

• The coating thickness . . . per SSPC PA2 . .

is 2 mils less than the average thickness ”The
specimens are to be coated to an average thickness that is 2 mils greater than the
maximum thickness to be used in the structure on both of the plate surfaces(the faying
and outer surfaces)”

• Coating Composition and Method of

Manufacture

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Testing
Configurations

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Contact Surface of Bolted Parts

• Class A- Slip Coefficient not less than 0.33 0.30 per AISC
– Clean Mill Scale and Blast Cleaned Surfaces with a Class
A Coatings
• Class B- Slip Coefficient not less than 0.50
– Blast Cleaned Surfaces and Blast Cleaned Surfaces with
Class B Coating
• Class C-Slip Coefficient not less than 0.35
– Hot Dipped Galvanized Steel and roughened surfaces

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NO Masking

Reduced Cost

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How Coatings Protect

Surfaces
• Barrier
• Inhibitive
• Sacrificial
Corrosion Prevention
Stop the deterioration of a
substrate. Corrosion is a
natural process that displays
the tendency of materials to
“give up” energy and return to
its natural state.

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 Barrier
• Most coatings serve as a protective
barrier by isolating the metal from the
environment. Film reinforcement further
slows this action down.

• This can also be true when protecting

concrete, wood or other substrates.

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Inhibitive
• Some pigments used in manufacturing primers
control corrosion by forming inhibitive
compounds.

• Th
These compoundsd are slightly
li htl soluble
l bl iin water,
t
and upon contact with water vapor, passivate
the substrate.

Rust inhibitive primers should never be specified

or recommended for use in immersion service.

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Active/Anodic
Sacrificial Magnesium
• When a zinc coating is applied to steel, Zinc
Aluminum
the zinc, being more “active” than the Cadmium
steel, sacrifices itself to protect the steel Tin
from corrosion. Lead
Steel
I
Iron
• This is based on the galvanic series. Copper
410 Passive
304 Passive
Silver
Graphite
Gold
Platinum
Passive/Cathodic

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 Class B Primers
• Two or three-component, solvent-based,
inorganic, ethyl silicate, zinc-rich coating
• Two or three-component, water-based,
inorganic, zinc silicate coating
• Two or three-component catalyzed polyamide
epoxy, organic zinc-rich coating
• Three-component water based organic amine
• adduct zinc-rich coating
• Moisture-cured urethane (MCU) zinc primer
• Non-zinc Epoxy Primer

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Zinc-Rich Primers
Contain High Percentage of Zinc Dust in the
Dried Film So That There Is Direct Contact
Between Zinc Particles and Steel

(SSPC Guide 12.00 Guide to Zinc-Rich Coating Systems:

Organic zinc-rich primers must contain 77% zinc and inorganic
zinc-rich primers must contain 74% zinc in the dried film)

• Sacrificial / Galvanic Protection (like galvanizing)

• Corrosion Protection Prevention of Undercutting

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How Zinc-Rich Primers Cure

• IOZ = Solvent Evaporation / Moisture
Curing or CO2

• OZ = Solvent Evaporation / Chemical

Reaction (Epoxy)
Solvent Evaporation / Moisture
Curing (MCU)

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 Corrosion Rate of Zinc vs. pH
60
Relative Corrrosion Rate

50

40

30

20

10

0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
pH

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IOZ Zinc Rich Primers

• Better Surface Preparation Required
(Requires Angular Surface Profile)

• Requires Special Application and Mixing Equipment

• Recommended pH Range of 5.0 - 9.0 (untopcoated)

• Prone to “Mud Cracking” at high DFT

• Shop Application
• Performance Similar to
Galvanizing
• Heat Resistance to 750 F
• Low Temperature Application

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Fabrication Shop
Paint Booth

Application of
Zinc Rich Primer

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 Organic Zinc Rich
• Tolerates Less Stringent Surface Preparation

• Used to Touch-up Inorganic Zinc (IOZ)

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Moisture Cured Polyurethanes

• Can be applied during high humidity
• Ease of Application
• Fast Recoat / Fast Cure Times
• p
Low Temperature Application
pp 20° F.
• Single Package Zinc-Rich Available

• Special Reducers Required

• Unused Portion Has Limited Shelf Life
• Needs Relative Humidity to Cure

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Class A Primers
• Standard two-component fast cure
epoxy

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 Epoxy Primers
• Epoxy Resins or Emulsions of Epoxy
Resins Which Cross-Link with Polyamides,
Amines, or Other Hardeners.
• They Cure by Polymerization - The
chemical joining of polymer chains

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Catalyzed Epoxies

Epoxy Resin Hardener Product

Part A Part B = Part C

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Solvent Based Epoxies

• Excellent Alkali, Solvent, and Water
Resistance
• Good Abrasion Resistance
• Good Acid Resistance
• Good Exterior Durability
• High Film Builds Possible in One Coat
• Low Temperature Application Available
• Dry Heat Resistance to 250° F

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 Solvent Based Epoxy
Limitations
• Barrier Protection Only
• Two-Component, Limited Pot Life
• Chalks and Fades on Exterior
Exposure
• Recoat Window Restrictions
• Solvent Odor
• Special Application Equipment
Might be Required
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On the Data Page

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Manufacturer
Certifications
Available

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 Non-Slip Critical Primers

• Fast dry alkyds (Solvent or water-

based)
• Industrial acrylics (DTM)

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Alkyds
• Synthetic Resins Derived From a Reaction
Between an Alcohol and an Acid. The Resins
are Blended With Drying Oils and

• Cure by Solvent Evaporation & Oxidation

• Barrier and Inhibitive Protection

Prone to Yellow / Saponify
Traditional Versions were
High in Volatile Organic
Compounds (VOC)

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How Alkyds Cure

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 Drying Oil Amount

Short Oil Alkyd Medium Oil Alkyd Long Oil Alkyd

Fast Dry Slow Dry

Aromatic Aliphatic
Solvent Res. Solvent Res.
P
Poor Penetrates
P t t
Penetration Rust
Fast Long Recoat
Recoatability Time
(2 Hrs)
Harder Film Softer /
Quickly Pliable Film
Embrittles
Quickly Good Exterior
Chalks Durability

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Waterborne Acrylic Primer

• Single Component Water Based
• Fast Dry
• Fast Re-Coat
• Excellent Corrosion
Protection
• Must Contain Inhibitors
Sensitive to Temperature
and Humidity During
Application AND Curing
(up to 30 days for cure)

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Industrial Acrylics
• Cure by Solvent
Evaporation
AND Coalescence
• Co-Solvents (coalescing
solvents) act as plasticizers
for acrylics. These co-
solvents contribute VOC’s to
WB coatings. Co-solvents
must remain in the film until
evaporation.

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 “Ambient Cure” WB Acrylics

O2

Primers
and
Topcoats
“Regular” Acrylics “Ambient Cure” Acrylics

Polymer after film formation Polymer chains after crosslinking

before ambient cure. at ambient temperature in the
presence of atmospheric oxygen.

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High Performance
Steel Topcoats

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Fluoropolymer Urethane
• Ambient cured
• Superior color and gloss retention
• Available in a wide range of colors
• G ffiti resistant
Graffiti i t t

Like Liquid Kynar

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 Polysiloxane Technology
• High solids epoxy siloxane combines the
properties of both a high performance epoxy
and a polyurethane in one coat
• Isocyanate-free
• Replaces a two coat epoxy/polyurethane
system
t alone
l or over zinc-rich
i i h primer
i
• High-gloss, self-priming coating
• High solids, low VOC
• Long term color and gloss performance
• Corrosion and chemical resistant
• Outstanding application properties

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Polysiloxane Topcoat

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Polyurethanes
• A polyurethane coating is that derived from
the reaction product of an isocyanate
component and a resin blend component.
• Polyol + Isocyanate = Polyurethane + CO2
• Good Chemical Resistance
• Hard, Yet Flexible Films
• Excellent Color and Gloss Retention
• Low-Temp, Formula Dependent
Application
• No Sweat-In Time Required

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 Types of Polyurethanes
Aliphatic
Excellent Color Retention
Excellent Gloss Retention
Primarily Used as Finish Coats
More Expensive than Aromatics

Aromatic
Yellows & Chalks in Sunlight
Yellows & Chalks in Bright Artificial Light
Used as Primers & Intermediate Coats
Less Expensive than Aliphatics

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High Performance Aliphatic

SSPC Paint 36
“2K UV-Stable Polyurethane topcoats”
• ASTM D4587 Level Standard of Measurement

• 500h Level I “color change less then 2 delta E

• and gloss loss less then 30 units”
• 1000h Level II ASTM D2244 & ASTM D523

• 2000h Level III

Two component, limited pot life.

Sensitive to moisture during application & cure.
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Aliphatic Moisture Cured Urethane

Isocyanate + Humidity = Amine + CO2

Amine + Isocyanate = Polyurethane (Urea Linkage)
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 Mildew Resistant
Polyurethane
• Mildew Resistant
aliphatic acrylic
polyurethane
• Excellent color and
gloss retention

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High Performance Acrylics

• Ambient Cure
• Cross-linking /
branching
• Superior Color &
Gloss Retention

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[Link]
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Questions?
Troy Fraebel
Sherwin-Williams Company
1703 Auburn Circle
Lexington, KY 40505
859.552.7027
216.830.7977 efax
[Link]@[Link]
[Link]/protective

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