Joseph P.

Hou, PhD, AP
Youyu Jin, MD

The Healing Power

of Chinese Herbs
and Medicinal Recipes

Pre-publication he Healing Power of Chinese Herbs

REVIEWS, “T and Medicinal Recipes by Drs. Hou
and Jin brings the theory and philoso-
COMMENTARIES, phy of Traditional Chinese Medicine to
EVALUATIONS . . . the Western reader. This book presents
the historical development of this com-
plex and unique healing system. The
book also profiles the therapeutic prop-
erties of individual herbs and multi-
ingredient formulas. Modern research
“This book provides a comprehen-
sive introduction to the princi-
findings are summarized as well. The
value of this book is its presentation
ples and practice of Chinese herbal of information on Traditional Chinese
medicine. Practitioners of Chinese herbal Medicine in a context that is true to its
medicine will profit from the vast expe- origins and at the same time under-
rience of the authors.” standable to the western reader.”

Edzard Ernst, MD, PhD, FRCP Marilyn Barrett, PhD

Professor of Complementary Medicine, Pharmacognosy Consulting Services,
Peninsula Medical School, San Carlos, California;
Exeter, England Editor of The Handbook of Clinically
Tested Herbal Remedies
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 The Healing Power
of Chinese Herbs
and Medicinal Recipes
 THE HAWORTH INTEGRATIVE
HEALING PRESS®
Ethan Russo
Editor
The Last Sorcerer: Echoes of the Rainforest by Ethan Russo
Professionalism and Ethics in Complementary and Alternative
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Practices from the World’s Religious Traditions edited by Sharon
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Complementary and Alternative Medicine: Clinic Design by Robert
A. Roush
Herbal Voices: American Herbalism Through the Words of American
Herbalists by Anne K. Dougherty
The Healing Power of Chinese Herbs and Medicinal Recipes
by Joseph P. Hou and Youyu Jin
Alternative Therapies in the Treatment of Brain Injury
and Neurobehavioral Disorders: A Practical Guide
edited by Gregory J. Murrey
 The Healing Power
of Chinese Herbs
and Medicinal Recipes

Joseph P. Hou, PhD, AP

Youyu Jin, MD

The Haworth Integrative Healing Press®

An Imprint of The Haworth Press, Inc.
New York • London • Oxford
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Publisher’s Note
This book has been published solely for educational purposes and is not intended to substitute
for the medical advice of a treating physician. Medicine is an ever-changing science. As new
research and clinical experience broaden our knowledge, changes in treatment may be required.
Although many potential treatment options are made herein, some or all of the options may not be
applicable to a particular individual. Therefore, the author, editor, and publisher do not accept
responsibility in the event of negative consequences incurred as a result of the information
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This book should not be used as a substitute for treatment by a professional health care provider.
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Cover design by Lora Wiggins.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Hou, Joseph P., 1929-

The healing power of Chinese herbs and medicinal recipes / Joseph P. Hou, Youyu Jin.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 0-7890-2201-X (hard : alk. paper)—ISBN 0-7890-2202-8 (soft : alk. paper)
1. Herbs—Therapeutic use. 2. Medicine, Chinese.
[DNLM: 1. Materia Medica. 2. Drugs, Chinese Herbal. 3. Medicine, Chinese Traditional. QV 760
H835h 2004] I. Jin, Youyu, II. Title.
RM666.H33H68 2004
616'.321'0951—dc22
2004005835
 CONTENTS

Foreword xix
Zhou Jinhuang

Preface xxi

Acknowledgments xxv

Guide to Chinese Pin Yin Phonetics

and the Wade-Giles System xxvii

Authors’ Note xxix

Introduction: Western Medicine versus Traditional Chinese

Medicine 1

Modern (Synthetic) Medicine versus Herbal (Natural)

Medicine 2
The Healing Benefits of Chinese Herbs 6
The Future of Chinese Herbal Medicine 8

PART I: THE MYTH AND TRUTH ABOUT CHINESE

MEDICINE

Chapter 1. The Fundamentals of Chinese Medicine 13

Early Medical Philosophy 13

The Essence of Chinese Medicine 20
Methods of Diagnosis and Differentiation of Syndromes 24
Treatment Methods 25

Chapter 2. The Development of Ben Cao and Herbal

Recipes 37

The Evolution of Ben Cao 37

The Evolution of Herbal Recipes 42
PART II: PRACTICALITIES OF CHINESE HERBAL
REMEDIES
Chapter 3. Practical Herbalism 49
The Benefits of Medicinal Herbs 49
Practical Herbalism 53
How Medicinal Plants Are Processed 55
Chemical Components of Medicinal Plants 57
Properties of Medicinal Herbs 59
Dosage of Herbs 65
Factors That Influence the Efficacy of Herbs 68
How Chinese Medicinal Herbs Are Used 69
Chapter 4. Effective Herbal Recipes
and Patent Medicines 73
Herbal Recipes (Formulas, Prescriptions) 73
How Herbal Recipes Are Modified 75
Patent Medicines and Modern Pharmaceutical Herbal
Preparations 76
Quality Control and Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP)
of Herbal Products 77
Where to Buy Chinese Herbs and Patent Medicines 78
PART III: THE HEALING POWERS OF MEDICINAL
HERBS, PAST AND PRESENT
Chapter 5. Miraculous Tonic Herbs: Strengthening
the First Line of Defense and Fortifying the Immune
System 81
Ginseng; Radix ginseng; Ren shen 87
Siberian Ginseng; Radix Acanthopanax senticosus;
Wu jia shen or Ci wu jia 94
Astragalus Root; Radix Astragali; Huang qi 97
Codonopsis; Radix Codonopsis Pilosulae; Dang shen 103
Licorice Root; Radix Glycyrrhizae; Gan cao 106
Chinese Yam; Rhizoma Dioscoreae; Shan yao 110
Schisandra Fruit; Fructus Schisandra; Wu wei zi 113
White Atractylodes; Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephala;
Bai zhu 118
Chinese Angelica Root; Radix Angelica sinensis;
Dang gui, Tang kuei, Dong quai 122
 Processed Rehmannia Root; Radix Rehmanniae Preparata;
Shu di huang or Shu di 127
White Peony Root; Radix Paeoniae Alba; Bai shao 131
Polygonum; Radix Polygoni multiflori; He shou wu
or Shou wu 135
Chapter 6. Herbs That Adjust the Yin and Yang:
Defending Homeostasis and Harmony of the Body 139
American Ginseng; Radix Ginseng Quinquefolium;
Xi yang shen or Hua qi shen 145
Ophiopogon Root; Radix Ophiopogonis; Mai men dong
or Mai dong 149
Lycium Fruit; Fructus Lycii; Gou qi zi 152
Polygonatum Root; Rhizoma Polygonati; Huang jing 156
Glehnia; Radix Glehniae; Bei sha shen 159
Asparagus; Radix Asparagi; Tian men dong or Tian dong 161
Epimedium; Herba Epimedii; Yin yang huo or Xiang ling pi 164
Eucommia Bark; Cortex Eucommiae; Du zhong 167
Psoralea Fruit; Fructus Psoraleae; Bu gu zhi 170
Cordyceps; Cordyceps sinensis; Dong chong xia cao 174
Morinda Root; Radix Morindae officinalis; Ba ji tian 178
Cistanche; Herba Cistanches; Rou cong rong 181
Cuscuta; Semen Cuscutae; Tu si zi 184
Cornus; Fructus Corni; Shan zhu yu 187
Curculigo Rhizome; Rhizoma Curculiginis
Xian mao 190
Pilose Antler; Cornu Cervi Parvum; Lu rong 192
Chapter 7. Herbs That Invigorate Circulation
of Vital Energy, Qi, and Blood: Preventing Discomfort
and Pain, and Cerebral and Coronary Heart Diseases 195
Tangerine (Orange) Peel; Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae;
Chen pi 201
Immature Bitter Orange; Fructus Aurantii Immaturus;
Zhi shi 204
Cyperus Tuber; Rhizoma Cyperi; Xiang fu 207
Aucklandia (saussurea) Root; Radix Aucklandiae; Mu xiang 210
Notoginseng; Radix Notoginseng; San qi (Tian qi) 213
Salvia Root; Radix Salvia Miltiorrhizae; Dan shen 216
Cnidium; Radix Ligustici Chuanxiong; Chuan xiong 221
 Carthamus or Safflower; Flos Carthami; Hong hua 226
Curcuma Root; Radix Curcumae; Yu jin 230
Vaccaria Seed; Semen Vaccariae; Wang bu liu xing 233
Achyranthes Root; Radix Achyranthes Bidentatae;
Huai niu xi 236
Red Peony Root; Radix Paeoniae Rubra; Chi shao
or Chi shao yao 239
Leonurus; Herba Leonuri; Yi mu cao or Kun cao 242
Peach Kernel or Persica; Semen Persicae; Tao ren 245
Pubescent Holly Root; Radix Ilicis Pubescentis; Mao dong
qing 248
Acronychia; Lignum Dalbergiae Odorifera
Jiang xiang or Jiang zhen xiang 251
Moutan Bark; Cortex Moutan Radicis; Mu dan pi
or Dan pi 254
Ginkgo Biloba Leaves; Folia Ginkgo biloba; Yin xing ye 257
Chapter 8. Herbal Tranquilizers: Nourishing the Heart
and Calming the Liver 263
Polygala Root; Radix Polygalae; Yuan zhi 267
Ganoderma or Reishi Mushrooms; Ganoderma Lucidum;
Ling zhi 270
Biota Seed; Semen Biotae; Bai zi ren 274
Zizyphus; Semen Zizyphi Spinosae; Suan zao ren 277
Acorus; Rhizoma Acori Graminei; Shi chang pu
or Chang pu 280
Apocynum; Herba Apocynum Venetum; Luo bu ma 283
Albizzia Bark; Cortex Albizzia; He huan pi 286
Gastrodia Tuber; Rhizoma Gastrodiae; Tian ma 288
Chapter 9. Herbal Diaphoretics: Relief of Common Colds,
Allergies, and Headaches 293
Ephedra; Herba Ephedrae; Ma huang 298
Cinnamon Twig; Ramulus Cinnamomi Cassiae; Gui zhi 303
Cinnamon Bark; Cortex Cinnamomi; Rou gui or Gui pi 306
Siler; Radix Ledebouriellae; Fang feng 309
Angelica or Dahurian Angelica Root; Radix Angelicae
dahuricae; Bai zhi 312
Ginger; Rhizoma Zingiberis; Gan jiang or Sheng jiang 316
Asarum Herb; Herba Asari; Xi xin 319
 Schizonepeta; Herba seu. Flos Schizonepetae; Jing jie
or Jing jie sui 322
Magnolia Flower; Flos Magnoliae; Xin yi hua or Xin yi 325
Processed Aconite; Radix Aconiti Praeparata; Fu zi 328
Mentha or Peppermint; Herba Menthae; Bo he 332
Morus or Mulberry Leaf; Folium Mori; Sang ye 335
Chrysanthemum; Flos Chrysanthemi; Ju hua 338
Bupleurum Root; Radix Bupleuri; Chai hu 342
Pueraria Root; Radix Puerariae; Ge gen 345
Cimicifuga Rhizome; Rhizoma Cimicifugae; Sheng ma 348
Chapter 10. Herbal Expectorants, Antitussives,
and Antiasthmatics: Resolution of Respiratory System
Ailments 351
Pinellia Tuber; Rhizoma Pinelliae; Ban xia 355
Platycodon Root; Radix Platycodi; Jie geng 358
Fritillary Bulb; Bulbus Fritillariae; Bei mu
or Chuan bei mu and Zhe bei mu 361
Bitter Apricot Kernel; Semen Armeniacae amarum;
Ku xing ren 364
Trichosanthes Fruit; Fructus Trichosanthis; Gua lou shi 367
Stemona Root; Radix Stemonae; Bai bu 370
Sargassum or Seaweed; Herba Sargassum; Hai zao 373
Lepidium Seed; Semen Lepidii seu Descurainiae; Ting li zi 376
Rhododendron; Folium Rhododendri daurici; Man shan
hong 379
Chapter 11. Herbal Pain Killers: Relief of Lingering
Arthritic Pain and Rheumatism 383
Pubescent Angelica Root; Radix Angelicae pubescens;
Du huo 387
Notopterygium; Rhizoma seu Radix Notopterygii;
Qiang huo 390
Loranthus; Ramulus Loranthis; Sang ji sheng 393
Clematis Root; Radix Clematidis; Wei ling xian 396
Stephania; Radix Stephaniae tetrandrae; Han fang ji 399
Chinese Star Jasmine; Caulis Trachelospermi; Luo shi teng 402
Large-Leaf Gentian Root; Radix Gentiana Macrophyllae;
Qin jiao 404
 Cynanchum Root; Radix Cynanchi paniculati;
Xu chang qing or Liao diao zhu 407
Chaenomeles; Fructus Chaenomeles; Mu gua 410
Acanthopanax Bark; Cortex Acanthopanacis; Wu jia pi 413
Lycopodium; Herba Lycopodii; Shen jin cao 416
Siegesbeckia; Herba Siegesbeckiae; Xi xian cao or Xi xian 418
Chapter 12. Herbs That Regulate Digestion
and Elimination: Relief of Common
Gastrointestinal Ailments 421
Hawthorn; Fructus Crataegi; Shan zha 425
Agastache; Herba Agastaches seu Pogostemi; Huo xiang 429
Amomum Fruit; Fructus Amomi; Sha ren 432
Germinated Barley; Fructus Hordei Germinatus; Mai ya 435
Evodia Fruit; Fructus Evodiae; Wu zhu yu 437
Atractylodes; Rhizoma Atractylodes; Cang zhu 441
Raphanus or Radish Seeds; Semen Raphani; Lai fu zi 445
Magnolia Bark; Cortex Magnoliae Officinalis; Hou po 448
Rhubarb; Radix et Rhizoma Rhei; Da huang 451
Areca Seed; Semen Arecae; Bin lang or Bing lang zi 455
Chapter 13. Dampness-Eliminating Herbs:
Treating Urinary Tract Disorders 459
Alisma; Rhizoma Alismatis; Ze xie 463
Poria or Hoelen; Poria Cocos; Fu ling 467
Polyporus; Polyporus Umbellatus; Zhu ling 470
Rubus; Fructus Rubus Chingii; Fu pen zi 473
Plantain Seed; Semen Plantaginis; Che qian zi 475
Lysimachia; Herba Lysimachiae; Jin qian cao 478
Capillaris; Herba Artemisiae capillaris; Yin chen hao 481
Chapter 14. Herbal Antipyretics, Antimicrobials,
and Detoxicants: The Last Line of Defense
Against Infections 485
Arctium or Burdock Fruit; Fructus Arctii; Niu bang zi 489
Gardenia; Fructus Gardeniae; Zhi zi 491
Phragmites Rhizome; Rhizoma Phragmites; Lu gen 493
Wild Chrysanthemum; Flos Chrysanthemi Indici; Ye ju hua 495
Prunella Spike; Spica Prunellae; Xia ku cao 498
Gentiana Root; Radix Gentianae; Long dan cao 501
 Forsythia Fruit; Fructus Forsythiae; Lian qiao 504
Lonicera; Flos Lonicerae; Jin yin hua 507
Scute Root; Radix Scutellariae; Huang qin 510
Coptis Root; Rhizoma Coptidis; Huang lian 514
Phellodendron Bark; Cortex Phellodendri; Huang bai 518
Isatis Root; Radix Isatidis seu Baphicacanthi; Ban lan gen 521
Isatis Leaf; Folium Isatidis; Da qing ye 524
Dandelion; Herba Taraxaci; Pu gong ying 527
Pulsatilla Root; Radix Pulsatillae; Bai tou weng 530
Patrinia Herb; Herba Patriniae; Bai jiang cao 532
Scrophularia Root; Radix Scrophulariae; Xuan shen 535
Paris Rhizome; Rhizome Paridis; Chong lou 538
Chapter 15. Natural Antitumor Herbs: Complementary
Therapy to Aid the Fight for Survival 541
Oldenlandia; Herba Oldenlandia diffusa;
Bai hua she she cao 545
Lobelia; Herba Lobeliae; Ban bian lian 548
Scute Barbata; Herba Scutellariae Barbatae; Ban zhi lian 550
Rabdosia; Herba Rabdosiae; Dong ling cao 552
Akebia Quinata Fruit; Fructus Akebiae; Ba yue zha 554
Black Nightshade; Herba Solani Nigri; Long kui 557
Houttuynia; Herba Houttuyniae; Yu xing cao 559
Subprostrate Sophora Root; Radix Sophora; Shan dou gen 562
Zedoaria; Rhizoma Curcumae Zedoaria; E zhu 565
Semiaquilegia Root; Radix Semiaquilegiae; Tian kui 568
Duchesnea; Herba Duchesneae; She mei 570
Sarcandra; Herba Sarcandra glabra; Jiu jie cha
or Guan yin cha 572
PART IV: THE HEALING POWER OF POPULAR
HERBAL RECIPES

Chapter 16. Herbal Recipes for Energy and Vitality 577

R-1 Shen Fu Tang (Ginseng and Aconite Tonic) 577
R-2 Si Jun Zi Tang (Decoction of Combination of Four
Noble Herbs) 577
R-3 Ren Shen Yang Rong Tang (Ginseng and Rehmannia
Nourishing Formula) 578
 R-4 Ren Shen Feng Wang Jiang (Ginseng Royal Jelly Oral
Liquid) 579
R-5 Sheng Mai Yin or Sheng Mai San (Ginseng
and Ophiopogon Combination for Debility) 579
R-6 Gui Pi Tang (Ginseng and Longan Spleen and Heart
Tonic Formula) 580
R-7 Shen Qi Gao (Wan) (Ginseng and Astragalus Qi Tonic) 581
R-8 Wu Jia Shen Gao or Ci Wu Jia Gao (Siberian Ginseng
Extract Tonic) 581
R-9 Bu Zhong Yi Qi Tang (Ginseng and Astragalus
Combination Vital Energy Tonic Pills) 582
R-10 Yu Ping Feng San (Astragalus and Siler Immune
Tonic Formula) 583
R-11 Yi Guan Jian (Glehnia and Rehmannia Combination
for Nourishing the Yin) 583
R-12 Yu Quan Wan (Trichosanthes Formula for Diabetes) 584
R-13 Shen Ling Bai Zhu San (Ginseng, Poria,
and Atractylodes Stomachic Formula) 585
R-14 Li Zhong Tang (Ginseng and Ginger Combination
Stomach-Warming Decoction) 585
Chapter 17. Herbal Recipes for Blood Nourishment
and Female Ailments 587
R-15 Si Wu Tang (Chinese Angelica and Rehmannia Four
Combination) 587
R-16 Tao Hong Si Wu Tang (Chinese Angelica
and Carthamus Formula for Replenishing Blood) 588
R-17 Dang Gui Wan (Chinese Angelica Pills) 588
R-18 Ba Zhen Wan (Eight Precious Herbs for Women) 589
R-19 Wu Ji Bai Feng Wan (Chicken Phoenix Pills
for Women) 589
R-20 Geng Nian An (Rehmannia and Polygonum
Combination Menopause Pills) 590
R-21 Dang Gui Shao Yao Wan (Chinese Angelica
and Peony Liver Stagnation Formula) 591
Chapter 18. Herbal Recipes That Balance the Yin
and Yang 593
R-22 Liu Wei Di Huang Wan (Six Herb Kidney Essence
Tonic) 593
 R-23 Mai Wei Di Huang Wan (Eight Herb Longevity Pill) 594
R-24 Shen Qi Wan (Jin Gui Shen Qi Wan) (Rehmannia
Kidney-Yang Tonic Formula) 594
R-25 Qi Ju Di Huang Wan (Lycium Fruit, Chrysanthemum,
and Rehmannia Eyesight Tonic Pill) 595
R-26 Qi Bao Mei Ran Dan (Seven Treasure Antiaging
Rejuvenation Formula) 595
R-27 Er Xian Tang (Morinda and Epimedium Meridian
Balancing Formula) 596
R-28 Si Shen Wan (Four Miraculous Herb Spleen-
and Kidney-Yang Tonic Formula) 597
R-29 He Shou Wu Wan (Shou Wu Wan) (Polygonum
and Rehmannia Antiaging Formula) 597
R-30 Nan Bao (Ginseng and Epimedium Combination
Male Treasure Pills) 598
Chapter 19. Recipes That Benefit the Heart and the Brain 599
R-31 Dan Shen Yin (Salvia and Amomum Fruit Angina
Formula) 599
R-32 Fu Fang Dan Shen Pian (Compound Formula
of Salvia Heart Tablet) 599
R-33 Guan Xin Bing II (Coronary Heart Formula II) 600
R-34 Bu Yang Huan Wu Tang (Ginseng and Astragalus
Paralysis Formula) 601
R-35 Jian Nao Bu Shen Wan (Ginseng and Zizyphus
Combination Brain Tonic) 601
R-36 Yue Ju Wan or Xiong Zhu Wan (Cyperus
Antistagnation and Depression Pill) 602
R-37 Ban Xia Hou Po Tang (Pinellia and Magnolia
Stagnation Pill) 603
R-38 Xue Fu Zhu Yu Tang (Peach Kernel and Carthamus
Blood Stasis Formula) 603
R-39 Huo Xue Tong Mai Pian (Safflower and Cyperus
Coronary Circulation Formula) 604
Chapter 20. Herbal Recipes That Ease the Mind 605
R-40 Suan Zao Ren Tang (Zizyphus Essence Tonic) 605
R-41 Xiao Yao Wan (Bupleurum and Chinese Angelica
Ease Formula) 605
 R-42 Dan Zhi Xiao Yao Wan (Bupleurum and Peony Ease
Pills) 606
R-43 An Shen Bu Xin Wan (Albizzia Bark Sedative
and Heart Tonic) 607
R-44 Bai Zi Yang Xin Wan (Biota Seed Mind-Easing Tonic) 607
R-45 Tian Wang Bu Xin Wan (Ginseng and Zizyphus
Mind-Easing and Heart Tonic Formula) 608
Chapter 21. Herbal Recipes to Relieve Colds, Internal
Ailments, and Pains 609
R-46 Yin Qiao Jie Du Pian (Lonicera Flower and Forsythia
Cold and Detoxification Formula) 609
R-47 Tong Xuan Li Fei Pian (Ephedra and Perilla Cold
Formula) 609
R-48 Huo Xiang Zheng Qi Wan (Agastache Gastrointestinal
Flu Pills) 610
R-49 Chuan Xiong Cha Tiao San (Chuan Xiong Headache
Relief Formula) 611
R-50 Chai Hu Shu Gan Tang (Bupleurum and Cyperus
Liver-Soothing Formula) 611
R-51 Xiao Huo Luo Dan (Arisaema and Aconite
Qi-Activating Formula) 612
R-52 Shu Gan Wan (White Peony and Melia Liver-Soothing
Formula) 613
R-53 Xiao Chai Hu Tang (Minor Bupleurum Mediation
Formula) 613
R-54 Fu Zi Li Zhong Tang (Aconite and Ginger
Stomachache Formula) 614
R-55 Tian Ma Wan (Gastrodia and Eucommia Pain
Formula) 614
R-56 Yuan Hu Zhi Tong Wan (Corydalis and Angelica Pain
Formula) 615
R-57 Qiang Huo Sheng Shi Tang (Notopterygium
and Pubescent Angelica Pain Formula) 615
R-58 Du Huo Ji Sheng Tang (Pubescent Angelica
and Loranthus Pain Formula) 616
R-59 Ping Wei San (Magnolia and Ginger Peptic Formula) 617
R-60 Xiao Jian Zhong Tang (Cinnamon and Peony
Middle-Jiao Tonic) 617
 R-61 Si Ni San (Bupleurum and Peony Liver-Soothing
Formula) 618
R-62 Mu Xiang Bing Lang Wan (Aucklandia and Areca
Seed Carminative Formula) 618
R-63 Xiao Qing Long Tang (Ephedra and Pinellia Cough
Asthma Formula) 619
R-64 Tian Ma Gou Teng Yin (Gastrodia and Gambir
Liver-Calming Formula) 620
R-65 Fang Feng Tong Sheng San (Siler and Platycodon
Balancing Formula) 620
R-66 Fang Ji Huang Qi Tang (Stephania and Astragalus
Metabolism Formula) 621
R-67 Yin Chen Hao Tang (Capillaris and Gardenia Jaundice
Formula) 622
R-68 Wu Ling San (Hoelen and Alisma Diuretic Formula) 622
R-69 Mai Men Dong Tang (Ophiopogon and Pinellia Tuber
Lung Formula) 623
R-70 Xi Jiao Di Huang Wan (Rhinoceros Horn
and Rehmannia Detoxification Formula) 623
R-71 Wu Zhu Yu Tang (Evodia and Ginger Antiemetic
Formula) 624
R-72 Huang Lian Jie Du Tang (Coptis and Scute
Detoxification Formula) 624
R-73 Da Cheng Qi Tang (Major Rhubarb Cleansing
Formula) 625
R-74 Ling Gui Zhu Gan Tang (Hoelen and Atractylodes
Spleen Tonic Formula) 626
R-75 Zhen Wu Tang (Hoelen and Ginger Diuretic Formula) 626

Chapter 22. Herbal Recipes for Fasting, Cleansing,

and Detoxification 627
R-76 Zhi Shi Dao Zhi Wan (Alisma and Poria
Bowel-Cleansing Formula) 628
R-77 Yi Shen Tang (Lonicera Flower Kidney Benefiting
Formula) 629
R-78 Long Dan Xie Gan Tang (Gentiana Liver-Cleansing
Formula) 629
Chapter 23. Selections of Imperial Palace Recipes
for Health and Longevity from the Qing Dynasty 631
R-79 Yan Ling Yi Shou Dan (Chinese Angelica
and Astragalus Longevity and Life-Benefiting Formula) 631
R-80 Shi Quan Da Bu Wan (Ginseng and Chinese Angelica
Ten Tonic Combination) 632
R-81 Jiao Gan Wan (Cyperus Tuber and Hoelen
Antidepression Combination) 633
R-82 Yi Qi Li Pi Zhi Zhu Wan (Codonopsis and Orange
Peel Qi-Nourishing Spleen Tonic Formula) 634
R-83 Jia Wei Long Dan Xie Gan Wan (Compound
Gentiana Liver-Heat Purging Formula) 634
R-84 Head Washing Formula for Headache No. 1
(Gastrodia and Siler Headache Formula) 635
R-85 Tiao Jing Wan (Chinese Angelica and Cyperus Tuber
Menstrual Regulation Formula) 636
R-86 Yang Xin Jian Pi Wan (Jujube and Amomum Fruit
Mind-Nourishing and Spleen-Strengthening Formula) 636
R-87 Yang Xin Yan Ling Yi Shou Dan (Biota Mind-
Nourishing, Life-Benefiting, and Longevity Formula) 637
R-88 Huo Xue Shu Jing Zhi Tong Fang (Carthamus
and Mastic Pain Formula) 638
Chapter 24. Herbal Recipes for Prevention and Self-Care 639
R-89 Tiao Shen Tang (Zizyphus and Polygala
Stress-Reduction Formula) 639
R-90 Geng Nian Lou Tang (Cornus Fruit and Rehmannia
Menopause Relief Formula) 639
R-91 Pian Tao Tong Tang (Gastrodia and Cnidium
Migraine Formula) 640
R-92 Jiang Tang Wan (Astragalus and Trichosanthes Root
Diabetes Formula) 641
R-93 Bai Du San Tang (Bupleurum and Ginger Cold
Formula) 641
R-94 Pai Shi Tang (Alisma and Lysimachia Urinary Tract
Stone Relief Formula) 642
R-95 Li Dan Pai Shi Pian (Lysimachia and Rhubarb
Gallstone Relief Formula) 642
 R-96 Long Bi Xiao Tang (Codonopsis and Vaccaria Seed
Prostate Formula) 643
R-97 Jia Kang Fang (Astragalus and Prunella
Hyperthyroidism Formula) 644
R-98 Su Zi Jiang Qi Tang (Perilla Seed and Pinellia
Asthma Formula) 644
R-99 Lao Nian Chi Dai Zheng Tang (Salvia and Red
Peony Memory Formula) 645
R-100 Jiang Zhi Fang (Notoginseng and Alisma
Cholesterol-Lowering Formula) 645
R-101 Qing Shen Jian Fei Fang (Alisma and Plantain Seed
Weight Loss Formula) 646
Appendix A. Useful Addresses 647
National Oriental Medicine Associations 647
Herb Organizations 648
Directory of TCM/Acupuncture Schools 648
Herb Dealers: Wholesalers and Importers 655
Appendix B. Table of Commonly Used Chinese Medicinal
Herbs: Cross-Reference of Names 665
Appendix C. Table of Popular Herbal Recipes and Patent
Medicines 681
Glossary 693
General Medical and Pharmaceutical Terms 693
Important Traditional Chinese Medicine Terms 710
Bibliography 717
Index 721
 ABOUT THE AUTHORS

Joseph P. Hou, PhD, AP, is President of the J. P. Hou Institute for

Pain and Integral Health and President of the Florida Holistic Health
Center and Research Foundation in Orlando. Dr. Hou received his
PhD in pharmaceutical sciences and chemistry from the University of
Wisconsin-Madison. He is a research scientist, acupuncture physi-
cian, and clinician specializing in pain management using alternative
therapies and herbal medicine.
Dr. Hou is the author of The Myth and Truth About Ginseng and
has published numerous scientific research and review papers. He is
the former President of the Florida State Acupuncture Association
and a former member and Vice-Chair of the Florida State Acupunc-
ture Board. He holds several U.S. patents on new drugs.
Youyu Jin, MD, is Professor and Chairman of the Department of
Pharmacology at the Capital University of Medical Sciences in
Beijing—a position he has held since 1960. Dr. Jin is the author of
many scientific research papers and books. His major research inter-
ests are the cardiovascular pharmacology of antiplatelet drugs, Tradi-
tional Chinese Medicine, and natural herbal medicinal agents. He is a
member of the Commission of Pharmacopoeia of the People’s Re-
public of China, the New Drug Approval Committee of Beijing, the
Commission on Teaching Material for Medical University, the Minis-
try of Public Health, and the Approval Committee of National Natu-
ral Scientific Foundation.
 Foreword
Foreword

For more than sixty years I have devoted myself to studying, teaching,
and researching modern pharmacology. I was fortunate to have the opportu-
nity to study systematically Chinese herbal medicine during the 1970s.
Since then, I have felt that Chinese herbal medicine is a treasure house of
knowledge and deserves serious study and development in our time by our
fellow pharmacologists. As to my part, I have conducted research on regu-
lating the human immune system using Chinese medicinal herbs.
I am thrilled that my friend Dr. Joseph Hou along with Professor Youyu
Jin have written The Healing Power of Chinese Herbs and Medicinal Reci-
pes. This follows Dr. Hou’s previous work, The Myth and Truth About Gin-
seng, which is an extensive, marvelous introduction to alternative healing
with medicinal herbs.
Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) is a unique medical system and it
has been the fruit of continued development by countless Chinese physi-
cians, scholars, and government agencies during the past five millennia.
The theory and philosophy of TCM differ significantly from contemporary
Western medicine. It is often difficult for Western scholars to understand
and is even harder to integrate into Western society. Chinese medicine,
however, has made significant contributions toward health care in China
and throughout Asia, and will play an increasing role in the future through-
out the world.
The Healing Power of Chinese Herbs and Medicinal Recipes introduces
the historic development and evolution of Chinese materia medica (Ben
Cao), along with herbal recipes, principal theories, and the practice of
TCM.
The therapeutic properties and use of 138 medicinal herbs and 101
herbal recipes in treating disease are described in detail. In particular, infor-
mation on the healing power, dosage of herbs, and their traditional combi-
nations in recipes for different actions is seldom found in current herbal
books.
 I believe this book is a vital source of information for professionals, as
well as lay readers, for the use of Chinese herbs to prevent and treat com-
mon ailments with a success that modern medicine has failed to achieve.
Zhou Jinhuang, MD
Professor of Pharmacology,
Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology,
Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing;
Author of Chinese Medicine Immunopharmacology:
Recent Advances in Chinese Herbal Drugs
 Preface
Preface

Chinese herbal medicine, in use for the past 4,000 years in the East, pro-
vides primary health care for nearly one quarter of the world’s population.
Today, at the beginning of the twenty-first century, interest in alternative
healing, and herbal medicine in particular, is growing rapidly throughout
the entire world. This is because Chinese medicine delivers a more inte-
grated and remarkably satisfying result. Also, Chinese medicine empha-
sizes the prevention, as well as the cure, of diseases.
The healing system of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) believes
that diseases are the result of underlying malfunctions of the organs or im-
balance of the yin and yang of the body. When disease develops, regardless
of what it is and where it is located, the entire body is ill. Thus, treatment
should be directed toward the cause of the disease and the whole person. On
the other hand, Western medicine believes that a disease is an isolated entity
in the body and treatment is usually directed toward the symptoms only.
The TCM approach views each patient and each ailment as unique. The
cause of the disease may be different even if two people are suffering from
the same ailment and is thus treated differently. This is more effective than
the conventional Western approach of providing identical drug therapy to
all persons having similar symptoms. Both in its philosophy and its practi-
cal application toward healing, TCM has a great deal to offer Western medi-
cine.
In the United States, more and more health-conscious consumers, physi-
cians, health care professionals, and medical authorities, including the
World Health Organization (WHO) and the National Institutes of Health
(NIH), endorse the benefits of TCM, herbs, and acupuncture as alternative
medicine. Numerous well-known physicians, such as David Eisenberg,
MD, Steven Bratman, MD, Andrew Weil, MD, and Jonathan Wright, MD,
strongly advocate the benefits of alternative medicine and it has become in-
creasingly important to a large segment of the American population. The
authors believe that TCM, herbs, and acupuncture will soon be integrated
with conventional (Western) medicine in the health care field.
Despite extraordinary success and scientific documentation regarding
TCM and the practical applications of herbs, much remains unknown about
it in the United States. In response, The Healing Power of Chinese Herbs
and Medicinal Recipes will serve as a modern reference guide for those liv-
ing in Western cultures.
This book is designed to explain clearly the basics of Traditional Chinese
Medicine and how to use these miraculous herbs and recipes in the healing
process. In this easy-to-read, self-help manual, the authors share their expe-
rience and understanding of Chinese herbal medicine. The book is directed
toward the general public who are actually seeking help with Chinese herbs,
health care practitioners or students who are seriously considering the addi-
tion of some herbal remedies to their practices, and those who want to try
herbs for their illnesses or to relieve pain when modern medicine fails.
This book is divided into four parts. The Introduction contains the bene-
fits of using medicinal herbs, the basic differences between Western medi-
cine and TCM, modern (synthetic) medicine versus herbal (natural) medi-
cine, and the future of Chinese herbal medicine.
Part I, Chapters 1 and 2, covers the fundamentals of TCM, the historic
development of Chinese medicinal herbs (Ben Cao), and recipes used for
the past four millennia. In Part II, Chapters 3 and 4 deal with all aspects of
medicinal herbs and recipes, their names, origins, properties, pharmaceuti-
cal preparations, actions, doses, and safety guidelines. Part III discusses the
138 most commonly used herbs. They are organized into eleven chapters
and individually discussed, according to their actions, uses, customary
combinations in recipes, and modern research findings.
Part IV lists 101 traditional popular recipes, divided into nine chapters,
and discusses their origin, properties, composition, and clinical uses. Of
these recipes, ten were once Forbidden City royal prescriptions used only in
the Imperial Palace by the Dowager Empress Ci Xi, Emperor Guang Xu,
palace officials, and concubines during the Qing dynasty.
Throughout the book, words having a specific meaning within the con-
text of TCM are capitalized. Other medical terms that are used according to
their English meaning appear in lower case (liver, phlegm). All Chinese
herbs and recipes in Pin Yin names are italicized.
A guide to Chinese Pin Yin phonetics for herbs is provided at the begin-
ning of the book. The modern Chinese Pin Yin system has superseded the
old Wade-Giles System for all scientific terms in China.
This book differs from those published in China or elsewhere. First, this
book emphasizes the clinical applications of the most commonly described
individual herbs, as well as formulated recipes for treating commonly en-
countered ailments and conditions. Second, herbs and recipes combined in
the same book give the reader a choice for herbal therapy. Third, to aid in
providing a better selection of herbs for certain ailments, this book com-
pares and tabulates the common and individual or minor differences in
actions of the herbs in each group.
This book selectively stresses mild and safe phytoremedies, or natural
plant remedies, intentionally omitting those known to be toxic and those of
mineral or animal origin. This book will help readers use herbs and recipes
to find lasting relief and well-being from discomfort, suffering, or pain.
Self-care has become more important and necessary in our society. Your
health is in your hands!
 Acknowledgments

I (Joseph Puhsien Hou) wishAcknowledgments

to express my sincere thanks and gratitude
to the following persons: Drs. Cheng Xingnong, Wang Xuetai, Deng Liang-
yue, Chen Xiuzhen, Zhou Yunxian, and Yin Xiukun of Beijing Institute of
Acupuncture and Moxibustion, China Academy of TCM; Professor Tang
Hanfen of Beijing Capital University of Medical Sciences; Drs. Weng
Wenliang, Li Lianda, Wu Qingshen, and Li Zhongmin of Beijing Xi Yuan
TCM Hospital; Drs. Gao Lishan and Zhong Yungquan of Beijing Guan-
ganmen TCM Hospital; Drs. Xuan Qinghua of Beijing Haidian Hospital;
and Guo Puyuan of Beijing General Hospital; Professors Takeru Higuchi,
Kenneth Conners, and Louis Busse of the University of Wisconsin; Profes-
sor George Zografi; and Dean Luallen of Columbia University.
Special thanks to Anna Alvarize, Jean Loeb, Alastair Segerdal, and Pa-
tricia Sporer for their valuable suggestions and editing the book. Special
thanks to Martha Davidson who typed the manuscript. Great thanks to Xian
Yao in Beijing for her help in scanning herb pictures and typing Chinese
characters in the appendix.
Most of all, I would like to thank my wife, Helen, and my two sons, John
and Paul, for their understanding, inexhaustible love, and encouragement. I
also appreciate my grandson, Alex, for his computer assistance. Without
their support and encouragement, this book could not have been written.
Finally, I am deeply honored to have Professor Youyu Jin, not only as my
co-author, but also a valuable lifelong friend.
 Guide to Chinese Pin Yin Phonetics
and the Wade-Giles System

The following list shows modern Chinese Pin Yin pronunciations with
the approximate English equivalent. The corresponding symbols in paren-
theses are the former Wade-Giles system (Wade System), which is no lon-
ger used in China. Examples of herbs in Pin Yin names are provided.

Symbol Pin Yin Key Word Examples of Herbs in Chinese

(Wade System) in English Pin Yin Names

a (a) as in far, car ma huang, dan shen, ba ji tian

ai (ai) as in like, ice bai shao, bai jiang cao, ai ye
an (an) as in can shan dou gen, tian ma, san qi
ang (ang) as in gang huang qi, dang shen, qiang huo
ao (ao) as in how, cow ben cao, chi shao, mo yao
b (p) as in be, bed ban xia, bai zhu, bai fu zi
c (ts', tz') like ts in its cang er zi, xi mu cao, tong cao
ch (ch') as in church, arch chai hu, chen pi, che qian zi
d (t) as in door, had da qing ye, dang gui, dang shen
e (e) as in elf, ten che qian zi, ren shen, e zhu
ei (ei) as in day, may bei mu, she mei,
f (f) as in fun, off fu ling, fu zi, fu pen zi
g (k) as in good, dog gui zhi, ge gen, gua lou pi
h (h) as in how, hell he shou wu, hai dai, huang qin
i (i) as in hit jing jie, fang ji, zi su zi
ie (ie) as in jelly jie geng, jing jie, ze xie
j (ch) as in jeep, joy jiang xiang, ji xue teng, jiu jie cha
k (k') as in king, kill ku shen, ku xing ren, kun bu
l (l) as in lost, let ling zhi, lian qiao, lian zi
m (m) as in mother, met mu qua, mai dong, ma huang
n (n) as in no, ton niu pang zi, niu xi, nu zhen zi
o (o) as in paw bo he, mo yao,
ou (ou) as in toe hou pu, chong lou, bai tou wong
Symbol Pin Yin Key Word Examples of Herbs in Chinese
(Wade System) in English Pin Yin Names

p (p') as in park, apple pi ba ye, pang da hai, chen pi

q (ch') as in chief, children qiang huo, jin qian cao, da qing ye
r (j) as in red, leisure lu rong, bai zi ren, ren shen
s (s, ss) as in sister, sell san qi,su mu, suan zao ren
sh (sh) as in shine, shell sheng jiang, shan zhu yu, shan yao
t (t’) as in ton, top tu si zi, tian ma, tao ren
u (u) as in bamboo du zheng, ku xing ren, xiang fu
uo (o) as in pull, book huo xiang, bai guo, qiang huo
w (w) as in well, always wu wei zi, wu jia shen, wu zhu yu
x (sh) as in cashier, cashew xi xin, xian mao, xu duan
y (y) as in yes, young yi mu cao, yin yang huo,
yan hu suo
z (tz, ts) as in zone, zebra zi su ye, zi he che, zi hua di ding
zh (ch) as in jar wu zhu yu, bai zhu, shan zhu yu
 Authors’ Note

Every effort has been made to ensure that the information contained in
this book is complete and accurate. However, neither the publisher nor the
authors are engaged in rendering professional advice to the individual
reader. The ideas, procedures, and suggestions contained in this book are
not intended as a substitute for consulting with one’s physician and obtain-
ing medical treatment that might affect one’s health. Accordingly, individ-
ual readers must assume responsibility for their own actions, safety, and
health, and neither the author nor the publisher shall be liable or responsible
for any loss, injury, or damage allegedly arising from any information or
product referred in this book.
 Introduction:
Introduction
Western Medicine
versus Traditional Chinese Medicine

Western medicine treats diseases and ailments that are visible, structural,
and mechanical in nature through the use of synthetic drugs and surgery.
Traditional Chinese Medicine, on the other hand, does not treat structural
changes. TCM dedicates itself to the treatment of physiological and func-
tional imbalances that, to the unaided Western eye, are invisible.
TCM can best be considered a medicine of bioenergy. Its objective is to
balance the body electromagnetically, nutritionally, and emotionally with-
out the use of drugs and surgery. The electromagnetic energy in a life’s vital
force is called Qi, which activates all organ functions and chemical pro-
cesses of the body.
The basic tools used in TCM are acupuncture, herbal medicine, dietary
therapy, manipulative massage (Tue Na), and relaxation exercise (Oigong,
Tai ji), to name a few. Through herbal and nutritional balancing, as well as
body-mind readjustment, TCM therapy serves to regulate the flow of Qi
within the body by removing disturbance or blockage from various patho-
logical factors. The result of this adjustment is a correction of the imbalance
of the yin (deficient) and yang (abundant) forces or functions of an organ,
leaving the body in a healthy state of homeostasis.
In the United States, one of the implications of overspecialization in
medical care is skyrocketing costs. This continuous rise in costs is most
closely related to the use of highly technical diagnoses and procedures, an
expensive practice that, in many cases, offers little benefit to the patient. To
increase the level of agitation, not only are patients being financially
drained momentarily during a time of hardship and worry, they are being
placed in a cold, detached arena of manipulation. Sadly, many doctors to-
day offer little soothing bedside manner to alleviate some of the trauma in-
volved in being ill. Of course, this all makes sense. Who has time to talk to a
patient when there are countless tests to be run?
These problems, as well as others frequently voiced, have led to a cam-
paign to bring back the old-fashioned family doctor, who had a more inti-
mate and long-standing knowledge of a patient’s physical and emotional
needs. This shift in how people decide to be treated has, for example,
brought midwifery back to take its place alongside obstetrics. In a move
away from the disappointing cost and effectiveness of high-tech medical
care, and the alarming failure rate of the West’s modern diagnoses and sur-
gical procedures, a resurgence has occurred in the application of time-hon-
ored practices of old-fashioned herbal medicine, acupuncture, dietary ther-
apy, massage, relaxation (biofeedback), and breathing exercise in treating
patients.
TCM practices are being promoted as a direct challenge to surgical, as
well as drug- and laboratory-oriented, medical sciences. These reemerging
fields can be summarized under the name of “alternative medicine” or “al-
ternative-complementary therapies.” These treatment methods are stated as
being “reemerging” purely because the listed therapies are centuries old,
not necessarily a recent introduction. However, only in recent years, with
masses of pain sufferers finding a lack of help with today’s Western “cures,”
have the numerous techniques amalgamated under the title of traditional
Chinese medicine been viewed as a welcome alternative.
In Western society, we should tolerate and accept herbal medicine and
acupuncture as complementary therapies to be used with conventional med-
ical care. Each system is independent and each has its own merits in treating
different kinds of illnesses. For instance, Western medicine is good for
acute cases and for patients who need structural repairs, while herbal medi-
cine or acupuncture is good for chronic cases, such as those who require
balancing of physical, mental, and spiritual aspects.

MODERN (SYNTHETIC) MEDICINE

VERSUS HERBAL (NATURAL) MEDICINE

As early as 1783, the English physician William Withering published his

monograph on the use of digitalis, titled An Account of the Foxglove and Its
Medicinal Uses. Starting in the nineteenth century, the science era and the
evolution of modern medicine began. Serturner, a German pharmacist,
chemically isolated the alkaloid morphine from opium in 1807. This was
the first active ingredient ever isolated from opium for pain management.
In 1828, Wohler, another German chemist, published his synthesis of
urea from ammonia cyanate. He was the first chemist to make organic urea
through a chemical reaction without the kidneys. As a result, Wohler had
laid the foundation for the elimination of routine dependency upon natural
botanical and mineral substances.
With little delay, many organic chemists in Germany became famous for
producing new drugs in the laboratories and became “new drug creators.”
More than a million new chemical entities were created at the prodigious
rate of nearly 30,000 each year. Suddenly, there was an abundance of new
dyes, perfumes, flavoring agents, vitamins, and synthetic chemical drugs,
all supposedly accomplished for the benefit of humanity.
In 1838, Piria, a German chemist, discovered salicin, a chemical isolated
from white willow, which was found to be a powerful pain-relieving, fever-
reducing, and anti-inflammatory agent. In 1853, a chemist named Gerhardt
synthesized acetylsalicylic acid and in doing so found an organic drug that
now is called aspirin. Worldwide aspirin quickly became a favored drug. In
fact, it has been estimated that Americans consume more than 40 billion as-
pirin tablets a year. Nearly $500 million is spent on over-the-counter drugs
containing aspirin each year.
Starting in the twentieth century, the “wonder-drug” era began. Sulfanil-
amide was first synthesized by Paul Ehrlich in 1906. Gerhard Domagk dis-
covered the antiinfectant sulfanilamide, prontosil, initially using its proper-
ties against streptococca infections in mice. The sulfanilamide drugs exhibit
a wide antibacterial spectrum for fighting infectious diseases. Sulfadiazine,
sulfamerazine, sulffamethazine, and sulfaisoxazol have been most fre-
quently prescribed, primarily because of their low toxicity and broad-spec-
trum benefits. However, serious toxic reactions can occur after a period of
use, including cyanosis, leukopenia, granulocytopenia, hemolytic anemia,
and serious kidney damage.
The development of modern psycholyptic drugs saw the production of
tranquilizers. The most popular antianxiety tranquilizers were made with
chlordiazepoxide, which was developed in 1954. The trade names are Lib-
rium, Novopoxide, and Ativan. During the 1960s, another series of anti-
depressant drugs were made with diazepam, under the trade names of Val-
ium and Vivol.
All benzediazepines and diazepam drugs essentially have the same ac-
tion in the brain. Some calm its activity and alleviate anxiety, insomnia, epi-
lepsy, muscle spasms, and mental and mood disorders.
Disadvantages of antianxiety drugs are that their continued use can cause
physical and mental dependence, tolerance, and addiction. The other noted
side effects are confusion, stumbling, memory loss, drowsiness, light-
headedness, a hangover effect, increased aggression, weight gain, and im-
paired ability to drive or operate machinery.
In 1924, K. K. Chen, an outstanding Chinese pharmacologist at Beijing
Union Medical College, introduced the studies of isolated ephedrine alka-
loid from the bark of ephedra (ma huang), botanically known as Ephedra
sinica. His research influenced the exploration of the pharmacology and
therapeutic uses of ephedrine, and the research of homologs and analogs of
epinephrine, a natural hormone found in the body.
 Chen’s report initiated a significant movement among chemists around
the world to search for new stimulants. Subsequently, new synthetic drugs
including amphetamines, phenylephedrines, mephentermines, isoprotere-
nol, and other sympathomimetic amines were born. This group of drugs is
widely used in the treatment of depression, nasal congestion, asthma, and
blocked arteries.
In 1929, Fleming discovered penicillin, which was possibly the single
most valuable discovery in modern medicine and which spawned an entire
class of antibiotics for the treatment of infectious diseases. Later, many
classes of new penicillins were produced by various strains of Penicillium
notatum and P. chrysogenum. A highly potent strain of fungi was eventually
isolated that was called penicillin G.
Attempts to increase the penicillin yield from a mold culture by the addi-
tion of various chemical intermediates also led to the discovery of many
new penicillins. By this method, thirty-six new penicillins were soon iso-
lated. Broad-spectrum penicillins, for oral use, were successfully manufac-
tured by different pharmaceutical companies. The ampicillin series and
cephalosporin group, the “second-generation” antibiotics, were synthesized
in laboratories. Doctors joyfully referred to these antibiotics as “wonder
drugs” or “miracle drugs.”
In 1962, the design of a new synthetic hypnotic drug called thalidomide,
thought to be harmless, was administered to pregnant women. However, the
drug was soon found to be responsible for congenital birth defects in thou-
sands of infants.
As a result of the availability of these wonder, or miracle, drugs, Western
medicine has undergone a significant medical revolution. After World War
II, in particular, development of new synthetic drugs progressed at a rapid
pace by all pharmaceutical companies in numerous countries. In addition to
antibiotics, new vitamins, steroids, cortisones, and other anti-inflammatory
drugs were developed. Doctors and researchers predicted that there could
be an end to infectious diseases in the world by the 1980s.
However, a serious mistake was made with this assumption. It was with
this triumphant attitude that half of the large pharmaceutical companies dis-
continued all research and development on antibiotics, thinking incorrectly
that the war against infectious diseases was won. Contrary to their calcula-
tions, the infectious diseases not only survived but fought back.
Today, many bacteria are impervious to existing antibiotics. More than
13,000 Americans die each year from drug-resistant bacteria. Many clinical
physicians warn that the infectious disease problem is steadily getting
worse. Obviously, the old glory days of wonder drugs are now a thing of the
past.
 Despite more than fifty years of experience working with these modern
synthetic drugs and despite millions upon millions of dollars spent on their
development, there still remains a dark side to all that has been done. Many
of these chemical amalgamations have been doing as much harm as good.
Even though the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has approved
countless drugs as being safe and effective, there are serious consequences
to their use, such as side effects resulting from toxicity, allergic reactions,
and habit formation. Also, many patients soon develop a tolerance to these
drugs, rendering their use futile.
One example of this dilemma is aspirin. If the prescribed dosage of aspi-
rin is too high, or the drug is used continuously, the patient may develop a
sensation of ringing in the ears or slight deafness. Overdoses of aspirin can
cause headache, dizziness, gastric irritation, and peptic ulcer. Basically, the
drug becomes counterproductive. In addition, some patients cannot tolerate
aspirin at all, at any dosage level.
A second example is cortisone. Notable side effects of cortisone medica-
tion and corticosteroids, used for easing pain and arthritis, are degeneration
of joint cartilage, deposits of fat and weight gain, male impotence, fluid re-
tention, insomnia, depression, and reduced resistance to infections. No syn-
thetic drug is without some sort of side effect, particularly when used on a
continuous basis.
The situation with synthetic drugs is not getting better. In recent years,
many of the FDA-approved painkillers, such as OxyContin, oxycodone,
and hydrocodone, have been a source of serious problems for the medical
and legal fields. The side effects, habit-forming problems, and toxicity of
these extremely potent painkillers have caused intolerable problems and
numerous deaths in the United States in recent years.
The side effects and toxicity of drugs are cumulative, ranging from mild
to severe, and can affect every part of the body, particularly the nervous
system, liver, and kidneys.
Because of overuse of potent drugs in many Western societies, more peo-
ple are suffering from allergies, headaches, migraines, fatigue, depression,
weight gain, and kidney failure, in comparison with people who live in
Asia. The suffering is not only physical but also financial. People spend
thousands and thousands of dollars for transplants, dialysis, and hearing
aids as a result of kidney damage. In TCM theory, damage to kidney func-
tions directly affects the ear. The auditory function is dependent upon the
nourishing from the Kidney-Qi. Deafness in the elderly is mainly due to de-
ficiency of the Kidney-Qi.
There is a more simplistic solution to these problems, though. Medicinal
herbs are an ever-present alternative, which has been the case for thousands
of years. Medicinal herbs have been used since antiquity by cultures all over
the world. However, it is difficult to examine accurately the extent to which
medicinal plants have been used throughout the world. Yet, WHO has esti-
mated that at least 80 percent of the world population relys on traditional
(herbal) medicines for its primary health care needs.
Some notable advantages of natural (herbal) medicines are that they are
mild in action, lack many side effects at normal dosage, and are relatively
inexpensive compared to most synthetic drugs. In addition, crude prepara-
tions of herbal medicines, when taken orally, have interesting benefits. With
oral consumption, the release of active ingredients into the bloodstream is
relatively slow. The low concentrated release of the medication provides for
a sustained dosage, which is accomplished mostly by the presence of inert
substances or speed buffers in the herbs. This natural time-release property
is a possible explanation for the minimal side effects experienced from
herbal preparations. The body is not subjected to a sudden surge of chemi-
cals. Instead, the herb is introduced to the body’s system slowly and gently.
In conclusion, modern (synthetic or chemical) medicines have distinct
advantages: They are pure, potent, highly responsive, and chemically mea-
surable. However, these drastic properties contribute to the frequent occur-
rence of many side effects and undesirable toxicity. In addition, this misuse
and abuse of drugs and technology has been a contributor to frequent iatro-
genic (doctor caused) diseases and even deaths.
Many times, people say that they were better off not going to their doctor
in the first place. This is very disheartening because the medical profession
should stand out in society as a place of refuge for the sick and needy. Yet,
somewhere along the line, medicinal pursuits have gone astray. One might
ask, are today’s health care professionals working for the chance to help
those in need or are they merely in this endeavor for the money?

THE HEALING BENEFITS OF CHINESE HERBS

Herbs are safer than modern-day synthetic or lab-produced drugs be-

cause they are naturally rich in both biologically active and inert sub-
stances. Many of these nutrients have strong antioxidant, detoxicant, scav-
enging, and dual-functioning properties, which a great number of people do
not realize. Herbs do not act like chemical drugs but more closely resemble
the orthomolecular substances of vitamins, minerals, and enzymes that nat-
urally exist in our bodies. Also, medicinal herbs usually do not give imme-
diate reactions. Rather, the effects of herbs are subtle and gradual. They
tend to fill the needs of one’s system as a whole. In TCM, it is stated simply
that these herbal properties balance the yin and yang, gradually bringing the
entire body to a natural state.
 Two-time Nobel Prize winner, and one of the most outstanding scientists
of our age, Professor Linus Pauling, wrote a decrease in colds could be real-
ized if individuals increased resistance to viruses.
Professor Pauling stressed the fact that nutritional factors can lead to a
significant decrease in the susceptibility of the population as a whole to the
common cold. He founded his research facility, the Institute of Orthomo-
lecular Medicine, to promote his orthomolecular medicine theory. Pauling
believed that preservation of good health and the treatment of disease can be
achieved by varying the concentration of substances that are normally pres-
ent and widely distributed in the body, such as vitamin C.
Americans currently spend more than $500 million a year fighting com-
mon colds. Professor Pauling considered modern chemical substances,
such as antipyretics, antihistamines, bronchiodilators, antitussives, and an-
algesics as ineffective in preventing or treating colds. The substances only
damage a patient’s health with their toxicity and side effects.
Professor Pauling’s research gained great attention from Professor I. I.
Brekhman, the director of the Institute of Biologically Active Substances,
Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok, Russia. In his book, Man and Biologi-
cally Active Substances, Brekhman claims that ginseng (Panax ginseng,
C. A. Mey) and Siberian ginseng (Eleutherococcus senticosus Maxi), along
with many other natural herbal medicines with their broad spectrum of
adaptogenic, prophylactic, and therapeutic actions, can be considered to be
substances belonging to orthomolecular medicine as defined by Professor
Pauling.
Ginseng and Siberian ginseng contain ingredients found in the human
body. These herbal substances are consistent tonics because they can raise
levels of physiological adaptation and prevention activities within the body.
Brekhman believes this is because the herbs are able to accelerate the
biosynthesis of proteins and nucleic acids. The general tonic (restorative)
remedies listed in Chapters 5 and 6 are typical, naturally occurring, biologi-
cally active substances for prevention and fit the requirements of Pauling’s
orthomolecular medicine model.
Many medicinal herbs appear to impact homeostatic control mecha-
nisms. Called “dual activities,” they aid in the normalization or balancing of
many of the body’s processes. For example, to combat hypertension, an
herb (such as ginseng root) will have a calming effect. To combat a
hypostate, or feeling of tiredness, the same herb will have an energizing, or
tonic effect, on the body’s system, all much to the bafflement of conven-
tional Western pharmacologists.
Andrew Weil, MD reported in the Journal of Ethnopharmacology (1981)
that Chinese tonic herbs are some of the world’s most potent immune sys-
tem enhancers. However, Western medicine has ignored these phytomed-
icines because they do not look similar to drugs chemically and the concept
of tonic remedy is Asian. Weil also makes a point about the safety of herbs
and comments that their toxicity should be put in perspective alongside
pharmaceuticals. There are between 10,000 and 20,000 deaths a year from
gastric bleeding from nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs used for arthri-
tis (Chemical Marketing Reporter, January 2, 1989).

THE FUTURE OF CHINESE HERBAL MEDICINE

Chinese herbal medicine and acupuncture have long been regarded in the
West as little more than folk medicine, superstition, and nonscientific at
best. Since China opened its gates to the West, spurred by President Richard
Nixon’s historical visit in 1972, Western physicians, scholars, and scientists
in all fields of study have come to China to gain knowledge of its ways.
What these knowledge seekers have found, much to their dismay, is that tra-
ditional Chinese medicine, such as acupuncture and herbal medicine, does
in fact work.
The Chinese normally consume considerable quantities of herbal medi-
cines, many of which are used in hospitals throughout China. The Chinese
herbal pharmaceutical factories make little effort to chemically isolate the
active principles of the herbs (see Figure I.1). Rather, they utilize the whole
extract of the herb, a method that works more effectively to combat sick-
ness.
After struggling for twenty-five years for approval the FDA finally ac-
cepted the practice of acupuncture for use in the United States as an effec-
tive treatment method for illness and injury. Shortly after its approval, vari-
ous medical schools began to add acupuncture courses to their curriculum.
This has brought about a surge in the training of acupuncturists in schools
devoted solely to the practice of TCM in the West.
Even though Chinese herbal medicine did not immediately follow acu-
puncture in its integration into the Western health care world, acceptance of
herbal remedies is slowly becoming a reality. In fact, today more and more
Western health care practitioners are turning to Chinese herbal products,
rather than synthetic drugs, to treat their patients. Chinese herbal medicine
is popular and successful in many areas of the world. One of the main rea-
sons for this confidence in TCM is that it has been a precise, well studied,
and thoroughly practiced science for more than 4,000 years. With centuries
of clinical applications and development by Chinese doctors, scholars, and
government institutions, millions upon millions of patients have proven that
TCM works.
 FIGURE I.1. Chinese Herbal Pharmacy

Considering that China was the first region in the world to be extensively
involved in using medicinal herbs for its people’s health, it is no wonder that
it has long been a source of expertise in the science. In fact, more than 5,000
of these botanical species have been painstakingly identified and classified
based on their actions and medicinal uses over the centuries.
Traditionally, Chinese doctors are accustomed to prescribing herbal
amalgamations instead of a single herb to treat a disease. This grouping of
herbs is prescribed for better efficiency and reduced side effects.
Illness and chronic disorders, particularly cardiovascular disease, can-
cer, arthritis, diabetes, obesity, and AIDS are so widespread today that the
relief of patient suffering and pain should be the first concern, not whether
care is provided by a mainstream (orthodox) physician or by an alternative
health care provider. Chinese herbal medicine, acupuncture, dietary therapy,
and other alternative therapies do not “invade the territory” of conventional
(Western) medicine, and, therefore, do not threaten it. The key is integra-
tion. When Western medical authorities recognize and accept nondrug al-
ternative therapies as legitimate, people will find it possible to cure many of
their illnesses, relieve their pain, and improve their health and quality of life
at an affordable price.
The great patriarch and extraordinarily successful Chinese economic re-
former, Mr. Deng Xiaoping, who recently passed away at the age of ninety-
three, once said, “I do not care if the cat is black or white. As long as she can
catch the rat, she is a good cat.”
 PART I:
THE MYTH AND TRUTH
ABOUT CHINESE MEDICINE
 Chapter 1

The Fundamentals
The Fundamentalsof Chinese
of Chinese Medicine
Medicine

EARLY MEDICAL PHILOSOPHY

In Chinese history, the three legendary emperors Fu-Hsi (Figure 1.1),

Shen-Nong (Figure 1.2), and Huang-Ti (Figure 1.3) are the founders of
early Chinese civilization. To Fu-Hsi is attributed the Canon of Changes or
I-Jing, regarded as the most ancient Chinese philosophy and medicine.
Shen-Nong, also known as Yin-Ti, is the father of agriculture and herbal
medicine. He tasted hundreds of herbs and other crude drugs in order to ac-
quaint himself with their properties and usefulness. He is commonly attrib-
uted with the compilation of the first Ben Cao (Pen-ts’ao), or Chinese
Materia Medica.
Huang-Ti, the Yellow Emperor, contributed a complete treatise on the
principles of health and medicine in 2697 B.C., known as Huang Ti Nei Jing
Su-Wen (The Yellow Emperor’s Classic of Internal Medicine) or simply
called Nei Jing (The Canon of Medicine), which consisted of eighteen vol-
umes with 162 chapters. Although it was written more than 4,000 years ago,
it has been recognized as a valuable treatise on internal medicine and is sup-
posedly the world’s oldest extant medical book. Traditional Chinese Medi-
cine can claim to be the world’s first organized body of medical knowledge.
The Canon of Medicine, also an interesting medical book, was compiled
in the form of a dialogue between the Yellow emperor and his physician
minister, Qi Bai (Ch’i-Pai). Their discussions included the philosophy of
nature, theories of yin and yang, the Doctrine of Five Elements, pulse diag-
nosis, mechanisms of viscera, vascular systems, the value of life, and the
achievements of the perfect body. The book also stated that the prevention
of disease can be achieved by regular habits, proper diet, a suitable combi-
nation of work and rest, and the maintenance of a peaceful mind.
Traditional Chinese Medicine is also the most pervasive and the most un-
yielding of the indigenous systems. It is based on the tenet that a human be-
ing is a microcosm constantly interacting with the immense universe, which
influences and also controls every aspect of one’s life, including one’s
health.
 FIGURE 1.1. Fu-Hsi

Early Chinese medicine incorporated philosophy and religion. Three es-

sential religious philosophy concepts that control early medical thinking
are Tao, yin and yang, and the Doctrine of Five Elements.

Tao

During the sixth century B.C., Lao Tzu, the spiritual father of Taoism,
founded this natural philosophy. Taoism is a concept common to all Chi-
nese. It is the key to the mysterious intermingling of heaven and Earth. Tao
 FIGURE 1.2. Shen-Nong

means “the way” and it is the method of maintaining the harmony between
this world and the beyond. As in many agricultural societies, the ancient
Chinese philosophy is related to nature and cosmology. The only manner in
which humans could attain the right Tao was by emulating the course of the
universe and adjusting completely to it.
Tao plays an important role as the regulator of the universe and the high-
est code of conduct. A human’s health and longevity depend highly on his
or her behavior toward Tao. To a certain degree, longevity itself became a
token of sainthood because it was an indication that longevity had been
 FIGURE 1.3. Huang-Ti, The Yellow Emperor

achieved by the personal effort of complete adherence to Tao. Those who

follow Tao achieve the formula of perpetual youth and maintain a youthful
body.

Yin and Yang Theory

Another integral concept is the tension between two ever-present, com-

plementary forces of nature, yin and yang. Literally translated, yin and yang
are the shady side of a hill (yin) and the sunny side of a hill (yang). Yang
stands for sun, heaven, day, fire, heat, dryness, light, and many other posi-
tive and masculine subjects, while yin represents moon, earth, night, water,
cold, damp, dark, and many negative and feminine subjects. Yang means
motion, hence life. Yin means standstill, hence death.
The principal of yin and yang is the basis of the entire universe. However,
yin and yang are conceived as one entity and both together are ever present.
Day changes into night, spring and summer change to autumn and winter,
light changes into dark, and so on. From these striking manifestations, it
was deduced that all happenings in nature and in human life were condi-
tions caused by the constantly changing relationship of yin and yang.
Heat is yang and cold is yin. In the human body, yin conditions reflect a
lack of energy and yang conditions result from an excess of energy. Exces-
sive yang causes a red face, fast pulse, fever, and agitation, and excessive
yin causes chills, a pale face, slow pulse, cold extremities, and depression.
Every food or medicine has a predominant character, either of yin or yang.
Theoretically, when the balance of yin and yang in the body is disturbed
or lost, people get sick. The art of healing in Chinese medicine is to ascer-
tain where and in which direction the equipoise of yin or yang has been lost.
Then the appropriate medication or therapy has to be applied to restore it to
normal, and to restore the internal balance and harmony. This is the essence
of Chinese medical thinking.
Figure 1.4 represents these two complementary bipolar forces. Yin and
yang are seen as opposites and each always contains an element of the other.
This is why there is a tiny white dot within the black yin and a tiny dark dot
within the white yang.
This division of everything into yin and yang is a very important concept
and probably the most fundamental building block upon which Chinese
medicine is based. Within the human body, the bioenergy, Qi (Ch’i), which
maintains it and keeps it healthy, incorporates the vital elements of yin and
yang, as does the body itself. When there is an imbalance of yin and yang,
or too much of one or the other, illness can result. Humans received the doc-

FIGURE 1.4. Yin Yang Symbol

trine of Tao as a means of maintaining perfect balance and securing health
and long life.
The Nei Jing provides many examples of this interchange between yin
and yang, and of the duality preserved within a single thing. As to the inter-
relation of yin and yang in humans, male belongs to yang, female belongs to
yin, yet both male and female are products of the two elements. Hence, both
qualities are contained in both sexes. In the dual nature of yin and yang
within the human body, yin and yang correspond to the surface and the inte-
rior, respectively.
In Chinese medicine, the yin-yang concept refers to various antitheses in
anatomy, physiology, pathology, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases.
More examples of yin and yang are shown in Table 1.1. In our daily life,
yin in excess makes yang suffer. For example, if the exogenous or endoge-
nous pathogenic cold (a yin factor) prevails, the vital function (a yang fac-
tor) of an internal organ would be impaired. On the other hand, yang in ex-
cess makes yin suffer. Excessive exogenous or endogenous heat (a yang
factor) would injure the vital essence and body fluid (a yin factor).
Many sinologists have noted yin and yang relationships in the modern
anatomy and physiology of parasympathetic (yin) and sympathetic (yang)
divisions of the autonomic nervous system (ANS) of the human body. In
terms of function, overactivity of the sympathetic nervous system produces
symptoms very similar to what the Chinese call an excess or exuberance of
yang, whereas overactivity of the parasympathetic nervous system will pro-
duce symptoms very similar to what TCM calls an excess of yin.
The goal of Chinese medicine is to maintain or restore balance between
yin and yang, thus ensuring proper health.

The Doctrine of Five Elements

More tangible components of yin and yang are the Five Elements. Yin
and yang, in addition to exerting dual existence, are subdivided into metal,
wood, water, fire, and earth—the so-called Five Elements. Humans were
said to be the products of heaven and earth by the interaction of yin and
yang, and therefore contain the Five Elements.
The sequence of the Five Elements varies according to the viewpoint
from which they are enumerated. The Nei Jing explains the mutual victories
of the Five Elements as follows:

1. Wood brought in contact with metal is felled.

2. Fire brought in contact with water is extinguished.
3. Earth brought in contact with wood is penetrated.
 4. Metal brought in contact with fire is dissolved.
5. Water brought in contact with earth is halted.

The sequence of subjugation is that metal subjugates wood, water subju-

gates fire, wood subjugates earth, fire subjugates metal, and earth subju-
gates water.
The Doctrine of Five Elements also extends to grains, fruits, animals,
vegetables, flavors, odors, climates, musical notes, human organs, and
many other groups, each of which contains five components. The five
grains that act as nourishment are wheat, glutinous rice, millet, rice, and

TABLE 1.1. Examples of Yin-Yang Properties

Yin Yang
Environment earth heaven
moon sun
darkness brightness
autumn, winter spring, summer
passive positive
inner outer
front back
coolness, cold warmth, heat
feminine masculine
soft hard
Physiology blood Qi
spirit (Jing) configurated force (Shen)
the Zang organs (the heart, the Fu organs (the stomach,
liver, spleen, lungs, kidneys, small intestines, large intes-
pericardium) tine, gallbladder, urinary blad-
der, triple burner*)
Disease weak powerful, strong
moisture dryness
shivering feverish
exhaustion (Xu) repletion (Shi)
exuberance, excess deficiency
interior exterior
murkiness (Zhag) clarity (qing)

*Triple burner, or Sanjiao, includes Upper-, Middle-, and Lower-Jiao. The function
of the triple burner is mainly to coordinate transformation and transportation of
fluids and nutrients in the body. The triple burner helps move Qi of the body and
maintains the ambient temperature.
beans. The five fruits are peaches, plums, apricots, chestnuts, and dates. The
five domestic animals that contribute additional nutrients are fowl, sheep,
cows, horses, and pigs. The five vegetables are mallows, coarse greens,
scallions, onions, and leeks. The human body contains five viscera: liver,
lungs, heart, spleen, and kidneys.
The Nei Jing gives the following explanations of how the natural ele-
ments affect the human body. Climatic elements affect the viscera of the
body: heat injures the heart, cold injures the lungs, wind injures the liver,
humidity injures the spleen, and dryness injures the kidneys.
The five viscera, of course, control the body. The heart controls the
pulse, the lungs control the skin, the liver controls the muscles, the spleen
controls the flesh, and the kidney controls the bones.
The five flavors affect the body in the following manner: salty flavor
hardens the pulse, bitter flavor withers the skin, pungent flavor knots the
muscles, sour flavor toughens the flesh, and sweet flavor causes aches in the
bones. The five flavors affect not only the five viscera but also all parts of
the body that are connected with the five viscera. If people pay attention to
the five flavors and blend them well, their bones will remain straight, their
muscles will remain tender and young, breath and blood will circulate
freely, the pores will be fine in texture, and, consequently, breath and bones
will be filled with the essence of life.

THE ESSENCE OF CHINESE MEDICINE

In addition to Taoism, the yin and yang theory, and Five Elements con-
cept, Chinese medicine involves Qi, which is a theory about circulation
along the meridians of the body. This is explained further in the following
section.

Qi, the Energy Circulation Concept and the Theory of Meridians

The early Chinese philosophers anticipated Einstein’s theory of relativ-

ity because they recognized that matter and energy were just two different
manifestations of the same thing. Rather than focus on the material aspects
of the body (bones, muscles, nerves, blood vessels, organs, and so on), they
concentrated on the vital energy that creates and animates the physical
body. This dynamic vital force is Qi (pronounced “Chee,” formerly written
as Ch’i), and Qi is the true driving force that makes all physiological activi-
ties possible.
 Qi has been variously translated as “bioenergy,” “vital energy,” “life en-
ergy,” and so on, but the concept is impossible to capture fully in one Eng-
lish word. Qi is similar to the “orgone energy” described by Wilhelm Reich
or “Prana” in the Hindu philosophical tradition. Qi is the source of move-
ment ranging from voluntary muscle action to heartbeat, blood circulation,
hormonal secretion, and all physical and mental activities. It generates heat
and protects the body from getting sick. The concept of Qi and the medical
concept of Qi is unknown to Western medicine.
The vital energy, Qi, is present in all living matter, whether plant, animal,
or human. Qi, like the air we breathe, cannot be seen or touched and it is not
presently included as part of acceptable or recognized science. This, how-
ever, does not keep it from existing. The “Qi” phenomenon is, and has
been, used in many practical ways in Chinese medicine: it refers to the vital
substances (vital energy) that comprise the human body and maintain nec-
essary elements; it is the physiological function of the viscera and bowels of
the body.
Qi circulates constantly throughout the body along the acupuncture me-
ridians, twenty-four hours a day, without stopping, and flows freely without
blockage. Qi also controls the blood, nerves, and all activities of the body
organs. Trauma, poor diet, external or internal pathogenic factors, or excess
stress can hinder or block the flow of Qi and, if the Qi flow becomes im-
paired, the flow of blood is disturbed and the individual then becomes sus-
ceptible to different illnesses. Accordingly, all aches or pains or other ail-
ments are nothing more than a blockage of the flow of Qi.
The human energy circuit is made up of fourteen meridians or channels.
The channels include twelve regular channels (Jing) on both the left and
right sides of the body, and the Ren and the Du channels. Also, there are
eight irregular channels and fifteen collaterals.
The vital energy, Qi, central to the whole balance of bioenergy, flows
through the twelve regular meridians from the lungs to the large intestine,
to the stomach, the spleen, the heart, the small intestine, and the bladder.
From the bladder, it continues to the kidneys, the pericardium, the triple
burner (Sanjiao), the gallbladder, the liver, then back again to the lungs
(Figure 1.5).
Western medicine is familiar with the central nervous system and the au-
tonomic nervous system. The impulses originating from these nerves must
always be balanced, just as the Chinese affirm that the Qi must flow freely
through the entire network of twelve meridians. As shown in Table 1.2, each
of the twelve meridians and the Ren and Du channels develop different
pathological conditions as a result of blockage of Qi and imbalance of yin
and yang of the body.
 The Lung Meridian The Large Intestine Meridian

The Stomach Meridian The Spleen Meridian

The Heart Meridian The Small Intestine Meridian

The Urinary Bladder Meridian The Kidney Meridian

The Pericardium Meridian The Triple Burner Meridian

The Gallbladder Meridian The Liver Meridian

Back to the Lungs

FIGURE 1.5. The Order of Circulation of Qi and Blood in the Twelve Meridians

With the application of medicinal herbs, acupuncture, acupressure, moxi-

bustion, and other techniques, adjustments of Qi can be made to facilitate
the organism’s own tendency toward rebalancing the flow of Qi, and the yin
and yang of the body.

The Viscera and Bowels

Zang, the five viscera of the human body (the heart, liver, lungs, spleen,
and kidneys), are “solid” organs and yang in nature, and their functions are
mainly to preserve vital substances, such as blood and bodily fluids. Fu, the
six bowels (the stomach, small intestine, large intestine, bladder, gallblad-
der, and triple burner [Sanjiao]) are yin in nature and “hollow,” and their
functions are mainly for digestion and transmission of nutrients, such as
water and food, throughout the body and elimination of body w astes.
The five viscera in TCM are structurally the same as those in Western
medicine but the concepts differ. In TCM, viscera are more than anatomical
entities; they also involve the concepts of physiology and pathology. For ex-
ample, the Xin (TCM heart) refers to the same anatomic heart as in the West.
However, Xin also refers to the functions of the nervous system, especially
some of those activities involving the brain. Other viscera are Fei (TCM
lung), Shen (TCM kidneys), Gan (TCM liver), and Pi (TCM spleen). Inter-
ested readers should refer to a book on TCM for further information.
TABLE 1.2. Pathological Manifestations of the Twelve Regular Meridians, and
the Ren and Du Vessels

Meridian Pathological Manifestation

Lungs Cough, asthma, hemoptysis, sore throat, fullness of
chest
Large intestine Epistaxis, watery nasal discharge, toothache, sore throat,
pain in the neck and anterior part of shoulder,
borborygmus, abdominal pain, diarrhea, dysentery
Stomach Borborygmus, abdominal distension, edema, epigastric
pain, vomiting, feeling of hunger, epistaxis, pain in the ab-
domen and lateral aspect of the lower limbs
Spleen Belching, vomiting, epigastric pain, abdominal distension,
loose stool, sluggishness and general malaise, stiffness
and pain of the tongue, swelling and cold feeling in the
medial aspect of the thigh and knee
Heart Cardialgia, palpitation, hypochondrial pain, insomnia,
night sweating, dryness of the throat, hot palms, pain in
the medial aspect of the upper arm
Small intestine Deafness, yellow sclera, sore throat, swelling of neck,
distension and pain in the lower abdomen, frequent uri-
nation
Urinary bladder Retention of urine, enuresis, mental disturbance, malaria,
ophthalmodynia, lacrimation when exposed to wind, na-
sal obstruction, rhinitis, epistaxis, headache, pain in the
neck, upper and lower back and buttocks
Kidneys Enuresis, frequent urination, nocturnal emission, impo-
tence, irregular menstruation, asthma, hemoptysis, dry-
ness of tongue, sore throat, edema, lumbago, pain along
the spinal column, weakness of lower limbs, heat in
soles of the feet
Pericardium Cardialgia, palpitation, mental restlessness, stifling feel-
ing in chest, flushed face, swelling in the axilla, mental
disturbance, spasm of the upper limbs, hot palms
Sanjiao Abdominal distension, edema, enuresis, dysuria, deaf-
(triple burner) ness, tinnitus, pain in the outer canthus, sore throat
Gallbladder Headache, pain in the outer canthus, pain in the jaw,
blurring of vision, bitter taste in mouth, pain along the lat-
eral aspect of chest, hypochondrium, thigh and upper
limbs
Liver Lower back pain, fullness in chest, pain in the lower ab-
domen, hernia, vertical headache, dryness of the throat,
hiccups, enuresis, dysuria, mental disturbances
Du (back middle Stiffness and pain of the spinal column, opisthotonos,
or governing) headache
Ren (front-middle Leukorrhea, irregular menstruation, hernia, enuresis, re-
or conception) tention of urine, pain in the epigastric region and lower
abdomen
 METHODS OF DIAGNOSIS AND DIFFERENTIATION
OF SYNDROMES

Methods of Diagnosis

Chinese diagnosis is called Zue Zhen, as listed in Nei Jing. There are four
basic methods of diagnosis of the patient: (1) inspection, (2) auscultation
and olfaction, (3) inquiring, and (4) palpitation. Each of these methods
plays a specific role in diagnosing the conditions and nature of disease.
Only by combining all four methods of diagnosis can a comprehensive and
clear understanding of the patient and the disease be obtained. Each of the
methods are explained as follows.

1. Inspection includes the observation of the patient’s spirit (mood), ap-

pearance (gait, posture), color of the skin, discharges, and the color,
coating, and appearance of the tongue. Tongue inspection plays an
important role in Chinese diagnosis. For example, a sallow, sticky
coating on the tongue indicates accumulation of damp heat in the inte-
rior of the body or blockage of the lungs by phlegm heat.
2. Auscultation and olfaction means listening to the patient’s voice, res-
piration, cough, and so on, observing bodily discharges, and paying
attention to the odor of the patient’s breath.
3. Inquiring means asking the patient about the disease symptoms. This
would include chills/fever, perspiration, sleep/dreams, digestion and
appetite, taste of food, bowel movements, urination, in female pa-
tients menstrual conditions and leukorrhea, and any pain or discom-
fort.
4. Palpitation means palpating, feeling, and pressing certain parts of the
body—an important diagnostic method for detecting internal dis-
eases. Palpitation includes feeling the pulse and palpating key acu-
points and/or the abdomen. Chinese pulsology, or pulse feeling, de-
veloped in a great detail by Wang Shu-ho, recognizes three spots
along the radial artery of each wrist, detected with the tips of three fin-
gers. The pulse readings reflect the functioning of different viscera.

Pulsology has been the chief method of diagnosis in TCM. At the three
pulse spots, each wrist has a deep and a superficial reading, thus giving a to-
tal of twelve different pulses in all. If the patient is a female, the right radial
artery is palpated first; if a male, the left. The rate, strength, and direction of
the beat in each segment of the pulse are determined. A strong pulse indi-
cates a yang-type disease, while a weak pulse represents a yin-type disease.
Pulse diagnosis is most common in TCM but it is extremely complex in the
way it works. Figure 1.6 indicates the six pulse points or those areas where
the throbbing of the radial artery can be felt.

Differentiation of Syndromes

The differentiation of syndromes is based on analyzing the eight princi-

ples or factors of disease: exterior or interior, Cold or Hot, Excess or defi-
ciency, and yin or yang. It is used mainly to analyze the case history and
symptoms as well as the information gained using the four diagnostic meth-
ods. The treating physician must first understand the nature of a disease be-
fore a proper treatment can be undertaken.
Interested readers should consult a TCM book on diagnosis and differen-
tiation of syndromes for further information.

TREATMENT METHODS

Unlike Western medicine, pathology, and physiology, Chinese medicine

does not distinguish between mind and body. It considers the human body
as a dynamic organic whole. All the component parts of the human body are
interconnected and inseparable from one another. This wholeness of the hu-

Lung Spleen Kidney

Cun Guan Chi

Guan Chi
Cun

Heart Liver Kidney

FIGURE 1.6. Chinese Pulse Diagnosis: The Six Areas for Feeling the Pulse
man body is connected through the mysterious, yet seemingly true, merid-
ians and collaterals of the energy circulation system. An energy imbalance
affects the entire organism. Chinese medicine treats the whole person phys-
ically, mentally, and spiritually, not just the symptoms.
TCM employs external therapy that involves several manipulative
methods. Commonly used treatment methods are moxibustion, massage
(tui na and an mo), acupressure, acupuncture, cupping, bone setting, and di-
etary therapy. Each of these methods requires special knowledge and skills.

Moxibustion

Moxibustion is one of the physical therapy techniques commonly used to

treat patients with frozen shoulders, sciatica, and musculoskeletal disor-
ders. The treatment is conducted in conjunction with acupuncture and acu-
pressure. Usually, a ball of moxa (the herb mugwort, Artemisia vulgaris) is
applied to the outer end of the acupuncture needles and ignited. The moxa is
also applied on the skin above a thin layer of ginger or garlic. Moxibustion
generates a great deal of heat and smoke that produce healing effects.

Cupping

Cupping is a popular therapy in the Orient but is less known in the West.
Traditionally, a small portion of alcohol is poured into a cup made of glass
or of bamboo. The alcohol is ignited and immediately the cup is placed
against the selected area of the skin. As the air in the cup cools, a partial vac-
uum is formed, causing suction and producing a localized hematoma. Expe-
rience shows that suitable application of cupping and moxibustion for lo-
calized problems, such as low back pain or lumbago, gives good results.

Acupressure and Manipulative Massage

Acupressure involves applying pressure (with the thumb, finger, wrist, or

elbow) to specific acupoints in order to achieve normalization of the flow of
Qi and blood. Therapeutic or manipulative massage in Chinese medicine is
called tui na and an mo. The techniques of tui na and an mo are much more
than just using pressure alone. They involve other manual techniques in-
cluding rubbing, pushing, finger gripping, wrist rubbing, digging, knead-
ing, and finger pinching, as well as bending, rotating, and stretching of the
patient’s arms and feet. Tui na is used for treating localized disorders while
an mo is used for treating localized and systemic disorders. Many minor
discomforts and pain, swelling, and poor circulation respond well to acu-
pressure therapy. An mo and tui na therapies are extremely useful in reliev-
ing chronic pain and rehabilitating stroke patients.

Acupuncture

Acupuncture, as part of the oldest complete medical system of TCM, has

probably been used for several thousand years to treat more people than any
other method in the history of the world. The Yellow Emperor’s Classic of
Internal Medicine (2697 B.C.) recorded the practice of puncturing body tis-
sue for the relief of pain by using a sharp item, such as flint, bamboo, and
bone, long before the discovery of metal.
The Chinese believe that the human body is a microcosm of the universe
and is subject to the guidance of a prevailing force called Tao, which means
“the way.” Tao brings definition and direction out of chaos and requires re-
spect for the peaceful existence of all things, including the organs and sys-
tems of the body. It works through two forms of energy, called the yin (neg-
ative) and the yang (positive), whose coexistence and balance give harmony
to the universe. Any upsetting conditions represent an imbalance of force,
which must be brought back into line. A disease or symptom is not seen as a
disorder of an organ or a system but, more broadly, as a dyscrasia of Qi, of
a meridian, or of the yin or yang.
Twelve pairs of main ducts, called meridians, plus two middle meridians
(one in front and one in the back of the body) can be traced on the human
body (see Figures 1.7, 1.8, and 1.9). Along with the meridians, there are 365
known points, called acupoints, on the twelve meridians of the body.
Within the body, Qi must be in a nonstop dynamic moving condition
from one meridian to another. For example, it circulates starting from the
lung meridian to the large intestine meridian, and finally to the liver merid-
ian then back to the lung meridian again for a complete cycle that takes
twenty-four hours. Based on TCM theory, if there is a blockage, too much
or too little Qi in any meridian (which corresponds to a representative or-
gan), or an imbalance of Qi, disharmony of the body develops. Acupuncture
is a tool that adjusts the imbalanced Qi and corrects the abnormal condi-
tions.
According to the gate control theory of pain by Melzak and Wall, a pain
message can be suppressed or gated by the stronger nervous system stimuli
produced by acupuncture or electroacupuncture. In pain management,
nociception is carried to the spinal cord by small, unmyelinated C fibers,
which give off collaterals and are processed in the dorsal horn. Meanwhile,
milder sensations of touch and proprioception are carried by large myelin-
ated A-B fibers, whose activation by pressure, acupuncture, or electric stim-
 FIGURE 1.7. Acupuncture Meridians, Anterior View

ulation can interfere with the processing areas of the dorsal horn and thus
close the gate.
Acupuncture is a special, highly skilled medical art and science originat-
ing in ancient China. Mastering acupuncture takes years of study and prac-
tice. Merely 300 to 1,000 hours of lectures cannot result in a person who can
practice acupuncture confidently and successfully.
Modern acupuncture needles have a simple stem, usually made of stain-
less steel with a handle made of copper. They vary in length from 0.5 to 5.0
 FIGURE 1.8. Acupuncture Meridians, Posterior View

inches, depending on the intended site of insertion and the size of the pa-
tient, and the diameter varies from 0.25 to 0.45 mm. The depth and angle of
needle insertion are specific for the site of insertion. Proper insertion of the
needle followed by twirling or moving up and down of the needle may
evoke a specific sensation in the patient or the patient may experience a spe-
cial sensory response, called de qi, wherein the flow of Qi is reached. Theo-
retically, the patient experiences the arrival of Qi with each treatment.
 FIGURE 1.9. Acupuncture Meridians, Lateral View

If the needle is connected to an electric stimulator after the needle is in-

serted, it is called electroacupuncture. Currently, this type of acupuncture is
more popular.
Acupuncture therapy can be administered three times a day for acute
cases to once every three days for chronic ailments. A total of ten to fifteen
sessions constitute a course of therapy. The effect of therapy is cumulative,
so most ailments are responsive to a complete course of therapy, not just one
or two treatments.
 Acupuncture points are also distributed in the ears, feet, hands, and
scalp. Acupuncture at these minor points, likewise, is very effective for mi-
nor disease, detoxification, weight loss, and preventive measures.
Acupuncture therapy corrects several complaints, especially the acute
and chronic pains of rheumatism, neurological conditions, cramps, and co-
litis. Furthermore, the same treatment can alleviate mental disorders along
with physical problems. Acupuncture remains unsurpassed as the best
choice and the most effective means of nondrug relief of chronic pain.
Treatment is generally very relaxing and usually the patient is not even
aware of the presence of needles. Some people may experience a slight
numbness or the sensation of energy traveling through the body during the
treatment but there is no pain during or after the therapy. It is absolutely safe
and effective. That is why malpractice lawsuits or complaints are rarely
lodged against licensed acupuncturists in the United States or elsewhere in
the world.
Traditionally, the practice of acupuncture is combined with moxibustion.
In treating and caring for ailments, doctors generally chose acupuncture first,
followed by moxibustion, with herbal medicine as the last choice. Moxi-
bustion was used to complement or to amplify the response to acupuncture.
Since 1985, the Florida State Board of Acupuncture has defined acu-
puncture as a form of primary health care based on traditional Chinese med-
ical concepts, which employs acupuncture diagnosis and treatment, as well
as adjunctive therapies and diagnostic techniques, for the promotion, main-
tenance, and restoration of health and prevention of disease.
The FDA has finally decreed that acupuncture needles are medical tools
which are as effective and respectable as syringes or scalpels, and that acu-
puncture in the United States is no longer “experimental.” This victory with
FDA was won in 1996 after twenty-five years of hard struggle by 13,000 li-
censed acupuncturists in the United States. Currently, forty or more states
accept acupuncture as a legal medical practice, and more and more insur-
ance companies are, or are considering, accepting claims for acupuncture as
an alternative therapy that is complementary to conventional medical care.
Who should avoid acupuncture? In general, no medical conditions rule
out the use of acupuncture except, perhaps, a morbid fear of needles. People
who are at risk of excessive bleeding, or who are hemophiliacs, would be
prudent to avoid acupuncture.

The Value of Qigong and Taiji Exercise in Chinese Medicine

Qigong (pronounced “cheegong”) is an important part of TCM. To un-

derstand the term Qigong in Chinese, Qi is everything from the air we
breathe to the vital energy that animates our bodies, regulates organic func-
tions, and maintains health. Gong means to work with or to train. Thus,
Qigong would be best understood simply as breath exercise training.
Many styles of Qigong are used. Basically, Qigong can be divided into
either Jing gong (passive training), in which the body remains motionless,
or Dong gong (active training), in which the body moves. Jing gong can be
done while standing, sitting, or lying down. Dong gong covers all types of
exercise in which the body moves, so it ranges from relatively nonstrenuous
exercises to Chinese martial arts such as Gongfu.
Taiji (Tai Chi or Tai chi chuan) consists of thirty-seven basic postures
that are combined into 128 different movements, or balletlike calisthenics,
performed in sequence for fifteen minutes. Perhaps the most crucial ele-
ment of the Taiji is concentration. The Taiji student should learn to focus on
and coordinate movements with breathing, which should originate within
the abdomen rather than the chest. If the student thinks about something
else while practicing Taiji, the student is not doing Taiji.
Medical Qigong is performed by a Qigong master, a specialized medical
doctor, and is used to treat chronic diseases such as mental disorders or hy-
pertension. Qigong can be performed on a regular basis by anyone to main-
tain health and prevent illness.
Martial arts Qigong provides the groundwork and physical training
needed to strengthen muscles, tendons, and bones, and to build up endur-
ance and vitality. Nowadays, people learn the martial arts Qigong or Gonfu
for self-defense.

How Qigong Benefits the Treatment of Disease

In China today, Qigong is being applied in the field of medicine to treat

different chronic, difficult diseases. According to recent studies conducted
in China, Qigong therapy has been used for a number of diseases, including
neuroses, arthritis, hypertension, ulcers, gastroptosis, chronic constipation,
and cancer.
To master Qigong, one must conquer the three essential elements of
Qigong and Taiji exercise: adjust posture, control breathing, and regulate
the mind. The objective of each exercise is to place the mind and body in
balance and to cure disease.
Of course, it is not possible, for example, to destroy cancer cells by only
practicing Qigong. Treating cancer patients requires radiation or chemo-
therapy, or both, along with other supportive therapies. Nevertheless, can-
cer patients, as a rule, become quite weak during the course of chemother-
apy and radiation, and these treatments can cause serious side effects. As a
result, patients become more and more debilitated, and suffer loss of vitality
and general health. Many cancer patients are unable to continue the treat-
ments and, eventually, they give up the fight against cancer.
However, those patients who participate in Qigong therapy in Beijing
and Shanghai hospitals, together with Chinese herbal medicine, usually
gain energy, increase their appetites, gain weight, and enjoy better sleep and
peace. Their white blood cell counts become normal, their pain is reduced
or relieved, and their physical complexion also improves. Consequently,
these patients become stronger and are able to withstand continued conven-
tional cancer treatment. Such patients, therefore, stand a much better
chance of overcoming cancer.

Dietary Therapy

Dietary therapy is an indispensable part of Chinese medicine. The fa-

mous ancient Chinese physician, Tao Hongjing, of the sixth century (Liang
dynasty), compiled Ben Cao Jing Ji Zhu (Commentary on Shen Nong’s
Materia Medica), one of the most valuable herbal books of ancient China.
This book describes the varieties of grains, vegetables, animals, and min-
eral materials used as both food and medicine.
The first dietary therapy book, Qian Jing Shi Zhi (Thousand Gold Di-
etary Therapy), was written by Sun Simiao (Figure 1.10) in the seventh cen-
tury (Tang dynasty). This book discusses the properties of foods, their ef-
fects on health, and their therapeutic uses for diseases. Foods included were
grains, vegetables, fruits, fish, fowl, worms, and meats.
Other important books on dietary therapy are Shi Liao Ben Cao (Dietary
Therapy Materia Medica) by Ming Xi (published in the eighth century), the
Shi Xing Ben Cao (Food Properties Materia Medica) written by Chen
Shiliang (published in the tenth century during the south Tang dynasty), and
the Yin Shan Zheng Yao (Principles of Correct Diet) written by Hu Sihei
(Yuan dynasty). This last book lists 200 different kinds of medicinal herbs
that can also be used as food. Numerous books on dietary therapy written by
different physicians are available. Zhong Hua Yao Shan Da Ci Dian (The
Encyclopedia on Chinese Medicinal Diet) by Wu Jiajing is considered valu-
able and comprehensive.
Foods, similar to herbs, have different energy properties of hot, warm,
cold, cool, and neutral, as well as taste differences of sweet, sour, bitter, acrid,
and salty. For therapy, in addition to understanding the properties of foods,
the actions and medicinal benefits of food are important. Certain foods are
beneficial to some whereas the same foods may be harmful to others.
 FIGURE 1.10. Sun Simiao

For example, patients with insomnia, mental disorders, and emotional

problems should not consume any irritating, Hot (energy), and Damp-
producing foods or drinks including alcohol, since Hot foods lead to Fire
that may easily harass the Mind. Hot foods such as strong coffee, tea, chil-
ies, or ginger should not be consumed. Also, consumption of Damp-
producing food (chiefly dairy products) leads to the formation of phlegm
that when combined with Fire would further disturb the Mind. This im-
proper diet could lead to agitation, manic behavior, and aggravated insom-
nia.
 Patients with stomach or epigastric pain due to interior Cold should
avoid any Cold or Cool foods. Consumption of Cold foods (cold vegetables,
salads, ice cold drinks, ice cream, and so on) may aggravate the Cold, and
lead to Cold in the spleen and stomach, causing additional epigastric pain.
Patients with hypertension should avoid Hot foods and consume more
Cold foods. The best Cold foods are cucumber, celery, water chestnut, bam-
boo shoots, mung bean, sesame seeds, eggplant, turnips, seaweeds, tofu,
millet, and green tea. Medicinal meals, such as medicated soups, congee, or
tea, are considered essential in dietary therapy.
 Chapter 2

TheThe Development
Development of Ben
of Ben Cao and HerbalCao
Recipes
and Herbal Recipes

China is rich in natural medicines and was one of the earliest countries to
use them. These agents have been studied and classified by private physi-
cians and government agencies for the past 5,000 years, and recorded sys-
tematically in the compendia called Ben Cao. Ben Cao (Pen ts’ao) is botan-
ical, animal, and mineral substances used as medicines.

THE EVOLUTION OF BEN CAO

The term Ben Cao in Chinese medicine means materia medica, a com-
pendium that deals with all aspects of natural medicaments. Ben Cao is ac-
tually a combination of pharmacognosy, pharmacology, and pharmaco-
poeia. The great work of Shen-nong Ben Cao Jing (Shen Nong’s Materia
Medica), formally published in the Han dynasty (100 B.C.), was the first of-
ficial Ben Cao in Chinese history. It contains 365 different natural medica-
ments divided into the following sources: 237 botanical, sixty-five animal,
forty-three mineral, and twenty of unknown origin.
According to their properties and usefulness, these medicaments are
classified into superior (first), middle (second), and inferior (third) classes.
The superior medicinal herbs, including ginseng, are mild and nontoxic,
and can be used for a wide variety of diseases over long periods of time. The
middle medicinal herbs are effective for a limited number of diseases and
are potent. The inferior class medicinal herbs are useful only for particular
sicknesses and should be used with great caution due to their high potency
and toxicity.
During the Liang dynasty, a great physician, Tao Hongjing (A.D. 452-
536), was born at Moling (now Nanking). He displayed exceptional gifts
from an early age and devoted himself to the practice of medicine. As a Tao-
ist, Tao Hongjing studied herbal medicine. He also edited Shen-Nong Ben
Cao Jing into Sheng Nong Ben Cao Jing Ji Zhu (Commentary on Sheng
Nong’s Materia Medica). He wrote another herbal directory called Ming Yi
Bie Lu, which contains 730 effective medicaments and many recipes that
had been praised and used by many eminent physicians for more than a
thousand years during the earlier Zhou (1122-255 B.C.) and Qin (255-209
B.C.) dynasties and also in the former Han (206 B.C.-A.D. 23), the Later Han
(A.D. 25-220), and Wei (A.D. 220-543) dynasties. Dr. Tao was the first to de-
scribe Chinese ginseng, its pharmacological properties, and the method of
preserving it.
By the end of the Han dynasty (206 B.C. to A.D. 220), the system of Chi-
nese medicine was firmly established. Dr. Zhang Zhongjing, one of the five
greatest physicians of the Han dynasty, wrote the famous Shang Han Za
Bing Lun (Treatise of Febrile and Miscellaneous Diseases) and Jin Kai Yao
Lue Fang Lun (Synopsis of Prescriptions of the Golden Chambers). He con-
ducted extensive clinical trials with ginseng and invented many new valu-
able prescriptions for various diseases. The other four outstanding physi-
cians of that time were Hua Tuo, Bian Que, Huang Fumi, and Wang Xi.
A lengthy civil war and foreign tribal invasions, lasting about 400 years,
were followed by the Tang dynasty (A.D. 618 to 907), the most famous and
prosperous years in Chinese history. In addition to the well-founded gov-
ernment system and social order, a new medical service was also estab-
lished. The Ministry of General Medical Service was set up in A.D. 624 to
govern medical affairs and to examine the medical practitioners. The first
medical college and first hospital were formed in the capital of Changan.
Emperor Gao Zong (650-683) ordered a group of scholars and physi-
cians including Li Xun and Su Jing to organize a task force of twenty-two
scholars and physicians to review the early publications of Ben Cao. After a
few years of hard work, in 659, Xin Xiu Ben Cao (Newly Compiled Materia
Medica of Tang), also called Tang Ben Cao, was published as the official
pharmacopoeia of ancient China. This book illustrates in detail in twenty-
five volumes a total of 844 medicaments. This official pharmacopoeia is
about 1,000 years ahead of the first English pharmacopoeia.
Medical advancements in China soon spread to other Asian countries.
Three Korean kingdoms, and later the Japanese and Vietnamese govern-
ments, began sending envoys, professionals, and students to China to study
Chinese medicine. Chinese medicine has been practiced in these countries
ever since.
In addition to medical achievements, foreign trade, culture, and religion
also flourished during the Tang dynasty. A well-educated scholar and phy-
sician, Sun Simiao (581-682), after years of laborious study of medicine
and the religious doctrines of Taoism, Confucianism, Canon of Zhuang
Tze, and Buddhism, became a Buddhist monk physician and lived as a her-
mit. He practiced as a physician and edited many valuable books, both
medical and religious.
 The most famous medical books Sun Simiao wrote were Bei Ji Qian Jin
Yao Fang or Qian Jin Yao Fang (The Precious Formulas Worth a Thousand
Gold) and Qian Jin Yi Fang (The Supplement to the Precious Formulas
Worth a Thousand Gold). Remedies for the treatment of diseases of women
and children were included in these two books. Also included were treat-
ments for intoxication, ophthalmologic disorders, and tumors. He was also
the author of a famous medical treatise on pulse diagnosis and dietary ther-
apy. Sun Simiao’s works have been considered as an agglomeration of med-
ical and pharmaceutical achievement.
During the Song dynasty, Liu Han and Ma Zhi edited a new materia
medica called Kai Bao Ben Cao that contained 983 medicaments. In 1057,
Zhang Yuxi, Su Song, et al., composed the well-known Jia Yu Ben Cao. Su
Song also published Pen Cao Tu Jing in 1062, which was the first complete
dispensatory book with detailed pictorial illustrations of each medicament.
In the South Song dynasty, Cao Xiaozhong and others published Zheng He
Ben Cao in 1116, in which they presented detailed classifications according
to the activities of the medicinal herbs.
For about 400 years during the Tartar dynasty (916-1234) and the Yuan
dynasty (1230-1341), Chinese medicine suffered a great deal as a result of
wars and foreign (Mongolian) rule.
Then, during the Ming dynasty (1368-1644), China once again recov-
ered from foreign invasion and wars, and began to enjoy a period of peace.
The great pharmacologist and physician Li Shizhen (1515-1593) (Figure
2.1) seriously studied more than 800 commonly encountered medicaments,
and traveled thousands of miles in order to collect known and unknown me-
dicinal herbs. He carefully examined past editions of Ben Cao written in the
Tang, Song, and South Song dynasties, and, based on his own rich knowl-
edge and experience gained during thirty years of uninterrupted hard work,
finally composed a monumental masterpiece, Ben Cao Gang Mu (Compen-
dium of Materia Medica). This book was published in 1596, three years af-
ter his death.
Ben Cao Gang Mu is an encyclopedia of naturally occurring remedies,
containing fifty-two volumes in which 1,892 medicaments and 11,892 pre-
scriptions for known diseases are listed. The herbs are illustrated with 1,160
figures. Among the medicaments, 1,094 are botanical, 444 zoological, and
the remainder are of mineral origin. Dr. Li classified them into sixty sec-
tions of sixteen divisions according to their source and properties. With the
entry of each medicament, Ben Cao Gang Mu gives detailed information:
names, synonyms, nicknames, sources, and descriptions, medicinal herb
preparation and storage, properties (odor, color, taste, and so on), indica-
tions and pharmacological properties, and clinical applications. Also in-
cluded are contraindications, precautions, prescriptions, formulations, and
 FIGURE 2.1. Dr. Li Shizhen

the dosage of the herb. This great work has been praised the world over and,
starting from the seventeenth century, it has been translated into Latin and
every major Eastern and Western language.
During the Qing dynasty (1616-1912), there were no new, creative ad-
vancements in Chinese materia medica, with one exception. Zhao Xuemin
edited Ben Cao Gang Mu Shi Yi (A Supplement to the Compendium of
Materia Medica) in 1765. It lists 716 medical substances that had not been
included in Li Shizhen’s compendium of Ben Cao Gang Mu and also some
herbs imported from foreign countries.
In the last years of the Qing dynasty, the thirty-eight-volume compen-
dium of Zhi Wu Ming Shi Tu Kao (An Illustrated Book of Medicinal Plants)
was written by Wu Qizun in 1848. This work contains 1,714 herbal sub-
stances. Wu Qizun made a detailed comparative description of the shape,
color, nature, taste, usage, and habitual growing area of each of the plants.
His drawings of the plants are vivid and marvelous. Today, the work is used
by many practitioners.
Also in the later part of the Qing dynasty, Western medical books and
theories began to be introduced into China.
From the Qin dynasty (255-209 B.C.) through the middle of the nine-
teenth century (A.D.) more than fifty different versions of Ben Cao were
written by hundreds of scholars and physicians, and published both offi-
cially and unofficially. This enormous amount of literature on medicinal
herbs represents the world’s richest source of knowledge of herbal medi-
cine. Table 2.1 lists chronologically some of the most well-known publica-
tions of Ben Cao or herbals in China.
In 1975, the People’s Health Publishing House in Beijing published, in
two volumes, a gigantic new materia medica, called Quan Guo Zhong Cao
Yao Hui Bian (A Compilation of Chinese Natural Medicaments), which
lists 2,202 medicinal substances (botanical, zoological, and mineral). The
names, sources, morphology, environment, cultivation, collection, prepara-

TABLE 2.1. Chronological List of the Major Chinese Ben Cao

Volume/Number
Year/Dynasty Author Title of Ben Cao of Herbs
100 B.C./Han Shen Nong Shen Nong Ben Cao 4/365
Jing
A.D. 500/Liang Tao Hongjing Shen Nong Ben Cao 7/730
Jing Ji Zhu, Ming Yi
Bie Lu
659/Tang Li Xun Su Jing Xin Xiu Ben Cao 25/850
(Tang Ben Cao)
652/Tang Sun Simiao Qian Jin Yao Fang, 301/unknown
Qian Jin Yi Fang
739/Tang Chen Cangqi Ben Cao Shi Yi 6/unknown
770/Tang Li Xun Hai Yao Ben Cao 6/unknown
973/Song Liu Han, and Ma Kai Bao Ben Cao 21/983
Zhi
1018/Song Tang Shenwei Zheng Lei Ben Cao 31/1,746
1057/Song Zhang Yuxi, et al. Jia You Ben Cao 20/1,084
1062/Song Su Song Ben Cao Tu Jing 21/780
1116/Song Cao Xiaozhong, Zheng He Ben Cao 3/472
et al.
1289/Yuan Wang Haogu Tang Ye Ben Cao 2/228
1404/Ming Zhu Su Jiu Huang Ben Cao 4/414
1566/Ming Chen Jiamo Ben Cao Meng Quan 12/742
1596/Ming Li Shizhen Ben Cao Gang Mu 52/1,892
1765/Qing Zhao Xuemin Ben Cao Gang Mu 10/716
Shi Yi
1848/Qing Wu Qizun Zhi Wu Ming Shi Tu 22/1,714
Kao
Republic Zhao Juhuang Pharmacognosy 1/Unknown
of China
1975/People’s People’s Health Quan Guo Zhong 2/2,202
Republic Publishing House Cao Yao Hui Bian
of China
tion, chemistry, pharmacology, therapeutic nature, taste, uses, indications,
and doses of natural medicines are given in detail, each with a picture of the
living plant or animal.
The Jiang Su New Medical College published a two-volume Chinese
medicine compendium called Zhong Yao Da Ci Dian (Encyclopedia of Chi-
nese Herbs) in 1975, which included 4,773 natural medicinal substances of
botanical, animal, and mineral origin. This particular book includes modern
pharmacological research findings and clinical application reports. It is
probably the most modern Materia Medica on natural medicine.

THE EVOLUTION OF HERBAL RECIPES

Although as early as the Shang dynasty (2100 B.C.) physicians began to

prescribe herbs in combinations, a prescription book titled Wu Shih Er Bing
Fang (The Prescriptions for Fifty-Two Kinds of Diseases) was unearthed in
1979 from the No. 3 Han Tomb (Han dynasty, 206 B.C.-A.D. 220) at a place
called Ma-Wang Dui of Changsha in Hunan Province. This could be the
earliest Chinese medicinal recipe book.
Two other important works stand out. One, written by Zhang Ji (also
known as Zhang Zhongjing) and later reedited by Wang Shuhe, was Shang
Han Lun (Treatise of Febrile Diseases) (third century A.D.) and the other,
Jin Kui Yao Lue Fang Lun (Synopsis of Prescriptions of the Golden Cham-
ber), deal with miscellaneous internal diseases, female diseases, and ill-
nesses that require surgery. Shang Han Lun contains 269 excellent recipes,
and Jin Gui Yao Lue Fang Lun includes 262 important herbal recipes. Many
of the famous recipes contained in these two books have been used for more
than 1,000 years.
By the end of the Tang dynasty (A.D. 618-907), many herbal recipe books
had been written. Three of these are Bi Ji Qian Jin Yao Fang and Qian Jin Yi
Fang by Sun Simiao (see previous discussion), and Wai Tai Mi Yao (Medi-
cal Secrets of a Medical Official) by Wang Tao in A.D. 752. This latter work
contains a comprehensive and exhaustive study of herbal medicine, and
more than 6,000 recipes.
During the Song dynasty (A.D. 960-1279), the government instructed na-
tional outstanding physicians to study all past herbal prescriptions in order
to compile Tai Ping Sheng Hui Fang (The Peace and Holy Benevolent Pre-
scriptions), which is a collection of 16,834 recipes. Another compendium,
called Sheng Ji Zong Lu (A Collection of Prescriptions for Holy Relief),
contains 20,000 recipes. This monumental work of 200 volumes was com-
piled by a staff of hundreds of physicians under imperial orders around A.D.
1117. This medicinal encyclopedia covers every branch of the healing arts,
from internal medicine, surgery, and pediatrics, to dermatology, acupunc-
ture, dietary therapy, and herbal recipes.
Also during the Song dynasty, the government of the pharmaceutical bu-
reau compiled a book with 788 prescriptions called Tai Ping Hui Min He Ji
Ju Fang (Formularies of the Bureau of People’s Welfare Pharmacies). Com-
piled by Fei Zhongyuan and Chen Shiwen in A.D. 1151, it is one of the earli-
est herbal formularies published by a governmental pharmaceutical bureau.
This formulary book laid the foundation for the future standard of herbal
formularies in Chinese medicine. It also began the standardization for mak-
ing pills, granules, and powder forms of patented medicine.
Pu Ji Ben Shi Fang (Effective Prescriptions for Universal Relief), also
called Ben Shi Fang (Effective Prescriptions), was written by Xu Shuwei in
the Southern Song dynasty and its ten volumes were published in the mid-
dle of the thirteenth century. It mainly deals with common diseases of inter-
nal medicine and lists 300 herbal prescriptions.
Ji Sheng Fang (Recipes for Saving Lives), also called Yan Shi Ji Sheng
Fang (Yan’s Recipes for Saving Lives), is a ten-volume book written by Yan
Yonghe in 1253. It deals with internal disease, surgery, and gynecology, and
it has 450 herbal prescriptions.
Shi Yi De Xiao Fang (Effective Formulas Tested by Physicians of Gener-
ations), compiled by Wei Yilin in 1345 on the basis of the author’s experi-
ence as a physician, lists prescriptions for children’s diseases, internal med-
icine, ophthalmology, oral/dental diseases, bone setting, wounds, ulcers,
carbuncles, etc.
During the Ming dynasty, Pu Ji Fang (Prescriptions for Universal Re-
lief), written by Teng Hong and Zhu Su, was issued in 1406. It is the most
complete collection of herbal recipes and methods of treatment in TCM,
with 61,739 recipes and 239 illustrations in 168 volumes.
Ju Fang Fa Hui (An Expounding of the Formularies of the Bureau of the
People’s Welfare Pharmacies), was written in the fourteenth century by Zhu
Zhenheng, who criticized the mechanical and indiscriminate use of the for-
mularies of the People’s Welfare Pharmacies that were popular at the time.
Another excellent medical and pharmaceutical work is Qi Xiao Liang
Fang (Wonderful and Effective Prescriptions), in sixty-nine volumes, writ-
ten by Dong Su and Fang Xian, published in A.D. 1470. It lists more than
7,000 herbal recipes, and discusses the ideology of diseases and bone set-
ting, as well as acupuncture methods.
As stated in the previous section, the most famous pharmacologist and
physician in Chinese history, Li Shizhen, spent thirty years completing the
well-known Ben Cao Gang Mu. It contains 11,096 prescriptions in 50 vol-
umes.
 In the Qing dynasty (A.D. 1644-1911), many herbal recipes books were
published, such as Yi Fang Kao (Textual Criticism on Prescriptions) and Yi
Fang Ji Jie (Collection of Prescriptions with Notes), written by Wang Ang.
The latter book lists 700 prescriptions divided into twenty-one classes, such
as prescriptions for health invigoration, dampness elimination, vomiting,
and diaphoresis. It describes in detail the combinations of herbs in each rec-
ipe. With this advancement in classification, it further promoted the devel-
opment of the theoretical aspect of the science of TCM herbal recipes.
Table 2.2 lists chronologically some of the most popular herbal recipe
books published in China. Many of the herbal recipes listed in Part IV are
derived from the ancient works.

TABLE 2.2. Important Books on Medical and Chinese Herbal Recipes

Title of Recipe Number

Year/Dynasty Author Book of Recipes
219/Han Zhang Zhongjing Shang Han Lun 113
219 /Han Zhang Zhongjing Jin Gui Yao Lue 262
Fang Lun
652/Tang Wang Tao Wai Tai Mi Yao 6,000
682/Tang Sun Simiao Bi Ji Qian Jin Yao unknown
Fang
752/Tang Sun Simiao Qian Jin Yi Fang 5,300
992/Song Wang Huaiyin Tai Ping Sheng Jui 16,834
Fang
1117/Song Government Sheng Ji Zong Lu 20,000
1151/Song Fei Zhongyun and Tai Ping Hui Min 788
Chen Shiwen He Ji Ju Fang
1253/South Song Yan Yonghe Ji Sheng Fang 450
1250/South Song Xu Shuwei Pu Ji Ben Shi 300
Fang
1345/Yuan Wei Yilin Shi Yi De Xiao unknown
Fang
1350/Yuan Zhu Zhenheng Ju Fang Fa Hui unknown
1406/Ming Zhu Su and Teng Pu Ji Fang 61,739
Hong
1470/Ming Dong Su and Fang Qi Xiao Liang 7,000
Xian Fang
1556/Ming Xu Chunfu Gu Jin Yi Tong unknown
1596/Ming Li Shizhen Ben Cao Gang Mu 11,096
1602/Ming Wang Kentang Zheng Zhi Zhun unknown
Sheng
1682/Qing Wang Ang Yi Fang Ji Jie 700
 Title of Recipe Number
Year/Dynasty Author Book of Recipes
1742/Qing Wu Qian Yi Zong Jin Jian unknown
1759/Qing Zhao Xuemen Chuan Ya Nei Wai unknown
Bian
195?/People’s Zheng Xinting Wan San Gan Dan 2,782
Republic of China Ji Cheng
195?/People’s Ran Xiaofeng Quan Guo Zhong 2,633
Republic of China Yao Zheng Yao
Chu Fang Ji

Chinese Pharmacopeia

Since the establishment of the People’s Republic of China in 1949, many

natural medicines, old herbal recipes, government-proven recipes, secret
recipes, and contemporary folk recipes have been compiled, analyzed, and
systematized. These recipes have been scientifically tested by a number of
hospitals and university laboratories to evaluate their effectiveness.
In 1953, the first new Chinese pharmacopoeia was compiled, with a total
of 531 natural medicines and chemical drugs. The latest pharmacopoeia is
the 2000 edition. Volume one contains herbal prescriptions and medicinal
herbs, and volume two contains chemical and synthetic drugs, antibiotics,
radioactive pharmaceuticals, and biological products. The pharmacopeia
will be revised every five years by a special Chinese pharmacopoeia com-
mittee of experts.
In China, as well as in Russia natural medicines are equally important
and occupy equal standing to synthetic chemical drugs in an official phar-
macopoeia.
 PART II:
PRACTICALITIES OF CHINESE
HERBAL REMEDIES
 Chapter 3

Practical
Practical Herbalism
Herbalism

THE BENEFITS OF MEDICINAL HERBS

China has an estimated population of 1.3 billion citizens and there are
more than 50 million Chinese living outside the country. Although they are
the major consumers of herbal medicines, interest has increased during the
past 30 years in other parts of the world, such as Europe, South America,
Canada, and the United States.
Germany serves as an interesting example of the popularity of Chinese
herbs. Not only is it the leader in modern chemical and biological research
and also a main producer of modern drugs (such as aspirin and antibiotics),
Germany recently reported that traditional herbal medicine, such as ginkgo
biloba, ranks in the top ten of forms of medicinal substances sold there.
WHO has estimated that at least 80 percent of the world’s population relies
on botanical (herbal) remedies for primary health care needs because they are
natural and have fewer harmful side effects. In other words, lack of side ef-
fects and/or safety is the number one benefit of natural herbal remedies.
Why are herbs safer than modern-day synthetic drugs? Chemical drugs
are foreign to the body and tend to disturb the peace or balance of the body.
Most drugs are, even at the recommended dosage, too potent to be tolerated,
particularly by the elderly and children. On the other hand, herbs, similar to
foods, are introduced in to the body’s system in a mild and gentle manner,
without disturbing its balance and harmony.
Another important and interesting medicinal benefit of herbal remedies
is that oral consumption allows the release of active ingredients into the
bloodstream slowly and gradually. The combination of a low concentration
and slow release of medication from an herb or herb mixture provides a gen-
tle healing, as well as a long-lasting effect, accomplished in part by the pres-
ence of inert substances and active ingredients. This mild and steady release
is the possible explanation as to why the majority of herbal remedies cause
no or minimal side effects. Also, the effects of herbs in a recipe (formula)
are subtle and remedial.
 Furthermore, herbs are naturally rich in both biologically active and inert
substances. The inert substances, such as cellulose, starches, and lignin, may
serve as buffering agents. Other ingredients in herbs possess strong antioxi-
dant, detoxifying, and scavenging effects, in addition to health benefits.
Herbs are multifunctional in their properties because they contain multi-
ple constituents. For example, licorice root (Glycyrrhiza uralensis) is an ex-
cellent detoxicant and sweetener, as well as a good antitussive and expecto-
rant. San qi (Panax notoginseng) is a good hemostatic agent for external and
visceral bleeding, it reduces cholesterol levels, increases coronary heart
blood flow, and relieves arrhythmias and angina pectoralis. A third example
is salvia (Salvia miltiorrhiza), which relieves ischemic heart disease, im-
paired peripheral and cerebrovascular circulation, and hepatitis. The impor-
tant properties of many Chinese herbs are not, perhaps, generally realized
by Western medical professionals (see Chapters 5 through 15 for more in-
formation).
Herbs, particularly the formulated herbs in a recipe, not only treat the
symptoms but also heal the cause of disease. For example, to treat different
types of headaches and migraines, no drug is as effective as the Chinese
herbal formula containing cnidium (Ligusticum chuanxing) and gastrodia
tuber (Gastrodia elata rhizome), as in the complex recipe Chuang Xing Cha
Tiao San in Chapter 22, R-49. See Chapters 16 to 24 for more information.
As Andrew Weil pointed out in Botanical Medicine, some herbs have
unique effects on some conditions for which conventional medicine has
little or nothing to offer. Examples are milk thistle (Sylibum marianum),
which protects the liver from toxins, and schisandra (Schisandra chinen-
sis), which is used to treat chronic hepatitis. From the authors’ experience,
phytomedicines, such as salvia (S. miltiorrhiza), safflower (Carthamus
tinctorius), red peony root (Paeonia lactifloria rubra), and ilex pubescent
(Ilex pubescens), are excellent blood-circulation-activating herbs, capable
of preventing and treating conditions of arteriosclerosis, cerebral and cor-
onary blood clot, or blood stasis. Blood stasis occurs when blood flow
throughout the body is impeded or there are localized sites of blood stag-
nation or internal hemorrhaging. Generally, blood stasis is a consequence
of Qi stagnation or Qi deficience, both of which can impede blood flow.
Blood stasis can also develop from trauma-induced internal hemorrhaging
when the blood fails to disperse or be excreted in a timely manner. The
principal sysmptoms of blood stasis conformation are: persistent stabbing
pain that is aggrevated by pressure; masses or tumor formation as in
hepatosplenomegalies. Other manifestations are dark-tinged complexion,
dark purple tongue or a tongue with ecchymosis, and a thready, hesitant
pulse. If stagnant blood invades the heart, insanity may result. All of the
previously mentioned herbs produce few side effects, as shown by phar-
macological and toxicological studies.
Chinese herbs are safe and effective in general and seldom cause side ef-
fects. Most Chinese herbs are processed through preliminary and special
pharmaceutical treatments for improved efficacy and reduced side effects
and toxicity, before they reach the market. The process of preparing a crude
herb to a final, marketable medicinal product is a traditional art and science
in TCM. For example, the processed rehmannia root gives different healing
effects compared to unprocessed (dried) rehmannia. (See Chapter 5 for
more information).
Another benefit of herbs is affordability. Today’s health care costs are
increasing, including the patient’s cost for insurance, office visits, miscella-
neous test bills, and the cost of drugs. This has occurred not just in the
United States but in every country of the world.
During a conference in Washington in 1994, the Office of Alternative
Medicine of the NIH (also known as the National Center for Complemen-
tary and Alternative Medicine) invited FDA officials and other academia,
industry, and governmental officials, both from the United States and
abroad, to discuss the value of medicinal herbs in health care. Professor
Varro Tyler of the Purdue University School of Pharmacy pointed out that
cost control is a very important issue in medical care and that herbal reme-
dies have a distinct advantage over most synthetic drugs.
Studies have shown that benign prostatic hyperplasia is treatable with
finasteride at a cost of about $1.75 per day or with saw palmetto extract at
only 40 cents per day. Migraine prophylaxis treated with feverfew costs
only 10 to 25 cents per day but with the drugs propanalol or methysergide,
treatment costs from $2.00 to as high as $8.00 per day. Reduction of high
blood cholesterol with enteric-coated garlic costs about 15 cents daily. A
similar reduction obtained with the drug cholestyramine costs about $4.00
or more per day. Tyler further stressed that in this age of intense concern
with the cost of health care, we literally cannot afford to overlook the sav-
ings realized from the use of phytomedicinals.

Health Benefits of the Whole Herbal Extract versus an Isolated

Chemical Ingredient

In the United States a substantial portion of over-the-counter pharma-

ceuticals labeled as “herbal remedies” are sold in drugstores. These prepa-
rations contain chemically synthesized or isolated active substances from
herbs, such as caffeine from tea leaves or coffee seeds (coffea arabica),
menthol from mentha (Mentha haplocalyx), ephedrine from ephedra
(Ephedra sinica), and digitoxin from digitalis leaves (Digitalis purpurea).
However, these pharmaceutical products cannot be considered true natural
herbal products. They are, as a matter of fact, drugs. These substances con-
tain only a single biologically active ingredient. This type of drug form is
quite different in character from natural herbal medicine.
A good example of this difference is ephedrine compared to ephedra.
Ephedrine is the potent chemical constituent derived from ephedra and
should not be confused with ephedra. In recent years, ephedrine has been a
popular, somewhat controversial, drug in the Western world, particularly in
the United States. A flurry of regulatory and legal activity has surrounded
the sale of the herb ephedra and the drug ephedrine in health food stores.
Ephedrine has been formulated to be used as a weight control “pep pill”
to use as a fat burner, decongestant, energizer, and stimulant. These improp-
erly formulated dietary supplements contain the potent drug ephedrine.
These diet pills have caused turmoil in the nutritional supplements industry
because of false advertising and misleading labeling. They are dangerously
formulated with other stimulants, such as caffeine, amphetamines, ginseng,
ginger, damiana root (Turnera diffusa), goldenseal root, sarsaparilla root,
zinc, and magnesium, and have caused serious toxicity and numerous
deaths. This practice is extremely dangerous because when these stimulants
are mixed together they can generate explosive reactions, both chemically
and pharmacologically.
This is a good example of why the effects of a whole herb and its isolated
chemical constituents must be considered separately. Any pharmaceutical
preparations containing isolated active constituents should not be classified
as herbal remedies. They should be classified and regulated as a drug. As in
the previous example, one should not confuse ephedrine with ephedra (ma
huang) just as one should not confuse caffeine with coffee or digitoxin with
digitalis.
The use of an herb in its natural form or as a whole extract is the true ap-
plication of an herbal remedy. Thus, a reasonable recommendation is to use
the whole herbal extract in order to obtain the total package of benefits, not
merely to use the chemically isolated active ingredient from the plant. Ap-
preciating the need for the whole herb, most herbal products imported from
China in recent years are extracts made from the entire herb or a mixture of
herbs. Today, it is this form of herbal remedies that licensed acupuncturists,
naturalists, nutritionists, and herbalists prefer and prescribe for their pa-
tients.
 PRACTICAL HERBALISM

Natural Resources and How Nature Affects the Medicinal Plants

Around 2500 B.C., mythologist, emperor, and sage, Shennong, devel-

oped agriculture. He taught people how to raise crops and animals, and
identified various plants. Shennong tested hundreds of herbs on himself,
and recorded their medicinal values and therapeutic uses. The Chinese rec-
ognize Shennong as the earliest practitioner of herbal medicine and credit
him as the author of China’s first Ben Cao, The Shennong Ben Cao Jing
(Shennong’s Materia Medica). Chinese medicinal herbs are commonly
called “Zhong Cao Yao” and are selectively listed in the official Chinese
Ben Cao (Materia Medica) and Chinese pharmacopoeia.
Because of its great size and geographic location, China has a wide vari-
ety of climatic conditions, soil, and terrain. Most of the medicinal plants
grow wild in the craggy mountains and deep valleys in the southern and
southwestern regions of Sichuan, Yunnan, Guangxi, Guizhou, and Xizang
(Tibet) provinces, and the northeastern provinces of Jilin, Liaoning, and
Heilongjiang, and the greater Inner Mongolia of China. From the earliest
recorded times, these areas have had rich resources of a wide variety of
medicinal plants.
Northeast China near the Siberian and Korean borders is home to many
of the most precious plants, including ginseng, astragalus, and lycium fruit.
The most famous herb, Panax ginseng, as well as many other valuable
herbs, can be found growing wild in the provinces of Liaoning and Jilin,
along the Chang Bai mountains. Four especially treasured herbs are found
in the province of Heilongjiang: bu lao cao (Boschnaskia rossica), ling zhi
(Lucid ganoderma), ci wu jia (Acanthopanax senticosus), and lu rong
(Cornu cervi nippon [pilose antler]).
Out of an estimated 200,000 plants that grow in Chinese soil, more than
3,000 different plant species have been identified and studied. Among these
3,000 valuable plants, more than 500 have been found to be effective and
safe for medicinal uses for humans.
Since the establishment of the People’s Republic of China in 1949, the
government has encouraged the cultivation of these wild mountain herbs. It
established the National Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Corporation (a top
government agency), and each province, city, country, or special district has
its local or branch corporation that specifically controls the growth, produc-
tion, processing, and trade of chemical and herbal medicines.
Certain plants of the same species will survive only in a particular type of
environment, with specific soil, rainfall, and climatic conditions. However,
the majority of plants do grow in a wide variety of environments. Recent re-
search has shown that, even though these plants may be of the same species,
their active contents (bioactive and inactive constituents) and composition,
and thus their therapeutic effects, vary greatly according to the area of
growth and the method of processing after harvesting.

Parts of Medicinal Plants

The particular parts of a medicinal plant differ with each herb. With some
plants, the roots, rhizomes, tubers, stems, bark, flowers, seeds, leaves, or
fruits are medicinally useful. In others, the roots and leaves, roots and rhi-
zomes, roots and stems, or the entire plant is useful. However, most medici-
nal recipes use the roots, rhizomes, seeds, or the entire plant.
The following are some important herbs processed from eleven different
parts of a plant:

1. Root (Rx): Chinese angelica, ginseng root, American ginseng, dahurian

angelica root, astragalus root, aucklandia root, bupleurum root,
cyathula root, gentiana root, isatis root, notoginseng, polygonum
(fleece flower root), licorice root, morinda root, ophiopogon, peony
root, polygala root, pseudostellaria root, pueraria root, rehmannia
root, scute root, stephania, and trichosanthes root
2. Rhizome (Rh): Alisma, anemarrhena, atractylodes, Chinese yam,
cibotium, cimicifuga, cnidium, curcuma, cyperus tuber, gastrodia,
ginger, polygonatum rhizome, rhubarb, turmeric, white atractylodes
3. Stem or Veins (Rh or Rl): Dendrobium, lonicera stem, uncaria stem,
millettia, akebia, loranthus
4. Bark (Cx): Acathopanax, albizzia, cinnamon, eucommia, magnolia
bark, moutan bark, phellodendron bark
5. Lignin (Lg): Aquilaria, sappan wood, acronychia (dalbergia wood),
camphorwood
6. Leaves (Fm): Apocynum (dogbane leaf), artemisia leaf, baphi-
cacanthis, loquat leaf, perilla leaf, morus leaf, ginkgo biloba leaf
7. Flowers (Fl): Albizzia flower, carthamus, chrysanthemum, wild
chrysanthemum, clove, lonicera flower, magnolia flower, tussilago
flower (coltsfoot)
8. Fruits (Fr): Ammomum fruit, bitter orange, immature bitter orange,
burdock fruit, chaenomeles, cornus fruit, forsythia fruit, gardenia,
hawthorn, lycium fruit, schisandra fruit
9. Seeds (Sm): Bitter apricot kernel, areca seed, coix seed, lepidium
seed, plantago seed, zizyphus, raphanus seed, semiaquilegia seed,
vaccaria seed, ginkgo biloba seed
 10. Whole Herb (Hb): Agastache, barbat skullcap, capillaris, black
nightshade, centipeda, dandelion, duchesnea, ephedra, houttuynia,
lycopodium, lysimachia, mentha, oldenlandia, patrinia, plantago
herb, prunella spike, sarcandra, siegesbeckia, schizonepeta, ver-
bena, viola herb
11. Fungus: Cordyceps, poria slices, polyporus, and ganoderma (reishi
mushroom)

Collecting the Parts of Medicinal Plants

Since different parts of a given plant mature at different seasons, the

parts must be collected at the proper time. The following section indicates
when the different parts should be collected:

• Root and rhizome: In late fall or early spring. The active ingredients of
the plant are generally prevalent at this time and the quality of the root
or rhizome is at its best.
• Barks: Between February and May. In the spring and early summer
the moisture content in the bark is high and facilitates easy bark strip-
ping.
• Leaves: Usually before the flowers begin to bloom. However, some
leaves may be collected in the fall when they begin to drop.
• Flowers: Between March and May, and during July and August.
Since the flowering season is generally short, proper timing is impor-
tant. The flowers should be in bud or have just bloomed. They should
be sun dried immediately.
• Fruits: Except for individual instances in which unripened fruits are
collected and used, fruits should be collected as soon as they ripen.
• Seeds: After they have matured completely. Certain medicinal herb
seeds fall and disperse easily upon maturity and so are collected after
the fruits have ripened but before the fruits split open.

HOW MEDICINAL PLANTS ARE PROCESSED

Preliminary Processing

Fresh medicinal herb parts tend to deteriorate quickly and must be pro-
cessed immediately after harvest. Certain herbs cannot be used raw. Only
after being properly processed can medicinal herbs exert their full therapeu-
tic effects and can their safety be guaranteed.
 The important steps for preliminary processing of herbs are as follows:

• Sorting: Surface dirt, impurities, and nonmedicinal parts are removed.

Parts that have different medicinal uses are separated.
• Washing: Most plants should be washed clean and free of dirt to meet
the basic requirements and standards of medicinal herbs. Note, how-
ever, that flowers and certain plants cannot be washed.
• Slicing and cutting: For easy packaging and storage, the crude herbs
must be dried. Before drying, all cleaned parts are sliced or cut into
appropriate sizes and shapes. Generally, thick and fat roots, rhizomes,
and woody vines are cut into thin slices, bark and leaves into fine
strips, and whole plants into sections.
• Drying: Most herbs are dried in direct sunshine. During rainy seasons
or on cloudy days, the herbs can be dried around an indoor stove. Aro-
matic herbs, such as mint, are dried in well-ventilated shade. Dried
herbs are safe, stable, and easy to store.
• Crushing or pressing: Certain juicy herbs are crushed or pressed for
their liquid or oil for external use.

The purposes of preliminary processing of herbs are

• to eliminate nonuseful parts and get rid of impurities,

• to ensure stability, and facilitate storage and transportation, and
• to make it easier to dispense or manufacture pharmaceuticals.

Special Pharmaceutical Processing

The primary steps for the special pharmaceutical processing of herbs are
stir baking (cooking with liquid vinegar, saltwater, ginger juice, honey, or
wine), parching to a brown color, calcining, and roasting. Some other pro-
cessing methods include steaming, boiling, and cooking in a special sol-
vent, scalding, germinating to sprouts, or fermenting under controlled con-
ditions. The processed crude herb is called processed, prepared, or cooked,
for example, processed or prepared licorice root versus dried licorice root,
processed rehmannia root versus dried rehmannia root, processed or pre-
pared aconite versus dried aconite.
The purposes of pharmaceutical processing of herbs are

• to decrease the plant’s bad taste,

• to eliminate possible side or toxic effects,
• to alter its medicinal characteristics, and
• to render the herb more effective.
 Also, in storage, the processed herbs are easier to keep and have a longer
shelf life than raw herbs.

CHEMICAL COMPONENTS OF MEDICINAL PLANTS

Many well-known medicinal herbs, such as ma huang, described as a

remedy for asthma or coughs and as a cardiac stimulant, are among the old-
est Chinese medicinal herbs scientifically identified. Licorice root has been
used for many centuries in China and in Europe for treating stomach com-
plaints and as a general sweetener. Snakeroot (Rauwalfia cerpentina) has
been used in India as a tranquilizer and to treat headaches and hypertension
for more than 4,000 years. These medicinal herbs contain different thera-
peutically or biologically active ingredients or components and inactive
components.
As a rule, the therapeutically active components in herbs, called constit-
uents, are isolated in the laboratory using processes of extraction, separa-
tion, purification, and identification. Generally, medicinal plants contain
the following sixteen different groups of biologically active and inactive
components.

Biologically Active Ingredients

1. Alkaloids
2. Amino acids, peptides
3. Enzymes
4. Essential, volatile or fixed oils, and oleoresins
5. Glycosides
6. Inorganic salts, minerals
7. Organic acids
8. Sugars
9. Trace elements
10. Vitamins

Biologically Inactive (Inert) Substances

11. Cellulose
12. Pigments
13. Gums, resins, and mucilaginous substance
14. Lignins
15. Starches
16. Water
 The chemically active ingredients in plants produce its characteristic
pharmacological properties and medical uses. For example, ginger root
contains starch, protein, lipids, lecithin, free fatty acids, the enzyme prote-
ase, various vitamins, resins, and the volatile oils of sesquiterpens, which
are the active components that make ginger a stomachic, carminative, and
diaphoretic agent.
Scientific research, including chemical, biological (pharmacological
and toxicological), and clinical studies, on ginseng (P. ginseng) over the
past 100 years shows that ginseng contains at least fifteen triterpenoid sapo-
nins, collectively known as ginsenosides (see Chapter 5). Other principals
include volatile oils, free and glucoside-bound sterols, panoxinol, starch,
organic acids, amino acids, various minerals, carbohydrates, nitrogenous
substances, enzymes, ferments, and trace elements. Research shows that the
active components, ginsenosides, and the inorganic trace elements are re-
sponsible for the tonic effects of ginseng root.
Among the biologically active components of different plants, the most
important components are glycosides, alkaloids, essential or volatile oils,
and saponins. The chemistry of and the plants containing these important
components are listed as follows.

Glycosides

Glycosides are compounds containing a glycone (sugar) component and

an aglycone (nonsugar) component that can be separated using chemical
hydrolysis. The glycone portion may be glucose, fructose, rhamnose,
xylose, or any other single sugar. The aglycone portion may be any organic
compound of sterol, triterpene, hydroquinone, anthraquinone, tannin,
carotenoid, or anthocyanidin. The most active glycoside-containing plants
are digitalis, rhubarb, aloe, ginseng, American ginseng, licorice root, bitter
almond, senna leaf, scute root, polygala root, carthamus flower, and
platycodon root.

Alkaloids

Alkaloids are organic nitrogen-containing amines—the most active and

potent components in herbal medicines. The most active alkaloid-contain-
ing medicinal plants include areca seed (contains arecoline), belladonna
(atropine), aconite (aconitine, mesaconitine), ephedra (ephedrine), coca
leaves (cocaine), coptis root (coptysin, berberine), ergot (ergotamine, ergo-
toxine, ergobasine), cinchona bark (quinine, quinidine, cinchonine), cory-
dalis tuber (corydaline), opium (morphine, codeine), tea leaves (caffeine,
theophylline, theobromine, xanthine), phellodendron (berberine palmitine),
and rauwolfia root (reserpine).

Essential Oils

Essential or volatile oils are ethereal oils that represent the odoriferous
constituents of plants. They are complex mixtures of a wide variety of or-
ganic compounds, including alcohols, ketones, phenols, esters, and alde-
hydes, that evaporate when exposed to air. Some plants containing volatile
oils are peppermint (peppermint oil), clove (clove oil), and rose (rose oil).

Saponins

Saponins are nitrogenous glycosides typically containing sterols or tri-

terpenes from aglycone that, when combined with water and shaken, pro-
duce foam. Today, with the availability of modern science and technology,
extractions of herbs or herb mixtures can be processed easily using different
solvents at different temperatures and dried under reduced pressure or
freeze-dried.

PROPERTIES OF MEDICINAL HERBS

Basic TCM Properties of Herbs

Based on TCM theory, herbs may display Cool or Cold, Hot or Warm,
sweet or bitter, acrid or tasteless properties that act on the kidney meridian
or on the spleen and liver meridians. Each herb, similar to food, has its own
characteristics. The book Yao Xing Lun (Discussions on Properties of Me-
dicinal Herbs) deals with basic properties, actions, and medicinal uses of
herbs. The basic properties of herbs in relation to clinical application in-
clude Si Qi, Wu Wei, and meridian affinity of herbs, and the less important
ascending and descending and floating and sinking properties.

Si Qi (The Four Energy Qualities)

Herbs possess different energy or temperature qualities of Cold, Hot,

Warm, or Cool. Herbs that are Cold and Cool differ in action and medicinal
use from those which are Hot and Warm in nature. Also, a cold-natured herb
differs slightly from a cool-natured herb and similarly, a hot-natured herb
differs slightly from a warm-natured herb. Not all herbs are Cold or Hot.
Some herbs are classified as neither Hot nor Cold, but neutral or bland.
However, neutral herbs may be slightly Cool or slightly Warm.
In clinical application, a patient has fever or febrile disease (yang dis-
ease) is treated with herbs that are Cold or Cool. Conversely, a patient who
is Cold (yin syndrome) should be treated with Warm or Hot herbs. For ex-
ample, a Cool herb such as peppermint (Mentha piperita), is good for its di-
aphoretic properties when used in the summer. Capsicum minimum is a Hot
herb and would be a better choice during a cold winter.
Many food items possess similar treatment qualities. In different sea-
sons, we customarily eat different foods. For example, bitter melon, winter
melon, mung bean, and tofu are Cool or Cold in nature, suitable for summer
or consumed in hot weather. Lamb meat and hot pepper, on the other hand,
are Warm or Hot, suitable for cold weather.
For healing purposes, herbs that are Cold/Cool cause an inhibitive or
sedative effect and tend to inhibit the activities of the digestive system, me-
tabolism, cardiovascular system, and internal digestive juice secretions.
Hot/Warm herbs, on the other hand, are stimulating. They cause a tonic ef-
fect on the nervous and the cardiovascular systems, digestive activities, and
metabolism, and they activate internal hormonal secretions.
Table 3.1 illustrates how herbs with different energy qualities produce
different actions and have different therapeutic uses.

TABLE 3.1. Herbs with Different Energy Qualities Produce Different Actions and
Have Different Therapeutic Uses

Qualities Actions and Uses

Cold/Cool nature 1. Clear heat (pyroletic)
2. Purge fire and treat febrile syndromes
3. Remove toxic substances
4. Nourish yin, nourish blood
Hot/Warm nature 1. Disperse cold, wind, dampness
2. Relieve cold syndromes, dispel pathogenic exterior cold
3. Treat collapse
4. Nourish yang, tone the Qi
Neutral (bland) 1. Regulate blood circulation
2. Soothe nerves
3. Remove dampness
Wu Wei (The Five Flavors of Herbs)

Generally, there are five flavors inherent in herbs: acrid, sweet, sour, bit-
ter, and salty. Some herbs, however, are tasteless, while others are astrin-
gent. Herbs that are sour and astringent, or tasteless and sweet, have the
same effect. Empirical evidence has shown that each of these five basic
tastes indicates a specific pharmacological trait and acts specifically on
different organs. For example:

• Bitter herbs act on the heart.

• Sour herbs act on the liver.
• Sweet herbs act on the spleen.
• Acrid herbs act on the lungs.
• Salty herbs act on the kidneys.

Meridian Affinity Property

The meridian affinity property is typical in Chinese medicine. It refers to

an herb’s selective therapeutic effects on a certain part of the body. Experi-
ence showed that by using bupleurum root, pain of the hypochondriac
region is relieved and that by using gypsum, the swelling and pain of the
gums are relieved. This led ancient Chinese physicians to hypothesize that
bupleurum root acts on the liver meridian and that gypsum acts selectively
on the stomach meridian. Through repeated clinical trials using different
herbs for different ailments, a theory of “meridian affinity, or tropism, of
herbs” was eventually developed.
Gastrodia tuber (tian ma), which is sweet and neutral, has an affinity for
the liver meridian. It is used to treat liver-related disorders of epilepsy, head-
ache, and light-headedness due to hyperactivity of the liver yang. It acts by
checking endogenous Wind to relieve convulsions, calms the liver, and sup-
presses liver-yang hyperactivity. Polygala root, which is Pungent, bitter,
and slightly Warm, selectively acts on the heart and lung meridians. Medici-
nally, polygala root helps reduce mental stress and tranquilizes the mind.
Chinese chuan xiong, which is Pungent and Warm, acts on the liver, gall-
bladder, and pericardium meridians. It promotes the flow of Qi and blood,
is able to eliminate the exogenous pathogenic factor, is used for menstrual
and abdominal pain, pain in the hypochondriac region, various types of
headaches, numbness and pain in the extremities, rheumatic arthralgia, and
angina pectoris.
Those who are interested in using herbs should understand the properties
of herbs first. Herbs with affinity for several meridians usually produce
complex actions and are useful in multiple ways. On the other hand, differ-
ent herbs acting on the same meridian may have markedly different effects
because of their varied energy qualities and tastes. For example, ephedra,
peppermint, honeysuckle flower, ginger root, and ginseng root all act on the
lung meridian but produce quite different effects and are used quite differ-
ently. Ephedra, which is Pungent, bitter, and Warm, relieves Wind-Cold
type colds. Peppermint, which is Pungent and Cold, relieves Wind-Heat
type colds. Honeysuckle flower, which is sweet and Cold, relieves Heat and
treats high fever and epidemic febrile disease. Ginseng root, which is sweet,
slightly bitter, and neutral, is a general Qi tonic remedy. Ginger root, which
is Pungent and Hot, expels Cold, warms up the lungs, and expels phlegm
from the lungs.

Ascending and Descending and Floating and Sinking Character

Another clever discovery by the ancient Chinese physicians was that

herbs also have motion, or ascending and descending (or lifting and lower-
ing) and floating and sinking properties. These properties refer to the up-
ward, downward, outward, or inward directions in which the herbs tend to
act on the body. Floating means going from within the body to the surface of
the body; sinking means moving inside or purging away. Herbs with as-
cending and floating properties elevate yang, relieve exterior syndromes by
means of diaphoresis, dispel superficial pathogenic Wind and Cold, induce
vomiting, or cause resuscitation. Herbs with descending and sinking prop-
erties have downward and inward actions, and are used to relieve fever, in-
duce purgation, promote urination, remove Dampness of the body, stop
vomiting, relieve asthma and cough, and improve digestion.
Herbs with ascending and floating properties are good for treating dis-
eases located in the upper part of the body and are exterior in nature. Herbs
with descending and sinking properties are often prescribed for diseases lo-
cated in the lower part of the body and are interior in nature.
Most sweet, Pungent, and Warm or Hot herbs carry lifting and floating
actions, whereas most bitter, sour, salty, and Cold or Cool herbs carry low-
ering and sinking actions. However, modern materia medica pays less atten-
tion to the motion properties.

Therapeutic Properties of Herbs

In addition to the basic TCM qualities of herbs previously discussed,

contemporary Chinese medicine classifies medicinal herbs into eighteen
different groups based on their actions and medicinal uses. They are:
1. Tonics (Energizing and Nourishing Agents): Tonics in TCM are dif-
ferent in action from stimulants in Western medicine. Stimulants are
chemical substances that temporarily increase functional activity of
certain organs or nerves. They may be used for cardiac, respiratory,
or intestinal difficulty, or to stimulate hormonal secretions. Tonics,
on the other hand, are energizing, remedying, and nourishing, and
are used in TCM for correcting ailments or conditions known as
“deficiency” or “empty” syndromes. They are, by far, the most im-
portant and most frequently prescribed herbs. Tonics consist of four
groups, known as Qi tonics, blood tonics, yin tonics, and yang ton-
ics.

• Qi tonics, such as ginseng, Siberian ginseng, and astragalus root

(used mainly to invigorate the physiological functions of the
body), are especially useful for deficiency of the Spleen-Qi and
Lung-Qi. (See Chapter 5 for further information.)
• Blood tonics, such as Chinese angelica root, processed rehman-
nia root, and white peony root, are indicated for syndromes of
blood deficiency. (See Chapter 5 for further information.)
• Yin tonics, such as American ginseng root, ophiopogon root, and
polygonatum root, are mainly used to nourish the yin of the body.
(See Chapter 6 for further information.)
• Yang tonics, such as epimedium and pilose antler, are used for
yang deficiency syndrome and male impotency. They are also
used to reinforce the activities of the kidney yang, and to enhance
the functions of the kidneys and the body’s resistance to disease
in general. (see Chapter 6 for further information.)

2. Qi and blood regulation agents: This group, which includes such

herbs as aucklandia, salvia root, cnidium, and carthamas flower, ac-
tivates and balances the Qi and blood. This group of herbs also in-
clude hemostatics. One outstanding hemostatic herb is notoginseng.
(See Chapter 7 for further information.)
3. Herbal tranquilizers and sedatives, such as polygala root and biota
seed, are used for relaxation and stress reduction. (See Chapter 8 for
further information.)
4. Herbal diaphoretics (sweating herbs), such as ephedra and pepper-
mint, induce perspiration. Diaphoretics are classified into Pungent-
Warm and Pungent-Cold types. The Pungent-Warm diaphoretics,
such as ephedra, cinnamon twig, and siler, are used to treat exterior
syndromes due to affliction by Wind-Cold exopathogens. The Pun-
 gent-Cold type of diaphoretics, such as peppermint, chrysanthe-
mum, and bupleurum, are used to treat exterior syndromes due to
affliction by Wind-Heat exopathogens. (See Chapter 9 for further
information.)
5. Herbal expectorants, antitussives, and antiasthmatics, such as pla-
tycodon root, stemona root, and trichosanthes root, are indicated to
resolve phlegm, relieve coughs, and soothe asthmatic attacks. (See
Chapter 10 for further information.)
6. Antirheumatism herbs, such as pubescent angelica, notopterygium
root, gastrodia, loranthus, stephania, and cynanchum root, are basi-
cally classified as Dampness-eliminating agents in most Chinese
materia medica texts, and these herbs are capable of treating rheu-
matic pain. (See Chapter 11 for further information.)
7. Herbs for digestion and food stagnation, such as hawthorn berry,
agastache, germinated barley, and rhubarb, treat gastrointestinal ail-
ments, indigestion, and food stagnation. (see Chapter 12 for further
information.)
8. Purgative herbs, such as rhubarb and hemp seed, lubricate the large
intestines to induce loose stools and to relieve constipation and food
stagnation. Purgative herbs exert a stronger action than laxatives,
and are appropriate for acute conditions. Laxatives offer a milder lu-
brication that is best suited for chronic conditions or for elderly pa-
tients. (See Chapter 12 for further information.)
9. Herbal diuretics, such as as alisma, hoelen, and polyporus, are used
to induce diuresis and eliminate internal Dampness. (See Chapter 13
for further information.)
10. Interior warming and Cold-expelling herbs, such as ginger and cin-
namon bark, are Warm and Pungent in nature. They disperse cold-
ness in the abdominal tract, and relieve abdominal pain, diarrhea,
and other symptoms due to interior Cold. (See Chapters 9 and 12 for
further information.)
11. Anthelmintic herbs, such as areca seed, expel parasites in the human
body. (See Chapter 12 for further information.)
12. Herbal astringents, such as schisandra fruit, alpinia fruit, and cornus
fruit, are chiefly used to arrest or reduce the loss of body fluid. (See
Chapter 5 for further information.)
13. Herbal antipyretics, such as scute root, coptis root, and pulsatilla
root, are chiefly indicated for febrile diseases with fever, dysentery,
suppurative infections, and for detoxification. Standard Chinese
materia medica further divides antipyretics into five subgroups in
accordance with their actions and uses. Herbs such as gardenia,
phragmitis, prunella spike, scute root, coptis root, and gentiana root
 are antipyretics. Other antipyretics, such as lonicera stem, forsythia
fruit, and pulsatilla root, are potent heat-clearing, detoxifying, and
antimicrobial agents. (See Chapter 14 for further information.)
14. Antitumor and anticancer herbs, such as oldenlandia, lobeliae,
akebia fruit, and viola are anticancer agents. Certain potent and
slightly toxic antimicrobes and antipyretics include herbs capable of
producing detoxifying effects and a strong tumor-cell-inhibiting ef-
fect. (See Chapter 15 for further information.)
15. Herbs for calming the liver, such as gastrodia tuber, uncaria stem,
and powdered oyster shell, are used for disorders of liver yang,
spasms and convulsions caused by an accumulation of endogenous
Wind of the liver, and intense Heat in the liver. (See Chapter 8 for
further information.)
16. Resuscitating herbs, such as musk, storax, borneol, and acorus, with
their strong aromatic odors that stimulate the sense organs, are used
to treat loss of consciousness and delirium due to the invasion of
pathogenic Heat into the Xinbao (TCM pericardium). (see Chapter 8
for further information.)
17. Herbal emetics, such as Pedicellus melo and Rhizoma veratri (Vera-
trum nigrum) induce vomiting and are used for acute conditions
such as food poisoning or ailments of the upper gastrointestinal
tract.
18. Herbs for external application, which include sopheria root, loni-
cera, prunella spike, wild chrysanthemum flower, and pulsatilla
root, are used externally. (See Chapter 14 for further information.)

DOSAGE OF HERBS

Dosage is the amount of dried herbs to be used daily in a decoction by an

adult, usually based on a man’s body. Dosage is directly related to the thera-
peutic effects and therefore should be properly determined. Since herbs are
crude medicine, the dosage of these agents are not as strict as most potent
chemical drugs. Chinese materia medica list herbal dosage in a broad range,
from 3 to 10 g.
However, certain potent herbs, such as ginseng root or ephedra, should
not exceed 3 g per day. Several very potent and potentially toxic herbs, such
as ma qian zi (Strychnos nux-vomica), are used only in special cases. The
dosage of these herbs should be less than 1 g, and they must be used only for
emergency cases. The dosage of such potent herbs, such as ephedra and
processed aconite, should be strictly controlled. When used in a decoction,
the dosage of the crude herb can be larger than it is when used in a powder
form. Also, the dose of each herb should be smaller if it is dispensed in a
recipe with other herbs of similar action.
The dosage of herbs is adjusted to suit each patient. For example, the
amount of herbs prescribed for a strong adult is greater than that for a
weaker adult, greater for a young adult than for an aged person or child, and
greater for a man than for a woman. The dosage for a child of age six to
twelve is about one half to two-thirds of an adult dose.
Potent herbs or patent medicines should not be used by pregnant women
or lactating mothers, or by children below the age of three years. Smaller
dosages are usually prescribed for a patient with a mild disease than for a
patient with a severe disease. Patients with chronic diseases should be
treated slowly by using smaller doses. Patients with acute ailments may re-
quire heavy doses in an attempt to save their lives.
Since 1979, the Chinese government has adopted the metric system for
all pharmaceuticals, in place of the old traditional Chinese weight system of
fen, chian, liang, and jin, for uniformity and simplicity. If you see an old
prescription, the converting factors are as follows:

1 jin equals 500 g

1 liang equals 31.2 g
1 chian equals 3.12 g
1 fen equals 0.31 g

Side Effects and Safety Guidelines

Each herbal discussion in this book includes an informative section

about precautions, dosage, side effects, and toxicity, however, following are
some general guidelines for using herbs.

1. Do not take herb quality and identity for granted. Chinese herbs im-
ported from mainland China, Hong Kong, Macao, or Taiwan are in
labeled packages with pharmaceutical and Chinese names, but the
quality of each herb is quite different, along with the prices. This is
because the sources of the raw herb vary. Adulteration is possible,
particularly among such expensive herbs as ginseng, cordyceps, and
ganoderma. When in doubt about the identity, do not take the herb.
2. Use only recommended amounts (suggested doses) for recom-
mended periods. When herbs have caused harm, the vast majority of
cases involved people who consumed the wrong herb, huge amounts
(overdose), or for extended periods.
 3. Adapt dosage for the elderly and children. If the patient is over the
age of sixty or under the age of six, the recommended daily dosage
should be reduced. Many elderly people cannot tolerate, or develop
increased sensitivity to, herbs or even certain foods.
4. Avoid an improper herb-drug mix. Be extra cautious if you take a
number of different drugs, including alcohol. Never take herbs and
drugs at the same time, no matter what the drug. Vitamins or other
nutritional supplements are usually safe because these products do
not cause dangerous interactions with most herbs.
5. Pay attention to any adverse symptoms or toxicity. If stomach upset,
nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, headache, and/or skin rashes or itching
develop within an hour after ingesting the herb or herb product, stop
taking it and consult a health practitioner or take some detoxifying
substances to neutralize the toxicity.
6. Be extra careful when using herb oils. In most aromatic herbs, es-
sential or volatile oils are active chemical constituents, and are
highly concentrated and potent. Amounts that seem small may
cause serious harm. As little as one teaspoon of pennyroyal oil or
clove oil, for example, can cause serious health problems, even
death. If you must take an oil, take only one or two drops at a time.
7. Be cautious when using Chinese herbal patent medicines. The for-
mulated pharmaceuticals of herbs are made for different ailments or
symptoms. Identifying the exact name and formula of the patent
products is important. Taking the wrong product may be harmful
and cause adverse side effects.
8. Pregnant and nursing women are not advised to use herbs. Herbs
that cause no harm to adults may harm the unborn and newborns.
9. Medicinal herbs are not for children. Do not give any herbs, dry or
fresh, to very young children. Those under the age of three should
not take any herbs. If absolutely necessary, only use very diluted
preparations.
10. Based on traditional materia medica, there are four grades of toxic-
ity in Chinese herbs.

Very toxic, such as euphorbia root (Euphorbia fischeriana) and

aconite (Aconitum carmichaeli).
Toxic, such as pinellia (Pinellia ternata), castor oil seed (Ricinus
communis), and euphorbia (E. kansui).
Slightly toxic, such as evodia fruit (Evodia rutaecarpa), quis-
qualis (Quisqualis indica), peach kernel (Prunus persica), and
ginkgo seed (Fructus gingko biloba).
Nontoxic. About 95 percent of commonly used Chinese herbs are
nontoxic at the recommended dose levels.
 Any herb can be toxic and cause death depending on how it is used and
when it is used. On the other hand, a very toxic herb can be the best medi-
cine, if used correctly. Chinese herbs recorded as very toxic and slightly
toxic are mostly anthelmintic, antipyretic, dampness clearing, antitumor,
and emetic, and those used externally. One must be cautious when using
them.

FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE THE EFFICACY OF HERBS

A common question often asked is, “Are Chinese herbs safe to use?” The
answer is, “Yes.” Experience with Chinese herbs has accumulated over four
millennia. Since all herbs exported from China are properly processed,
packaged, and examined by the government, herbs or herbal patent medi-
cines are not toxic if they are used properly. Any unpleasant side effects or
toxic effects may be due to an overdose, allergic reaction, an incorrect pre-
scription, or the use of herbs of the wrong species.
To avoid potential side effects and ensure the efficacy of herbs, clinicians
and patients should note the following five points:

1. Pay attention to the age, sex, and physical condition of the patient. As
previously stated, young children and aged seniors should take only
70 to 90 percent of the regular adult dose. The bodily processes of ab-
sorption, distribution, detoxification, and elimination of the young
and the old function less efficiently than that of a typical adult. Also,
patients who suffer from liver or kidney ailments, or both, need
smaller doses because they have difficulty detoxifying and eliminat-
ing the metabolized wastes. For similar reasons, pregnant women and
lactating mothers should avoid using certain herbs, particularly strong
potent herbs.
2. Understand the nature of the ailment. The vast majority of toxicity
cases occur when the wrong herbs are consumed, when huge amounts
(more than the recommended dose) are used, or the same herbs are
continuously used for a long period of time. In clinical practice, avoid
prescribing Cold or Cool herbs for treating cold syndromes, or Warm
or Hot herbs for heat syndromes.
3. Avoid poor quality herbs and use herbs properly. Today, herbs or
herbal patent medicines are imported from China, Taiwan, or Hong
Kong. Be aware of the quality and dependability of the products be-
fore ordering or using. Poor quality herbs generate poor results or
toxic effects. Also, before using any herb or patent medicine, its qual-
 ity should be thoroughly understood. The herbs should be prepared
properly and taken in the correct amount.
4. Avoid food-herb or drug-herb mixing. To avoid possible bad interac-
tions, herbs or patent medicines should never be mixed or taken with
any chemical drugs, alcoholic beverages, or beverages containing caf-
feine. Also, do not take cold food or drinks, or greasy and spicy foods
with herbs because these foods may cause flatulence and thus block
the normal digestion and absorption of the herbal medicine.
5. Establish a good doctor-patient relationship. A poor bedside manner,
cool attitude, lack of sympathy, and unfriendly conversation from the
health care professional may produce a negative effect and cause con-
fusion or suspicion for the patient. All these may lead to a less effec-
tive or ineffective therapy.

HOW CHINESE MEDICINAL HERBS ARE USED

Herbs can be used in fresh or dry form alone or in a mixture. The tradi-
tional and most convenient way is to use the crude herb, whether a root, rhi-
zome, bark, leaves, fruit, seed, or flowers, and cook it with water to make an
herbal tea or decoction. Another method is to use it as a powder. The pow-
dered herb can be made into pills or boluses (see Chapter 16 for more infor-
mation). The third way, and also the modern way, is to use the whole herbal
extract in its powdered or granular form. The powdered herbal extract can
be made into tablets, capsules, or pills by a pharmaceutical manufacturer.
The following are some of the most common methods of dispensing herbs.

Infusion

Infusion is the best and simplest way to obtain an herb’s active ingredi-
ents. If the prescription calls for 30 g of a dried herb, steep the herb in a
well-stoppered bottle, add 500 ml of hot water or water-alcohol mixture,
and store the mixture for ten hours. The clear solution is used. The infusion
may be sweetened with licorice, honey, or corn syrup. It should be stored in
a refrigerator for no longer than ten days. If there is any sign of fermentation
or spoiling, the infusion should be discarded.
If a fresh herb is used for an infusion, the amount should be two to three
times more than the dried herbs. Many plant parts such as leaves, flowers,
stems, bark, and roots ground up are suitable for making infusions.
Herbal Tea

Tea is another common form in which herbs are taken. Put one to two
teaspoons of crushed or powdered herbs, or a mixture of herbs, in a teapot
and pour hot water over the herbs. Simmer for ten to fifteen minutes, pour
the tea through a sieve or strainer into a cup, and drink while hot. Of course,
the tea can be sweetened to fit individual taste.
A second method of tea preparation is to seal the powdered or crushed
herb, or mixture of herbs, in a paper tea bag and place the tea bag directly in
a cup. Pour hot water over the bag and let it steep for five to ten minutes. The
tea bag can then be thrown away and the tea taken hot or cold.
Herbal teas are not only useful as medicines or alternatives to coffee or
sweetened drinks but can, in their own right, make excellent beverages.
Many Chinese herbs make excellent herbal teas, which can make a deli-
cious addition to everyday life and can open up a whole world of subtle de-
lights and pleasures.

Decoction

Decoction, or Tang in Chinese medicine, is the most common form in

which herbs are ingested. It is a dark-colored liquid extract made by boiling
the herb or herbs with pure water in a ceramic, clay, glass, or stainless steel
pot (avoid copper, aluminum, or iron pots). Herbal decoctions have the ad-
vantages of being easily absorbed and they produce quick curative effects.
In addition, herbs can be adjusted each time based on the conditions of the
disease. Herbal decoctions are not only used internally but also externally
as lotions, enemas, and as bath solutions for skin ailments.
The following is a simplified method of preparing a decoction:

1. Transfer the herbs (the amount of each herb is based on the prescrip-
tion) into a properly sized container.
2. Pour enough pure water into the pot to completely cover the herbs.
The amount of water used is about three to five times the volume of
the herbs. Stir and soak the herbs for about ten to fifteen minutes.
3. Place the pot over medium heat and bring to a boil. Then reduce the
heat and simmer for about thirty to forty minutes. Take care not to al-
low the herbs to boil over and, if needed, add more water to avoid
scorching.
4. Filter the herbs while they are still hot by using a strainer and a piece
of cheesecloth above the strainer to make a filtrate. The filtrate is the
decoction. Store the decoction in a glass container.
 5. Second cooking. Add slightly less water than that in step 2 to the
cooked herbs in the pot and repeat steps 3 and 4.
6. Pour the second filtrate into the same glass container as the first fil-
trate. Store the decoction in a refrigerator. The cooked herbs can be
thrown away.

Herbal decoctions spoil easily and should not be stored in the refrigera-
tor for longer than seven days. The decoction is usually taken warm before
meals, three to four times a day, unless the practitioner gives different
instructions.
Part IV of this book lists a great number of herbal recipes that are origi-
nally in the form of Tang, or decoctions, but most modern preparations
make these as pills, tablets, or capsules.

Tincture

Tincture is an alcohol, or an alcohol-water mixture extract of herbs. An

alcohol-water mixture makes a better infusion than water. Tincture is a
better preparation of herbs because the alcohol is a good preservative. The
following is a simple way to prepare tinctures:

1. Put 100 g of herbs in a glass container and pour about 500 ml of wine
or liquor into the herbs.
2. Stopper and store in a warm place for about fourteen days.
3. Filter the herbs through a strainer to produce the filtrate.

The filtrate is a clear, potent alcoholic extract of herbs. Store the tincture
in a brown bottle and keep it in a cool place. The usual dose is about one to
four teaspoons.

Liquid Extract and Extract

Liquid extract is called Liu Qin Gao and an extract is called Gao in Chi-
nese medicine. Both are concentrated and potent modern pharmaceutical
herbal preparations. People unable to swallow tablets, capsules, or pills can
take either a liquid extract or extract. Part IV of this book lists a number of
extract (Gao) preparations.

Powders

Powders are called San in Chinese medicine. They are an herb or mixture
of herbs finely ground for oral administration or external application. The
coarsely ground herbal powder is used to make infusions or decoctions.
Pills of different sizes, tablets, capsules, and tea bags are prepared by using
finely powdered herbs. Powdered herbs are rather stable and easy to use.

Pills or Boluses

Pills are called Wan in Chinese medicine. They are made in various sizes
with powdered herbs, moistened with honey, water, vinegar, or wine; rice
flour paste is used as a recipient or binder to make different sizes manually
or by a machine. The size of a pill can be as small as a millet seed or as large
as a pigeon’s egg. The small-sized pill is call Dan and the large-sized pill is
called Wan in Chinese medicine.
Small-sized pills are easily swallowed with water. Large-sized pills have
to be chewed up or cut into small pieces before orally ingested.
In Chinese medicine, there are three types of herb pills: honey pills, wa-
ter pills, and concentrated extract pills. The concentrated extract pills are
modern pharmaceutical preparations that are effective and potent.

Dried Herbal Extract Granules

Dried herbal extract granules are another modern pharmaceutical herbal

preparation. They are prepared in coarse granular form and easily dissolve
in water to make a tea. The dried herbal extract granules can easily super-
sede the traditional way of dispensing crude herbs in pharmacies.

Tablets

Tablets are modern pharmaceutical preparations made of powdered

herbs or dried herbal extract granules. Tablets are easy to take and have a
long shelf life.

Capsules

Capsules are the easiest way to take herbs since the bitterness and other
disagreeable tastes of herbs can be masked. The herbs are ground into very
fine powder and poured into gelatine capsules. Today, capsules made of rice
flour are available on the market. This nongelatin type of capsule is wel-
comed by many vegetarians.
 Chapter 4

Effective
Effective Herbal
Herbal Recipes Recipes
and Patent Medicines
and Patent Medicines

HERBAL RECIPES (FORMULAS, PRESCRIPTIONS)

In the West, doctors and herbalists typically prescribe a single drug sub-
stance. For example, herbalists prescribe goldenseal for tonic purposes, gar-
lic pills to enhance the immune system and lower blood pressure, and so on.
Chinese doctors, however, are accustomed to prescribing multiple herbs.
Clinical experience shows that using a blend of several herbs in a recipe en-
hances the therapeutic effect because it creates a wider spectrum of actions
and provides better results in treating diseases.
Herbal recipes are often referred to as Fang, Cheng Fang, or Fang Ji in
Chinese medicine. An herbal recipe is written based on the diagnosis of the
disease, the patient’s condition, and how the disease is to be treated. A rec-
ipe (formula, prescription) is formed by properly combining various ingre-
dients (individual herbs) with the purpose of producing desired therapeutic
effects and reducing toxicity or side effects.
Traditional Chinese medicine uses many types of recipes including sim-
ple recipes, complex or compound recipes, secret recipes handed down
from ancestors or from the royal palace, traditional recipes, and contempo-
rary recipes. In general, a simple recipe is a recipe that contains only one
herb and a complex recipe contains several herbal ingredients.
Based on TCM theory, a complex recipe must contain principal, assis-
tant, adjuvant, and guiding herbs. The principal herb is used to treat the
chief symptoms of the disease, while the secondary herbs or other ingredi-
ents are used to treat minor symptoms.
The recipe Si Jun Zi Tang (Decoction of Four Noble Herbs) provides a
good example of a complex recipe. This recipe is made of one principal
herb, one assistant herb, one adjuvant herb, and one guiding herb. The com-
position, direction, actions, indications, and explanation of the complex
recipe are as follows:
 Composition:
10 g ginseng (principal herb)
9 g white atractylodes (assistant herb)
9 g poria (adjuvant herb)
6 g processed licorice root (guiding herb)

Directions: All ingredients are cooked in water for a decoction for oral
administration.
Actions and indications: The recipe is a Stomach-Qi and Spleen-Qi in-
vigorating remedy and is used for treating poor appetite, watery stools, a
pale complexion, lassitude of limbs, lack of energy, and a thready and weak
pulse.
Explanation: Ginseng is used to invigorate the Qi, strengthen the spleen
and stomach, and acts as the principal herb. White atractylodes is effective
for strengthening the spleen and eliminating Dampness and is used as an as-
sistant herb. Poria is used for strengthening the effect of ginseng and is an
adjuvant herb. Licorice root, sweet and Warm in nature, is the guiding herb
of the decoction and is used for adjusting the Middle-Jiao of the body and
correcting the bitter taste of the decoction.
Another complex recipe, Long Dan Xie Gan Tang (Decoction of Genti-
ana Root to Purge the Liver), contains ten different herbs:

Composition:
6 g gentiana root (principal herb)
9 g scute root, processed (assistant herb)
9 g gardenia fruit (assistant herb)
12 g alisma (adjuvant herb)
9 g akebia trifolia (adjuvant herb)
9 g plantain seed (adjuvant herb)
3 g Chinese angelica (guiding herb)
9 g dried rehmannia, (guiding herb)
9 g bupleurum (guiding herb)
10 g licorice root (guiding herb)

Directions: Cook all herbs in water to make a decoction for oral adminis-
tration.
Actions and indications: This recipe is used to eliminate excessive Heat
from the Gan (TCM liver) and Dan (TCM gallbladder), and remove the
Damp-Heat from the Lower-Jiao.
Explanation: Gentiana root is the principal herb. It is used to purge ex-
cessive Heat in the liver and gallbladder, and also to clear up Heat and
Dampness in the intestines, thus providing the recipe’s chief therapeutic ef-
fects. Scute root and gardenia fruit are assistant herbs, used together to rein-
force the properties of the gentiana root and to produce a synergistic effect.
Alisma, akebia trifolia, and plantain seed are adjuvant herbs and remove
pathogenic Heat and induce diuresis to dispel Dampness and Heat from the
body. Chinese angelica root and dried rehmannia root are guiding herbs and
nourish the yin and blood so as to soothe the liver. Bupleurum is a guiding
herb that soothes the liver and regulates the circulation of Qi in the liver and
gallbladder, so as to produce a synergetic effect with other herbs in the rec-
ipe. Licorice root is a mild sweetener and detoxifier. It functions as a buffer,
sweetener, and mediator, and serves as a guiding herb.
More than 80,000 recipes have been written by different physicians dur-
ing the past four millennia and recorded in different formularies or medical
works. For example, the recipes Ping Wei San (R-59), Xiao Yao Wan (R-41),
Xiao Huo Luo Dan (R-51), and Chuang Xiong Cha Tiao San (R-49) are re-
corded in the famous text of Tai Ping Hui Min He Ji Ju Fang (Formularies of
the Bureau of People’s Welfare Pharmacies) (see Chapter 2 for further in-
formation).

HOW HERBAL RECIPES ARE MODIFIED

When using any of the age-old recipes, proper adjustments must be made
at each patient’s office visit, based on the nature and condition of the dis-
ease and changes in the patient. A new recipe is made by adding or deleting
some herbs or by simply increasing or decreasing the dose of certain herbs
without altering the original composition of the recipe.
Herb users must realize that when two or three herbs of similar action are
combined in a complex recipe, an additive or synergistic effect can be ex-
pected. Thus, a smaller dose of each herb is required than if it were used
alone. When writing a complex or compound recipe, caution must be taken
to avoid possible contraindications (pharmacological) and incompatibili-
ties (chemical) among the herbs.

How Recipes are Grouped

Recipes, similar to herbs, have different actions and uses. TCM materia
medica classify recipes into the following eighteen groups:

1. Tonic recipes: Recipes that tone the Qi or blood, such as Si Jun Zi

Tang or Dang Gui Wan.
2. Tonic recipes: Recipes that tone the yin or yang, such as Liu Wei Di
Huang Wan or Jin Gui Shen Qi Wan.
 3. Diaphoretic recipes: Recipes for the treatment of exterior symp-
toms, such as Ma Huang Tang or Yin Qiao Jei Du Pan.
4. Febrifugal recipe: Recipes that relieve Heat from the interior of the
body, such as Long Dan Xie Gan Tang.
5. Qi-regulating recipe: Such as Si Ni San or Gua Lou Xi Bai Ban Xia
Tang.
6. Blood-regulating recipe: Such as Xue Fu Zhu Yu Tang.
7. Recipes that expel Wind: Such as Tain Ma Gou Teng Yin or Chuan
Xiong Cha Tiao San.
8. Recipes that expel Wind-Dampness: Such as Du Huo Ji Sheng Tang.
9. Desiccating recipes: Recipes that relieve internal Dampness, such
as Huo Xiang Zheng Qi Wan or Yin Chen Hao Tang.
10. Recipes that calm the mind: Such as Suan Zao Ren Tang.
11. Mediation recipes: Such as Xiao Che Hu Tang or Xiao Yao Wan.
12. Purgative recipes: Such as Da Cheng Qi Tang.
13. Recipes that reduce food stagnation: Such as Bao He Wan.
14. Recipes that expel phlegm and relieve asthma: Such as Xiao Qing
Long Tang.
15. Astringent recipes: Such as Si Shen Wan.
16. Interior warming recipes: Such as Li Zhong Tang.
17. Recipes that expel parasites: Such as Mu Xiang Beng Lang Wan.
18. Recipes that treat carbuncles: Such as Da Huang Mu Dan Tang.

The actions and medicinal uses of recipes are discussed in detail in Part
IV of this book.

PATENT MEDICINES AND MODERN PHARMACEUTICAL

HERBAL PREPARATIONS

Today, herbal pharmaceutical factories in China make many excellent

herbal recipes into over-the-counter patent medicines in different forms
such as pills, boluses, tablets, granules, powders, capsules, oral liquid solu-
tions, tinctures, suppositories, plasters, and injections.
The majority of people in China routinely use patent medicines to com-
bat minor ailments such as flu, the common cold, insomnia, constipation,
diarrhea, stomach pain, cough, minor headaches, and arthritis pains. Patent
medicines have the advantage of being safe, effective, economical, and eas-
ily accessible to patients. In Chinese hospitals, it is common for 200 to 300
popular herbal patent medicines to be stocked on the shelves of the hospital
pharmacy.
 The manufacture of any new herbal patent medicine in China must be ap-
proved by the national or provincial health authority. Any newly developed
formulated product must initially be tested in the laboratory and then pass
clinical trials in the hospital to guarantee that the formulation is safe and
effective.
More than 1,000 herbal patent medicines are available on the market.
Products manufactured by established pharmaceutical plants in China or
elsewhere are dependable and safe, assuming the products are made accord-
ing to good manufacturing practices procedures.

QUALITY CONTROL
AND GOOD MANUFACTURING PRACTICES (GMP)
OF HERBAL PRODUCTS

The U.S. Food and Drug Administration and similar agencies in Canada,
Australia, and China are committed to ensuring that all health care products
available to consumers are safe and effective, and that they are accurately
and truthfully labeled so that consumers can make intelligent, informed de-
cisions concerning the product. Good manufacturing practices (GMP),
started in the United States, are established procedures to guarantee that a
manufacturer’s products, such as food or drugs, are safe and effective.
In the authors’ opinion, the same GMP procedures for manufacturing
drugs should also be applied to nutritional supplements, including herbs,
botanicals, and herbal patent medicines. Currently, however, there are no
GMP regulations specifically for nutritional supplements in the United
States or elsewhere. Regulations to ensure the quality and safety of herbal
or food products should cover raw materials, processing and quality control
methods, equipment used, environmental conditions in the plant, sanitary
practices of employees, record keeping, and the technical qualifications of
certain key employees.
Also, at the present time, the analytical methodology needed to ensure
quality control (the quality assurance) of crude herbs, herbal preparations,
and patent medicines does not seem to exist. Such testing procedures must
be developed soon. Research and studies should be performed as soon as
possible by herbal factories, universities, and government agencies in
China and elsewhere to establish proper quality control procedures of herbs
and herbal medicinal products.
Chinese Herbs and Patent Medicines As Nutritional
Supplements in the United States

Under current U.S. federal law, the Dietary Supplement Health and Edu-
cation Act (DSHEA) of 1994 (P.L.-103-417), Chinese herbs and herbal
patent medicines, similar to other herbs, are classified as nutritional supple-
ments, not drugs. Therefore, unless serious toxicity of a product is discov-
ered, these herbs and patent medicines are not under FDA control and can
be purchased at herb shops, herbal pharmacies, or from importers. Health
care practitioners must make certain that they know the ingredients, actions,
indications, uses, and dose of the patent medicines they wish to use before
these products are prescribed or sold to patients.

WHERE TO BUY CHINESE HERBS

AND PATENT MEDICINES

Today, it is easy to obtain Chinese herbs and herbal patent medicines in

the United States, Canada, or any large European city. This is also true in
Hong Kong, Macau, Taiwan, Thailand, Vietnam, Singapore, Japan, Korea,
New Zealand, and Australia. The easiest place to shop is in the herbal phar-
macies or with herbal importers in the “Chinatown” area of any large city.
For the convenience of readers, a list of established Chinese herb importers
and wholesalers or manufacturers, with their names, addresses, and phone
numbers, is provided in Appendix A of this book.
 PART III:
THE HEALING POWERS
OF MEDICINAL HERBS,
PAST AND PRESENT
 Chapter 5

Miraculous
MiraculousTonic Herbs:
Tonic Herbs
Strengthening the First Line of Defense
and Fortifying the Immune System

Based on the concept of TCM, the human body’s balanced and healthy
system must keep both biological material and function in adequacy and
balance. Any shortage or imbalance in either substance or function causes a
condition known as “deficiency” (for example, deficiency in bioenergy or
in blood and other body liquids). Functional deficiency includes all bodily
functions:

1. nervous system,
2. endocrine system,
3. immune system,
4. cardiovascular system,
5. blood-generating system, and
6. metabolic system.

The symptoms or conditions of deficiency are quite common etiology in

Chinese medicine. Tonic herbs are defined as medicinal substances used to
treat or prevent deficiency in the body (Dong et al., 1998).
The term “tonic,” as used by TCM, is not familiar to Western medicine.
Tonic medicines are not stimulants in the biological and pharmacological
sense. Tonics or tonic herbs are a special class of nourishing medicinal
herbs used primarily for restoring strength, invigorating the functions of
organs, and keeping the body in balance. Tonics are activators or nourishing
agents for deficient or debilitated organs, and strengthen the body’s resis-
tance to disease.
For example, lack of appetite, constant diarrhea, feeling bloated after
eating, a pale face, and a feeling of constant tiredness are caused by spleen
deficiency. Vertigo, dizziness, or restlessness are likely due to deficiency of
the liver. A cough, shortness of breath, spontaneous sweating, and general
weakness or feeling tired all the time may be due to a deficiency or insuffi-
ciency of bioenergy Qi. Medicinal herbs that replenish the vital energy are
called bioenergy modulators, bioenergetics, or Qi tonics.
The term “deficiency” used in Western medicine describes deficiency of
a substance essential in body metabolism, such as vitamin C deficiency.
However, in TCM, it means more than just inadequacy in substance—it also
means deficient activity of certain organs of the body. The second group of
medicinal herbs are those that promote the function of the body system.
This group of medicinal herbs may enforce blood circulation, promote
blood regeneration, disperse stagnation of blood, or activate the metabolism
of blood constituents. These herbs are called blood activators or blood ton-
ics. The medicinal herbs covered in this section are Qi and blood tonic herbs
(Zhou, 1991).
Deficiency and weakened immunity go hand in hand. In Western medi-
cine, the immune system can be compared to a defending army, constantly
on the alert for viruses, bacteria, fungi, cancers, and other attackers. White
blood cells are the main defenders in this system and are greatly assisted by
the lymph nodes. Also important in the battle are bone marrow, the skin,
and the epithelial linings of internal organs. However, if there is a defi-
ciency in Qi or blood or a malfunction of any of these defenders, the
immune system is weakened.
Professor Jinhuang Zhou in Beijing spent more than forty years studying
and researching the immunopharmacology and health benefits of tonic
herbs. For example, the polysaccharides of astragalus root (Astragalus
membranaceus) are capable of remarkable activities not only on the im-
mune system but also on the reproductive system, the central nervous sys-
tem, the liver detoxification function, and even directly and indirectly on
the inhibition of the growth of tumors (Zhou and Xing, 1994).
The defense system or immunity of the body may become weakened or
completely lost once Qi becomes deficient, especially the Lung-Qi and the
Spleen-Qi. Clinically observed symptoms such as shortness of breath,
breathlessness after movement, a disinclination to talk, spontaneous sweat-
ing or cold sweats, lassitude, and weariness are due to deficiency of the
Lung-Qi.
Symptoms of fatigue, lack of vitality, lassitude, edema, spontaneous
sweating, loose bowel movements, poor appetite, hernias, and prolapse of
the uterus or rectum are likely due to deficiency of Spleen-Qi.
Deficiency of Qi is quite common in the elderly, particularly males, and
people who are overweight, cancer patients, and those who are recovering
from surgery or suffering a long illness (Long, 1998).
A deficiency of blood is by no means less important than deficiencies of
Qi. For example, a sallow complexion; paleness of the lips, tongue, and
nails; dizziness; blurred vision; palpitations; delayed menstrual cycle with
scanty, pale menstrual blood; or amenorrhea are common symptoms of
blood deficiency. The heart, liver, and spleen are the organs most often af-
fected by blood deficiency disorders.
Tonic herbs are generally prescribed for correcting or strengthening a
deficiency in the body. From a biomedical perspective, tonic herbs function
as guards of the body, regulate the autonomic nervous system, and keep the
body in balance.
In addition to Qi deficiency and blood deficiency, yin deficiency or yang
deficiency can occur. Yin and yang are complementary in composition and
function; they are the inseparable parts of one unit, whether an organ or the
human body. The balance of yin and yang in a system maintains the normal
functioning of the system. An excess of one means a corresponding defi-
ciency in the other. In other words, yin deficiency leads to excess or hyperac-
tivity of yang, and vice versa (Dong et al., 1998; Zhu, 1998) (see Chapter 1).
Because the Qi, the blood, the yin, and the yang in the human body are
interdependent, deficiency of Qi is often accompanied by deficiency of
yang. Deficiency of yang is most likely to develop or lead to deficiency
of Qi. Similarly, deficiency of yin is usually accompanied by deficiency of
blood, and deficiency of blood is likely to cause deficiency of yin. (For fur-
ther information on deficiency of yin and yang, see Chapter 6.) That is why
in clinical practice, Qi and yang tonics are often prescribed together for
better efficacy, as are blood and yin tonics. Similarly, in cases of both blood
and Qi deficiency, or yin and yang deficiency, both types of tonics are pre-
scribed.
This chapter covers the common symptoms caused by deficiency of Qi
and blood, and commonly used Qi and blood tonic herbs. Chapter 6 covers
the symptoms caused by yin or yang deficiency and the tonic herbs com-
monly prescribed.
Table 5.1 lists the symptoms of deficiency of Qi and blood, and com-
monly used tonic herbal remedies.
Table 5.2 describes the differences and similarities of actions of fre-
quently used Qi and blood tonic herbs.
Commonly used herbs for deficiency of Qi are ginseng root, Siberian
ginseng (wu jia shen) codonopsis root, astragalus root, white atractylodes
rhizome, Chinese yam, licorice root, schisandra fruit, American ginseng
root, pseudostellaria root, and jujube.
Frequently used herbs for deficiency of blood are Chinese angelica root,
processed rehmannia root, white peony root, polygonum (he shou wu), lon-
gan aril, jujube, and donkey-hide gelatin.
The twelve most important tonic herbs for Qi deficiency or blood defi-
ciency are introduced and further discussed on the following pages.
TABLE 5.1. Symptoms of Deficiency of Qi and Blood, and Tonic Herbal Rem-
edies

Tonic Herbs and

Etiology Symptoms Patent Medicines

Deficiency of Spleen-Qi Anorexia, loose stool, Herbs

gastrointestinal disten- ginseng root,
sion, lack of vitality, Siberian ginseng,
lassitude, prolapse of wu jia shen (ci wu jia),
stomach, or rectum codonopsis root,
astragalus root,
Deficiency of Lung-Qi Shortness of breath, white atractylodes,
Chinese yam,
disinclination to talk, schisandra fruit,
breathlessness, asthenia, licorice root,
spontaneous sweating pseudostellaria root,
jujube
Deficiency of Heart-Qi Irritability, insomnia,
and Spleen-Qi dreaminess, palpitations,
listlessness, lassitude,
spontaneous sweating Patent Medicine
Bu Zhong Yi Qi Tang,
Deficiency of Lung-Qi General debility, poor Gui Pi Tang,
and Spleen-Qi appetite, diarrhea, Huang Qi Tang,
Li Zhong Tang (Wan),
weakened immune Liu Jun Zi Tang,
system, and prolapse Ren Shen Hu Tao Tang,
of anus, rectum, uterus, Si Jun Zi Tang
or viscera

Deficiency of Spleen-Qi Abdominal distention,

and Stomach-Qi poor appetite, loose
stool, epigastric and
abdominal distention,
lassitude, asthenia

Deficiency of blood Sallow complexion, poor Herbs

memory, drowsiness, Chinese angelica root,
blurred vision, withered processed rehmannia
hair, insomnia, palpita- root, white peony root,
tions, irregular menstrua- longan aril, donkey-hide
tion, delayed menstrual gelatin
cycle, menorrhagia, Patent Medicines
scanty or pale menstrual Dang Gui Bu Xue Tang,
flow, amenorrhea, Dang Gui Wan,
metrorrhagia, meno- Gui Pi Tang,
pause, and pale lips, Qi Bao Mei Ran Dan,
tongue, and nails Si Wu Tang.
 TABLE 5.2. The Actions of Qi-Blood Tonic Herbs

Name Dosage
of Herb (grams) Individual Actions Common Actions
Ginseng root 3-9 Replenishes primordial Qi tonic, invigorates
(ren shen) Qi, restores collapse, in- spleen and kidney,
vigorates the lungs and replenishes Qi,
spleen, tranquilizes the treats Qi deficiency
mind. and blood-deficiency
Siberian gin- 9-30 Expels wind and damp- syndromes
seng (ci wu jia) ness, relieves arthralgia,
improves immunity,
antistress
Codonopsis 10-15 Invigorates the spleen,
(dang shen) stomach and lungs, pro-
motes the production of
body fluid, nourishes
blood
Astragalus root 10-15 Strengthens the superfi-
(huang qi) cial resistance, promotes
tissue regeneration,
diuresis, improves immu-
nity
Chinese yam 10-30 Promotes the production
(shan yao) of body fluid, strengthens
the kidney, benefits the
lungs, reinforces the
spleen
Schisandra fruit 10-30 Benefits Qi, promotes
(wu wei zi) body fluid, relieves symp-
toms of diabetes, invigo-
rates kidney and spleen,
has astringent effect
Chinese 6-15 Replenishes the vital es- Nourishes blood,
angelica sence and marrow, pro- invigorates blood,
(dang gui) motes circulation, regu- promotes circulation,
lates blood and treats blood-deficiency
menstruation syndrome
Processed 9-15 Replenishes blood, regu-
Rehmannia lates menstruation, nour-
root, (shu di) ishes kidney yin,
hypoglycemic
White peony 6-12 Regulates menstruation,
(bai shao) stops sweating, soothes
liver-Qi and stops pain
Polygonum 9-15 Replenishes the vital
(he shou wu) essence and blood, and
treats sores, swellings,
and scrofula
 REFERENCES

Dong, K. S., Wang, X. Q., and Dong, Y. F. (1998). Xian Dai Lin Chuang Zhong Yao
Xue [Contemporary Clinical Chinese Materia Medica]. Beijing: Zhong Guo
Zhong Yi Yao Press.
Long, Z. X. (Ed.) (1998). Basic Theories of Traditional Chinese Medicine. Beijing:
Academy Press.
Zhou, J. (1991). Immunopharmacological activities of yin and yang biomodulatory
drugs. In Zhou, J. H. and Liu, G. Z (Eds.), Recent Advances in Chinese Herbal
Drugs (pp. 126-132). Beijing: Science Press.
Zhou, J. and Xing, S. T. (1994). Zhongyao Mianyi Yaoli Xue [Immunophar-
macology of Chinese Medicinal Herbs]. Beijing: People’s Military Medicine
Press.
Zhu, Y. (1998). Chinese Materia Medica—Chemistry, Pharmacology and Applica-
tions. Amsterdam: Harwood Academic Publishers.
 Ginseng;
Several Radix of
varieties ginseng;
ginsengRen shen
exist in the
world, the best known is Panax ginseng of
the family Araliaceae. It grows mostly in the
mountainous forests of the Jilin, Liaoning,
and Heilongjian provinces of China. Panax
ginseng is also distributed in northern Korea
and the Eastern Maritime area of Siberia. Gar-
den-cultivated ginseng is called garden gin-
seng, and the wild variety is known as moun-
tain ginseng. Today, most ginseng is cultivated. It is harvested in autumn
and the root is washed clean after the removal of the lateral roots and
rootlets. It is dried in the sun or roasted and is then called “sun-dried” or
“white ginseng.” After steam cooking, dried ginseng turns a red-brown
color and is known as “red ginseng.” When soaked in syrup, it is known as
“sugar-processed ginseng.” The sliced root is a powerful Qi tonic and
antiaging medicinal herb (Dong et al., 1998).
Medicinally, according to Ben Cao Gang Mu (Wilson and Stuart, 1973),
ginseng, to the Chinese, is the medicine par excellance, the dernier ressort
(last resort) when all other drugs fail; it was reserved for the Emperor, his
household, and the nobles. The Chinese claim ginseng to be

a tonic of the five viscera, quieting the animal spirits, establishing the
soul, allaying fear, expelling evil effluvia, brightening the eyes, open-
ing up the heart, benefitting the understanding, and, if taken for some
time, it will invigorate the body and prolong life.

Traditionally, ginseng root has been more valuable than all other herbs,
and is used as a tonic, carminative, demulcent, and stomachic remedy. It is
also used to treat all forms of debility, the persistent vomiting of pregnant
women, chronic malaria, continued fever, exhausting discharges, old coughs,
polyuria, impotence, and spermatorrhea (Wilson and Stuart, 1973).

TCM Properties

Sweet and slightly bitter in taste, and neutral, it acts on the spleen, heart,
and lung meridians.
Effects, Medicinal Uses, and Combinations

1. Invigorates Qi and augments the body’s Essence: Ginseng is the best

remedy for deficiency of Lung-Qi, which manifests as shortness of
breath, listlessness, cold limbs, profuse sweating, a weak pulse, and in
severe cases, shock.
• It can be used alone, as in Du Shen Tang (ginseng decoction).
• It can be combined with processed aconite, as in Shen Fu Tang (R-1)*
(Dong et al., 1998; Wang, 1994).
2. Strengthens the spleen and stomach functions:
• To treat listlessness, anorexia, fullness of abdomen, diarrhea, or
prolapse of the stomach or uterus, ginseng is combined with white
atractylodes (bai zhu), poria (fu ling), and stir-baked licorice root,
as in Si Jun Zi Tang (R-2) (Wang, 1994).
• For Qi deficiency of the middle Jiao (gastrointestinal cavity), as
manifested by chronic diarrhea, or prolapse of the anus or uterus, it
is used with astragalus root, bupleurum root (chai hu), and white
atractylodes (bai zhu) (Wang, 1994).
• For tiredness, poor appetite, palpitations, mental fatigue, and spon-
taneous perspiration, ginseng is blended with orange peel, astra-
galus root, processed rehmannia, Chinese angelica, white peony
root, cinnamon bark, schisandra fruit, and polygala root, as in Ren
Shen Yang Rong Tang (Wan) (R-3) (Dong et al., 1998).
3. Strengthens functions of the lungs and augments the Qi:
• To treat shortness of breath, asthma, spontaneous sweating, wheez-
ing, and labored breathing with exertion, ginseng is prescribed
with walnut kernel, schisandra fruit, and gecko (ge jie), as in Ren
Shen Hu Tao Tang.
• To augment Qi and invigorate the functions of the spleen, ginseng
is dispensed with schisandra fruit, royal jelly, and honey, as in Ren
Shen Feng Wang Jiang (R-4), to nourish the human body, and to
treat malnutrition and rheumatic arthritis.
4. Improves diabetes, polyuria, thirst disorders, and supplements Qi,
nourishing the yin and producing body fluid: Ginseng is often used

*Denotes recipe number in book.

 with ophiopogon root (mai men dong) and schisandra fruit, as in
Sheng Mai San (R-5).
5. Strengthens the Heart-Qi and Spleen-Qi, and calms the Spirit: For ir-
ritability, insomnia, dreaminess, palpitations, listlessness and lassi-
tude, ginseng is combined with Chinese angelica (dang gui), zizy-
phus, astragalus root, licorice root, and longan aril, as in Gui Pi Tang
(R-6).
6. Invigorates kidney yang: For male sexual disorders, such as impo-
tence, premature ejaculation, and spermatorrhea, ginseng is com-
monly dispensed with other Qi tonic and yang tonic herbs, such as
astragalus, epimedium, and deer antler (lu rong).

Dosage

In a decoction, 3 to 9 g per day. A lower dose (1 to 3 g) is used with the

powdered form or when used in combination with other Qi or Yang tonic
herbs (Wang, 1994).

Precautions

Combining ginseng with the following drugs, herbs, or food may pro-
duce unwanted side effects (Fetrow and Avila, 1999):

1. Veratrum root is incompatible with ginseng root.

2. Any drug that is a heart stimulant or a sedative.
3. Blood thinner, such as warfarin.
4. Hot foods, tea, coffee, and turnips are to be avoided when taking gin-
seng.

Side Effects and Toxicity

Under normal conditions, ginseng produces few side effects. Ginseng

should not be prescribed for those who are not Qi or yang deficient, or those
with excess Fire. Long-term use of ginseng (more than four weeks) or an
overdose may cause side effects, such as headaches, insomnia, high blood
pressure, palpitations, and skin eruptions. These symptoms will slowly dis-
appear after one stops taking the herb (Dong et al., 1998).
 People who consume 3 percent of ginseng root tincture, up to 100 ml,
showed slight irritation and excitation. When the dose was increased up to
200 ml, urticaria, headaches, dizziness, hemorrhaging, and insomnia re-
sulted (Dong et al., 1998). The LD50 of powdered ginseng in mice by oral
administration was 5g/kg (Huang, 1993).

Modern Research Findings and Uses

Chemical Constituents

Ginseng leaves and stems contain about 5 to 15 percent of ginseng sapo-

nins, in comparison to the main root which contains about 2 to 15 percent
total saponins and 0.05 percent volatile oil. Panax ginseng contains pana-
quilon and ginseng saponin glycosides. The various isolated chemicals
found in ginseng, so far identified, can be classified into nine groups:

1. ginseng saponins (panaxadiol type and panaxatriol type panaxo-

sides): Rx (x = o, a, b, b2, c, d, e, f, g-1, g-2, g-3, and h) (Hou, 1978;
Sibada et al., 1965, 1966; Tang and Eisenbrand, 1992);
2. ginseng oil and phytosterol (stigma sterol);
3. sugars and carbohydrates (glucose, fructose, maltose, sucrose, and
other polysugars);
4. organic acids (citric, fumaric, ketoglutaric, oleic, linolenic, maleic,
malic, and so on);
5. nonprotein nitrogenous substances (such as choline);
6. amino acids and peptides (essential and nonessential);
7. vitamins (B-complex, biotin, niacin, niacinamide, pantothenic acid);
8. minerals and trace elements (Al, Mg, K, P, Si, S, Mn, Ca, Na, Zn, Mo,
B, Fe, V, Cu, Co, and As); and
9. unknown enzymes (Hou, 1978; Sibada et al., 1965, 1966; Tang and
Eisenbrand, 1992).

Saponins can be divided into two classes: the protopanaxatriol class and
the protopanaxadiol class. Saponins have particular chemical properties
and their most notable characteristics are:

1. ability to form colloidal solutions in water that foam upon shaking;

2. a bitter taste;
3. sternutatory and irritating properties to the mucous membrane; and
4. hemolytic action against red blood cells (Hou, 1978).
Pharmacological Findings

1. Ginseng regulates the central nervous system and stimulates it at a

lower dose and can be a sedative at higher doses. Ginseng improves
the activity and performance of the brain, reduces fatigue (Wang,
1994), and improves stamina (Dong et al., 1998).
2. Ginseng has protective effects and invigorates adaptogenic activity; it
is a powerful “adaptogenic herb.” The adaptogenic concept was intro-
duced by the Russian scientist, I. I. Brekhman, who defined adapto-
gens as innocuous or harmless herbs that exhibit an ability to increase
resistance to a wide range of adverse or harmful chemical, physical,
environmental, and biological influences and normalize the patho-
logical state (Brekhman and Dardymov, 1969).
3. Action on the endocrine system:

• Excitatory action on the pituitary-adrenal cortex system in-

creases the function of the adrenal cortex system, immunity re-
sponse, and resistance to disease. Ginsenosides react directly
with the hypothalamus or the hypophysis (pituitary) to secrete
adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), which stimulates the ad-
renal cortex (Zhu, 1998).
• Stimulates the pituitary gland and produces more sex hormones
(Zhu, 1998).
• Increases the activities of the thyroid gland (Dong et al., 1998).

4. Action on the cardiac and circulatory system (Dong et al., 1998;

Zhu, 1998):

• Cardiac tonic effect is similar to cardiac glycoside. A small dose

can increase cardiac muscle tone but a large dose is inhibitive.
• Stimulates the production of red and white blood cells.
• Hypertensive effect with small dose but hypotensive effect with
large dose, due to either the constriction or dilation of capillary
blood vessels at different doses.

5. Effect on metabolism:

• Invigorates the activities of the digestive system and increases

appetite.
• Reduces blood sugar as it increases the secretion of insulin.
• Regulates the metabolism of cholesterol and prevents the devel-
opment of arteriosclerosis (Zhu, 1998).
 6. Immunity stimulation (Zhu, 1998):
• Increases the immunity response of the body and stimulates the
production of immunoglobulins.
• Stimulates the production of white blood cells and lymphocytes,
and promotes the transformation of lymphoblast.
• Increases the reticuloendothelial system and increases immunity.
7. Antiaging: studies show that the alcohol extract called “maltol”
from red ginseng root demonstrates an antiaging effect on rats
(Dong et al., 1998; Hou, 1978).
8. Anabolic (growth promotion) (Dong et al., 1998)
9. Antiallergic (Dong et al., 1998)
10. Antitumor and anticarcinogenic activity (Dong et al., 1998)
11. Effect on hematopoietic function: Ginseng extract showed protec-
tive and stimulative actions on the hematopoietic function of the
bone marrow, increasing the amount of white and red blood cells,
and hemoglobin in normal and anemic animals (Zhu, 1998).
12. Increases sexual functions and gonadotrophic effect (Dong et al.,
1998).

Clinical Findings

1. Helps in treating shock, cardiac failure, low blood pressure, hyper-

lipemia, and neurasthenia
2. Good for treating anemia, fatigue, debility, and poor appetite
3. Relieves menopausal symptoms
4. Beneficial for patients with deficient Qi and vital essence
5. For stomach cancer and colon cancer, ginseng helps during chemo-
therapy and improves immunity
6. Ginseng regulates gonadotrophic hormones to relieve sexual debility
and menopausal symptoms (Dong et al., 1998; Hou, 1978).

Clinical findings in Germany are as follows: In patients using ginseng

powder 400 to 1200 mg/day and extract preparation in doses of 200 to 600
mg/day, in thirteen of the studies (1,572 cases), improvements in mood
were reported. Physical performance improved in seventeen studies (846
cases). Improved intellectual performance was reported in eleven studies
and improvement in various metabolic parameters were noted in 10 studies
(Schulz, Hansel, and Tyler, 2001).
All the studies emphasized the absence or near absence of side effects
from ginseng therapy (Schulz, Hansel, and Tyler, 2001; Sonnenborn and
Propper, 1990).
 REFERENCES

Brekhman, I. I. and Dardymov, I. V. (1969). Annual Review of Pharmacology 9:

419-430.
Dong, K. S., Wang, X. Q., and Dong, Y. F. (1998). Xian Dai Lin Chuang Zhong Yao
Xue [Contemporary Clinical Chinese Materia Medica]. Beijing: Zhong Guo
Zhong Yi Yao Press.
Fetrow, C. W. and Avila, J. R. (1999). Herbal Medicine. Springhouse, PA: Spring-
house.
Hou, J. P. (1978). The Myth and Truth About Ginseng. South Brunswick, NJ: A. S.
Barnes and Co.
Huang, K. C. (1993). The Pharmacology of Chinese Herbs. Boca Raton, FL: CRC
Press.
Schulz, V., Hansel, R., and Tyler, V. (2001). Rational Phytotherapy. Heidelberg,
Germany: Springer-Verlag.
Sibada, S., Tanaka, O., Ando, T., Sodo, M., Tsushima, S., and Ohsawa, T. (1966).
Chemical studies on the oriental plant drugs XIV. Protopanaxadiol, a genuine
sapogenin of ginseng saponins. Chemical and Pharmaceutical Bulletin 14: 595-
600.
Sibada, S., Tanaka, O., Soma, K., Iida, Y., and Nakamura, H. (1965). Studies on
saponins and sapogenins of ginseng. The structure of panaxatriol. Tetrahedron
Letters: 207-213.
Tang, W. and Eisenbrand, G. (1992). Chinese Drugs and Plant Origin. Heidelberg,
Germany: Springer-Verlag.
Wang, J. H. (Ed.) (1994). Xin Bian Chang Yong Zhong Yao Shou Ce [Manual of
Commonly Used Chinese Medicinal Herbs]. Beijing: Jin Dun Press.
Wilson, F. P. and Stuart, G. A. (1973). Chinese Medicinal Herbs. San Francisco:
Georgetown Press.
Zhu, Y. (1998). Chinese Materia Medica—Chemistry, Pharmacology and Applica-
tions. Amsterdam: Harwood Academic Publishers.
 Siberian
This herbGinseng; Radix
is the dried rootAcanthopanax
and rhizome of
senticosus;senticosus
Acanthopanax Wu jia shen or Ci
of the wu jia
family Arali-
aceae. It grows in abundance in northeastern
China, particularly in the Heilongjiang prov-
ince, as well as Inner Mongolia, North Korea,
and Siberia. The varieties of Siberian ginseng
Eleutherococcus henry and E. senticosus, are
known to most Westerners. The Chinese vari-
ety of Siberian ginseng, or wu jia shen, is not
well known; it is a tonic herb for Qi and an effective antifatigue herb. It is
also recommended for rheumatism, bone or tendon pain, general debility,
and weakened immunity. Siberian ginseng is an adaptogenic and an effec-
tive, antiaging medicinal herb (Hou, 1978; Jiang Su New Medical College,
1977).

TCM Properties

Acrid and slightly bitter in taste, it acts on the spleen, kidney, and heart
meridians.

Effects, Medicinal Uses, and Combinations

1. Invigorates Qi and nourishes the spleen; it is used for weakness, fa-

tigue, lassitude, anorexia, insomnia, sleep with dreams, forgetfulness,
and palpitations as a result of weakness of the spleen and Qi defi-
ciency. Siberian ginseng can be used alone in a decoction, in a tinc-
ture, in an extract such as Wu Jia Shen Gao (R-7), or in combination
with schisandra fruit and other tonic herbs (Wang, 1994).
2. Nourishes the kidneys and tranquilizes the Spirit: for male sexual dis-
orders, impotence, spermatorrhea, and aches and pains in the loins
and knees due to kidney deficiency, or mental disturbance, Siberian
ginseng is prescribed with processed rehmannia root, eucommia bark,
dodder seed, and rosa cherokee fruit (Wang, 1994).
3. Expels pathogenic Wind and eliminates Dampness: to treat arthritis,
rheumatic arthralgia, and numbness of limbs, Siberian ginseng can be
used alone in a decoction or in combination with millettia (ji xue
teng), dried (chaenomeles) papaya fruit, and clematis root (wei ling
xian) (Wang, 1994).
 4. Strengthens the immune system and improves resistance: to treat
white blood cell loss in cancer patients caused by the side effects of
chemotherapy, or intoxication of noxious chemicals (such as pyri-
doxine or benzene fumes), Siberian ginseng extract, or Wu Jia Shen
Gao (R-7), can be used to strengthen immunity, and boost detoxifica-
tion (Wang, 1994).

Dosage

In a decoction of 9 to 30 g, or 0.5 g powdered extract.

Precautions

People who are yin deficient or yang hyperactive should use ci wu jia
with care.

Side Effects and Toxicity

No undesirable side effects or toxicity were reported at the therapeutic

doses in classical Chinese materia medica.

Modern Research Findings

Chemical Constituents

Wu jia shen contains six glycosides, including beta-sitostinol, eluth-

erosides A, B, C, D, E, F, secamin, ethyl-beta-d-galactoside, and isofraxidin
(Jiang Su New Medical College, 1977).

Pharmacological Findings

1. Adaptogenic effect: Siberian ginseng, or wu jia shen (ci wu jia), has

even stronger adaptogenic activity than Panax ginseng. An adaptogen
is a substance that causes “a state of nonspecific increased resistance”
(SNIR) to adverse stresses of various origin (Brekhman and Dardy-
mov, 1969). An effective adaptogen must (1) be innocuous and safe,
(2) have antistress activity, and (3) possess normalizing and protective
properties. According to published results, ginseng, Siberian ginseng,
and Chinese schisandra fruits meet all the fundamental requirements
necessary to be classified as adaptogens (Brekhman and Dardymov,
1969).
 2. Antifatigue and antistress properties in Siberian ginseng are stronger
than in Panax ginseng. Also, a noticeable sedative effect on the cen-
tral nervous system may occur (Wang, 1994).
3. Regulates endocrine secretions, adrenal cortex, and blood sugar levels
(Wang, 1994).
4. Increases the immune activity of the body, and it has a protective ef-
fect against radiation and toxic chemicals that cause loss of white
blood cells.
5. Stimulates adrenal and sex hormone production, and is gonadotrophic
(Wang, 1994).
6. The German Commission E, on the basis of studies conducted con-
cluded that eleutherosides were an effective tonic (Robbers and Tyler,
1999).
7. Analgesic and anti-inflammatory (Dong et al., 1998).
8. Detoxificant (Dong et al., 1998).

Clinical Findings

Wu jia shen is a sedative and is able to help patients suffering from sleep
difficulties. The root is used to treat a wide spectrum of ailments in the ner-
vous, cardiovascular, and endocrine systems. It helps adjust blood sugar
levels, and is used to treat sexual debility (Brekhman and Dardymov, 1969;
Dong et al., 1998).

REFERENCES

Brekhman, I. I. and Dardymov, I. V. (1969). Annual Review of Pharmacology 9:

419-430.
Dong, K. S., Wang, X. Q., and Dong, Y. F. (1998). Xian Dai Lin Chuang Zhong Yao
Xue [Contemporary Clinical Chinese Materia Medica]. Beijing: Zhong Guo
Zhong Yi Yao Press.
Hou, J. P. (1978). The Myth and Truth About Ginseng. South Brunswick, N J: A. S.
Barnes and Co.
Jiang Su New Medical College (1977). Encyclopedia of Chinese Materia Medica.
Shanghai: Shanghai Science and Technology Press.
Robbers, J. E. and Tyler, V. (1999). Tyler’s Herbs of Choice. Binghamton, NY: The
Haworth Press.
Wang, J. H. (Ed.) (1994). Xin Bian Chang Yong Zhong Yao Shou Ce [Manual of
Commonly Used Chinese Medicinal Herbs]. Beijing: Jin Dun Press.
 Astragalus
This herbRoot;
is theRadix
dried Astragali; Huang
root of Astragalus
membranaceus (Fisch.) qi Bge. or A. membran-
aceus (Fisch) Bge. var mongholicus (Bge.)
Hsiao of the family Leguminosae. It is grown
primarily in the Gansu, Heilongjiang, and
Shanxi provinces, and Inner Mongolia of
China. The four- to five-year-old root of the
plant is dug up in spring or autumn, cleaned,
sliced, dried in the sun, and used unprocessed
or stir baked with honey (Dong et al., 1998).
Astragalus is part of the superior class of herbs and, similar to ginseng
and licorice root, has been widely prescribed. It is highly regarded as a
tonic, pectoral, and diuretic medicine. Traditionally, the herb was used for
every sort of wasting or exhausting disease (Smith and Stuart, 1973). Today,
the root is used to invigorate vital energy, Qi, especially for deficiency of
Lung-Qi and Spleen-Qi. It helps dispel pus and accelerate the healing of
wounds. Astragalus root is a powerful tonic, immunity booster, and anti-
aging medicinal herb.

TCM Properties

Sweet in taste and warm, it acts on the spleen and lung meridians.

Effects, Medicinal Uses, and Combinations

1. Invigorates the vital energy, Qi, and replenishes physical power:

• For general debility, weakness and lassitude, spontaneous perspira-

tion, night sweating, and prolapse of the uterus or anus, astragalus is
used with ginseng, as in Shen Qi Gao (R-7).
• For metrorrhagia, metrostaxis, and other conditions due to deficiency
of Qi and blood, and weakness of the spleen and the heart, astragalus
root is dispensed with Chinese angelica root, ginseng, poria, white
atractylodes root, and longan aril, as in Gui Pi Tang (R-6).
• For Spleen-Qi deficiency, poor appetite, loose stools, or chronic diar-
rhea, astragalus root is combined with white atractylodes rhizome
(bai zhu).
 • For general debility, lassitude, sinking or weakened Middle-Jiao, char-
acterized by visceroptosis, hysteroptosis, and proctoptosis after a long
period of diarrhea, astragalus root is prescribed with ginseng, white
atractylodes rhizome, cimicifugae rhizome (sheng ma), and bupleurum
root (chai hu), as in Bu Zhong Yi Qi Tang (R-9) (Wang, 1994).

2. Strengthens the immune system: for respiratory ailments, profuse sweat-

ing, night sweats, and susceptibility to the common cold due to general
weakness and deficiency of Lung-Qi, astragalus root is blended with
white atractylodes rhizome and siler (ledebouriella) root, as in Yu Ping
Feng San (R-10) (Dong et al., 1998; Wang, 1994).
3. Strengthens Qi and warms up Middle-Jiao: to treat digestive tract ulcers,
stomach distention, duodenal ulcers, fullness, and pain, astragalus is
mixed with white peony, cinnamon twig, dry ginger, licorice root, and ju-
jube, as in Huang Qi Jian Zhong Tang.
4. Treats metabolism disorders and diabetes: astragalus is used with dried
rehmannia root, ophiopogon root (mai dong), trichosanthes root (tien
hua fen), Chinese yam, black plum, and pueraria root (ge gen), as in Yu
Quan Wan (R-12) (Wang, 1994).
5. Invigorates the circulation of Qi and blood:

• To treat numbness of extremities caused by a deficiency of Qi and

poor circulation, astragalus is prescribed with cinnamon twig, white
peony root, ginger root, and jujube in a decoction known as Huang Qi
Gui Zhi Wu Wu Tang (Wang, 1994).
• For recuperating from conditions of hemiplegia after apoplexy, astra-
galus is blended with Chinese angelica, safflower, and peach kernel in
a decoction known as Bu Yang Huan Wu Tang (R-34) (Dong et al.,
1998; Wang, 1994).

6. Induces diuresis and reduces edema: for facial edema, scanty urine, pal-
pitations, shortness of breath, and chronic nephritis resulting from weak-
ened Spleen-Qi, astragalus is dispensed with stephania and white atrac-
tylodes, as in Fang Ji Huang Qi Tang (R-66) (Dong et al., 1998).
7. Improves the healing of wounds: for treating slow healing of carbuncles
long after ulceration, astragalus is prescribed with Chinese angelica root,
ginseng, and cinnamon bark, as in Shi Quan Da Bu Wan (R-80) (Wang,
1994).
8. Treats hepatitis: for patients with chronic hepatitis, astragalus root is
combined with Chinese angelica, atractylodes, poria, polygonum, cus-
pidatum (hu zhang), oldenlandia (hedyotis), and other herbs (Dong et al.,
1998).
Dosage

In a decoction of 10 to 15 g for general conditions or up to 30 to 60 g for

severe symptoms.

Precautions

For patients with Excess (shi) symptoms, yin deficiency, yang excess,
stagnation of Qi or dampness, particularly when there is painful obstruc-
tion, astragalus should be avoided (Wang, 1994).

Side Effects and Toxicity

Astragalus is safe at the recommended therapeutic dose. A few clinical

studies report toxicity from astragalus root. Very high doses may cause pain
in the extremities, nausea, trembling, hot sensations in the limbs, and vom-
iting. No adverse reactions were observed in mice at oral doses as high as 75
to 100 g/kg (Wang, 1983).

Modern Research Findings

Chemical Constituents

Astragalus root contains numerous components, including (Dong et al.,

1998; Wang, 1994):
1. Flavonoids and isoflavonoids, which confer a yellow color (yellow
coloration is traditionally regarded as an indicator of quality).
2. Polysaccharides and astragalans I, II, and III were isolated from the
root.
3. Triterpene glycoside (astragaloside I to VII), acetylastragalosides,
astragenol, amino acids, sucrose, choline, beta-sitosterole, and trace
minerals (Bone, 2001; Ling, 1995).
4. Many triterpenoid saponins have been identified. Astragaloside I to
VIII polysaccharides have received considerable attention in the past
fifteen years due to their potential therapeutic value in cancer and
AIDS patients (Ling, 1995; Bone, 2001).
Pharmacological Findings

1. Regulates and invigorates immunity:

• Laboratory animal studies of the whole root extract showed in-
creased phagocytic activity, and increased superoxide production
and acid phosphatase activity of peritoneal macrophage in mice
(Ling, 1995).
• An oral dose of dried extract of astragalus root in humans increased
antibodies of IgE and IgM levels (Ling, 1995).
• In mice, intraperitoneal administration of the polysaccharides of
astragalus root lessened the atrophy of immune tissues, such as the
spleen, thymus, and intestinal lymph nodes, as well as leukopenia
caused by the immunosuppressant prednisone (Zhu, 1998).
• Astragalus combined with codonopsis and ganoderma significantly
increased immune activity.
2. Antifatigue properties.
3. Adaptogenic and a tonic:
• Astragalus root enhances cell growth, metabolism, and longevity in
cultures.
• Increases memory in mice.
• Improves survival time in mice exposed to toxins and swimming
stress tests (Wang, 1994).
4. As a diuretic, astragalus root significantly increases renal function in
rats with experimental nephritis.
5. In the cardiovascular system, astragalus root has been used as a cardio-
tonic on isolated hearts and cardiac cells, and also has been used to treat
heart failure patients.
6. Antimicrobial and antiallergic (Bone, 2001).
7. Mildly hypotensive, astragalus dilates blood vessels in cerebral, coro-
nary heart, and intestinal areas (Bone, 2001).
8. It provides protection of new liver cells in mice and prevents the loss of
concentration of glycogen in the liver.
9. The Chinese formula containing astragalus and other herbs, Shi Quan
Da Bu Wan (R-80), showed immunomodulatory properties. It demon-
strates potential therapeutic activity during chemotherapy and radia-
tion, prolongs survival, and ameliorates the adverse toxicity of many
anticancer drugs with less side effects (Bone, 2001).
10. Astragalus root has a high content of selenium (Se), which is an anti-
aging substance.
Clinical Findings

1. Immunological function:

• In an open study on 1,000 subjects, a prophylactic effect against the

common cold was demonstrated by an oral dose of astragalus. There
was a decreased incidence and a shortened duration of any infection
(Bone, 2001).
• Patients with small-cell lung cancer were treated with a combination
of chemotherapy, radiotherapy, immunotherapy, and herbal medicine
therapy containing astragalus and ginseng. The herb mixture treat-
ment raised the survival rates considerably, with some patients gain-
ing three to seventeen years of survival (Bone, 2001).

Astragalus can be used clinically to treat shortness of breath, general de-

bility, lack of appetite, flu and colds, ulcers, and peripheral vascular disease,
and has been prescribed as a diuretic.
In studies performed at the National Cancer Institute and five other lead-
ing American cancer institutes in recent years, astragalus did not directly at-
tack cancers. It does, however, strengthen cancer patients’ immune systems
allowing them to recover significantly faster and live longer (Thompson,
2003).
Astragalus augments white blood cells and removes some of those that
make the body more vulnerable to it. Patients with low white blood cell
counts responded to treatment with astragalus injection and white blood
cell levels were maintained above 4,000 per ml in most cases.
Astragalus promotes adrenal cortical function, which also critically di-
minishes in cancer patients, and ameliorates bone marrow damage and gas-
trointestinal toxicity caused by chemotherapy and radiation. Currently, re-
searchers are studying astragalus as a possible effective agent for treating
AIDS and other viral conditions because it increases interferon production,
and enhances natural killer (NK) and T-cell function (Bone, 2001).
2. Other conditions:

• Cardiac output increased by 20 percent in patients with angina pec-

toris after administration of astragalus. There was no improvement of
the left ventricular diastolic function (Bone, 2001).
• An injection of astragalus aided the healing of peptic ulcers, espe-
cially gastric ulcers (Thompson, 2003).
• In a controlled double-blind study of 507 subjects, a formula of astra-
galus with Polygonum multiflorum and Salvia miltiorrhiza showed
antiaging effects after oral administration. Results showed improved
 vigor, strength, sleep, appetite, and cellular immunity, and less grey-
ing of hair (Bone, 2001).

REFERENCES

Bone, K. (2001). Clinical Applications of Ayuruedic and Chinese Herbs. Queensland,

Australia: Phytotherapy Press.
Dong, K. S., Wang, X. Q., and Dong, Y. F. (1998). Xian Dai Lin Chuang Zhong Yao
Xue [Contemporary Clinical Chinese Materia Medica]. Beijing: Zhong Guo
Zhong Yi Yao Press.
Ling, Y. (1995). A New Compendium of Materia Medica. Beijing: Science Press.
Smith, F. P. and Stuart, G. A. (1973). Chinese Medicinal Herbs. San Francisco:
Georgetown Press.
Thompson, K. (2003). The Healing Plants Astragalus Membranaceous. Available
online at <www.cancersalves.com/checklist/astragalus.html>.
Wang, J. H. (Ed.) (1994). Xin Bian Chang Yong Zhong Yao Shou Ce [Manual of
Commonly Used Chinese Medicinal Herbs]. Beijing: Jin Dun Press.
Wang, Y. S. (1983). Pharmacology and Applications of Chinese Materia Medica.
Beijing: People’s Health Publisher.
Zhu, Y. (1998). Chinese Materia Medica—Chemistry, Pharmacology and Applica-
tions. Amsterdam: Harwood Academic Publishers.
 Codonopsis;
This herb isRadix Codonopsis
the dried Pilosulae;
root of Codonopsis
pilosula (Franch.) Dang shen or C. Tangshen
Nannf.,
Oliv. of the family Campanulaceae. It grows
chiefly in the Gansu, Shaanxi, and Shanxi
provinces in northern China, and is dug up in
the autumn, dried in the sun, and cut into seg-
ments. Codonopsis is an excellent Qi tonic
herb and was used traditionally as a substitute
for ginseng root in many prescriptions in an
effort to lower the cost to the patient. It is also used for diseases of the lungs.
The root is quite long and slender, tapering at the end, marked with wrin-
kles and fissures or transverse rings. Depending on its age, the root averages
about a foot in length and varies in texture from tough to brittle. Codonopsis
has a sweet mucilaginous taste, is used as a tonic similar to ginseng, and is
an antiaging herb (Jiang Su New Medical College, 1977).

TCM Properties

Sweet and bitter in taste, codonopsis is neutral or slightly cool. It acts on

the spleen and lung meridians (Jiang Su New Medical College, 1977).

Effects, Medicinal Uses, and Combinations

1. Invigorates the Spleen-Qi and Lung-Qi:

• To treat anorexia, loss of appetite, and chronic diarrhea, codon-
opsis is used alone or with atractylodes rhizome, poria, and licorice
root.
• To treat shortness of breath, it is combined with astragalus root and
schisandra fruit (Dong et al., 1998).
2. Invigorates the production of body fluids and nourishes the blood: for
sallow complexion, dizziness, and edema as a result of blood defi-
ciency, codonopsis is combined with prepared rehmannia root, white
peony, and millettia (ji xue teng) (Dong et al., 1998).
3. Invigorates the Lung-Qi: for shortness of breath, cough, dyspnea, and
a weak, low voice, sweating, and a propensity of catching colds and
 flu, codonopsis is commonly prescribed with schisandra fruit, fritilla-
ry bulb, ginger root, licorice root, and ophiopogon root (Wang, 1994).
4. Eliminates dampness and edema: for nephritis edema and chronic ne-
phritis, codonopsis is prescribed with hoelen, wu jia shen, and areca
peel (da fu pi) (Dong et al., 1998).

Dosage

In a decoction of 10 to 15 g, up to 30 g for acute or severe conditions.

Precautions

People with excess yang and Heat syndromes, and Qi stagnation should
not use codonopsis. Avoid dispensing veratrum root together with codo-
nopsis root. A dosage over 60 g may cause chest pains and irregular heart-
beats

Side Effects and Toxicity

Therapeutic doses do not produce side effects or toxic reactions. An

overdose (exceeding 60 g per dose) may cause precordial discomfort and
arrhythmia but these reactions disappear spontaneously upon discontinua-
tion of the herb (Zhu, 1998). The LD50 of the herb’s injection solution was
79.21 3.60 g/kg in mice by intraperitoneal administration (Wang, 1983).

Modern Research Findings

Chemical Constituents

The root C. pilosula contains phytosterols and triterpenes, phenolic

compounds including syringaldehyde, vanilla acid, syringin, tangshenoside
I, and alkaloids perolyrin, together with furane and pyridine. Butyloxycar-
bonylurea, 5-(hydroxymethyl)-2 furaldehyde, essential oil (methyl palmi-
tate, octadecane, nonadecane, heptadecane) and carboxylic acid have also
been identified (Liao and Lu, 1987). Other ingredients are proteins, seven-
teen amino acids, sugars, and vitamins B1 and B2.

Pharmacological Findings

1. Increases both cellular and humoral immunity. Oral administration of

0.25 g of the decoction of the herb in mice for two weeks accelerated
 the clearance of intravenously injected 131 I-plasma colloidal parti-
cles from the blood, suggesting an increase in reticuloendothelial
phagocytosis (Wang, 1983) and an increase in the ability to fight dis-
ease (Zhu, 1998).
2. The methanol extract of the root caused a marked but not significant
secretion of ACTH in primary cultures of rat pituitary cells (Wagner
et al., 1994). It inhibits the hypertensive action of adrenaline, dilates
peripheral blood vessels, and reduces blood pressure (Wang, 1983).
3. Increased the production of both white and red blood cells in cancer
patients with decreased numbers of white cells caused by chemother-
apy and radiation therapy (Wang, 1983).
4. Codonopsis reduced the incidence of ulcers in rats due to stress or py-
lorus ligation. It also protected rats from gastric mucosal damage due
to intragastric administration of absolute alcohol, 0.2N NaOH, or
0.6N HCL. The antiulcer action may be mediated by increasing PGE2
and decreasing TXA2 contents in gastric mucosa (Zhu, 1998).
5. Codonopsis was also demonstrated to be anti-inflammatory, analge-
sic, antimicrobial, hypotensive, and antiaging (Dong et al., 1998).
6. Regulates digestive system functions, and increases motility and the
secretion of digestive juices (Wang, 1983).
7. Stimulates the central nervous system (CNS) (Wang, 1983).

REFERENCES

Dong, K. S., Wang, X. Q., and Dong, Y. F. (1998). Xian Dai Lin Chuang Zhong Yao
Xue [Contemporary Clinical Chinese Materia Medica]. Beijing: Zhong Guo
Zhong Yi Yao Press.
Jiang Su New Medical College (1977). Encyclopedia of Chinese Materia Medica.
Shanghai: Shanghai Science and Technology Press.
Liao, J. and Lu, Y. O. (1987). Chemical constituents of pilosa asiabell (Codonopsis
pilosula) V. Studies of the essential oils. Chinese Traditional Herbal Drugs 18:
386-388.
Wagner, H., Norr, H., Winteroff, H. (1994). Plant adaptogens. Phytomedicine 1:
63-76.
Wang, J. H. (Ed.) (1994). Xin Bian Chang Yong Zhong Yao Shou Ce [Manual of
Commonly Used Chinese Medicinal Herbs]. Beijing: Jin Dun Press.
Wang, Y. S. (1983). Pharmacology and Applications of Chinese Materia Medica.
Beijing: People’s Health Publisher.
Zhu, Y. (1998). Chinese Materia Medica—Chemistry, Pharmacology and Applica-
tions. Amsterdam: Harwood Academic Publishers.
 Licorice
This herbRoot; Radix
is the root Glycyrrhizae;
and rhizome ofGan Gly-
cao G. inflata Bat., or
cyrrhiza uralensis Fisch.,
G. glabra L. of the Leguminosae family. Grown
in Inner Magnolia and the Gansu, Shanxi, and
Xinjiang provinces of China, it is also found
throughout all regions of Europe, the Middle
East, and Central Asia. It is harvested in spring
and autumn, sliced after removal of the resid-
ual stem and rootlets, dried in the sun, and
used unprocessed or stir baked with honey (Dong et al., 1998).
Licorice root is highly prized in TCM and is widely prescribed. Next to
ginseng in importance, it is a great corrective adjunct and harmonizing in-
gredient in a large number of recipes. Dry licorice root is an antipyretic,
good for detoxification and pain relief, and an antitussive and expectorant
(Smith and Stuart, 1973). Honey-processed licorice root is good for replen-
ishing Qi, invigorating the spleen, and preventing irregular heartbeats. Lic-
orice root is an excellent antiaging herb (Dong et al., 1998).

TCM Properties

Sweet in taste and neutral, licorice root acts on the heart, lung, spleen,
and stomach meridians.

Effects, Medicinal Uses, and Combinations

1. Replenishes Spleen-Qi and Stomach-Qi: for a deficiency of Spleen-

Qi and Stomach-Qi manifested as indigestion, chronic gastroenteritis,
poor appetite, chronic dysentery, and anemia, licorice root is often
combined with poria, codonopsis root (dang shen), and white atrac-
tylodes rhizome, as in Si Jun Zi Tang (R-2) (Wang, 1994).
2. Eliminates coughs and phlegm, relieves Heat, and detoxifies:
• To treat Wind-Heat type colds and coughs, licorice root is used
with platycodon root (jie geng), arctium fruit, peucedanum root,
and mulberry leaf (Wang, 1994).
• To treat Wind-Cold types of colds and coughs, licorice root is
blended with ephedra and bitter apricot kernel (Zhang, 1988).
 • For coughs due to an accumulation of Heat in the lungs, licorice
root is mixed with unprocessed gypsum, ephedra, and bitter apricot
kernel (Zhang, 1988).

3. Detoxifies and removes pathogenic Heat and toxins: for detoxifica-

tion, sores, ulcers, pyogenic skin infections, and sore throats, licorice
root is dispensed with lonicera and forsythia fruit in a decoction. It
can be blended with platycodon for a swollen throat, or with mung
bean or siler ( fang feng) for food poisoning (Wang, 1994).
4. Relieves spasms and pain: for intestinal cramps and stomach pain, it is
mixed with cinnamon twig and white peony root in a decoction
(Wang, 1994).

Dosage

In a decoction of 3 to 9 g, or 10 to 30 g for detoxification. To reduce heat

and to detoxify, use dried licorice root. For all other conditions, use pro-
cessed licorice root.

Precautions

• If taken for a long period of time or overdosed, it may cause edema or

hypertension.
• Anyone with a history of cardiovascular disorders, kidney disorders,
low blood potassium count, high blood pressure, diabetes, or women
who are pregnant or breast feeding should avoid licorice root or take
with caution.

Side Effects and Toxicity

At the normal recommended dose, this herb is safe. However, continuous

use or an overdose can result in sodium retention, lower the basal metabolic
rate, and decrease thyroid function, causing edema and hypertension (Zhu,
1998).
The MLD of glycyrrhizin in mice by subcutaneous administration was
1g/kg. The LD50 of glycyrrhizic acid (GA) in mice by intraperitoneal ad-
ministration was 308 mg/kg (Wang, 1983).
Modern Research Findings

Chemical Constituents

Licorice root contains about 1 to 24 percent of triterpene glycoside

glycyrrhizin, which is the calcium or potassium salt of glycyrrhizic acid.
Other contents include flavonoids, isoflavonoids, chalcones, coumarin,
triterpenoids, isoliquiritigenin, licobenzoburan, liquirigenin, liquirin, man-
nite, betulic acid, biotin, sterols, starch, volatile oil, sugar, lignin, amino ac-
ids, amines, gum, and wax (Leung and Foster, 1996).

Pharmacological Findings

1. Antiulcer and spasmolytic effects. The fluid extract of licorice root:

• relieves the spasm of the gastrointestinal smooth muscles;
• inhibits the secretion of gastric acid and reduces the activity by di-
rect absorption of the acid, and
• is therapeutic and protective as shown by experimental ulceration
of the gastrointestinal mucous surface of rats.
2. Detoxication through absorption, neutralization, and combination of
toxins.
• Licorice root decoction decreases or detoxifies toxins from food,
drugs, bacteria, and metabolites (Wang, 1994).
• It reduces the toxicity from strychnine, histamine, chlorohydrate,
benzene, arsenic, barbitol, tetanus toxin, and diphtheria toxin (Zhu,
1998).
• It increases detoxication in the liver (Zhu, 1998).
3. Liver protection. Licorice root provided protection for rats’ livers
against carbontetrachloride and promoted the regeneration of liver
cells (Zhu, 1998).
4. Glycyrrhizin has shown adrenocortical hormone action, mineral cor-
ticoid action with fluid, and sodium retention and potassium loss in
urine, leading to hypertension (Wang, 1994; Zhu, 1998).

Clinical Findings

Licorice root extract is widely used in China for gastric ulcers, duodenal
ulcers, bronchial asthma, infectious hepatitis, malaria, diabetes insipidus,
and contact dermatitis. The flavonoid extracts have recently been shown to
be strongly antioxidant and antihepatotoxic (Leung and Foster, 1996).

REFERENCES

Dong, K. S., Wang, X. Q., and Dong, Y. F. (1998). Xian Dai Lin Chuang Zhong Yao
Xue [Contemporary Clinical Chinese Materia Medica]. Beijing: Zhong Guo
Zhong Yi Yao Press.
Leung, A. and Foster, S. (1996). Encyclopedia of Common Natural Ingredients.
New York: John Wiley and Sons, Inc.
Smith, F. P. and Stuart, G. A. (1973). Chinese Medicinal Herbs. San Francisco:
Georgetown Press.
Wang, J. H. (Ed.) (1994). Xin Bian Chang Yong Zhong Yao Shou Ce [Manual of
Commonly Used Chinese Medicinal Herbs]. Beijing: Jin Dun Press.
Wang, Y. S. (1983). Pharmacology and Applications of Chinese Materia Medica.
Beijing: People’s Health Publisher.
Zhang, E. (1988). Zhong Yao Xue [The Chinese Materia Medica]. Shanghai: Pub-
lishing House of Shanghai TCM University.
Zhu, Y. (1998). Chinese Materia Medica—Chemistry, Pharmacology and Applica-
tions. Amsterdam: Harwood Academic Publishers.
 Chinese Yam;isRhizoma
This herb Dioscoreae;
the rhizome Shan
of Dioscorea
opposita Thunb. of theyao
family Dioscoreaceae.
The Chinese yam, grown in the Henan prov-
ince (Xinxiang county) is believed to be the
best variety, although Chinese yams found in
other provinces (including Hebei, Shandong,
and Shanxi in the northern, southern, and
southwestern provinces) are equally effective. Harvested in the winter, it is
cleaned, skinned, smoked with sulfur, and dried, or further processed with
wheat bran and sliced (Jiang Su New Medical College, 1977).
Chinese yam is a tonic and a restorative herb. It benefits the spirit, pro-
motes growth, and, when taken habitually, brightens the intellect, promotes
flesh (helps build new muscle and tissue), and prolongs life (Smith and Stu-
art, 1973). Unprocessed yam is good for nourishing Qi and kidney yin, and
production of body fluids. It is commonly used to treat diabetes and bron-
chitis. Stir-baked yam with wheat bran is good for invigorating the spleen,
stopping diarrhea, and nourishing the kidneys for strength and vitality. Chi-
nese yam is also an antiaging medicinal herb (Wang, 1994; Zhang, 1988).

TCM Properties

Sweet in taste and neutral, it acts on the spleen, lung, and kidney meridians.

Effects, Medicinal Uses, and Combinations

1. Nourishes the Stomach and Spleen:

• For metabolic imbalance, diminished functioning of the spleen,
and diabetes, Chinese yam is often used with astragalus, tricho-
santhes root, codonopsis, and hoelen, as in Yu Quan Wan (R-12).
• For poor appetite, lassitude, loose stools, and diarrhea, Chinese
yam is blended with ginseng, prepared licorice root, white atracty-
lodes rhizome, and poria, as in Shen Ling Bai Zhu San (R-13)
(Dong et al., 1998).
2. Strengthens kidney yin: for weakness and soreness in the waist and
knees, vertigo, tinnitus, deafness, night sweating, frequent urination,
leukorrhea, or spermatorrhea due to deficiency of the kidney yin, Chi-
 nese yam is mixed with processed rehmannia root, cornus fruit,
alisma, moutan, and hoelen, as in Liu Wei Di Huang Wan (R-22).
3. Nourishes the lungs and promotes production of body fluids: For a
cough and dyspnea due to lung deficiency, Chinese yam is combined
with codonopsis root, ophiopogon root, and schisandra fruit.
4. Invigorates Kidney-Qi:
• To treat deficiency of Kidney-Qi and kidney yang, Chinese yam is
dispensed with dried rehmannia, poria, cinnamon twig, cornus, and
alisma, as in Jin Gui Shen Qi Wan or Shen Qi Wan (R-24).
• To treat profuse leukorrhea due to Dampness and deficiency of
Kidney-Qi and Spleen-Qi, Chinese yam is prescribed with codo-
nopsis root, white atractylodes rhizome, and plantain seed. Chi-
nese yam is used with phellodendron bark (huang bai) if yellow
leukorrhea with signs of Damp-Heat is diagnosed.
5. Nourishes both Qi and yin: can be used in a recipe for treating anguish
with thirst, smothering sensations (confused and suppressed state),
and other symptoms of diabetes; Chinese yam can be given daily with
astragalus root, pueraria root, trichosanthes root, ophiopogon, dry
rehmannia, and anemarrhena rhizome (zhi mu) in a decoction known
as Yu Ye Tang (Dong et al., 1998).

Dosage

A decoction of 10 to 30 g, or 6 to 10 g in powdered form is taken orally

with water. Doses up to 60 to 250 g per day can be administered (Zhang,
1988).

Precautions

People with Damp-Heat diarrhea should avoid Chinese yam. Those with
spleen-yin-deficient-type diarrhea with stagnation in the abdomen should
avoid Chinese yam. To avoid destroying the enzyme when making a decoc-
tion do not overcook (Zhang, 1988). Avoid cooking Chinese yam with
drugs or foods that are alkaline in nature.

Side Effects and Toxicity

At the normal dosage, no adverse reactions have been reported.

Modern Research Findings

Chemical Constituents

Chinese yam contains 2 percent saponins (sapogenin) phenolic com-

pounds, namely cholin and batatasins I-V, other ingredients are: glycosides,
starch, enzymes, arginin, mannan, phytic acid, arginine, phytic acid, allan-
toin, and vitamin C (Hachimoto and Taima, 1978; Ireland et al., 1981; Ling,
1995; Zhu, 1998).

Pharmacological Findings

1. The enzyme content in Chinese yam lowers blood sugar levels in dia-
betics (Zhang, 1988).
2. It nourishes the body and improves appetite. The protein content in
Chinese yam furnishes essential amino acids; it is particularly good
for those who lack appetite, and the elderly(Zhang, 1988).

REFERENCES

Dong, K. S., Wang, X. Q., and Dong, Y. F. (1998). Xian Dai Lin Chuang Zhong Yao
Xue [Contemporary Clinical Chinese Materia Medica]. Beijing: Zhong Guo
Zhong Yi Yao Press.
Hachimoto, T. and Taima, M. (1978). Structures and synthesis of the growth inhibi-
tors batasins IV and V and their physiological activities. Phytochemistry 17:
1179-1184.
Ireland, C. R., Shwabe, W. W., and Coursey, D. G. (1981). The occurrence of
batatasins in the Dioscoreaceae. Phytochemistry 20: 1569-1571.
Jiang Su New Medical College (1977). Encyclopedia of Chinese Materia Medica.
Shanghai: Shanghai Science and Technology Press.
Ling, Y. (1995). A New Compendium of Materia Medica. Beijing: Science Press.
Smith, F. P. and Stuart, G. A. (1973). Chinese Medicinal Herbs. San Francisco:
Georgetown Press.
Wang, J. H. (Ed.) (1994). Xin Bian Chang Yong Zhong Yao Shou Ce [Manual of
Commonly Used Chinese Medicinal Herbs]. Beijing: Jin Dun Press.
Zhang, E. (1988). Zhong Yao Xue [The Chinese Materia Medica]. Shanghai: Pub-
lishing House of Shanghai TCM University.
Zhu, Y. (1998). Chinese Materia Medica—Chemistry, Pharmacology and Applica-
tions. Amsterdam: Harwood Academic Publishers.
 Schisandra
This herb Fruit; Fructus
is the dried ripeSchisandra; Wu
fruit of Schisan-
dra chinensis (Turez.) wei zi or S. Sphenanthera
Baill.
Rehd. et Wils. of the family Magnoliaceae.
Schisandra chinensis is widely distributed
throughout northern China, Inner Mongolia,
and Korea, where it is known as bei (north) wu
wei zi. The latter species is abundantly dis-
tributed in central China, particularly the
Sichuan and Yunnan provinces, where it is
known as zhong (central) wu wei zi (Dong et al., 1998; Jiang Su New Medi-
cal College, 1977).
Schisandra fruit is collected in autumn and dried in the sun after remov-
ing the fruit stalks. It is used unprocessed, or mixed with vinegar or honey,
steamed, and then dried. Schisandra has five distinct tastes. The skin and
pulp of the fruit are sweet and sour, the kernels are pungent and bitter, and
the whole fruit is salty. This gives rise to the Chinese name “five flavor
seeds.” The plant is a climber and the dried fruit is a small berry, red or pur-
ple in color (Smith and Stuart, 1973).
Schisandra is a tonic herb that benefits Qi and promotes the production
of body fluid, with a slightly laxative effect; it also has astringent properties.
Tonic, aphrodisiac, pectoral, and lenitive properties are ascribed to the plant
(Smith and Stuart, 1973).
Schisandra fruit is an excellent adaptogenic phytomedicine and a power-
ful antiaging medicinal herb.

TCM Properties

Sour and sweet in taste, and warm, it acts on the lung, kidney, and heart
meridians.

Effects, Medicinal Uses, and Combinations

1. Nourishes the kidneys, promotes the generation of body fluids, and

arrests spontaneous sweating:
• For palpitations, feeble pulse, thirst, excess sweating, and night
sweating from impaired Qi and yin caused by pathogenic Heat,
schisandra fruit is prescribed with ginseng and ophiopogon root
(mai dong), as in Sheng Mai San (R-5) (Wang, 1994).
 • For repeated sweating due to debility, schisandra fruit is used with
biota seed (bai zi ren), ginseng, ephedra root, and oyster shell, as in
Bai Zi Ren Wan.
• To relieve symptoms of diabetes, schisandra fruit is blended with
astragalus root, dried rehmannia root, ophiopogon root (mai dong),
and trichosanthes root (tian hua fen), as in Huang Qi Tang (Zhang,
1988).

2. Produces astringency in the lungs and nourishes the kidneys: for a

chronic cough and deficiency-type asthma, schisandra fruit is com-
bined with prepared rehmannia root, cornus fruit (shan zhu yu), and
Chinese yam, as in Du Qi Wan (Zhang, 1988).
3. Invigorates and warms up the kidneys and spleen: for debility of both
spleen yang and kidney yang caused by endogenic coldness, diarrhea be-
fore dawn, anorexia, loose stools with undigested food, abdominal pain,
coldness in limbs, and lack of Spirit, schisandra fruit is often prescribed
with evodia (wu zhu yu), psoralea (bu gu zi), nutmeg (rou dou kou), gin-
ger, and Chinese dates, as in Si Shen Wan (R-28) (Wang, 1994).
4. Nourishes the heart and tranquilizes the mind: for insomnia, dreami-
ness, frigidity, and palpitations, schisandra fruit is mixed with dried
rehmannia root, ophiopogon root, salvia root, and wild jujube seed, as
in Tian Wang Bu Xin Wan (R-45). It is also used with salvia and
acorus, along with other herbs, as in An Shen Bu Xin Wan (R-43)
(Wang, 1994).
5. Hepatoprotective: schisandra is used to treat icterohepatitis, chronic
hepatitis, and viral hepatitis. Schisandra powder 30 g three times a
day for 30 days is effective, and a synthetic drug called biphendyldi-
methyldicarboxylate (BDD) is widely used in China as a hepato-
protective agent. It is highly effective in normalizing liver functions
and has very few side effects. Schisandra was found better than
silymarin (legalon) and glycyrrhizin in parallel clinical trials (Bone,
2001; Zhu, 1998).

Dosage

In a decoction of 2 to 6 g, or 1 to 3 g in powdered form to be taken orally.

Precautions

Those with ulcers, hyperchlorhydria, interior inflammation, or suffering

from skin afflictions should avoid schisandra fruit (Dong et al., 1998;
Wang, 1994).
Side Effects and Toxicity

At the suggested therapeutic dose, the herb is safe. At higher dosages,

stomach burning, gastrointestinal tract discomfort, and poor appetite were
reported. No deaths occurred in mice receiving an oral dose of 5 g/kg of the
herb or 2 g/kg of schisandrin B. The oral LD50 of ethanol extract of the fruit
in mice was 5.1 g/kg. Light skin-allergic reactions and itching were re-
ported (Wang, 1983).

Modern Research Findings

Chemical Constituents

Schisandra fruit (S. chinensis) contains a large number of dibenzocyclo-

octane lignans known as schisandrins A, B, and C, schisandrols A and B,
schisantherin A and B, hydroxyschisandrine, gama-schisandrin, and gomi-
sins. Other ingredients include triter penic acid, triterpenic lactones, essen-
tial oil, citric acid, and vitamins C and E (Ling, 1995; Wang, 1994).

Pharmacological Findings

1. Good for treating hepatitis, schisandra has been shown to reduce se-
rum glutamic acid-pyruvietransaminase (SGPT) concentration in ex-
perimental animals; it also protected and increased the detoxification
of the liver cells (Dong et al., 1998).
2. Action on central nervous system (CNS):
• Increases the physical and mental power of a person, reduces fa-
tigue, nourishes the brain, and increases performance and learning
ability.
• Regulates both the excitatory and inhibitory action, and keeps the
CNS in balance.
• The whole herb extract is a CNS stimulant. It increases vision,
hearing ability, and skin reactivity (Dong et al., 1998).
3. Adaptogenic:
• Schisandra fruit has similar adaptogenic properties as ginseng and
Siberian ginseng. It increases human endurance and resistance to
diseases but the effect is weaker than ginseng and Siberian ginseng
(Brekhman, 1980).
 • It increases ribonucleic acid (RNA), glycogen, and enzymes in the
kidneys and gonads.
• Schisandra aids in opthalmic darkness adaptation and improves
eyesight (Brekhman, 1980).
4. Schisandra fruit increases blood circulation, the contraction of heart
muscle, lowers blood pressure, and is a cardiac tonic (Dong et al.,
1998).
5. Stomachic: it regulates the secretion of gastric juice and increases bile
secretion (Dong et al., 1998).
6. Mental sedation: schisandra alcohol extract is a sedative, induces
peace of mind and sleep, and improved sleep duration similar to bar-
bital (Bone, 2001).
7. Other effects:
• Schisandra stimulates respiration, and is an expectorant and anti-
tussive.
• Simulates uterus smooth muscle contraction.
• Increases the amplitude and frequency of respiration.
• The alcoholic extract of schisandra fruit was inhibitory in vitro on
the following bacteria: Bacillus anthracis, B. dysenteriae, B. neo-
formans, B. proteus, B. typhosus, P. aeruginosa, S. enteritidis,
S. aureas, S. albus, and vibrio comma (Zhu, 1998).
• Antitussive, expectorant and antiasthmatic properties were also
observed (Dong et al., 1998).
8. Cancer prevention: gomisin A showed a strong inhibitory effect on
skin tumors in mice (Jiang Su New Medical College, 1977) and oral
administration of gomisin A showed a weak suppressive effect on tu-
mor promotion in rats (Bone, 2001).
9. Oral administration of gomisin A prevented the development of im-
munologically induced acute hepatic failure (Bone, 2001).

Clinical Findings

1. Clinical studies have demonstrated benefits when used to treat jaun-

dice and hepatitis. Schisandra has astringent, sedative, and anti-
diarrheal effects (Bone, 2001).
2. Schisandra fruit extract was used to treat acute intestinal dysentery
with effective results (Dong et al., 1998).
3. Schisandra fruit extract was used clinically to treat neurasthenia and
to relieve the symptoms of insomnia, dizziness, headache, blurred vi-
 sion, angina pectoris, and spermatorrhea (Jiang Su New Medical Col-
lege, 1977; Smith and Stuart, 1973).
4. Schisandrin lignans improve activities requiring concentration and
coordination in humans (Bone, 2001).

REFERENCES

Bone, K. (2001). Clinical Applications of Ayurvedic and Chinese Herbs. Queens-

land, Australia: Phytotherapy Press.
Brekhman, I. I. (1980). Man and Biologically Active Substances. New York:
Pergamon Press.
Dong, K. S., Wang, X. Q., and Dong, Y. F. (1998). Xian Dai Lin Chuang Zhong Yao
Xue [Contemporary Clinical Chinese Materia Medica]. Beijing: Zhong Guo
Zhong Yi Yao Press.
Jiang Su New Medical College (1977). Encyclopedia of Chinese Materia Medica.
Shanghai: Shanghai Science and Technology Press.
Ling, Y. (1995). A New Compendium of Materia Medica. Beijing: Science Press.
Smith, F. P. and Stuart, G. A. (1973). Chinese Medicinal Herbs. San Francisco:
Georgetown Press.
Wang, J. H. (Ed.) (1994). Xin Bian Chang Yong Zhong Yao Shou Ce [Manual of
Commonly Used Chinese Medicinal Herbs]. Beijing: Jin Dun Press.
Wang, Y. S. (1983). Pharmacology and Applications of Chinese Materia Medica.
Beijing: People’s Health Publisher.
Zhang, E. (1988). Zhong Yao Xue [The Chinese Materia Medica]. Shanghai: Pub-
lishing House of Shanghai TCM University.
Zhu, Y. (1998). Chinese Materia Medica—Chemistry, Pharmacology and Applica-
tions. Amsterdam: Harwood Academic Publishers.
 White
This Atractylodes; Rhizoma
herb is the rhizome of Atractylodis
Atractylodes
macrocephala Macrocephala;
Koidz. of theBai zhu Compos-
family
itae. It is grown mainly in the Zhejiang prov-
ince of China but is also cultivated in the prov-
inces of Hubei, Hunan, Fujian, Anhui, and
Jiangxi. The rhizome is collected in the win-
ter, sliced, dried in the sun, and used unpro-
cessed or stir baked with wheat bran, which
gives it a brown color (Jiang Su New Medical College, 1977).
Traditionally, white atractylodes is an excellent tonic and diuretic, fetus-
calming (tranquilizing), and a stomach remedy, and is used mainly to invig-
orate the functions of the stomach and spleen. It is included in several valu-
able traditional recipes for elixir of longevity and elixir of felicity.
Atractylodes has two medicinal varieties. The unprocessed (dried) vari-
ety is used mainly for eliminating Dampness and inducing diuresis for the
treatment of edema and arthritis. The stir-baked or processed variety is used
for invigorating the Spleen-Qi and strengthening stomach activity for treat-
ing digestive disorders, diarrhea, and sweating (Wang, 1994). White atrac-
tylodes is a powerful antiaging medicinal herb.

TCM Properties

Bitter and sweet in taste, and warm, atractylodes acts on the spleen and
stomach meridians.

Effects, Medicinal Uses, and Combinations

1. Replenishes Spleen-Qi and Stomach-Qi, and reinforces the functions

of the spleen and stomach:
• For epigastric and abdominal distension, poor appetite, loose stools,
lassitude, and asthenia, white atractylodes is prescribed with gin-
seng root, poria, and licorice root, as in Si Jun Zi Tang (R-2). It is
also used with ginseng, astragalus, Chinese angelica, and other
herbs, as in Bu Zhong Yi Qi Tang (R-9), for poor digestion.
 • For abdominal pain and severe diarrhea due to extreme cold in the
gastrointestinal tract, white atractylodes is combined with dried
ginger and codonopsis root, as in Li Zhong Tang (R-14) (Dong
et al., 1998).
2. Invigorates the spleen, eliminates interior Dampness, and induces
diuresis:
• For the sensation of fullness, and oppression in the chest and upper
abdomen, white atractylodes is used with cinnamon twig, poria,
and licorice root in a decoction known as Ling Gui Zhu Gan Tang
(R-74).
• To treat edema, white atractylodes is mixed with poria, alisma rhi-
zome, cinnamon twig, polyporus, and dried ginger, as in Wu Ling
San (R-68) (Zhang, 1988).
3. Prevents miscarriage, threatened miscarriage, and continuous move-
ment of the fetus (continuous movement of the fetus means it is not
stable or quiet in the womb; continuous movement may easily lead to
miscarriage).
• To prevent and treat threatened miscarriage, morning sickness, and as-
sociated symptoms after pregnancy, white atractylodes is prescribed
with scutellaria root, orange peel, poria, and bambusa (zhu gu).
• For soreness and pain in the back, or abdominal pain after preg-
nancy, this herb can be combined with eucommia bark, donkey-
hide gelatin, and dipsacus (Wang, 1994).

Dosage

In a decoction of 5 to 15 g.

Precautions

This herb should not be used by those who are yin deficient or deficient
in body fluids.

Side Effects and Toxicity

At the normal suggested dose levels, the herb is safe. Toxicological stud-
ies showed that rats, with oral administration of the decoction of the herb at
0.5 g/kg daily for two months, had no observable toxic reactions. The LD50
of its decoction in mice was 13.3 g/kg by intraperitoneal administration
(Wang, 1994).

Modern Research Findings

Chemical Constituents

White atractylodes contains essential oil (0.25 to 1.42 percent) with

atractylol and atractylone as its major components. Other components are
lactones of atractylenolide-I, II, III, and 8-beta-ethoxy-asterolide, scopo-
letin, acetylene, hutenolides, and vitamin A. It also contains atractylodes
polysaccharides (Leung and Foster, 1996; Zhu, 1998).

Pharmacological Findings

1. As a tonic, it enhances immunity and improves resistance against dis-

eases in mice. White atractylodes increases body weight and muscle
strength. An oral administration of white atractylodes showed an in-
crease in body weight and endurance in a swimming test using mice
(Wang, 1983).
2. Diuretic: white atractylodes significantly increases the excretion of
urine and sodium ion electrolytes (Dong et al., 1998).
3. Hypoglycemic properties: in animal tests, both rabbits and rats
showed lowered blood serum glucose levels (Dong et al., 1998).
4. Anticoagulative: elevates prothrombin time in rats, and protects the
liver.
5. Endocrine action: in many animal experiments, white atractylodes in-
creased the assimilation of glucose and lowered plasma sugar levels.
6. Hematologic properties: white atractylodes increases red blood cell
count and hemoglobin, and at the same time increases the number of
white blood cells, and potentiates therapeutic activity during che-
motherapy and radiation therapy.
7. Stomachic: white atractylodes increases the secretion of gastric
juice and increases digestion.
8. White atractylodes volatile oil has a sedative effect in rabbits and is
anticancerous in mice. It inhibits the growth of intestinal and liver
cancer (Dong et al., 1998).
9. An anti-inflammatory, its polysaccharides were shown to be immu-
nopotentiating (Dong et al., 1998).
10. Protects the liver (Dong et al., 1998).
 REFERENCES
Dong, K. W., Wang, X. Q., and Dong, Y. F. (1998). Xian Dai Lin Chuang Zhong
Yao Xue [Contemporary Clinical Chinese Materia Medica]. Beijing: Zhong Guo
Zhong Yi Yao Press.
Jiang Su New Medical College (1977). Encyclopedia of Chinese Materia Medica.
Shanghai: Shanghai Science and Technology Press.
Leung, A. and Foster, S. (1996). Encyclopedia of Common Natural Ingredients.
New York: John Wiley and Sons, Inc.
Wang, J. H. (Ed.) (1994). Xin Bian Chang Yong Zhong Yao Shou Ce [Manual of
Commonly Used Chinese Medicinal Herbs]. Beijing: Jin Dun Press.
Wang, Y. S. (1983). Pharmacology and Applications of Chinese Materia Medica.
Beijing: People’s Health Publisher.
Zhang, E. (1988). Zhong Yao Xue [The Chinese Materia Medica]. Shanghai: Pub-
lishing House of Shanghai TCM University.
Zhu, Y. (1998). Chinese Materia Medica—Chemistry, Pharmacology and Applica-
tions. Amsterdam: Harwood Academic Publishers.
 Chinese
AngelicaAngelica
sinensis Root;
(Oliv.)Radix Angelica
Diels of the fam-
sinensis;
ily Dang gui,
Umbelliferae has Tang kuei,
a fleshy Dong quai
fusiform root.
It grows mainly in the Gansu, Guizhou,
Shaanxi, Sichuan, and Yunnan provinces of
China, and is harvested in the late autumn.
The rootlets are removed and it is smoke dried
on gentle heat, sliced, and used unprocessed
or stir baked with wine (Jiang Su New Medi-
cal College, 1977).
Chinese angelica is a well-known gynecological medicine, traditionally
used to promote blood circulation and to treat menstrual cramps, and
chlorotic and puerperal diseases of women (Smith and Stuart, 1973). It is
also used to treat hemorrhages of all kinds, colds, dyspeptic complaints, and
ague, as well as many other health problems. Chinese angelica is one of the
best known and most consumed Chinese herbs in China and the United
States. It is a powerful blood tonic and antiaging medicinal herb.

TCM Properties

Sweet and pungent in taste, and warm, it acts on the liver, heart, and
spleen meridians.

Effects, Medicinal Uses, and Combinations

1. Treats female menstrual ailments:

• For irregular menstruation, amenorrhea, menorrhalgia, premen-
strual syndrome (PMS), metrorrhagia, infertility, and menopause,
Chinese angelica can be used alone, as in Dang Gui Wan (R-17), or
combined with processed rehmannia root, red peony, and cnidium
rhizome, as in Si Wu Tang (R-15) (Dong et al., 1998).
• For menstrual problems due to stagnation of the blood, Chinese an-
gelica root is prescribed with cnidium rhizome, red peony root,
peach kernel, and carthamus, as in Tao Hong Si Wu Tang (R-16)
(Wang, 1994).
 • For menstrual difficulties, if the condition is mainly due to stagna-
tion of Liver-Qi, Chinese angelica is dispensed with cyperus tuber,
bupleurum root, and curcuma root, as in Xuan Yu Tong Jing Tang.

2. Invigorates blood circulation and stops arthralgia:

• For pain due to stagnation of blood circulation, Chinese angelica is

mixed with red salvia, mastic, and myrrh, as in Huo Luo Xiao Ling
Dan.
• For rheumatic arthralgia, Chinese angelica is combined with noto-
pterygium root, siler, and curcuma, as in Juan Bi Tang.
• For numbness in the extremities, Chinese angelica is blended with
millettia and loranthus. For pain caused by traumatic injuries, it is
used with rhubarb, peach kernel, safflower, and bupleurum (Zhang,
1988).

3. Nourishes the blood: for blood deficiency, with symptoms of a sallow

complexion and pale lips, for distension and pain in the chest, diz-
ziness, anorexia, loose stools, irregular menstruation, and cramps,
Dang Gui Bu Xue Tang is used. For deficiency of blood, stagnation of
Spleen-Qi and Liver-Qi, dizziness, and pale nails, Chinese angelica is
prescribed with astragalus root, ginseng, processed rehmannia, white
atractylodes rhizome, cinnamon bark, peony, and licorice, as in Shi
Quan Da Bu Wan (R-80) (Zhang, 1988).
4. Invigorates both Qi and blood, and strengthens the function of the
spleen and stomach: For general debility, loss of appetite, lassitude,
and habitual miscarriage, Chinese angelica extract is made into a pat-
ent medicine such as Dang Gui Wan (R-17). It can be combined with
rehmannia root, cnidium, white peony, poria, white atractylodes, and
licorice root, as in Ba Zhen Wan (R-18). A similar formula, Wu Ji Bai
Feng Wan (R-19), has been used to treat menstrual disorders, and the
deficiency of Qi and blood, with good results (Fang and Shen, 1994).
5. Nourishes blood and strengthens the function of the spleen and liver:
for distension and pain in the chest, dizziness, anorexia, loose stools,
irregular menstruation, cramps, headaches, and dry mouth and throat
due to a deficiency of blood and stagnation of Spleen-Qi and Liver-
Qi, Chinese angelica is combined with bupleurum root, white peony,
atractylodes rhizome, poria, licorice root, ginger, and peppermint, as
in the popular patent medicine of Xiao Yao Wan (R-41) (Wang, 1994).
When moutan and gardenia are added to the previous recipe (Xiao
Yao Wan), a new recipe, Dan Zhi Xiao Yao Wan (R-42), is created,
 which effectively treats menstrual disorders, menopausal syndrome,
emotional imbalance, and depression due to stagnation of Liver-Qi
and deficiency of blood.
6. Helps moisten the bowels: for constipation, Chinese angelica is mixed
with cistanche, polygonum, and hemp seed (Wang, 1994).

Dosage

In a decoction of 6 to 15 g.

Precautions

Chinese angelica should not be used in cases of excessive Dampness

manifested as abdominal distension and loose stools, if there is a tendency
for heavy menstrual periods or excessive bleeding, or for acute viral infec-
tion of colds or flu. Do not take Chinese angelica with blood thinners.

Side Effects and Toxicity

At the recommended dose, the herb is safe. No side effects or toxicity

have been reported.

Modern Research Findings

Chemical Constituents

Chinese angelica root and rhizome are rich in coumarins and volatile oil.
The main ingredients of the volatile oil include ligustilide and butylidene
phthalide. Others are d-a-phellandrene, alpha-pinene, limonene, beta-caryo-
phyllene, linalool, borneol, acetaldehyde, and lactones (Bone, 2001; Wang,
1983). Coumarins include osthol, angelicin, osthenol, umbelliferone, and
others. Other components in the herb so far isolated are plant acids (includ-
ing angelic, aconitic, citric, ferulic, malic, folic, and others), resin, starch,
sugars, archangelone, beta-sitosterol palminate and arachinate, amino ac-
ids, and vitamins A, E, and B 12 (Bone, 2001; Wang, 1983).
Pharmacological Findings

1. Effects on uterine muscles:

• The essential oil portion or organic solvent relaxes the isolated
uterus, but the aqueous extract (cooked for a long time to evaporate
the volatile oil) increases contractions in the uterus. Uterine con-
tractions can speed up birth (Wang, 1983).
• In one study, an isolated uterus relaxed more than a life model
(Dong et al., 1998).
2. Prevents the decrease of liver glycogen, protects the liver, and regen-
erates liver cells.
3. Invigorates blood circulation, including micro and peripheral circula-
tion systems. Increases coronary blood supply. It also dilates blood
vessels and increases blood circulation as it lowers blood pressure.
Intravenous administration of 2 g/kg of the extract to anesthetized
dogs decreased coronary resistance and peripheral resistance, in-
creased coronary flow, and decreased myocardial oxygen consump-
tion (Wang, 1983).
4. Inhibits cholesterol formation and prevents arteriosclerosis in rabbits
and rats (Bone, 2001).
5. Has a mild sedative effect on the central nervous system, and is analge-
sic (Zhu, 1998).
6. Relaxes the smooth muscles (Dong et al., 1998).
7. Increases blood cell counts. Invigorates production of red and white
blood cells, and platelets (Dong et al., 1998).
8. Antiasthmatic: Chinese angelica is shown to improve the capacity of
the lungs and relax bronchial muscles (Tao et al., 1984).
9. Antimicrobial: Chinese angelica is inhibitory in vitro against hemo-
lytic Streptococcus and Shigella (Wang, 1994; Dong et al., 1998).

Clinical Findings

• Treats thromboangitis obliterans (Buerger’s disease) and constrictive

arthritis, relieves pain, increases local blood circulation, increases the
temperature of the skin, prevents the development of necrosis, and
promotes the healing process (Bone, 2001).
• Chinese angelica decoction showed reduced thymoturbidity in
eighty-eight cases of chronic hepatitis or liver cirrhosis (Bone, 2001).
• Treats dysmenorrhea: when combined with red peony root, corydalis,
and ligasticum fruit in a decoction, it demonstrated a 93 percent im-
provement rate in the treatment of dysmenorrhea (Bone, 2001).
 REFERENCES

Bone, K. (2001). Clinical Applications of Ayurvedic and Chinese Herbs. Queens-

land, Australia: Phytotherapy Press.
Dong, K. S., Wang, X. Q., and Dong, Y. F. (1998). Xian Dai Lin Chuang Zhong Yao
Xue [Contemporary Clinical Chinese Materia Medica]. Beijing: Zhong Guo
Zhong Yi Yao Press.
Fang, D. Y. and Shen, G. N. (1994). Zhong Cheng Yao Lin Chuang Ying Yung Zhi
Nan [Directions on Clinical Applications of Chinese Patent Medicines]. Beijing:
Science and Technology Documents Press.
Jiang Su New Medical College (1977). Encyclopedia of Chinese Materia Medica.
Shanghai: Shanghai Science and Technology Press.
Smith, F. P. and Stuart, G. A. (1973). Chinese Medicinal Herbs. San Francisco:
Georgetown Press.
Tao, J. Y., Ruan, Y. P., Mei, Q. B., Liu, S., Tian, Q. L., and Chen, Y. Z. (1984). Stud-
ies on the antiasthmatic effect of ligustilide of dang gui, Angelica sinensis (Oliv.)
Diels. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica 19: 561-565.
Wang, J. H. (Ed.) (1994). Xin Bian Chang Yong Zhong Yao Shou Ce [Manual of
Commonly Used Chinese Medicinal Herbs]. Beijing: Jin Dun Press.
Wang, Y. S. (1983). Pharmacology and Applications of Chinese Materia Medica.
Beijing: People’s Health Publisher.
Zhang, E. (Ed.) (1988). Zhong Yao Xue [The Chinese Materia Medica]. Shanghai:
Publishing House of Shanghai TCM University.
Zhu, Y. (1998). Chinese Materia Medica—Chemistry, Pharmacology and Applica-
tions. Amsterdam: Harwood Academic Publishers.
 Processed
This herb is Rehmannia Root; Radix
the steam-processed root of
Rehmannia Rehmanniae Preparata;
glutinosa Libosch. of the family
Shu di It
Scrophulariaceae. huang
growsormainly
shu diin the Hebei
and Henan provinces, as well as Inner Mongo-
lia of China. The root is harvested in autumn
and dried in the sun after the rootlets are re-
moved (Dong et al., 1998).
There are two kinds of rehmannia: unpro-
cessed dry rehmannia and processed rehmannia root. Processed, prepared,
or cured rehmannia root is the dry root mixed with rice wine, amomum
fruit, and tangerine peel, then steamed and dried again in the sun until the
root turns black inside.
Processed rehmannia root, which resembles Chinese angelica, was used
traditionally as a tonic for all wasting diseases and weakened conditions of
the body (Smith and Stuart, 1973). Today, cured rehmannia root is used as a
hematonic for the purpose of nourishing the blood and yin, and treating
menstrual disorders (Wang, 1994). Processed rehmannia root is a good
antiaging medicinal herb.

TCM Properties

Sweet in taste and slightly warm, it acts on the liver and kidney meridi-
ans.

Effects, Medicinal Uses, and Combinations

1. Nourishes the blood and the kidney yin:

• For dizziness, blurred vision, tinnitus, deafness, and early graying
of hair due to a deficiency of the Vital Essence and blood, pro-
cessed rehmannia root is blended with polygonum, ligustrum,
cornus, and herba eclipta (han lian cao) in a decoction (Wang,
1994).
• For tidal fever, night sweats, seminal emission, thirst, and diabetes
due to deficiency of the kidney yin, processed rehmannia is com-
bined with Chinese yam, cornus, moutan, hoelen, and alisma, as in
 the patented recipe Liu Wei Di Huang Wan (R-22). When schis-
andra and ophiopogon root are added to the recipe Liu Wei Di
Huang Wan, a new recipe, Mai Wei Di Huang Wan (R-23) or Ba
Xian Chang Shou Wan (longevity pills), is created. This formula is
used for symptoms caused by kidney-yin deficiency (Wang, 1994).
• When anemarrhena (zhi mu) and phellodendron bark (huang bai)
are added to Liu Wei Di Huang Wan, the recipe Zhi Bai Di Huang
Wan is created. This formula is effective for symptoms due to defi-
ciency of liver yin and kidney yin (Wang, 1994).
2. Nourishes the spleen and the heart: for neurasthenia, amnesia, palpi-
tations, insomnia, forgetfulness, lassitude, anorexia, blood in the
stool, and purple discoloration of the skin, processed rehmannia root
is mixed with astragalus root, Chinese angelica, poria, polygala root,
longan aril, zizyphus, processed licorice root, ginseng or codonopsis,
and Chinese dates, as in the patented recipe Gui Pi Tang (R-6) (Dong
et al., 1998).
3. Invigorates Qi and blood: for weakness of the body, weight loss, ach-
ing and lassitude in bones and knees, irregular menstruation, metror-
rhagia, metrostaxis, and leukorrhea due to deficiency of Qi and blood,
processed rehmannia root is often prescribed with black bone chicken,
degluted antler powder, turtle shell, oyster shell, ginseng, astragalus
root, Chinese angelica, white peony root, cyperus tuber, licorice root,
dried rehmannia, cnidium, Chinese yam, salvia root, and other ingre-
dients, as in the famous patented recipe Wu Ji Bai Feng Wan (R-19)
(Wang, 1994).

Dosage

In a decoction of 9 to 15 g.

Precautions

Processed rehmannia is sticky and greasy in nature, and can hinder di-
gestion. Patients afflicted with stagnation of Qi, profuse phlegm, gastric and
abdominal distension, poor appetite, and loose stools should avoid this
cured herb (Dong et al., 1998).

Side Effects and Toxicity

The herb is safe at recommended therapeutic levels. No side effects or

toxicity are known.
Modern Research Findings

Chemical Constituents

Processed rehmannia root contains iridoid glycosides; catalpol was the

first glycoside isolated. Other ingredients include rehmannine, rehma-
glutin, vioglutins, jionosides A, B, C, and D, catalpol, jioglutoside, beta-
sitosterol, r-aminobutyric acid, manitol, stigmasterol, campesterol, saccha-
rides, vitamin A, and amino acids (Leung and Foster, 1996). Furthermore,
rehmaglutins H-D and chlorine-containing iridoid glycoside and glutino-
side have also been isolated (Zhu, 1998).

Pharmacological Findings

1. Invigorates production of red and white blood cells, and platelets.

Potentiates therapeutic activity during chemotherapy and radiation
(Dong et al., 1998).
2. Oral administration of processed rehmannia demonstrated protective
effects on hematopoiesis, immunity, and heart, liver, and kidney func-
tions during chemotherapy in tumor-bearing mice (Dong et al., 1998).
3. Cardiotonic, diuretic, and anti-inflammatory (Dong et al., 1998).
4. Lowers blood pressure (Wang, 1994).
5. Lowers blood sugar and decreases lipid cholesterol levels (Dong
et al., 1998).

Clinical Findings

• Prevents corticosteroid drugs’ suppression of endogenous levels of

corticosteroids (Leung and Foster, 1996).
• Treats inflammatory disorders involving the immune systems, such as
allergies, skin rashes, and autoimmune disorders (Leung and Foster,
1996).
• Antisclerotic action (Leung and Foster, 1996).

REFERENCES

Dong, K. S., Wang, X. Q., and Dong, Y. F. (1998). Xian Dai Lin Chuang Zhong Yao
Xue [Contemporary Clinical Chinese Materia Medica]. Beijing: Zhong Guo
Zhong Yi Yao Press.
Leung, A. and Foster, S. (1996). Encyclopedia of Common Natural Ingredients.
New York: John Wiley and Sons, Inc.
Smith, F. P. and Stuart, G. A. (1973). Chinese Medicinal Herbs. San Francisco:
Georgetown Press.
Wang, J. H. (Ed.) (1994). Xin Bian Chang Yong Zhong Yao Shou Ce [Manual of
Commonly Used Chinese Medicinal Herbs]. Beijing: Jin Dun Press.
Zhu, Y. (1998). Chinese Materia Medica—Chemistry, Pharmacology and Applica-
tions. Amsterdam: Harwood Academic Publishers.
 White Peony
The herb is Root; Radix
the root Paeoniae
of Paeonia Alba;
lactiflora
Pall. of the familyBai shao
Ranunculaceae. It grows
chiefly in the Anhui, Sichuan, and Zhejiang
provinces of China. The root is dug in autumn
or summer, and washed clean after removal of
the lateral roots and skin, boiled, dried in the
sun, then sliced and used unprocessed or stir
baked with rice wine as processed medicine
(Jiang Su New Medical college, 1977).
Peony root is highly valued by Chinese doctors, who use it as a tonic, al-
terative, astringent, and general remedy in diseases of women (Smith and
Stuart, 1973). White peony root is commonly used to nourish the blood,
regulate menstrual flow, and to relieve muscular spasm, facial spasm, rest-
less legs, and premenstrual syndrome (PMS) spasms and pain (Wang,
1994).

TCM Properties

Bitter and sour in taste, and slightly cold, it acts on the liver and spleen
meridians.

Effects, Medicinal Uses, and Combinations

1. Nourishes blood and regulates menstruation: for abnormal menstrual

flow, dysmenorrhea, metrorrhagia, and metrostaxis, white peony root
is used with Chinese angelica root, chuan xiong rhizome, and pro-
cessed rehmannia root, as in the patented recipe Si Wu Tang (R-15)
(Wang, 1994).
2. Relieves spasms and pain:

• For abdominal spasms and pain, as well as pain in the hypochon-

driac region due to stagnation of Liver-Qi, white peony root is
combined with bupleurum root, cyperus tuber, cnidium, and bitter
orange.
 • For gastrointestinal pain and spasm of the calf muscles, it is used
with cinnamon twig, licorice root, and ginger, as in the patented
recipe Xiao Jian Zhong Tang (R-60) (Dong et al., 1998).
3. Relieves liver hyperactivity: for headaches, hypertension, and vertigo
due to liver-yang hyperactivity, white peony root is blended with
dried rehmannia root, achyranthes root, and red ochre (dai zheu shi),
as in the recipe Jian Ling Tang, or it is blended with chrysanthemum
flower and tribulus (Dong et al., 1998).
4. Induces diuresis: to treat retention of urine and body fluid, oliguria,
and chronic nephritis, white peony root is mixed with poria, ginger,
atractylodes rhizome, and processed aconite, as in the patented recipe
Zhen Wu Tang (R-75) (Wang, 1994).

Dosage

In a decoction of 6 to 12 g.

Precautions

People with yang exhaustion, manifestations of deficiency, or liver dis-

orders should not take white peony. It is incompatible with veratrum root.

Side Effects and Toxicity

The therapeutic dose does not produce side effects or toxicity. An over-
dose or long-term use may damage liver function (Dong et al., 1998).

Modern Research Findings

Chemical Constituents

Peony root contains about 1 to 2 percent of paeoniflorin (a monoterpene

glycoside) and benzoylpaeoniflorin, paeonol, paeonin, alblflorin, oxypaeo-
niflorin, and paeoniflorigenone. Other ingredients including pentagalloyl-
glucose, paeonilactone A, B, and C, riterpenoids, sitosterol, a natural
polysaccharide, peonan SA, peonan SB, acidic polysaccharide peonan PA,
and tanin were also isolated (Bone, 2001; Tonoda et al., 1994; Yin and Guo,
1993; Zhu, 1998).

Pharmacological Findings

1. White peony root extract is mildly antispasmodic in laboratory-tested

animals (Wang, 1994).
2. It exhibits significant antiatherogenic activity in cholesterol-fed rab-
bits (Dong et al., 1998).
3. White peony prohibits excess production of stomach acid and pre-
vents ulcer formation (Dong et al., 1998).
4. Peony is a sedative, hypnotic, and antispasmotic (Dong et al., 1998).
5. Peony and paeoniflorin are strong analgesics (Bone, 2001; Dong et al.,
1998).
6. It inhibits platelet aggregation and increases fibrinolytic activity. Pe-
ony also has been shown to prolong prothrombin time (Bone, 2001).
7. Peony has shown blood vessel dilation and transient blood pressure-
lowering properties (Wang, 1994).
8. It exhibits antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory activities in rats (Zhu,
1998).
9. At an oral dose of 1 mg/kg in rats, paeoniflorin attenuates the perfor-
mance deficit produced by scopolamine in the radial maze. Also, the
glycoside showed reduced learning impairment in aged rats. An oral
dose of albiflorin, pentagalloylglucose, and aqueous extract of pae-
onia showed inhibition of convulsion activity induced by the drug
pentylenetetrazol in rats (Bone, 2001).

Clinical Findings

• The effects of a peony and licorice combination on polycystic ovary

syndrome was specifically examined in Japan. After twenty-four
weeks, the LH to FSH ratio was significantly lower in the treatment
group over the control group (Bone, 2001). This combination also
promotes fertility (Dong et al., 1998).
• Peony is used for intestinal smooth muscle spasm, dysmenorrhea, and
vaginal muscle spasm (Dong et al., 1998).
• Peony is good for treating muscle cramps and epilepsy (Bone, 2001).
• It is used to treat menstrual dysfunction and leukorrhea (Wang, 1994).
 REFERENCES

Bone, K. (2001). Clinical Applications of Ayurvedic and Chinese Herbs. Queens-

land, Australia: Phytotherapy Press.
Dong, K. S., Wang, X. Q., and Dong, Y. F. (1998). Xian Dai Lin Chuang Zhong Yao
Xue [Contemporary Clinical Chinese Materia Medica]. Beijing: Zhong Guo
Zhong Yi Yao Press.
Jiang Su New Medical College (1977). Encyclopedia of Chinese Materia Medica.
Shanghai: Shanghai Science and Technology Press.
Smith, F. P. and Stuart, G. A. (1973). Chinese Medicinal Herbs. San Francisco:
Georgetown Press.
Tonoda, M., Matsumoto, K., Shimizu, N., Gonda, R., Ohara, N., and Hirabashi, K.
(1994). An acidic polysaccaride and immunological activity from the root of
Paeonia lactiflora. Biological and Pharmaceutical Bulletin 17: 1161-1164.
Wang, J. H. (Ed.) (1994). Xin Bian Chang Yong Zhong Yao Shou Ce [Manual of
Commonly Used Chinese Medicinal Herbs]. Beijing: Jin Dun Press.
Yin, J. and Guo, L. G. (1993). Modern Research and Clinical Applications of Chi-
nese Materia Medica (Volume 1). Beijing: Academic Publisher.
Zhu, Y. (1998). Chinese Materia Medica—Chemistry, Pharmacology and Applica-
tions. Amsterdam: Harwood Academic Publishers.
Polygonum; Radixherb
This medicinal Polygoni
is themultiflori;
root tuberHe of
shou wu or Shou
Polygonum multiflorum Thunb.wuof the family
Polygonaceae. Also called fleece flower root,
it is grown in all parts of China. The root tuber
is harvested in autumn, washed clean, sliced
thin, and dried in the sun. The unprocessed
material is mixed with black soybean milk,
then steamed and dried. The process is re-
peated until the root is black in color, then it is
dried in the sun, resulting in processed polygonum (Jiang Su New Medical
College, 1977).
Wonderful restorative and reviving powers are ascribed to this herb.
Polygonum is prescribed for blood deficiency, menstrual difficulties, colds,
and it also promotes fertility. It nourishes the blood and is useful for the
treatment of anemia, early grey hair, and aching back and knees (Smith and
Stuart, 1973). Unprocessed polygonum is good for moistening the bowels
and detoxification. Processed polygonum is good for kidney and liver ton-
ing, vital essence replenishment, and prevention of premature grey hair
(Wang, 1994). Polygonum is a powerful antiaging medicinal herb.

TCM Properties

Bitter, sweet, acrid in taste, and slightly warm, it acts on the liver and kid-
ney meridians.

Effects, Medicinal Uses, and Combinations

1. Replenishes the vital essence (yin) and invigorates the circulation of

blood, liver, and kidneys:
• For symptoms caused by yin and blood deficiency, characterized
by premature grey hair or loss of hair, dizziness, blurred vision, las-
situde of loins and knees, seminal emission and spermatorrhea, in-
fertility, uterine bleeding, and morbid leukorrhea, polygonum is
used alone, as in He Shou Wu Wan (R-29), or with Chinese angelica
root, lycium fruit, and cuscuta, as in the well-known medicine Qi
Bao Mei Ran Dan (R-26). It is also dispensed with white peony,
 Chinese angelica, salvia root, schisandra fruit, and zizyphus to
treat general debility, blurred vision, dizziness, angina, insomnia,
and neurasthenia.
• For andropausal (male menopausal) syndromes, polygonum is pre-
scribed with processed rehmannia root, alisma, schisandra fruit,
polygonum stem, and scrophularia, as in Geng Nian An (R-20)
(Wang, 1994).
2. Detoxifies: as a detoxicant, polygonum is good for boils, sores, and
swelling. Polygonum is often combined with sophora root (ku shen),
peppermint, and dandelion (Wang, 1994).
3. Moistens the bowels: for chronic constipation due to dryness of the
bowels, it is used with Chinese angelica root and hemp seed (Wang,
1994).
4. Helps senility disorders. To treat blurred vision, vertigo, ringing in the
ears, numbness of the extremities, and lumbago due to kidney and
liver yin deficiency, processed polygonum is blended with dried
rehmannia, achyranthes root, eucommia bark, rubus, ligastrum, sieg-
esbekia, as in Yan Shou Dan (longevity pill) (Dong et al., 1998; Wang,
1994).
Dosage
In a decoction of 9 to 15 g.
Precautions
People with diarrhea and phlegm-Damp disorders should use this herb
with caution.
Side Effects and Toxicity
This herb is safe at the recommended therapeutic dose levels. However, an
extremely high dose may cause gastrointestinal tract discomfort, diarrhea,
abdominal pain, nausea, and vomiting. Certain patients may develop skin
rashes, numbness of limbs, excessive sweating, and fever (Dong et al., 1998).
Modern Research Findings

Chemical Constituents
Polygonum contains anthraquinones, stilbene derivatives, tannins, phos-
pholipids, and trace elements. The stilbene tetrahydroxystilbene glucoside
may be the major bioactive ingredient (Bone, 2001). Other ingredients are:
chrysophenol, chrysophanic acid, oloe-emodin, rheum-emodin, glucogal-
lin, rhein, chrysophanic acid, digitolutein, antherine, glucogalin, phospho-
lipids such as lecithin, and trace elements (Bone, 2001; Zhou, 1993; Zhu,
1998).

Pharmacological Findings

1. Antioxidant and antiaging properties:

• Polygonum decreased levels of lipid peroxides in senile quails and
was more effective than vitamin E in human tests. The life span of
senile quails was prolonged (Bone, 2001).
• In isolated rat hearts, polygonum inhibited oxygen consumption
and malondialdehyde formation, thereby demonstrating an inhibi-
tion of lipid peroxidation (Bone, 2001; Dong et al., 1998).
2. Lowers blood cholesterol and triglyceride levels: polygonum reduced
the absorption of cholesterol in the intestines, prevented the deposi-
tion of cholesterol in the liver, and prevented the formation of arterio-
sclerosis in rabbits. Also, polygonum was inhibitory on chemically
induced triglyceride accumulation in the livers of mice (Dong et al.,
1998; Wang, 1994).
3. Heart tonic: polygonum showed excitatory action on isolated frog
heart (Dong et al., 1998).
4. Lowers blood sugar: polygonum lowered the blood sugar concentra-
tion in mice (Dong et al., 1998).
5. Lowers blood pressure: processed polygonum lowered blood pressure
in rats (Dong et al., 1998).
6. As an antimicrobial, polygonum inhibits the growth of Mycobacte-
rium tuberculosis, Bacillus dysenteriae, and S. flexneri (Dong et al.,
1998).
7. Invigorates peristalsis of the intestines (Wang, 1994).
8. Polygonum and its processed products reduced carbon tetrachloride-
induced liver enlargement in mice (Dong et al., 1998).

Clinical Findings

1. A dosage of 12 g per day significantly lowered serum cholesterol lev-

els in 62 to 82 percent of patients (Bone, 2001).
2. After taking polygonum extract, good results were reported with re-
duced insomnia (Bone, 2001).
 3. Polygonum has shown effectiveness in treating peripheral neuritis in
diabetic patients (Dong et al., 1998).
4. For cardiovascular ailments of the elderly, polygonum combined with
dan shen (Salvia miltiorrhiza), ling zhi (Ganoderma lucidum), and
sang ji sheng (Taxillus chinesis) in a decoction provided good results
(Bone, 2001).
5. For the treatment of arteriosclerosis, hypertension, coronary disease,
and high blood cholesterol levels, polygonum mixed with ginkgo
leaves and gambir (gou teng) provided good results (Wang, 1994).

REFERENCES

Bone, K. (2001). Clinical Applications of Ayuruedic and Chinese Herbs. Queens-

land, Australia: Phytotherapy Press.
Dong, K. S., Wang, X. Q., and Dong, Y. F. (1998). Xian Dai Lin Chuang Zhong Yao
Xue [Contemporary Clinical Chinese Materia Medica]. Beijing: Zhong Guo
Zhong Yi Yao Press.
Jiang Su New Medical College (1977). Zhong Yao Da Ce Dian [Encyclopedia of
Chinese Materia Medica]. Shanghai: Shanghai Science and Technology Press.
Smith, F. P. and Stuart, G. A. (1973). Chinese Medicinal Herbs. San Francisco:
Georgetown Press.
Wang, J. H. (Ed.) (1994). Xin Bian Chang Yong Zhong Yao Shou Ce [Manual of
Commonly Used Chinese Medicinal Herbs]. Beijing: Jin Dun Press.
Zhou, R. H. (1993). Resource Science of Chinese Materia Medica. Beijing: China
Medical and Pharmaceutical Science Press.
Zhu, Y. (1998). Chinese Materia Medica—Chemistry, Pharmacology and Applica-
tions. Amsterdam: Harwood Academic Publishers.
 Chapter 6

Herbs Herbs
ThatThat
Adjust
Adjust the Yin
the Yin andand
Yang Yang:
Defending Homeostasis
and Harmony of the Body

The medicinal herbs discussed in this section are yin (vital essence)
nourishing and yang (vital function) tonic herbs. These herbs, similar to
blood-nourishing and Qi tonic herbs, are vital for treating deficiency disor-
ders of either the yin or yang. Yin deficiency represents a parasympathetic
nerve system dysfunction that causes yang excess or sympathetic stimula-
tion.
It does not matter whether yin or yang is deficient or in excess: the yin-
yang balance is destroyed. A breakdown in the yin-yang balance between
viscera is believed to be the general origin of internal ailments. This loss of
yin-yang balance will automatically occur if there is a development of Xu
(Deficiency) or Shi (Excess) of either the yin or yang in any organ or any-
where in the energy circulation meridians of the body (Chen and Chen,
1992; Dong et al., 1998). Yin deficiency refers to an insufficiency of vital
essence fluids of the viscera or of the body, which is quite common in a
great number of people. Hyperactivity of yang, invasion of exopathogens,
poor nutrition, and lack of proper rest and relaxation are the common causes
of the development of yin deficiency. Symptoms are characterized by a low-
grade afternoon fever, night sweats, a dry mouth and throat, dry eyes, dry
cough, constipation, a feverish sensation in the palms and soles, nervous-
ness and fatigue, frequent micturition, a red tongue, and rapid pulse. The
clinically observed yin-deficiency syndrome involves principally the kid-
ney yin, the liver yin, the lung yin, the heart yin, and the stomach yin. An ex-
planation of the symptoms of each type follows (Zhou, 1991).
Symptoms caused by a kidney-yin deficiency are weariness of the lower
back, knees, and legs, weakness in and soreness of the waist and knees, diz-
ziness, a hot sensation in the palms of the hands and the soles of the feet,
heel pain, memory loss, tinnitus, insomnia, baldness, deafness, night sweat-
ing, weight loss, diminished sexual function, seminal emission, dry mouth
and throat, deep yellow urine, constipation, a red tongue without coating,
and a rapid pulse (Dong et al., 1998). Female patients with symptoms or
conditions of irregular menstruation, functional uterine bleeding without
ovulation, or infertility and hyperthyroidism are likely due to kidney yin de-
ficiency. These conditions can be corrected with yin tonic herbs (Zhang,
1991).
Symptoms caused by a liver-yin deficiency are blurred vision, con-
junctival dryness of the eyes, night blindness, night sweating, dizziness,
ringing in the ears, poor memory, insomnia, feverish sensation in the palms
of the hands and the soles of the feet, thirst, dry throat, limb numbness, ir-
regular menstruation, pain in the epigastric region, red tongue with little
coating, and a taut, thready pulse (Chen and Chen, 1992; Dong et al., 1998).
Symptoms caused by the lung-yin deficiency are dry skin, a dry cough
with a little sputum, dryness of the throat and mouth, and occasionally a
very sticky sputum, dry tongue, and a thready pulse (Chen and Chen, 1992;
Dong et al., 1998).
Heart-yin deficiency causes mental irritability, hectic fever, palpitations,
vexation, insomnia, a negative effect on the spirit or mental activities, a red
tongue, and a fine, rapid pulse (Chen and Chen, 1992; Dong et al., 1998).
Stomach-yin deficiency causes body-fluid deficiency, dry mouth and
lips, thirst, anorexia, a lack of digestive juices and enzymes with an occa-
sional feeling of nausea, stomachache, acid regurgitation, dry stools, poor
digestion, a deep red and dry tongue, and a rapid pulse (Chen and Chen,
1992; Dong et al., 1998).
To correct these yin-deficiency disorders, yin tonic herbs should be used.
The purpose of yin tonic herbs is to nourish the yin, promote the production
of body fluids, digestive juice enzymes, and saliva, nourish and maintain
normal organ moisture, and prevent dryness of the lungs, eyes, mouth,
throat, and the intestines.
Yang deficiency refers to an insufficiency of Kidney-Qi and mainly in-
volves the kidneys. Kidney-yang deficiency is often manifested as an aver-
sion to cold, cold limbs, weariness, cold sensations in the extremities, sore-
ness and weakness in the loins and knees, painful heels, pallor, dizziness,
diarrhea, dyspnea, impotence and spermatorrhea, frequent urination, edema
of the lower limbs, a white coating on the tongue, and a deep, thready pulse.
The symptoms may also include lucid and light leukorrhea, as well as infer-
tility in females because of coldness in the uterus (Chen and Chen, 1992;
Dong et al., 1998).
When the kidney-yang deficiency affects the spleen, it causes diarrhea.
When it affects the lungs, it causes shortness of breath and difficulty in
breathing.
Studies based on Western pharmacology and clinical investigations in
China found that patients with kidney-yang deficiency usually develop the
following symptoms or conditions (Zhang, 1991):
 1. dysfunction of autonomic nervous system, hyperfunction of the para-
sympathetic nervous system, and hypofunction of the sympathetic
system;
2. myocardial infarction;
3. low basal metabolic rate, and low pulse and respiratory rates;
4. decreased urinary catecholamines;
5. degeneration or dysfunction of an endocrine gland, such as adrenal
and pituitary glands, testes, and ovaries;
6. hypofunction or dysfunction of the gonads, resulting in male impo-
tence and other symptoms of gonadal dysfunction;
7. anemia, Sheehan’s syndrome, and Addison’s disease; and
8. marked atrophy of spleen, thymus, and endocrine glands.

All of these symptoms were clinically treated with kidney-yang tonic

herbs. The site of actions of yang tonics is in the hypothalamus or the higher
central nervous system and the effect on the adrenal cortex is only second-
ary (Zhang, 1991).
The liver rarely displays hypoactivity or liver-yang deficiency. On the
contrary, most of the time, imbalances involving the liver involve hyperac-
tivity of the liver. This is actually quite common in the United States. Liver-
yang hyperactivity is common in the United States because of lifestyles,
stress, and the Western diet. Men or women, even children, who have symp-
toms of dizziness, a distending sensation in the head, headache, red eyes, a
bitter taste in the mouth, a flushed complexion, a short temper, a red tongue
with yellow coating, a rapid pulse, and sometimes even hematemesis and
epistaxis (nose bleeding), may be showing signs of hyperactivity of the liver
yang. In TCM, this is commonly referred to as “flare-up of the fire of the
liver.” This condition does not need a tonic remedy but rather a sedative
herb. (For more on the hyperactivity of liver yang, see Chapter 8.)
The purpose of yang tonic herbs is to reinforce the vital functions of the
kidneys, improve the functions of the adrenal glands and sexual functions,
strengthen the bones and muscles, promote normal growth, and enhance the
immune system.
In practice, yin or yang tonic herbs are often used in combination with Qi
tonic or blood tonic herbs, or Qi or blood-regulating herbs, in order to have
a holistic and broader efficacy (see Chapter 7 for more information).
Table 6.1 lists commonly observed symptoms in the internal organs due
to a deficiency of yin or yang and commonly used herbal remedies.
Table 6.2 describes the common and individual actions of the most fre-
quently used yin and yang tonic herbs.
 TABLE 6.1. Herbal Remedies for Normalizing Yin-Yang Balance

Etiology Symptoms Herbal Remedies

Deficiency Blurred vision, night Herbs
of liver yin blindness, American ginseng,
conjunctival dryness dendrobium stem,
of the eyes, dizziness, glehnia root, polygonum,
tinnitus, poor memory, lily bulb,
insomnia lycium fruit,
Deficiency Weakness of the ophiopogon root,
of kidney yin lower back, knees, polygonatum root (huang jing),
and legs, soreness of polygonatum rhizome (yu zhu)
waist and knees,
deafness, night
sweating, hectic fever,
seminal emission, hot
sensation in palms Patent Medicines
and soles, constipa- Da Bu Yin Wan,
tion, toothaches, dry Liu Wei Di Huang Wan,
mouth and throat, red Tian Wang Bu Xin Wan
tongue, rapid pulse
Deficiency Dry cough, and dry
of lung yin skin, mouth, and
tongue
Deficiency Dry mouth and throat,
of stomach yin thirst, deep red and
dry tongue with thin
coating
Deficiency Mental irritability, hec-
of heart yin tic fever, palpitations,
vexation, insomnia,
negative effect of the
spirit, red tongue
Deficiency Aversion to cold, cold Herbs
of kidney yang limbs, aches and cistanche, curculigo, cordyceps,
weariness, soreness cynomorium,
in the loins and cuscuta seed,
knees, impotence, dodder seed,
spermatorrhea, fre- epimedium,
quent urination, eucommia bark,
enuresis, sterility, ginseng,
lucid and light pilose antler,
leukorrhea, pale or psoralea fruit,
white coating of wu jia shen,
tongue, deep and morinda root
thready pulse

Patent Medicines
Shen Qi Wan (Jin Gui Shen Qi Wan)
Shi Quan Da Bu Wan,
Si Shen Wan
 TABLE 6.2. The Actions of Yin-Yang Tonic Herbs

Name Dosage
of Herbs (grams) Individual Actions Common Actions
American Ginseng 3-6 Invigorates Qi, nour- Yin tonics
(hua qi shen) ishes the stomach nourish yin, promote
and lungs the production of
Ophiopogon Root 10-15 Moistens the lungs, body fluid
(mai men dong) and relieves heart
fire, vexation, and
constipation
Lycium Fruit 6-15 Strengthens the kid-
(gou qi zi) neys, replenishes the
vital essence, nour-
ishes the liver,
improves eyesight,
moistens the lungs
Asparagus 6-12 Removes heat from
(tian men dong) the lungs, invigorates
the kidneys
Polygonatum Root 5-15 Invigorates Qi,
(huang jing) strengthens the
spleen, moistens the
lungs
Epimedium 6-15 Dispels rheumatic, Yang tonics
(yin yang huo) relieves asthma, invigorate the kid-
improves impotence neys, strengthen
Eucommia Bark 5-15 Nourishes the liver yang, correct sexual
(du zhong) and kidneys, disorders, and
strengthens the enhance resistance
bones and muscles, to diseases
prevents miscarriage
Psoralea Fruit 5-10 Warms up the
(bu gu zhi) spleen, relieves diar-
rhea, relieves asthma
Cordyceps 9-15 Replenishes the vital
(dong chong xia cao) essence, relieves
coughs and asthma
Cistanche 10-20 Replenishes the vital
(rou cong rong) essence and relieves
constipation
Curculigo rhizome 3-9 Treats male impo-
(xian mao) tence and premature
seminal ejaculation
Cuscuta 6-15 Nourishes the liver,
(tu si zi) improves the acuity of
vision, nourishes
spleen, strengthens
Chong-Ren meridi-
ans.
 TABLE 6.2. (continued)

Name Dosage
of Herbs (grams) Individual Actions Common Actions
Pilose Antler 0.5-2 Strengthens the
(lu rong) bones and muscles,
replenishes the vital
essence and blood.

Tonic herbs frequently used to treat a yin deficiency include American

ginseng, glehnia root, ophiopogon root, polygonum, asparagus, lycium
fruit, polygonatum rhizome (yu zhu), polygonatum root (yellow essence),
dendrobium, ligustrum fruit, and lily bulb.
To treat a yang deficiency, tonic herbs often used include pilose antler,
curculigo, ginseng, cornus, cuscuta seed, cistanche, morinda root, cor-
dyceps, psoralea fruit, Siberian ginseng, eucommia bark, epimedium, cyno-
morium, cnidium fruit, and placenta.
In the following section, sixteen medicinal herbs that adjust the yin and
yang are introduced and further discussed.

REFERENCES

Chen, Z. L. and Chen, M. I. (1992). A Comprehensive Guide to Chinese Herbal

Medicine. Long Beach, CA: Oriental Health Arts Institute Press.
Dong, K. S., Wang, X. Q., and Dong, Y. F. (1998). Xian Dai Lin Chuang Zhong Yao
Xue [Contemporary Clinical Chinese Materia Medica]. Beijing: Zhong Guo
Zhong Yi Yao Press.
Zhang, J. Q. (1991). Clinical and experimental studies on yang deficiency. In Zhou,
J. H. and Liu, G. Z. (Eds.), Recent Advances in Chinese Herbal Drugs. Beijing:
Science Press, pp. 47-64.
Zhou, J. H. (1991). Immunopharmacological activities of yin and yang biomod-
ulatory drugs. In Zhou, J. H. and Liu, G. Z. (Eds.), Recent Advances in Chinese
Herbal Drugs (pp. 126-132). Beijing: Science Press.
 American
This herb is Ginseng; RadixofGinseng
the dried root Panax quin-
Quinquefolium;
quefolius Linn. of Xi
theyang shenAraliaceae.
family or Hua qi It
grows naturally on the shenslopes of ravines and
shady, well-drained areas in hardwood forests
in North America, from Quebec to Manitoba,
and from Maine and Minnesota southward to
the mountains of Georgia, Arkansas, and Lou-
isiana. It is harvested in autumn, cleaned, and
dried after removal of the rootlets. Today,
American ginseng is mostly grown on ginseng farms, particularly in the
state of Wisconsin. It is also cultivated in northern China (Jiang Su New
Medical College, 1977; Hou, 1975).
American ginseng is only slightly different both in chemical constituents
and medicinal properties from the plant native to Korea and China (Panax
ginseng). Its nicknames include sang, red berry, and five fingers (Hou,
1975).
Traditionally, American ginseng has been used to replenish the Vital Es-
sence (yin), reduce internal Heat, promote the secretion of body fluids
(cooling and thirst quenching), to treat debility, spontaneous night sweat-
ing, and chronic fatigue. American ginseng is a good antiaging medicinal
herb (Wang, 1994).

TCM Properties

Sweet, slightly bitter in taste, and cool, it acts on the lung, heart, and kid-
ney meridians.

Effects, Medicinal Uses, and Combinations

1. Nourishes the stomach and lung yin, and benefits Qi: to treat a dry
mouth and tongue, American ginseng can be used alone in a decoc-
tion or with Chinese yam, trichosanthes root (tian hua fen), and den-
drobium stem (shi hu). It also helps to nourish and moisten the lungs
(Wang, 1994).
2. Promotes the production of body fluids and reduces internal Heat: for
febrile disease, dysphoria, lassitude, thirst, night sweating, and fa-
tigue, American ginseng is prescribed alone or with ophiopogon root
 (mai dong), dried rehmannia root, and dendrobium stem, as well as
other herbs (Wang, 1994).

Dosage

In a decoction of 3 to 6 g.

Precautions

People who are Cold and have a Dampness in the stomach should avoid
American ginseng (Wang, 1994). One should not mix American ginseng or
other ginsengs with the following drugs: drugs that lower blood sugar, such
as insulin, Amaryl, DiaBeta, Diabinese, Glucophage, Grucotrol, Precose,
or Rezulin, or drugs that relieve depression, such as MAO inhibitors,
Marplan, and Nardil (Vetrow and Avila, 1999).

Side Effects and Toxicity

No side effects were observed at the recommended doses.

Modern Research Findings

Chemical Constituents

American ginseng root contains 6 to 8 percent of total ginseng saponin,

called panaquilins. At least eighteen different saponins are found in Ameri-
can ginseng and they are all triterpinoids. In addition, many other ingredi-
ents are similar to those found in Chinese ginseng. American ginseng root
contains slightly more saponin but less proteinous and oily substances. It
also contains inorganic salts, sugars, phytosterol esters, terpene, panacene,
and fatty acids, as well as eighteen different amino acids (Hou, 1975).
In their extensive analyses of American ginseng, Professor E. John Staba
of the School of Pharmacy of the University of Minnesota and his research
team discovered that ginseng root contains panaquilins A, B, C, D, E1, E2,
E3, G1, and G2. The ingredients panaquilin E1 and G2 are not found in P. gin-
seng. American ginseng contains about 17.3 percent of the sapongenin
panaxadiol but only 0.44 percent panaxatriol, a ratio of about 39:1. On the
other hand, the sapongenins panaxadiol and panaxatriol in Chinese or Ko-
rean ginseng are about equal, in a ratio of 1:1 (Kim, 1974). According to tra-
ditional Chinese beliefs, the higher ratio of panaxadiol to panaxatriol in the
American ginseng root makes it cool, whereas the Chinese or Korean gin-
seng root is hot in nature (Hou, 1975).

Pharmacological Findings

1. Ginsenoside Rb-1 reportedly is a CNS tranquilizer and sedative, a

hypotensive, antipyretic, antipsychotic, and protects against ulcers. It
inhibits a conditioned avoidance response in animal tests, is weakly
anti-inflammatory, antihemolytic, increases gastrointestinal mobility,
accelerates glycolysis, and accelerates serum and liver cholesterol,
nuclear RNA, and protein synthesis (Leung and Foster, 1996).
2. Ginsenoside Rg-1 reportedly is a broad CNS stimulant. It has hyperten-
sive and antifatigue activity, aggravates stress ulcers, and increases
motor activity. Also, in pole-climbing tests and Y-maze tests on mice
(Foster, 1991; Leung and Foster, 1996) in accelerated discrimination
behavior.
3. American ginseng regulates, normalizes, and inhibits arteriosclerosis
(Hou, 1975).
4. An aqueous extract of American ginseng was shown to be antioxidant
and nonmutagenic in human erythrocytes in vitro (Leung and Foster,
1996).

Clinical Findings

A hematogenic in nature, American ginseng is therapeutic for treating

yin-deficiency syndromes, particularly with diabetes, and it treats physical
fatigue, chronic prostatitis, central retinitis, chronic nephritis, Guillain-
Barré syndrome, and other diseases associated with depletion of yin (Zhou,
1993).

REFERENCES

Foster, S. (1991). American Ginseng—Panax quinquefolium, Botanical Series. No.

308. Austin, TX: American Botanical Council.
Hou, J. P. (1975). The Myth and Truth About Ginseng. South Brunswick, NJ: A. S.
Barnes and Co.
Jiang Su New Medical College (1977). Zhong Yao Da Ce Dian [Encyclopedia of
Chinese Materia Medica]. Shanghai: Shanghai Science and Technology Press.
Kim, J. Y. (1974). Saponin and Sapogenin Prescription in American Ginseng Plant.
PhD Thesis. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Microfilms.
Leung, A. and Foster, S. (1996). Encyclopedia of Common Natural Ingredients.
New York: John Willey and Sons, Inc.
Vetrow, C. W. and Avila, J. R. (1999). Herbal Medicines. Springhouse, PA: Spring-
house.
Wang, J. H. (Ed.) (1994). Xin Bian Chang Yong Zhong Yao Shou Ce [Manual of
Commonly Used Chinese Medicinal Herbs]. Beijing: Jin Dun Press.
Zhou, J. H. (1991). Recent Advances in Chinese Herbal Drugs. Beijing: Science
Press.
 Ophiopogon
This herb is Root; Radix
the dried rootOphiopogonis;
tuber of Ophio-
Mai men (Thunb.)
pogon japonicus dong or Mai dong of the
Ker-Gawl.
family Liliaceae. It grows in all parts of China.
Ophiopogon is harvested in summer, washed
clean, the rootlets are removed, and it is dried
in the sun. Ophiopogon produced in the Zhe-
jiang and Sichuan provinces is of the best
quality and is said to benefit the heart, pro-
mote the production of body fluids, and re-
lieve tension and constipation (Jiang Su New Medical College, 1977). It is a
tonic and aphrodisiac, promoting fertility and the secretion of milk (Smith
and Stuart, 1973). Ophiopogon root is an excellent antiaging medicinal
herb.

TCM Properties

Sweet, slightly bitter in taste and slightly cool, it acts on the lungs, heart,
and stomach meridians.

Effects, Medicinal Uses, and Combinations

1. Relieves vexation and insomnia: To relieve annoyance, vexation,

and sleep disturbances, ophiopogon root is used with coptis root,
salvia (dan shen), and lophatherum in a decoction, or with scro-
phularia root (xuan shen), dried rehmannia root, and wild jujube
seed, along with other ingredients, as in Tian Wang Bu Xin Wan
(R-45) (Zhang, 1988).
2. Nourishes the heart yin: for wasting disorders, shortness of breath,
and exhaustion, it is often blended with codonopsis and schisandra
to eliminate irritability, palpitations, and excessive sweating, or with
schisandra fruit and ginseng root, as in Sheng Mai San (R-5) (Dong
et al., 1998).
3. Moistens lungs and nourishes lung yin: to treat a dry cough with
sticky, thick sputum and a dry throat, it is prescribed with mulberry
leaf, bitter apricot kernel, donkey hide, gelatin, and unprocessed
gypsum (Wang, 1994).
 4. Moistens the bowels and nourishes the stomach: for a dry mouth,
tongue, and throat, and dry bowels, and to prevent chronic constipa-
tion, it is mixed with glehnia root, dried rehmannia root, and poly-
gonatum rhizome, as in Yi Wei Tang (Zhang, 1988).
5. Nourishes the lungs and stomach Qi: For congestive lung disease,
shortness of breath, and a dry throat, ophiopogon root is combined
with pinellia tuber, ginseng root, licorice root, and other herbs, as in
Mai Men Dong Tang (R-69) (Wang, 1994).

Dosage

In a decoction of 10 to 15 g.

Precautions

Those suffering from spleen-stomach deficiency and dampness, or Wind-

Cold should either not take ophiopogon or take with caution.

Side Effects and Toxicity

A therapeutic dose does not cause side effects. An intravenous injection

of ophiopogon extract (1,000 to 1,225 times the dosage for humans) pro-
duced no side effects (Zhu, 1998).

Modern Research Findings

Chemical Constituents

Ophiopogon root contains free sterols, stigmasterol, sterol glycoside,

ophiopogonins A, B, C, and D, ruscogenin, beta-sitosterol, campesterol,
and homoisoflavonoids (Zhu, 1998).

Pharmacological Findings

1. Lowers blood sugar. Regenerates beta cells of the islets of Langerhans of

the pancreas in diabetic rabbits and the level of glycogen in the test
group was higher than the control group (Wang, 1994).
2. Increases the contraction of cardiac muscles and increases the oxygen
tolerance in experimental animals if injected with ophiopogon extract
under anaerobic and low atmospheric pressure conditions. Clinically
relieves coronary heart disease and angina (Dong et al., 1998).
 3. As an antimicrobial, it inhibits the growth of Staphylococci, Escher-
ichia coli, B subtilis, and B. typhi.
4. Increases immunology in mice (Yin, 1995; Zhu, 1998).

REFERENCES

Dong, K. S., Wang, X. Q., and Dong, Y. F. (1998). Xian Dai Lin Chuang Zhong Yao
Xue [Contemporary Clinical Chinese Materia Medica]. Beijing: Zhong Guo
Zhong Yi Yao Press.
Jiang Su New Medical College (1977). Encyclopedia of Chinese Materia Medica.
Shanghai: Shanghai Science and Technology Press.
Smith, F. P. and Stuart, G. A. (1973). Chinese Medicinal Herbs. San Francisco:
Georgetown Press.
Wang, J. H. (Ed.) (1994). Xin Bian Chang Yong Zhong Yao Shou Ce [Manual of
Commonly Used Chinese Medicinal Herbs]. Beijing: Jin Dun Press.
Yin, J. (1995). Modern Research and Clinical Applications of Chinese Materia
Medica (Volume 2). Beijing: Chinese Medical Classics Press.
Zhang, E. (Ed.) (1988). Zhong Yao Xue [The Chinese Materia Medica]. Shanghai:
Publishing House of Shanghai TCM University.
Zhu, Y. (1998). Chinese Materia Medica—Chemistry, Pharmacology and Applica-
tions. Amsterdam: Harwood Academic Publishers.
 Lycium
This herbFruit; Fructus
is the dried,Lycii; Gou fruit
red, ripe qi zi of
Lycium barbarum L. or L. chinesis Miller of
the family Solanaceae. It grows abundantly in
northwest China, especially in the Gansu,
Ningxia, and Qinghai provinces, and the Inner
Mongolia region of China, and is naturalized
in the United States. It is harvested in summer
and autumn, dried in the shade until the skin is
shrunk, then further dried in the sun, and used
unprocessed (Jiang Su New Medical College, 1977). The top grade lycium
fruit is a bright red color and soft to the touch with a sweet taste. Lycium
fruit is traditionally used to replenish the Vital Essence of the liver and kid-
neys, and to improve immunity and eyesight, and is a blood tonic herbal
remedy (Smith and Stuart, 1973). It is nicknamed wolfberry fruit and is a
good antiaging medicinal herb.

TCM Properties

Sweet in taste and neutral, it acts on the liver, kidney, and lung meridians.

Effects, Medicinal Uses, and Combinations

1. Nourishes the liver yin and improves acuity of vision: for blurred vi-
sion, dizziness, darkness adaption, and disturbed eyesight, lycium
fruit is prescribed alone as a decoction (Dong et al., 1998) or with
chrysanthemum, processed rehmannia root, cornus (shan zhu yu), and
Chinese yam, as in the patent medicine Qi Ju Di Huang Wan (R-25)
(Dong et al., 1998; Zhang, 1988). Lycium fruit is also combined with
glehnia root, Chinese angelica root, ophiopogon, and dried rehman-
nia root, as in Yi Guan Jian (R-11) for treating symptoms due to kid-
ney-yin and liver-yin deficiency (Dong et al., 1998).
2. Strengthens the kidneys and replenishes the Vital Essence: for weari-
ness of the loins and legs due to deficiency of the kidney Essence,
lycium fruit is blended with polygonatum root (huang jing) and
astragalus root (Dong et al., 1998).
3. Strengthens the liver and kidneys: for antiaging and to prevent prema-
ture aging, lycium fruit is mixed with poria, cuscuta seed, achyranthes
 root, psoralea root, and other herbs, as in Qi Bao Mei Ran Dan (R-26).
For lassitude of the loins and legs, fatigue, dizziness, tinnitus, and ar-
teriosclerosis, lycium fruit is commonly used with processed rehman-
nia root and asparagus, as in Qi Ju Wan (Dong et al., 1998).
4. Nourishes the kidney and relieves chronic diabetes: to treat the symp-
toms of diabetes, polyuria, and fatigue, lycium fruit is prescribed with
trichosanthes fruit, mantis cocoon, and astragalus root in a decoction
(Wang, 1994).
5. Treats the damaging side effects of chemotherapy and radiation (Leung
and Foster, 1996).

Dosage

In a decoction, in wine, or a tincture preparation of 6 to 15 g.

Precautions

People with yin deficiency, hyperactivity of liver yang, or those with pro-
fuse diarrhea should use lycium fruit with care.

Side Effects and Toxicity

A therapeutic dose does not produce side effects. The LD50 of water ex-
tract of lycium fruit is 8.03 g/kg in mice by subcutaneous administration
(Wang, 1983).

Modern Research Findings

Chemical Constituents

Lycium fruit (Ningxia gou qi zi) contains a large amount (8 to 10 percent)

of amino acids: aspartic acid, proline, glutamic acid, alanine, arginine,
serine, and nine others. Other constituents include pigments (zeaxanthin,
physalien, and cryatoxanthin), betaine, beta-carotene, vitamins B1, B2, and
C, nicotinic acid, sugars, scopoletin, taurine, and gama-aminobutyric acid,
cinnamic acid, fats, proteins, and different trace minerals (Leung and Fos-
ter, 1996).
Pharmacological Findings

1. Hypoglycemic: the lycium fruit extract significantly prolonged a

decrease in blood sugar and increased the carbohydrate tolerance in
rats (Wang, 1983).
2. Immunoregulating
• A daily oral administration of 0.4 ml of 100 percent water decoc-
tion of lycium fruit for three days, or one intramuscular injection of
0.1 ml of the same decoction in mice significantly increased pha-
gocytosis of the reticuloendothelial system (Wang, 1994).
• In mice, lycium barbarum polysaccharides (LBP) at an intraperi-
toneal dose of 5 or 10 mg/kg increased T-lymphocyte proliferation
(Wang, 1994).
3. Hematopoietic: oral administration of 0.5 ml of a 10 percent decoc-
tion of lycium fruit for ten days promoted the hematopoietic effect
in mice, increasing the number of leukocytes (Wang, 1983).
4. Lycium is hypolipemic, hypotensive, hypnotic, antimicrobial, and
sedative, prevents fatty liver, increases weight gain in mice, increases
uterine muscle contraction, and enhances vision (Dong et al., 1998).
5. Antitumorous: immunopharmacological studies on effects of lycium
fruit polysaccharides on T lymphocytes, cytotoxic T lymphocytes
(CTL), and natural killer cells (NK) in normal and tumor-bearing
mice were conducted. LBP had multiple effects on the immune sys-
tem, on T lymphocytes, CTLs, NKs, macrophages, and B lympho-
cytes. These cells form a closely linked network of immune signals,
releasing different lymphokines and activating factors to coordinate
the defense system against tumor cells (Zhou, 1991).

Clinical Findings

1. Lycium invigorates the immune system. Oral administration of 50 g

per day of lycium fruit extract for ten days raised significantly the
value of lysozyme, IgG, IgA, lymphocyte blastogenesis, cyclic AMP,
and testosterone in thirty patients (Leung and Foster, 1996).
2. In a double-blind placebo-controlled study, oral administration of
lycium fruit extract to normal subjects, ages fifty-six to eighty-one,
significantly improved their immune functions, reduced senility symp-
toms, and increased the total peripheral white blood cell count and
neutrophils (Leung and Foster, 1996).
 3. Recent clinical studies indicate that polysaccharides are responsible
for most of the biological activities of lycium fruit. Also, in recent
years, lycium fruit was used to treat the damage caused by the side ef-
fects of chemotherapy and radiation therapy. The fruit has also shown
antiperoxidative effects on cell membranes of Xenopus oocytes, with
activity comparable to that of superoxide dismutase (SOD), prevent-
ing physical stress- and carbon tetrachloride-induced lipid peroxi-
dation in the liver, spleen, and brain tissues of rats and mice (Leung
and Foster, 1996).

REFERENCES

Dong, K. S., Wang, X. Q., and Dong, Y. F. (1998). Xian Dai Lin Chuang Zhong Yao
Xue [Contemporary Clinical Chinese Materia Medica]. Beijing: Zhong Guo
Zhong Yi Yao Press.
Jiang Su New Medical College (1977). Encyclopedia of Chinese Materia Medica.
Shanghai: Shanghai Science and Technology Press.
Leung, A. and Foster, S. (1996). Encyclopedia of Common Natural Ingredients.
New York: John Wiley and Sons, Inc.
Smith, F. P. and Stuart, G. A. (1973). Chinese Medicinal Herbs. San Francisco:
Georgetown Press.
Wang, J. H. (Ed.) (1994). Xin Bian Chang Yong Zhong Yao Shou Ce [Manual of
Commonly Used Chinese Medicinal Herbs]. Beijing: Jin Dun Press.
Wang, Y. S. (1983). Pharmacology and Applications of Chinese Materia Medica.
Beijing: People’s Health Publisher.
Zhang, E. (1988). Zhong Yao Xue [The Chinese Materia Medica]. Shanghai: Pub-
lishing House of Shanghai TCM University.
Zhou, J. H. (1991). Immunopharmacological activities of yin and yang biomod-
ulatory drugs. In Zhou, J. H. and Liu, G. Z. (Eds.), Recent Advances in Chinese
Herbal Drugs (pp. 126-132). Beijing: Science Press.
 Polygonatum
This medicinal Root; Rhizoma
herb consistsPolygonati;
of the dried
rhizome Polygonatum Huangsibiricum
jing Red., P. kin-
gianum Coll. et. Hemsl., or P. cyrtonema Hua
of the family Liliaceae. It grows in the Hebei,
Heilongjiang, Henan, Jiangsu, and Shandong
provinces, and the Inner Mongolia region of
China. Harvested in autumn and dried in the
sun, it is sliced for use unprocessed or steamed
to an oily state to use as processed polygo-
natum root. Polygonatum root is a famous tonic remedy for the Qi and re-
plenishes the Essence of the spleen, stomach, and lungs, treats blood disor-
ders, promotes digestion, and relieves coughs (Jiang Su New Medical
College, 1977).
The roots, leaves, flowers, and fruit are all edible. For medicinal use, the
rhizome is steeped in wine or administered as a powder. Taoists laud this
plant and call it the food of the immortals (Smith and Stuart, 1973).
Polygonatum sibiricum rhizome (huang jing) is similar to Polygonatum
odoratum rhizome (yu zhu). The former is more for toning the Qi and nour-
ishing the spleen, while the latter is more for nourishing the yin. Both poly-
gonatum root and Polygonatum odorati rhizome are good antiaging medici-
nal herbs (Wang, 1994).

TCM Properties

Sweet in taste and neutral, it acts on the spleen, lung, and kidney meridians.

Effects, Medicinal Uses, and Combinations

1. Replenishes the spleen and stomach, and invigorates the Qi: for gen-
eral debility, weakness of the stomach and spleen, lack of appetite,
poor digestion, and weariness, polygonatum root is often prescribed
with codonopsis, Chinese yam, and white atractylodes (bai zhu)
(Wang, 1994).
2. Nourishes the yin and moistens the lungs: for a chronic dry cough, it is
blended with glehnia root, dried rehmannia root, fritillaria bulb (bei
mu), stemona root (bai bu), ophiopogon root, and polygonatum rhi-
zome.
 3. Nourishes the kidney Essence and benefits the liver: to improve fa-
tigue and strengthen bones and tendons, it is combined with lycium
fruit, asparagus root, and atractylodes. It also prevents gray hair, ver-
tigo, and blurred vision, as well as the slowing of mental faculties
caused by aging (Wang, 1994).
4. Treats diabetes: To relieve the associated symptoms of diabetes,
polygonatum root is commonly mixed with trichosanthes root, Chi-
nese yam, dried rehmannia, astragalus, and scrophularia in a decoc-
tion (Dong et al., 1998).

Dosage

In a decoction of 5 to 15 g.

Precautions

Those who suffer from indigestion, diarrhea, stagnation of Qi as obstruc-

tion of phlegm, and Dampness should avoid polygonatum root or use with
caution.

Side Effects and Toxicity

The therapeutic dose of the processed polygonatum root is safe. Extracts

of both the unprocessed root and processed root were given to mice orally at
450 g/kg. The mice who received unprocessed root extract died. None died
from ingesting the processed root, suggesting that it is safe (Yin, 1995).

Modern Research Findings

Chemical Constituents

Polygonatum root contains the steroidal saponins sibiricosides A and B,

as well as neoprazerigenin A 3-o-beta-lycotetraoside and its methyl proto-
type congener. Polysaccharides A, B, and C, consisting of glucose, man-
nose, and galacturonic acid, and oligosaccharides A, B, and C, consisting of
glucose and fructose were also isolated from the root (Son et al., 1990;
Zhou, 1993; Zhu, 1998).

Pharmacological Findings

1. Effects on blood sugar levels: oral administration of the herb’s extract

to rabbits gradually and transiently increased blood glucose levels but
decreased it afterwards. This is probably due to the carbohydrate con-
 tent of the herb. The extract also inhibited epinephrine-induced hyper-
glycemia (Wang, 1983).
2. Cardiovascular properties: the aqueous and 30 percent alcoholic ex-
tract of the herb was hypotensive in anesthetized animals (Wang,
1994).
3. Effect on blood lipids and arteriosclerosis: oral administration of the
herbal decoction to rabbits with experimental hyperlipidemia at 5 ml
twice daily for thirty days markedly decreased blood triglycerides,
beta-lipoprotein, and cholesterol levels (Wang, 1983). The decoction
also increased coronary blood supply and prevented the development
of arteriosclerosis.
4. Antimicrobial: the aqueous extract of the herb at 1:320 inhibited Sal-
monella typhi, S. aureus, and acid-fast bacilli in vitro (Dong et al.,
1998).

REFERENCES

Dong, K. S., Wang, X. Q., and Dong, Y. F. (1998). Xian Dai Lin Chuang Zhong Yao
Xue [Contemporary Clinical Chinese Materia Medica]. Beijing: Zhong Guo
Zhong Yi Yao Press.
Jiang Su New Medical College (1977). Encyclopedia of Chinese Materia Medica.
Shanghai: Shanghai Science and Technology Press.
Smith, F. P. and Stuart, G. A. (1973). Chinese Medicinal Herbs. San Francisco:
Georgetown Press.
Son, K. H., Do, J., and Kang, S. S. (1990). Steroidal saponins from the rhizomes of
Polygonatum sibiricum. Journal of Natural Products 53: 333-339.
Wang, J. H. (Ed.) (1994). Xin Bian Chang Yong Zhong Yao Shou Ce [Manual of
Commonly Used Chinese Medicinal Herbs]. Beijing: Jin Dun Press.
Wang, Y. S. (1983). Pharmacology and Applications of Chinese Materia Medica.
Beijing: People’s Health Publisher.
Yin, J. (1995). Modern Research and Clinical Applications of Chinese Materia
Medica (Volume 2). Beijing: Chinese Medical Classics Press.
Zhou, R. H. (1993). Resource Science of Chinese Materia Medica. Beijing: China
Medical and Pharmaceutical Science Press.
Zhu, Y. (1998). Chinese Materia Medica—Chemistry, Pharmacology and Applica-
tions. Amsterdam: Harwood Academic Publishers.
 Glehnia;
This herbRadix
is the Glehniae; Bei shaofshen
root and rhizome Gleh-
nia littoralis Fr. Schimidt ex. Miq. of the fam-
ily Umbelliferae. It grows mainly in the Hebei,
Jiangsu, Liaoning, and Shandong provinces
of China. Harvested in summer and washed
clean, the rootlets are discarded. The roots are
skinned after scalding in boiling water, then
sliced or cut into small segments, dried in the
sun, and used unprocessed (Dong et al., 1998;
Wang, 1994).
Traditionally, glehnia is a yin tonic herb, promoting the production of
body fluids to moisten the eyes, throat, and mouth, relieve a dry cough and
bronchitis, and treat tuberculosis.

TCM Properties

Sweet and slightly bitter in taste, and slightly cool, it acts on the lung and
stomach meridians.

Effects, Medicinal Uses, and Combinations

1. Removes Heat from the lungs and relieves bronchitis:

• For a dry cough due to Heat in the lungs and chronic bronchitis,
glehnia is blended with ophiopogon root, polygonatum rhizome
(yu zhu), trichosanthes root, licorice root, dolichos nut (bai bian
dou), and mulberry leaf in a decoction (Dong et al., 1998).
• For dry, itchy skin in the winter, glehnia is prescribed with ophio-
pogon root, Chinese angelica, and polygonatum rhizome in a de-
coction (Wang, 1994).
2. Strengthens the stomach and improves the production of body fluids:
for dry mouth, thirst, poor appetite, and constipation, it is often mixed
with dried rehmannia and ophiopogon root (Wang, 1994).

Dosage

In a decoction of 10 to 15 g, or 6 g in powder form for oral use.

Precautions

People with a cough caused by Wind-Cold cold and a feeling of weak-

ness should avoid this herb. Glehnia should not be used with veratrum root.

Side Effects and Toxicity

The therapeutic dose is safe. No adverse reactions have been reported.

Modern Research Findings

Chemical Constituents

Glehnia root contains the alkaloids furanocoumaines imperatorin, pso-

ralen, xanthotoxol, xanthotoxin, isoimperatorin, and bergapten. Other ingre-
dients are essential oils, beta-sitosterol, petroselenic acid, palmitic acid,
linoleic acid, and phellopterin (Ling, 1995; Oyanagi et al., 1990; Su and
Qiao, 1989).

Pharmacological Findings

1. Expectorant and antitussive (Dong et al., 1998).

2. Analgesic and antipyretic. Lowers body temperature (Dong et al.,
1998).
3. Inhibits cardiac activities depending on dosage (Dong et al., 1998).

REFERENCES

Dong, K. S., Wang, X. Q., and Dong, Y. F. (1998). Xian Dai Lin Chuang Zhong Yao
Xue [Contemporary Clinical Chinese Materia Medica]. Beijing: Zhong Guo
Zhong Yi Yao Press.
Ling, Y. (1995). A New Compendium of Materia Medica. Beijing: Science Press.
Oyanagi, M., Hiraoka, N., Tomita, Y., Ogawa, T., Mizukami, H., and Ohashi, H.
(1990). High performance liquid chromatographic analysis of furocoumarins in
Glehnia littoralis. Shoyakugaku Zasshi 44: 219-224.
Su, Z. W. and Qiao, C. Z. (1989). Pharmacognosy. Shanghai: Shanghai Medical
University Press.
Wang, J. H. (Ed.) (1994). Xin Bian Chang Yong Zhong Yao Shou Ce [Manual of
Commonly Used Chinese Medicinal Herbs]. Beijing: Jin Dun Press.
 Asparagus; Radix Asparagi;
This herb consists Tiantuberous
of the dried men
dong or cochinchinensis
roots of Asparagus Tian dong (Lour.)
Merr. of the family Liliaceae. The best aspara-
gus is grown in the Shandong province. To-
day, asparagus, a creeping plant with prickly
leaves, is widely cultivated in the Beijing area
and in the southern provinces of Guizhou,
Jiangxi, and Zhejiang of China (Jiang Su New
Medical College, 1977).
The herb is used as an expectorant, tonic, stomachic, and hypoglycemic
agent. Its prolonged use is recommended for the treatment of impotence.
The root is preserved in sugar as a sweet meat (Smith and Stuart, 1973;
Wang, 1994).

TCM Properties

Sweet and bitter in taste, and cold, it acts on the kidney and lung meridi-
ans (Jiang Su New Medical College, 1977).

Effects, Medicinal Uses, and Combinations

1. Nourishes the yin and promotes the production of body fluids: for
thirst, asparagus is combined with ophiopogon root, anemarrhena rhi-
zome, trichosanthes root, and scute root, as in the patented recipe Er
Dong Tang (Wang, 1994).
2. Removes pathogenic Heat from the lungs: for a cough with sticky
phlegm or a cough with bloody sputum, it is blended with ophiopo-
gon root. For a cough due to tuberculosis, it is blended with ophiopogon
root, dried rehmannia root, prepared rehmannia root, donkey-hide
gelatin, and notoginseng (Wang, 1994).
3. Nourishes kidney yin and improves sexual functions: For impotence
and nocturnal emission, asparagus is used with ginseng, cistanche,
amomum, and licorice root in a decoction (Dong et al., 1998).

Dosage

In a decoction of 6 to 12 g.
Precautions

People with diarrhea due to spleen deficiency or with a severe cough

should avoid this herb.

Side Effects and Toxicity

The herb is safe at the recommended dose.

Modern Research Findings

Chemical Constituents

Asparagus root tuber contains saponins, methylprotodiocin, pseudo-

protodiocin, inuline, and eight fructo-oligosaccharides, glucoside bitter
principles (officinalisin I and II), asparagine, citrulline, serine, threonine,
proline, clyccine, beta-sitosterol, smilagenin, 5-methoxymethy furfurol,
oligosaccharides, asparagusic acid, rhamnose, starch, mucilage, and glu-
cose (Leung and Foster, 1996; Zhu, 1998).

Pharmacological Findings

1. Antitussive and expectorant (Dong et al., 1998).

2. Hypoglycemic. Relieves symptoms of diabetes.
3. Antimicrobial. Inhibits the growth of Streptococci, hemolytic strepto-
cocci (Dong et al., 1998), Diplococcus pneumoniae, B. diphtheria,
B. anthracis, B. subtilis, and S. aureus (Zhu, 1998).
4. Induces abortion and reduces labor time. The extract of asparagus di-
lates and softens the cervix, contracts the uterine muscles, and dilates
the neck of the uterus, thus inducing abortion (Dong et al., 1998).
5. Possesses antileukemic properties and inhibits acute lymphocytic leu-
kemia in vitro (Dong et al., 1998).
6. The herb has antitumor activity against sarcoma 180 and it has exhib-
ited an anticoughing effect against sulfur dioxide-induced cough in
mice (Wen et al., 1993).

Clinical Findings

1. Today, asparagus tuber is used as a diuretic in Germany (Leung and

Foster, 1996).
2. This herb has also been used to treat lung cancer and diabetes in Chi-
nese hospitals. For breast fibroma, breast tumor, and mastadenoma,
fresh asparagus tuber soaked in wine is used (Dong et al., 1998).
 REFERENCES

Dong, K. S., Wang, X. Q., and Dong, Y. F. (1998). Xian Dai Lin Chuang Zhong Yao
Xue [Contemporary Clinical Chinese Materia Medica]. Beijing: Zhong Guo
Zhong Yi Yao Press.
Jiang Su New Medical College (1977). Encyclopedia of Chinese Materia Medica.
Shanghai: Shanghai Science and Technology Press.
Leung, A. and Foster, S. (1996). Encyclopedia of Common Natural Ingredients.
New York: John Wiley and Sons, Inc.
Smith, F. P. and Stuart, G. A. (1973). Chinese Medicinal Herbs. San Francisco:
Georgetown Press.
Wang, J. H. (Ed.) (1994). Xin Bian Chang Yong Zhong Yao Shou Ce [Manual of
Commonly Used Chinese Medicinal Herbs]. Beijing: Jin Dun Press.
Wen, J. Y., Li, Y., Ding, S. S., and Li, Q. H. (1993). Pharmacological screening of 9
medicinal plants of the genus Asparagus (Liliaceae) in China. Acta Academia
Medicine 20: 107-111.
Zhu, Y. (1998). Chinese Materia Medica—Chemistry, Pharmacology and Applica-
tions. Amsterdam: Harwood Academic Publisher.
 Epimedium; Herba
This herb is the driedEpimedii; Yin parts
aboveground yang of
huo or
the whole plant Xiangand
(leaves lingstems
pi included)
of Epimedium brevicornum Maxim., E. sagit-
tatum (Sieb et Zacc) Maxim., or E. koreanum
Nakai of the family Berberidaceae. It is mainly
grown in the Guangxi, Hubei, Shaanxi, Shanxi,
and Sichuan provinces of China, and in Korea.
The plant is collected in the summer and au-
tumn months when the leaves and branches
are abundant. It is dried after removing any impurities and subsequently
used unprocessed or stir baked with sheep fat (Jiang Su New Medical Col-
lege, 1977).
In ancient times the Chinese believed that the plant had strong aphrodi-
siac properties. Goats seen eating the plant were said to be drawn to exces-
sive copulation. Epimedium is also named xian ling pi and was used to treat
sterility, barrenness, and sexual dysfunctions, and as an antirheumatic
(Smith and Stuart, 1973).

TCM Properties

Pungent and sweet in taste, and warm, it acts on the liver and kidney me-
ridians.

Effects, Medicinal Uses, and Combinations

1. Invigorates the kidney yang and improves gonadotrophic activities.

• For impotence, lassitude, weakness of the loins and knees, and fre-
quent urination due to a deficiency of kidney yang, epimedium is
commonly used alone in a decoction or tincture, or used along with
prepared rehmannia root, cornus (shan zhu yu), curculigo rhizome
(xian mao), morinda root, and lycium fruit (Dong et al., 1998).
• For female infertility due to coldness of the uterus, epimedium is
combined with Chinese angelica, cornus, cinnamon bark, cur-
culigo rhizome, and processed aconite root in a decoction (Wang,
1994).
 2. For chronic cough, dyspnea, and bronchitis due to deficiency of
yang, epimedium is mixed with psoralea fruit (bu gu zhi), walnut
kernel, and schisandra fruit (Dong et al., 1998).
3. Epimedium dispels Wind and eliminates Dampness: for arthralgia,
muscular spasm, and numbness of the hands and feet due to Bi-Syn-
drome, epimedium is blended with clematis root, xanthium fruit
(cang er zi), cnidium (chuan xiong), and cinnamon bark (Dong et al.,
1998).
4. Suppresses the hyperactivity of the liver yang: for hypertension due
to yin deficiency, high blood pressure, and for female menopause,
epimedium is prescribed with curculigo rhizome (xian mao), morin-
da root (ba ji tian), schisandra fruit, anemarrhena (zhi mu), Chinese
angelica, and phellodendron, as in the patented recipe Er Xian Tang
(R-27) (Dong et al., 1998).

Dosage

In a decoction of 6 to 15 g. In powders or tincture preparations, 6 g or

less.

Precautions

People with hyperactivity of the kidney yang, caused by deficiency of

yin, should avoid using epimedium.

Side Effects and Toxicity

No abnormalities were observed at the suggested oral dose. Some pa-

tients complained about dryness of the mouth, stomach discomfort, nausea,
or vomiting with large doses. The symptoms disappeared after patients stop
taking the herb. The LD50 of the concentrated decoction of the herb in mice
was 36 g/kg by intraperitoneal administration (Zhu, 1998).

Modern Research Findings

Chemical Constituents

Epimedium has many species and each contains somewhat different

chemical ingredients. The leaves and stems of E. sagittatum contain flavo-
noids, lignans, phenolic glycosides, sesquiterpenes, ionone, and penethylol
glycoside. Flavonoids include ikarisoside A-F, icaritin 3-0-L-rhamaoside,
sagittatosides A-C, and sempervirenosides A and B (Wang, 1994). Other
isolated ingredients include polysaccharides, flavonol glycoside icariin,
olivil epimedine, des-o-ethylicardine, magnoflorine, sterols, tannin, pamitic
acid, linolic acid, and vitamin E (Wang, 1983).

Pharmacological Findings

1. Stimulates sexual hormone production, strengthens sexual desire, and

serves as an aphrodisiac (Dong et al., 1998). Oral administration of
the concentrated decoction of the plant promoted semen secretion
(Zhu, 1998).
2. Lowers blood sugar in experimental rats (Dong et al., 1998).
3. Antitussive expectorant and antiasthmatic (Dong et al., 1998).
4. Enhances the immune system. Improves DNA synthesis. The poly-
saccharide of the plant was found to accelerate the production of
T-suppressor cells of immunized mice and to inhibit the antibody pro-
duction in recipient mice (Zhu, 1998).
5. Lowers blood pressure via enlargement of blood vessels and diuresis
(Dong et al., 1998).
6. Regulates cardiac arrhythmia (Dong et al., 1998).
7. Antibacterial and protects against the polio virus and Staphylocorens
aureus in vitro (Dong et al., 1998).
8. Leukopenia induced by immunosuppressors showed improvement
with epimedium (Zhou, 1993).

REFERENCES

Dong, K. S, Wang, X. Q., and Dong, Y. F. (1998). Xian Dai Lin Chuang Zhong Yao
Xue [Contemporary Clinical Chinese Materia Medica]. Beijing: Zhong Guo
Zhong Yi Yao Press.
Jiang Su New Medical College (1977). Encyclopedia of Chinese Materia Medica.
Shanghai: Shanghai Science and Technology Press.
Smith, F. P. and Stuart, G. A. (1973). Chinese Medicinal Herbs. San Francisco:
Georgetown Press.
Wang, J. H. (Ed.) (1994). Xin Bian Chang Yong Zhong Yao Shou Ce [Manual of
Commonly Used Chinese Medicinal Herbs]. Beijing: Jin Dun Press.
Wang, Y. S. (1983). Pharmacology and Applications of Chinese Materia Medica.
Beijing: People’s Health Publisher.
Zhou, R. H. (1993). Resource Science of Chinese Materia Medica. Beijing: China
Medical and Pharmaceutical Science Press.
Zhu, Y. (1998). Chinese Materia Medica—Chemistry, Pharmacology and Applica-
tions. Amsterdam: Harwood Academic Publishers.
 Eucommia Bark;
This herb is Cortex
the dried Eucommiae;
trunk Du
bark of Eucom-
mia ulmoides Oliv.zhongof the family Eucommi-
aceae. It is mainly grown in the Guizhou,
Hubei, Sichuan, and Yunnan provinces of
China. The bark is stripped off the tree be-
tween April and June, then dried in the sun af-
ter the cork has been removed, and cut into
pieces. It is used unprocessed or stir baked
with saltwater and dried (Jiang Su New Medi-
cal College, 1977). Eucommia bark is also known as mu mian (cotton tree),
which refers to the fact that if the bark is broken and the fractured edges
drawn asunder, a delicate, silvery, silky fiber may be pulled out for several
inches without breaking (Wang, 1994).
Traditionally, unprocessed eucommia bark is good for arthralgia and the
processed species is good for lumbago, impotence, hypertension, and stabi-
lizing a fetus to prevent miscarriage (Smith and Stuart, 1973; Wang, 1994).
Eucommia bark is used as a tonic to replenish the kidneys and the liver,
tranquilize the mind, and strengthen the bones and muscles. It is used today
for treating threatened abortion and to prevent miscarriage (Dong et al.,
1998). Eucommia bark is a powerful antiaging medicinal herb.

TCM Properties

Sweet in taste and warm, it acts on the liver and kidney meridians (Smith
and Stuart, 1973).

Effects, Medicinal Uses, and Combinations

1. Invigorates the kidney yang and liver yang, and strengthens the bones
and muscles: for ailments due to yang deficiency manifested as aches
and pain in the loins and knees, lassitude of muscles, impotence, and
frequent urination, eucommia bark is mixed with morinda, psoralea,
cornus, dodder seed, and prepared rehmannia root (Smith and Stuart,
1973).
2. Prevents uterine and vaginal bleeding, soothes the fetus, and prevents
habitual miscarriage:
 • For profuse uterine bleeding and unstable fetus, eucommia is com-
bined with dipsacus root (xu duan) and Chinese dates, as in Du
Zhong Wan, to stop bleeding, stabilize the fetus, and prevent habit-
ual miscarriage (Wang, 1994).
• Eucommia is also blended with ginseng root, white atractylodes,
prepared rehmannia, white peony, loranthus, and donkey-hide gel-
atin to treat uterine bleeding due to both Qi and blood deficiency,
and to prevent habitual miscarriage (Smith and Stuart, 1973).
3. Nourishes the kidney yin and liver yin, and lowers blood pressure: for
hypertension, dizziness, and light-headedness due to kidney-yin and
liver-yin deficiency or an excess of liver yang, eucommia bark is
mixed with lycium fruit, loranthus (sang ji sheng), achyranthes root,
prunella spike, scute root, and chrysanthemum in a decoction (Dong
et al., 1998).

Dosage

In a decoction of 5 to 15 g.

Precautions

To lower blood pressure, eucommia alone is less effective for liver-yang

hyperactivity than in a compound prescription with other herbs (Wang,
1994).

Side Effects and Toxicity

No side effects were noted at the recommended therapeutic dose. Oral

administration of 15 g/kg of the herbal decoction in mice caused no mortal-
ity (Zhu, 1998).

Modern Research Findings

Chemical Constituents

Eucommia bark and leaves contain mainly lignans and iridoids. Twenty-
six lignan compounds have been isolated from the bark of the plant. The
lignans are: pinoresinol, ulmoprenol, dulcitol, epipinoresinol, mediores-
inol, syringaresinol, hedroxy pinoresinol, cycloolivil kaempferol, ulmopre-
nol, ducitol, and other lignan compounds. Other ingredients and the iridoid
compounds include aucubin, ajugoside, harpagile acetate, alkaloids, glyco-
sides, vitamin C, caffeic acid, and potassium (Ling, 1995; Zhu, 1998).
Pinoresinol diglucoside is believed to be the major antihypertensive com-
ponent and is mainly found in the phloem part of the bark (Sha and Sun,
1986).

Pharmacological Findings:

1. Lowers blood pressure. An aqueous extract of eucommia bark low-

ered blood pressure in pigs, rabbits, and dogs (Dong et al., 1998).
2. Reduces blood cholesterol levels in rabbits and reduces the absorption
of cholesterol (Wang, 1994).
3. Acts as a tranquilizer and diuretic in animal experiments (Dong et al.,
1998).
4. Enhances immune activity and increases resistance against diseases
(Dong et al., 1998).
5. Inhibits the contraction of uterine muscles in rats and rabbits (Dong
et al., 1998).
6. Other effects include sedative, analgesic, anti-inflammatory, diuretic,
and antimicrobial (Wang, 1994).

REFERENCES

Dong, K. S., Wang, X. Q., and Dong, Y. F. (1998). Xian Dai Lin Chuang Zhong Yao
Xue [Contemporary Clinical Chinese Materia Medica]. Beijing: Zhong Guo
Zhong Yi Yao Press.
Jiang Su New Medical College (1977). Encyclopedia of Chinese Materia Medica.
Shanghai: Shanghai Science and Technology Press.
Ling, Y. (1995). A New Compendium of Materia Medica. Beijing: Science Press.
Sha, Z. F. and Sun, W. J. (1986). High performance liquid chromatography of
pinoresinol diglucoside in Ecomimmia ulmoides Oliv. bark. Acta Pharma-
ceutica Sinica 21: 708-711.
Smith, F. P. and Stuart, G. A. (1973). Chinese Medicinal Herbs. San Francisco:
Georgetown Press.
Wang, J. H. (Ed.) (1994). Xin Bian Chang Yong Zhong Yao Shou Ce [Manual of
Commonly Used Chinese Medicinal Herbs] Beijing: Jin Dun Press.
Zhu, Y. (1998). Chinese Materia Medica—Chemistry, Pharmacology and Applica-
tions. Amsterdam: Harwood Academic Publishers.
 Psoralea
This herbFruit; Fructus
is the fruit ofPsoraleae; Bu gu
the plant Psoralea
zhi Leguminosae. It is
corylifolia L. of the family
said to be transplanted originally from Persia
(now Iran). Today it is grown in the Henan and
Sichuan provinces of China. After collection
in autumn, it is dried in the sun, and used un-
processed or stir baked with saltwater (Jiang
Su New Medical College, 1977).
Psoralea is a strong aphrodisiac herb. Tra-
ditionally, it was used to tone the genital organs and to treat impotence,
threatened abortion, the discomforts of pregnancy, insufficient erections,
polyuria, incontinence of urine in children, and sexual disorders (Smith and
Stuart, 1973).

TCM Properties

Pungent, bitter in taste, and warm, it acts on the kidney and spleen me-
ridians.

Effects, Medicinal Uses, and Combinations

1. Stimulates kidney yang:

• For lumbago, psoralea fruit is commonly prescribed with eucom-
mia bark and walnut kernel. It is also used with cuscuda (tu si zi)
lycium fruit, epimedium, and walnut kernel, as in Bu Gu Zhi Wan
(Wang, 1994).
• For impotence, premature ejaculation, seminal emission, sexual
inadequacy, and polyuria, it is blended with dodder seed, epi-
medium, and lycium fruit in a decoction (Dong et al., 1998).
2. Invigorates deficient kidney and spleen: for diarrhea before dawn,
psoralea fruit is used with nutmeg, schisandra fruit, and evodia fruit
(wu zhu yu), as in Si Shen Wan (R-28) (Wang, 1994).
3. Treats skin ailments: The tincture preparation of psoralea fruit can
be applied externally on the skin to relieve psoriasis, vitiligo, and al-
opecia areata (loss of hair) (Wang, 1994).
 4. Treats frequent urination and enuresis in children: in its powdered
form, 1.5 to 2.5 g daily before sleep is administered, or it is used
with fennel in pills or capsules with good results (Dong et al., 1998).

Dosage

In a decoction of 5 to 10 g. For external application, 0.5 to 1.0 percent al-

coholic psoralea fruit tincture is used to treat common skin ailments, partic-
ularly for leukoderma (vitiligo), psoriasis, and alopecia areata (Dong et al.,
1998).

Precautions

People who are yin deficient, blood deficient, and have excess Fire, with
tooth pain, should use psoralea with caution (Wang, 1994).

Side Effects and Toxicity

No adverse reactions have been reported at the suggested therapeutic

dose. LD50 of the total oil of the herb, bakuchiol, and isopsoralen in mice by
oral administration were 38 C 3.5 g/kg, 2.3 C 0.18 mg/kg, and 180 C 30
mg/kg, respectively (Wang, 1983).

Modern Research Findings

Chemical Constituents

The fruit of the herb contains flavonoids, coumarins, and monoterpenes.

The flavonoid compounds isolated include corylifolin, bavachin, cory-
lifolinin, isobavachalone, bavachromene, and neobavachalcone. The cou-
marins include psoralen, isopsoralen, psoralidin, isopsoralidine, angelicin,
and corylidin. In the monoterpene group, the chemical bakuchiol was iso-
lated (Wang, 1983). Other ingredients in the fruit, including volatile oil,
fats, and alkaloids, have been isolated (Jiang Su New Medical College,
1977).
Pharmacological Findings

1. Action on the coronary vascular system:

• Dilates coronary arteries and increases blood circulation (Wang,
1994).
• Corylifolinin enhanced cardiac contractility in guinea pigs and
rats, stimulated a frog heart, and counteracted heart failure due to
lactic acid (Wang, 1983).
2. Antitumorous (Wang, 1994).
3. Action on the skin pigments: psoralea preparations increase dermal
circulation and can cause the skin to produce new dark pigment
(Wang, 1994).
4. Prevents excessive bleeding of the uterus (Wang, 1994).
5. Antisenility, diuretic, and uterine muscle contraction properties have
been noted (Wang, 1994).

Clinical Findings

1. The mixture of psoralen and isopsoralen given orally, intramuscu-

larly, or externally was effective in the treatment of vitiligo. In some
cases, it was supplemented with sunlight or ultraviolet irradiation
(Zhu, 1998). The filtrate of psoralea fruit soaked in a 20 percent alco-
hol solution for seven days can be used externally for vitiligo. The ex-
ternal application of the herb extract combined with sunlight radiation
gave good therapeutic results (Wang, 1994).
2. A 100 percent psoralea decoction was given intramuscularly at 3 ml
daily to 120 subjects with psoriasis. After ten treatments, itching was
significantly reduced and skin scaling decreased. After forty treat-
ments, seventy-seven subjects had marked beneficial results, thirty-
three subjects had moderate results, and ten subjects were unchanged
(Jiang Su New Medical College, 1977).

REFERENCES

Dong, K. S., Wang, X. Q., and Dong, Y. F. (1998). Xian Dai Lin Chuang Zhong Yao
Xue [Contemporary Clinical Chinese Materia Medica]. Beijing: Zhong Guo
Zhong Yi Yao Press.
Jiang Su New Medical College (1977). Encyclopedia of Chinese Materia Medica.
Shanghai: Shanghai Science and Technology Press.
Smith, F. P. and Stuart, G. A. (1973). Chinese Medicinal Herbs. San Francisco:
Georgetown Press.
Wang, J. H. (Ed.) (1994). Xin Bian Chang Yong Zhong Yao Shou Ce [Manual of
Commonly Used Chinese Medicinal Herbs]. Beijing: Jin Dun Press.
Wang, Y. S. (1983). Pharmacology and Applications of Chinese Materia Medica.
Beijing: People’s Health Publisher.
Zhu, Y. (1998). Chinese Materia Medica—Chemistry, Pharmacology and Applica-
tions. Amsterdam: Harwood Academic Publishers.
 Cordyceps; Cordyceps
This medicinal herb is sinensis;
the driedDong
fungus
Cordyceps sinensischong xia cao
(Berk) Sacc. of the family
Hypocreaceae, which grows on the larva of
caterpillars. It is usually found in mountains
above 3,500 to 4,700 meters in the Gansu,
Gueizhou, Hupei, Qinghai, Shanxi, Sichuan,
Tibet, Xinjiang, Yunnan, and Zhejiang prov-
inces of China. It is also found in the mountain
areas of Japan, France, the United States,
Mexico, Canada, Russia, Holland, Australia, Norway, and Italy. Collected
in late summer, it is cleaned and dried for use unprocessed (Dong et al.,
1998; Song, 1995).
Interestingly, the vegetable portion of the fungus emerges out of the
ground, appearing as a round head with a long neck, brown in color, and un-
der the soil is a display of rings, joints, and more or less a characteristic
wormlike substance.
The Chinese name dong chong xia cao, or chong cao for short, literally
means “a wormlike plant in the winter time, it becomes a genuine plant in
the summer time.”
In ancient times in China, cordyceps was as a rare, precious tonic rem-
edy. Today it is used to replenish the kidney yang for the treatment of impo-
tence, night sweating, chronic cough, and many other problems. Clinically,
it has been used to treat high cholesterol, respiratory ailments (particularly
chronic bronchitis), and sexual debility. Cordyceps is an excellent antiaging
medicinal herb (Jiang Su New Medical College, 1977; Song, 1995).

TCM Properties

Sweet in taste and neutral, it acts on the kidney and lung meridians.

Effects, Medicinal Uses, and Combinations

1. Invigorates and nourishes both the yin and the yang: for impotence,
nocturnal emission, night sweating, and chronic cough, as well as
aches in the loins and knees, cordyceps is used with dodder seed,
eucommia bark, and morinda root, along with other herbs (Dong
et al., 1998).
 2. Delays aging: for longevity, cordyceps is prescribed with ginseng,
astragalus root, Chinese angelica root, and lycium fruit (Song, 1995).
3. Replenishes the kidneys and soothes the lungs: for a chronic cough
with hemoptysis (expectoration of blood) in pulmonary tuberculosis,
shortness of breath, and asthma, cordyceps is mixed with ginseng root
and peach kernel or with orphiopogon, schisandra fruit, bletilla, and
fritillary (chuan bei mu) to nourish the lungs, and resolve phlegm and
coughs (Wang, 1994).
4. Other actions: cordyceps is a hypnotic, prevents arteriosclerosis and
hyperlipidemia, acts as a sedative, invigorates the immune system,
and protects the cerebral and coronary tissues (Dong et al., 1998).

Dosage

In a decoction of 9 to 15 g.

Precautions

Persons with external pathogenic symptoms or Heat in the lungs should

not use cordyceps.

Side Effects and Toxicity

The aqueous macerated solution of the herb is low in toxicity. At a large

dose, patients experience dry mouth, skin rashes, diarrhea, and drowsiness
(Dong et al., 1998). An intraperitoneal dose of 5 g/kg was lethal to some
mice whereas at 30 to 50 g/kg it was lethal to all mice. Toxic reactions were
followed by sedation, spasm, respiratory paralysis and inhibition, followed
by death. The macerate extract of the herb given subcutaneously or intrave-
nously had an inhibitory effect on rabbits and mice; large doses induced
rapid respiration and pulse, and finally death from respiration spasm. How-
ever, the boiled extract was nontoxic (Zhu, 1998).

Modern Research Findings

Chemical Constituents

Cordyceps contains fat, protein, vitamins B12 and C, fatty acids, alka-
loids, glycosides, cordycepin, cordyceptic acid, and fifteen amino acids.
The active ingredients are photosterol, ergosterol, beta-sitosterol, choles-
terol, claucosterol, campesterol, and dihydromassicasterol. Also found were
fifteen different minerals and rare elements including P, Mg, Fe, Ca, Na, K,
Mn, Cu, Zn, Si, Ni, Al, Ti, Cr, Se, Ga (gallium), V (vanadium), and Zr
(zirconum). Selenium (Se), which is found in the plant, is the most impor-
tant element because it demonstrates antioxidant, anticancer, and antiaging
activities (Feng, 1990; Lu, 1981; Song, 1995; Zhang et al., 1988).

Pharmacological Findings

1. The plant is a good sedative, antiasthmatic, hypnotic, and tranquilizer.

It reduces rapid cardiac rate, lowers blood pressure, lowers choles-
terol, improves immune functions, and an anticancer agent (Wang,
1994).
2. Inhibits blood platelet aggregation (Zhu, 1998).
3. Adaptogenic (Zhu, 1998).
4. Antimicrobial (Wang, 1994).
5. A modern pharmaceutical product of cordyceps in capsules is called
Ning Xin Bao. Clinically it is used as an antiarrhythmia agent, for
atrial premature or ventricular premature heartbeat, chronic nephritis,
and chronic renal insufficiency (Song, 1995).

Clinical Findings

1. The cordyceps product sold in the United States is designated as

Paecilomyces hepiali Chen (strain Cs-4). A number of clinical trials
with Cs-4 under various conditions have been conducted in China on a
total number of 2,000 patients. Zhang et al. (1998) carried out a dou-
ble-blind placebo-controlled study on the effects of 3 g of Cs-4 daily
on 358 elderly people with various symptoms of senescence. Those
consuming Cs-4 compound showed alleviation of fatigue, cold intol-
erance, dizziness, frequent nocturia, tinnitus, hyposexuality, and loss
of memory (Schulz et al., 2001).
2. A study lasting approximately twenty-six months examined the re-
sults of the effectiveness of Cs-4 as an adjuvant treatment in patients
suffering from congestive heart failure. Patients taking Cs-4 showed
significant improvement in quality of life, increased efficiency of ox-
ygen utilization, free-radical scavenging activity, improved sexual
function, and reduced blood lipids. All clinical trials on cordyceps to
date have been in China (Schulz et al., 2001).
3. Cordyceps is employed as an adaptogen and tonic remedy. The dos-
age used ranges from 3 to 9 g daily of the crude drug (Schulz et al.,
2001).
 REFERENCES

Dong, K. S., Wang, X. Q., and Dong, Y. F. (1998). Xian Dai Lin Chuang Zhong Yao
Xue [Contemporary Clinical Chinese Materia Medica]. Beijing: Zhong Guo
Zhong Yi Yao Press.
Feng, X. (1990). Chemical Studies on the Active Ingredients of Cordyceps. Beijing:
Union Medical University Annual Book.
Jiang Su New Medical College (1977). Encyclopedia of Chinese Materia Medica.
Shanghai: Shanghai Science and Technology Press.
Lu, R. J. (1981). Studies on chemical constituents of cordyceps. Yao Xue Tong Bao
16: 567.
Schulz, V., Hansel, R., and Tyler, V. (2001). Rational Phytotherapy. Heidelberg,
Germany: Springer-Verlag.
Song, Z. (Ed.) (1995). Zhong Cao Yao Xian Dai Yen Jiou [Modern Studies in Chi-
nese Herbal Drugs]. Beijing: Beijing Medical University and Union Medical
University Joint Press.
Wang, J. H. (Ed.) (1994). Xin Bian Chang Yong Zhong Yao Shou Ce [Manual of
Commonly Used Chinese Medicinal Herbs]. Beijing: Jin Dun Press.
Zhang, L. (1988). Pharmacological studies on cordyceps. Yao Xue Tang Bao 23:
521.
Zhu, Y. (1998). Chinese Materia Medica—Chemistry, Pharmacology and Applica-
tions. Amsterdam: Harwood Academic Publishers.
Morinda Root; Radix
This medicinal herbMorindae officinalis;
is the dried root of
Morinda officinalis BaHow
ji tian
of the Rubiacea fam-
ily. It is a wintergreen and mainly grows in the
Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Jiangxi, and
Sichuan provinces of China. Harvested in the
spring or winter, it is dried in the sun, sliced
for use unprocessed, or stir cooked in salt-
water (Jiang Su New Medical College, 1977).
The root is traditionally used as a warming
agent and a tonic. It strengthens the bones and tendons, reinforces the vital
functions of the kidneys, and is especially beneficial for preventing impo-
tence, seminal emission, premature ejaculation, and infertility in women
(Smith and Stuart, 1973).

TCM Properties

Sweet and acrid in taste, and warm, it acts on the liver and kidney meridi-
ans (Wang, 1994).

Effects, Medicinal Uses, and Combinations

1. Invigorates the kidney yang: to treat male impotence and sperma-

torrhea, morinda root is blended with cistanche, cuscuta, epimedium,
and rubus (fu pen zi) (Wang, 1994).
2. Stimulates the Ren and Chong meridians: for female infertility and ir-
regular menstruation, leukorrhea, and dysmenorrhea, morinda root is
combined with rubus, evodia, and prepared aconite, as well as other
herbs in a decoction (Wang, 1994).
3. Strengthens the bones and tendons, and eliminates rheumatism and
arthralgia: for lumbago and lassitude of the muscles, morinda root is
prescribed with ginger, acanthopanax, curcuma, and achyranthes
(Wang, 1994).
4. Replenishes the primordial Qi: for hemiplegia due to stroke, paralysis
of the hands or feet, and impairment of speech, morinda is combined
with dried rehmannia, cornus, dendrobium (shi hu), and cistanche
(rou cong rong) (Wang, 1994).
Dosage

In a decoction of 9 to 15 g.

Precautions

This herb should not be used on hyperactive patients or for those who are
Damp-Heat and yin deficient (Wang, 1994).

Side Effects and Toxicity

No unwanted effects or toxicity at the suggested therapeutic dose were

recorded in classical Chinese materia medica.

Modern Research Findings

Chemical Constituents

Morinda tuberous root contains stigmasterol, beta-sitosterol, alpha-

amyrin, moridin, vitamin C, the minerals Zn, Mn-Ca, Sr, Ba, Mg elements,
and sugars (Dong et al., 1998).

Pharmacological Findings

1. The crude extract of morinda root has no androgen-like effect in rats

(Dong et al., 1998).
2. Lowers blood pressure, and is a sedative and hypnotic (Wang, 1994).
3. Shows ACTH-like action (Wang, 1994).
4. Builds strong bones and tendons due to high contents of minerals Ca,
Mg, Be, and Ba (Dong et al., 1998).
5. Lowers blood cholesterol and prevents coronary heart disease (Dong
et al., 1998).
6. Antimicrobial (Dong et al., 1998).

REFERENCES

Dong, K. S., Wang, X. Q., and Dong, Y. F. (1998). Xian Dai Lin Chuang Zhong Yao
Xue [Contemporary Clinical Chinese Materia Medica]. Beijing: Zhong Guo
Zhong Yi Yao Press.
Jiang Su New Medical College (1977). Encyclopedia of Chinese Materia Medica.
Shanghai: Shanghai Science and Technology Press.
Smith, F. P. and Stuart, G. A. (1973). Chinese Medicinal Herbs. San Francisco:
Georgetown Press.
Wang, J. H. (Ed.) (1994). Xin Bian Chang Yong Zhong Yao Shou Ce [Manual of
Commonly Used Chinese Medicinal Herbs]. Beijing: Jin Dun Press.
 Cistanche; Herba Cistanches;
This herb consists of the pulpy Rou
stem,cong
along
rong deserticola Y. C.
with the scales, of Cistanche
Ma. of the family Orobanchaceae. It grows
mainly in the Gansu, Inner Mongolia, Qing-
hai, and Xinjiang provinces of China. Col-
lected in spring, it is dried in the sun and sliced
for use unprocessed (Jiang Su New Medical
College, 1977).
The herb was traditionally used as a tonic
to treat all wasting diseases, an aphrodisiac for men, and to cure impotence,
spermatorrhea, menstrual difficulties, gonorrhea, and problems related to
the genital organs of women (Smith and Stuart, 1973). Today, it is used to
reinforce the vital functions of the kidneys, as a mild laxative for chronic
constipation in the elderly, and to treat impotence. Cistanche is a good
antiaging medicinal herb (Jiang Su New Medical College, 1977).

TCM Properties

Sweet and salty in taste, warm, and nontoxic, it acts on the kidney and
large intestine meridians.

Effects, Medicinal Uses, and Combinations

1. Stimulates the kidney yang:

• For impotence, cistanche is mixed with processed rehmannia root,
cuscuta seed (tu si zi), and schisandra fruit (Dong et al., 1998).
• For pain in the loins and knees, as well as for lassitude of the mus-
cles, cistanche is used with morinda root and eucommia bark
(Dong et al., 1998).
• To treat female infertility and strengthen the vital essence, cis-
tanche is also combined with other tonic medicinal herbs, such as
antler glue, Chinese angelica, and white peony (Zhang, 1999).
2. Moistens the bowels and induces laxation: for chronic constipation
due to dryness of the bowel in the elderly, after giving birth, or after
laying in bed for a long period, cistanche is prescribed alone in a de-
 coction (use up to 30 g) or with hemp seed, aquilaria (chen xiang),
Chinese angelica, dry rehmannia, and bitter orange in a decoction,
as in the patented recipe Run Chang Wan (Dong et al., 1998)

Dosage

In a decoction of 10 to 20 g. Up to 30 g may be used for severe symp-

toms.

Precautions

This herb should not be used in cases of hyperactivity or for those experi-
encing loose stools due to spleen-yin deficiency or constipation due to ex-
cess Heat in the intestinal tract.

Side Effects and Toxicity

No undesirable side effects or toxicity at the therapeutic dose has ever

been mentioned in classical Chinese materia medica.

Modern Research Findings

Chemical Constituents

Cistanche contains 8-epiloganic acid, glycosides, manhitol, and fifteen

amino acids (Zhu, 1998).

Pharmacological Findings

1. In laboratory tests of rabbits, cats, and dogs, cistanche reduced blood

pressure (Dong et al., 1998).
2. Invigorates immune function (Dong et al., 1998).
3. It is gonadotropic and invigorates sexual hormone secretions (Dong
et al., 1998).
4. Acts as a stomachic and aids digestion (Dong et al., 1998).
 REFERENCES

Dong, K. S, Wang, X. Q., and Dong, Y. F. (1998). Xian Dai Lin Chuang Zhong Yao
Xue [Contemporary Clinical Chinese Materia Medica]. Beijing: Zhong Guo
Zhong Yi Yao Press.
Jiang Su New Medical College (1977). Encyclopedia of Chinese Materia Medica.
Shanghai: Shanghai Science and Technology Press.
Smith, F. P. and Stuart, G. A. (1973). Chinese Medicinal Herbs. San Francisco:
Georgetown Press.
Zhang, E. Q. (1999). The Chinese Materia Medica. Shanghai: Shanghai TCM Uni-
versity Press.
Zhu, Y. (1998). Chinese Materia Medica—Chemistry, Pharmacology and Applica-
tions. Amsterdam: Harwood Academic Publishers.
 Cuscuta;
This herb is Semen Cuscutae;
the dried, ripe seedsTuofsiCuscuta
zi
chinensis Lam. of the family Convolvulaceae.
The plant grows mainly in the Hebei, Henan,
Jilin, Liaoning, and Shandong provinces of China. The seeds are collected
in the autumn after they have ripened. They are dried in the sun, and used
unprocessed (Jiang Su New Medical College, 1977).
Diaphoretic, demulcent, tonic, and aphrodisiac properties are ascribed to
cuscuta seeds. They are administered in cases of gonorrhea, incontinence,
and leukorrhea, and as a nostrum in case of cross-birth (fetal position prob-
lem). If taken for a long time, they brighten the eyes, enliven the body, and
prolong life (Smith and Stuart, 1973).
Cuscuta is used to replenish the liver and kidneys, to prevent miscar-
riage, improve eyesight, and to treat sexual debility, impotence, and noctur-
nal emission (Dong et al., 1998).

TCM Properties

Slightly pungent and sweet in taste, and warm, it acts on the kidney, liver,
and spleen meridians.

Effects, Medicinal Uses, and Combinations

1. Replenishes the liver and kidneys, and provides gonadotrophic ac-

tion: for impotence, premature ejaculation, nocturnal emission, and
tinnitus, cuscuta is combined with Chinese schisandra fruit, rubus,
lycium fruit, and plantago seed, as in Wu Zi Yan Zong Wan (Dong
et al., 1998).
2. Nourishes the liver and enhances eyesight: to improve eyesight,
cuscuta is often used with lycium fruit, processed rehmannia, chry-
santhemum, and ligustrum fruit (Wang, 1994).
3. Invigorates the kidneys and prevents miscarriage: to improve general
weakness of kidneys and liver during pregnancy and prevent miscar-
riage, cuscuta (15 g) is prescribed with Chinese yam (9 g), dipsacus
root (9 g), white atractylodes (12 g), and loranthus (15 g) in a decoc-
tion (Dong et al., 1998).
Dosage

In a decoction of 6 to 15 g.

Precautions

People with symptoms of yin deficiency, hyperactive yang, constipation,

and scanty yellow urine should use the herb with caution.

Side Effects and Toxicity

No undesirable side effects or toxicity were reported at the therapeutic

dose in classical Chinese materia medica. Toxicological studies show LD50
of the ethanolic extract of the herb was 2.465 g/kg in mice by subcutaneous
administration. No toxic reactions were observed at an oral dose of 30 to 40
g/kg (Yin, 1995).

Modern Research Findings

Chemical Constituents

Cuscuta seeds contain flavonoids, compounds, quercetin, quercetin-3-0-

galactoside, quercetin-3-0-apiosy-galactoside, kaempferol, astragalin, and
hypetrin (Yahera et al., 1994; Yin, 1995), lignans, cuscutosides A and B,
and other gylcosides, arbutin, chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid, and p-cou-
maric acid (Yahera et al., 1994). Other ingredients include cholesterol,
campesterol, beta-sitosterol, vitamin A, and acylated trisaccharides cus-1
and cus-2 (Miyahara et al., 1996).

Pharmacology Findings

Cuscuta seed is immunostimulating, gonadotrophic, anticataract, anti-

carcinogenic, uterus contracting, cardiotonic, hypotensive, and antimicrobial
(Dong et al., 1998).

1. An intragastric administration of the 85 percent alcoholic extract of

the seeds to mice with burn injuries increased the serum hemolysin
level and the phagocytosis of peritoneal macrophages. The serum
colony-stimulating factor (CSF) level was significantly elevated in a
dose-dependent manner in mice receiving a single dose or five intra-
 peritoneal doses of 1.6 to 25.6 mg/kg of the alcoholic extract of the
seeds (Yin, 1995).
2. Oral administration of 10 g/kg of the herb’s decoction to rats in-
creased the weight of the lobus anterior of hypophyseos, the ovary,
and the uterus. It also increased the functions of the ovarian hcG/LH
receptor (Yin, 1995).
3. An oral dose of 1 g/kg three times a week as a decoction markedly de-
layed the appearance and retarded the growth of papillomas and the
incidence of carcinoma in mice (Yin, 1995).
4. Other actions: cuscuta seed increased cardiac blood flow, enlarged
blood vessels, and was antidiuretic (Dong et al., 1998).

REFERENCES

Dong, K. S., Wang, X. Q., and Dong, Y. F. (1998). Xian Dai Lin Chuang Zhong Yao
Xue [Contemporary Clinical Chinese Materia Medica]. Beijing: Zhong Guo
Zhong Yi Yao Press.
Jiang Su New Medical College (1977). Encyclopedia of Chinese Materia Medica.
Shanghai: Shanghai Science and Technology Press.
Miyahara, K., Du, X. M., Watanabe, M., Sugimma, C., Yahara, S., and Nohara, T.
(1996). Resin glycosides XXIII. Two novel acetylated trisaccharides related to
resin glycoside from seeds of Cuscuta chinensis. Chemical and Pharmaceutical
Bulletin 44: 481-485.
Smith, F. P. and Stuart, G. A. (1973). Chinese Medicinal Herbs. San Francisco:
Georgetown Press.
Wang, J. H. (Ed.) (1994). Xin Bian Chang Yong Zhong Yao Shou Ce [Manual of
Commonly Used Chinese Medicinal Herbs]. Beijing: Jin Dun Press.
Yahara, S. et al. (1994). An alkaloid and two lignens from cuscuta chinensis.
Phytochemistry 37: 1755-1757.
Yin, J. (1995). Modern Research and Clinical Applications of Chinese Materia
Medica (Volume 2). Beijing: Chinese Medical Classics Press.
 Cornus;
This herbFructus Corni;
is the pulp of Shan zhufruit
the ripe yu of
Cornus officinalis Sieb. et Zucc. of the family
Cornaceae. It grows mainly in the mountain-
ous districts of Anhui, Henan, Shaanxi, and
Zhejiang provinces of China. After collection
in late autumn, the fruit stone is removed, and
the pulp is baked and air-dried (Jiang Su New
Medical College, 1977).
The fruit has a subacid taste and contains
considerable oil. It has excellent tonic and astringent properties, and has
been used as a diuretic, astringent, tonic, anthelmintic, and antilithic. It was
recommended for menorrhagia, impotence, and the urinary difficulties of
the elderly (Smith and Stuart, 1973).
Today cornus is used for sexual dysfunction, impotence, seminal emis-
sion, aching back and knees, vertigo, urinary difficulties of the elderly, and
frequent urination caused by kidney-yang debilitation associated with age
(Wang, 1994). It also induces astringency.

TCM Properties

Sour in taste and slightly warm, cornus acts on the liver and kidney me-
ridians.

Effects, Medicinal Uses, and Combinations

1. Nourishes the kidney and liver for the treatment of sexual dysfunc-
tion: for kidney-yang and liver-yang deficiencies, cornus is pre-
scribed with psoralea fruit and Chinese angelica root in a decoction;
or with eucommia, deer antler, lycium fruit, processed rehmannia,
schisandra fruit, cuscuta, Chinese yam, and other herbs, as in Shi Bu
Wan, to treat sexual dysfunctions and polyuria in the elderly (Dong
et al., 1998).
2. Replenishes both liver yin and kidney yin: for spontaneous perspira-
tion, ringing in the ears, and dizziness, cornus is used with lycium
fruit, ligustrum fruit, chrysanthemum, and tribulus (Wang, 1994). It is
often blended with processed rehmannia, alisma, hoelen, Chinese
yam, and moutan bark, as in the recipe Liu Wei Di Huang Wan (R-22),
 for replenishing the Vital Essence and to treat yin-deficiency syn-
dromes (Zhang, 1988).
3. Induces astringency, and stops metrorrhagia and excess menstrual
bleeding. Cornus arrests the continued and excessive loss of body
fluid or blood, as in cases of metrorrhagia, metrostaxis, and menor-
rhagia. For these conditions, cornus is prescribed with astragalus root,
white peony, oyster shell, cuttlebone, carbonized palm, rubia root (xi
cao), and white atractylodes in a decoction, as in the recipe Gu Chong
Tang (Wang, 1994).
4. For hypertension due to liver and kidney deficiency: cornus fruit is
dispensed along with acornus, eucommia, milletia, and other herbs.
5. For polyuria and enuresis caused by Kidney-Qi deficiency and dys-
function of the bladder, cornus fruit can be mixed with Chinese yam,
alpinia fruit, and cuscuta in a decoction (Wang, 1994).

Dosage

In a decoction of 5 to 10 g. Up to 30 g can be used for severe symptoms.

Precautions

People suffering from hyperactivity of liver yang, Damp Heat, dysuria,

or difficult urination should avoid using this herb or use with caution.

Side Effects and Toxicity

No undesirable side effects or toxicity were reported at the therapeutic

dose in classical Chinese materia medica.

Modern Research Findings

Chemical Constituents

Cornus fruit contains iridoid glycosides cornin, cornuside, morroniside,

loganin, sweroside, and ursolic acid. Other ingredients include the volatile
components benzyl cinnamate, isobutyl alcohol, isoamyl alcohol, methyl
eugenol, isoasarone, beta-phenylethyl alcohol, saponin, tannins (isoter-
chebin, tellimagradins), ursolic acid, gallic acid, tantaic acid, sugar, and vi-
tamin A (Yin et al., 1993; Zhu, 1998).
Pharmacological Findings

Cornus fruit showed cardiotonic, diuretic, blood-pressure lowering,

hypoglycemic, antihemorrhagic, antiplatelet aggregation, and white blood
cell-generating properties (Wang, 1994).
The othanolic extract of the herb decreased blood sugar in rats with dia-
betes caused by alloxan, epinephrine, or STZ but did not affect the blood
glucose level in normal rats.
An injection of the herb’s solution in vitro significantly inhibited the
ADP-, collagen-, or arachidonic acid-induced platelet aggregation of rab-
bits in a concentration-dependent manner. Intravenous administration of
the solution also suppressed ADP-induced platelet aggregation in rabbits
(Yin et al., 1993).

REFERENCES

Dong, K. S., Wang, X. Q., and Dong, Y. F. (1998). Xian Dai Lin Chuang Zhong Yao
Xue [Contemporary Clinical Chinese Materia Medica]. Beijing: Zhong Guo
Zhong Yi Yao Press.
Jiang Su New Medical College (1977). Encyclopedia of Chinese Materia Medica.
Shanghai: Shanghai Science and Technology Press.
Smith, F. P. and Stuart, G. A. (1973). Chinese Medicinal Herbs. San Francisco:
Georgetown Press.
Yin, J. and Tuo, L. G. (1993). Modern Research and Clinical Applications of Chi-
nese Materia Medica. Beijing: Academic Publisher.
Wang, J. H. (Ed.) (1994). Xin Bian Chang Yong Zhong Yao Shou Ce [Manual of
Commonly Used Chinese Medicinal Herbs]. Beijing: Jin Dun Press.
Zhang, E. (1988). Zhong Yao Xue [The Chinese Materia Medica]. Shanghai: Pub-
lishing House of Shanghai TCM University.
Zhu, Y. (1998). Chinese Materia Medica—Chemistry, Pharmacology and Applica-
tions. Amsterdam: Harwood Academic Publishers.
Curculigo
This herbRhizome; Rhizoma
is the dried rhizomeCurculiginis
of Curculigo
orchioides Gaertn.Xian maofamily Amaryllid-
of the
aceae. It grows in the provinces of Fujian,
Guangdong, Guangxi, Jiangsu, Taiwan, and
Zhejiang in China. It is harvested in the early
spring or late autumn, cleaned, dried in the
sun, and sliced and used unprocessed (Jiang
Su New Medical College, 1977).
Curculigo rhizome is used to warm up the
kidneys, to reinforce the vital functions of the sexual organs, and to treat im-
potence and sexual disabilities (Dong et al., 1998; Jiang Su New Medical
College, 1977).

TMC Properties

Pungent in taste, warm, and slightly toxic, it acts on the kidney and liver
meridians.

Effects, Medicinal Uses, and Combinations

1. Invigorates the kidneys and reinforces the vital functions of the kid-
ney yang: for an aching back and knees, premature ejaculation, impo-
tence, polyuria, enuresis, and nocturnal seminal emission, curculigo
rhizome is often prescribed with epimedium (yin yang huo) and
morinda root (Dong et al., 1998).
2. Relieves Bi-Syndrome: for Cold-Damp-Bi-Syndrome and arthralgia,
curculigo rhizome is used with cyathula root, ginger, cinnamon bark,
notopterygium root, and acanthopanax to strengthen the bones, ten-
dons, and joints (Dong et al., 1998).
3. Relieves hypertension: to treat climacteric (menopausal) hyperten-
sion, curculigo rhizome is dispensed with epimedium (Dong et al.,
1998).

Dosage

In a decoction or pills, 3 to 9 g.
Precautions

People with hyperactivity of yang or deficiency of yin should use cur-

culigo with care.

Side Effects and Toxicity

At the suggested therapeutic dose, no adverse side effects or toxicity

have been reported.

Modern Research Findings

Chemical Constituents

Curculigo rhizome contains resins, tannin starch, and fatty oils (Jiang Su
New Medical College, 1977).
The rhizome contains cycloartane triterpene saponins, including cur-
culigo saponins A-M. Other ingredients are triterpenes curculigol and 31-
methyl-3-oxo-2-0-ursen-28-oic acid. Phenyl glycosides, curculigoside-B,
curculigines B and C, and aliphatic compounds have been isolated (Zhu,
1998).

Pharmacological Findings

1. Curculigo is a yang and cardiac tonic.

2. Gonadotrophic: oral administration to rats of 10 g/kg of the herb’s de-
coction significantly increased the weight of the lobus anterior hypo-
physeos, ovary, and uterus (Zhu, 1998).
3. Analgesic and antirheumatic (Dong et al., 1998).
4. Antimicrobial (Dong et al., 1998).
5. Antitumorous (Dong et al., 1998).

REFERENCES

Dong, K. S., Wang, X. Q., and Dong, Y. F. (1998). Xian Dai Lin Chuang Zhong Yao
Xue [Contemporary Clinical Chinese Materia Medica]. Beijing: Zhong Guo
Zhong Yi Yao Press.
Jiang Su New Medical College (1977). Encyclopedia of Chinese Materia Medica.
Shanghai: Shanghai Science and Technology Press.
Zhu, Y. (1998). Chinese Materia Medica—Chemistry, Pharmacology and Applica-
tions. Amsterdam: Harwood Academic Publishers.
 Pilose Antler;
This herb Cornu
is the Cervi
tender, Parvum;velvet
nonossific, Lu
rong male deer, scientifi-
antler of the young adult
cally known as Cervus nippon Temminck or
Cervus elaphus Linnaeus of the family Cer-
vidae. The former is the spotted deer and the
latter is the horse deer. Both are found in the
northern and northeastern provinces as well as
in the Xinjiang, Tibet, Qinghai, and Gansu provinces, and Inner Mongolia
of China. Spotted and horse deer populations are found in other parts of the
world, including North America, Europe, Siberia, India, and New Zealand
(Jiang Su New Medical College, 1977).
When these tender antlers begin to grow, they are blood-filled tissue and
covered with a soft, furry skin. If the velvet horn is not removed in a timely
manner, it hardens into a bonelike substance (Dong et al., 1998).
The pilose antler (three to five inches) is usually sawed off in the summer
or early autumn. It is then cleaned, dried in the shade or baked dry in low
heat, then sliced or ground into powder for use. Pilose antler is used to rein-
force the vital function of the kidneys, strengthen the bones and muscles,
and to treat sexual dysfunction, neurasthenia, and anemia (Dong et al.,
1998).

TCM Properties

Sweet and salty in taste, and warm, it acts on the liver and kidney meridi-
ans.

Effects, Medicinal Uses, and Combinations

1. Tones the kidney yang: the powder of pilose antler can be used for
symptoms such as male impotence, spermatorrhea, female infertility
due to coldness of the uterus, frequent urination, soreness of the loins
or knees, dizziness, tinnitus, listlessness as a result of insufficiency of
kidney yang, and consumption of the Vital Essence (Jing) and blood.
Pilose antler is combined with other yang tonic herbs, such as ginseng
root, processed rehmannia root, lycium fruit, schisandra fruit, Chi-
nese yam, eucommia, cornus, achyranthes, cuscuta, and ophiopogon,
as in Shi Bu Wan, and used to treat male impotence (Dong et al.,
 1998). Another complex recipe containing pilose antler, Gui Ling Ji,
is an excellent patent medicine for the treatment of kidney-yang defi-
ciency, and male and female sexual debility (Wang, 1994).
2. Strengthens the vigor of muscles, tendons, and bones: for deficiency
of the kidney and liver, characterized by weakness of extremities, in-
sufficient infantile growth or abnormal development, and skeletal de-
formities in youth, pilose antler is taken with the patented medicine of
Jia Wei Di Huang Wan or it is blended with Chinese angelica, pro-
cessed rehmannia, cornus fruit, and Chinese yam (Wang, 1994).
3. Nourishes Qi and blood, and speeds up wound healing: for carbun-
cles, chronic or prolonged ulceration, or boils that do not heal easily,
pilose antler is often combined with astragalus root, cinnamon bark,
and Chinese angelica (Wang, 1994).
4. Regulates the Chong and Ren meridians, normalizes the Dai merid-
ian, and corrects the symptoms of yang deficiency: for metrorrhagia
or metrostaxis, pilose antler is used in conjunction with donkey-hide
gelatin, cuttlebone, Chinese angelica, white peony, and processed
rehmannia (Wang, 1994).

Dosage

As a fine powder (in capsules or tablets), 0.5 to 2 g daily. Pilose antler

can also be soaked in wine for oral administration. A modern herbal prod-
uct, Pantocrin, is a pharmaceutically prepared liquid form of pilose antler.
This product can be taken orally, thirty to forty drops, three times a day. In-
tramuscular injections can be administered at a dosage of 1 milliliter (ml),
three times a day. Pilose antler should be taken with caution and in small
doses in the beginning (i.e., less than one gram) gradually increasing the
dose as needed (Wang, 1994). Never overdose with this herb.

Precautions

People with kidney-yang hyperactivity or with yin deficiency, fever, and

Heat in the lungs, or with epidemic febrile disease should avoid taking
pilose antler and its preparations (Wang, 1994).

Side Effects and Toxicity

No undesirable side effects or toxicity were reported at the therapeutic

dose in classical Chinese materia medica.
Modern Research Findings

Chemical Constituents

Deer velvet contains pantocrinum lecithin, lipids, oestrone, prostaglan-

din, nucleotide, choline, vitamins, enzymes, twenty-five different amino acids
(alanine, arginine, asparagine, cysteine, glutamate, glycine, histidine, iso-
leucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, proline, serine, threo-
nine, tryptophan, tyrosine, valine, and others), minerals (Ca, Cu, P, Fe, Mn,
Zn, Se, S, Na, K, and Mg), and trace minerals (Jiang Su New Medical Col-
lege, 1977)

Pharmacological Findings

1. Used as a general tonic, pilose antler increases ability, endurance, and

efficiency of working, decreases muscle fatigue, improves sleep and
appetite, and regulates CNS functions.
2. As an immunological agent pilose antler increases the regeneration of
red blood cells, hemoglobin, and reticulocytes and increases immune
function.
3. As a gonadotrophic it improves male and female sexual function, and
increases secretion of semen.
4. A medium dose increases heart contractions, heart rate and output.
This action is more noticeable in patients with heart fatigue.
5. Stomachic and antiulcer properties were observed in rats.
6. Increases the tension of the uterus and rhythmic contraction (Dong
et al. 1998; Wang, 1994).

REFERENCES

Dong, K. S., Wang, X. Q., and Dong, Y. F. (1998). Xian Dai Lin Chuang Zhong Yao
Xue [Contemporary Clinical Chinese Materia Medica]. Beijing: Zhong Guo
Zhong Yi Yao Press.
Jiang Su New Medical College (1977). Encyclopedia of Chinese Materia Medica.
Shanghai: Shanghai Science and Technology Press.
Wang, J. H. (Ed.) (1994). Xin Bian Chang Yong Zhong Yao Shou Ce [Manual of
Commonly Used Chinese Medicinal Herbs]. Beijing: Jin Dun Press.
 Chapter 7

Herbs
Herbs That ThatCirculation
Invigorate Invigorate Circulation
of Vital Energy, Qi, and Blood
of Vital Energy, Qi, and Blood:
Preventing Discomfort and Pain,
and Cerebral and Coronary Heart Diseases

The medicinal herbs discussed in this section regulate the gastrointesti-

nal tract, and cerebral and cardiac vascular systems. A majority of gastroin-
testinal, cerebral, and cardiovascular ailments are directly or indirectly re-
lated to stagnation of Qi and blood. The normal circulation of the Qi and
blood in the body is essential to maintain normal physiological activities
and good health.
Various pathogenic factors, such as injuries, improper diet, infections,
and emotional depression, can impede the normal circulation of Qi and re-
sult in its stagnation. Numbness, stiffness, aches, and pain are the most
common signs of stagnant Qi, which generally occurs along certain meridi-
ans or within certain internal organs of the body. Pain has many causes.
However, TCM believes that long-standing or severe stagnation of Qi may
also lead to stagnation of blood, causing discomfort and localized tender-
ness and pain, or even lumps or mass formations (Chen and Chen, 1992;
Dong et al., 1998).
The stagnation of Qi usually affects the stomach, spleen, liver, and lungs.
For example, chest and abdominal distension and pain, belching, gas for-
mation, acid regurgitation, nausea and vomiting, and hiccups are likely to
be related to stagnant Spleen-Qi and Stomach-Qi, or due to failure of the
stomach in descending Stomach-Qi (Chen and Chen, 1992; Dong et al.,
1998).
Swelling in the chest, pain in the flanks, distending pain in the epigastric
region, loss of appetite, anxiety, depression, insomnia, dreamy sleep, her-
nial pain (in severe cases), tenderness, swelling and pain in the breast, and
painful menstruation may be caused by stagnant Liver-Qi. Discomfort in
the chest, a stifling sensation, cough with dyspnea, and wheezing may be
due to impairment of the normal function of the lungs in dispersing and de-
scending the Lung-Qi.
 Herbs discussed in this section that regulate Qi can promote the normal
flow of Qi, eliminate the stagnation of Qi, prevent or correct the upward ad-
verse flow of Qi, relieve localized pain, and dissolve masses in tissues.
Once the Stomach-Spleen-Qi, Liver-Qi, and Lung-Qi resume to normal
flow, these symptoms disappear.
As with Qi, the normal flow of blood can be slowed or stagnant, as well.
When blood flow becomes retarded or static, it is referred to in TCM as
blood stasis. Blood stasis refers to the formation of a viscous substance over
the end or within the walls of blood vessels. This results in a slowing down,
or even complete stoppage, of the normal blood flow and thrombosis or
blood clot. Blood stasis can lead to discomfort and pain in the chest. Many
other serious health problems of the cardiac, cerebral, lymphatic, and vas-
cular systems may also follow, and it may cause internal abscesses, ulcer
formation, or hemorrhages (Dong et al., 1998; Weng, 1993).
Static blood circulation is the primary cause of hypertension, angina, ar-
teriosclerosis, aneurysm, and even myocardial infarction (heart attack). It
can lead to a cerebral vascular accident (CVA), commonly known as a
stroke. Many elderly people sometimes suffer, unknowingly, from mild
CVA. Even a brief case of CVA can cause an individual to black out or be-
come partially paralyzed, along with many other complications. Blood
stasis may also lead to mental impairment or memory loss (Yan, 1993).
Blood stasis involves broad physiological and pathological changes of
an organ, a system, or even the entire body. Factors such as stagnation of Qi,
deficiency of Qi, cold environment, Heat in the blood, and trauma are gen-
eral factors that cause blood stasis. The most common signs of blood stasis
are a deep red or purple tongue, localized tenderness or pain, a localized
sharp pain in the chest, lower abdomen and pelvic areas, or a lump, tumor,
or cyst formation, and the development of ecchymosis (Dong et al., 1998).
Disorders of blood stasis in TCM are understood in Western medicine as
general hematological disorders (blood circulatory retardation, hemor-
rhage, thrombosis, congestion, and local ischemia) or localized tissue disor-
ders (Weng, 1993).
Phytomedicines are capable of invigorating blood circulation and dis-
solving blood stasis. These herbs are valuable and effective in clinically
treating cardiac ailments, angina pectoris, thrombosis, vasculitis, phlebitis,
acute pelvic inflammation, amenorrhea, dysmenorrhea, functional uterine
bleeding, ulcers, cirrhosis, and cyanoderma.
In addition to blood stasis, the disorders of blood may also involve defi-
ciency of blood, Heat in the blood, and bleeding. Herbs that nourish the
blood are used for deficiency of blood. Those that arrest bleeding are
hemostatic agents (see Chapter 5).
 Qi and blood-activating phytomedicines will be discussed in the follow-
ing section. Table 7.1 lists the ailments of stagnation of Qi and stagnation of
blood, and commonly used herbal remedies. Table 7.2 describes the com-

TABLE 7.1. Herbal Remedies for Regulating and Invigorating Qi and Blood

Etiology Symptoms Herbal Remedies

Stagnation Numbness and pain of limbs, varicose I. Qi-Regulating Herbal Remedies
of Meridians-Qi veins, difficult walking Herbs
Stagnation Swelling in the chest, pain in the tangerine peel,
of Liver-Qi flanks, distending pain in the blue citrus (qing pi), bitter orange,
hypocondrium, hernial pain, tender- aucklandia root,
ness and pain in the breast, painful magnolia bark,
menstruation cyperus tuber,
Stagnation Abdominal distension and pain, belch- curcuma root,
of Spleen-Qi ing, gas, acid regurgitation, nausea, raphinus seed
and Stomach-Qi vomiting, hiccups
Stagnation Discomfort of chest, stifling sensation, Patent Medicines
of Lung-Qi cough with dyspnea, wheezing Ban Xia Hou Po Tang,
Yue Ju Wan,
Ping Wei San,
Mu Xiang Bing Long Wan,
Zhi Shi Dao Zhi Wan
Blood stasis Purple discoloration of tongue with II. Blood-Regulating Herbal Remedies
in general spots, hesitant pulse, hypertension, Herbs
angina, atherosclerosis, numbness of
limbs, periodic mental disorders cnidium, hawthorn,
salvia root, notoginseng,
Blood stasis Chest pain, cardiovascular accident carthamus, moutan bark,
in the heart (CVA), coronary heart disease, palpita- curcuma root,
tion, pectoral pain, cyanosis of the lips vaccaria seed,
and tongue achyranthes root,
Blood stasis CVA, stroke, paralysis, mental impair- red peony root,
in the brain ment, memory loss, speech difficulty leonurus,
Blood stasis Blood spitting, spitting dark red blood peach kernel,
in the lungs pubescent holly root,
acronychia,
Blood stasis Liver-spleen enlargement or hardness, ginkgo biloba leaves,
in the abdominal and tumor with fixed, stabbing pain sappan wood,
cavity zedoaria,
Blood stasis Difficulty swallowing, spitting dark red
in the gatrointestinal blood, black stool, stabbing pain, ulcer
tract and pain in gastrointestinal tract
Blood stasis Stagnant menstruation, amenorrhea, Patent Medicines
in the uterus dysmenorrhea, dark menses, sharp Xue Fu Zhu Yu Tang,
pain Bu Yang Huan Wu Tang,
Blood stasis Trauma, skin discoloration, blood stasis Fu Fang Dan Shen Yin,
in the skin tissues due to ecchymosis or petechiae Dan Shen Yin,
Huo Xue Tong Mai Pian
Blood stasis Varicose veins, microcirculation dis- Tao Hong Si Wu Tang,
in the vascular and orders, thromboangitis Chuan Xioing Cha Tiao San
lymphatic systems
 TABLE 7.2. The Actions of Qi-Regulating Herbs

Dosage
Name of Herbs (grams) Individual Actions Common Actions
Tangerine peel 5-10 Normalizes the func- Invigorates the
(Chen pi) tions of the spleen and circulation of Qi,
stomach, eliminates checks upward
Dampness, resolves adverse flow of Qi,
phlegm removes stagnation
Immature bitter 3-10 Removes food stagna- of Qi, and dissolves
orange tion, resolves phlegm, masses, relieves
(zhi shi) normalizes the function pain
of the spleen and stom-
ach
Cyperus tuber 6-12 Soothes the liver, regu-
(xiang fu) lates menstruation,
relieves menstrual pain
and coital pain
Aucklandia root 3-10 Regulates the functions
(mu xiang) of the spleen and stom-
ach, relieves Dampness
and abdominal pain,
treats jaundice
Curcuma root 3-9 Promotes blood circula-
(yu jin) tion, clears away Heat in
the blood, treats pain of
the liver and gallbladder
Magnolia bark 3-10 Eliminates Dampness,
(hou po) removes food stagna-
tion, allays asthma
Cynanchum root 6-12 Eliminates Dampness,
(xu chang qing) relieves arthralgia, de-
toxifies and relieves
swelling

mon and individual actions of the most frequently used Qi-regulating herbs
and Table 7.3 lists the most common and individual actions of frequently
used blood-regulating herbs.
Commonly used Qi-regulating herbs are pungent and hot. They include
orange peel, immature bitter orange, aucklandia root, cyperus tuber, mag-
nolia bark, blue citrus (qing pi), and raphanus seed. These herbs also act as a
stomachics.
Herbs used for promoting blood circulation, and treating or preventing
blood stasis are pungent and warm. They include acronychia, gingko bilo-
ba leaf, pubescent holly root, peach kernel, leonurus, red peony root,
 TABLE 7.3. The Actions of Blood-Regulating Herbs

Dosage
Name of Herb (grams) Individual Actions Common Actions
Salvia root 5-15 Tranquilizes the mind, Promotes blood circu-
(dan shen) nourishes the heart and lation, dissipates stag-
cools the blood, treats nation of blood (blood
vexation and carbuncles stasis). Treats ailments
Cnidium 3-9 Invigorates Qi, eliminates due to stagnation of
(chuan xiong) Wind and relieves men- blood. Relieves pain
strual pain and head- due to blood stasis.
aches
Carthamus 3-9 Normalizes menstruation
(hong hua) and relieves pain, treats
various pains due to stag-
nation of Qi
Curcuma root 6-12 Invigorates Qi circulation,
(yu jin) clears away Heat in the
blood and heart, treats
jaundice
Vaccaria 6-15 Treats amenorrhea,
(wang bu liu diuresis, and prostate dis-
xing) orders, breast tumor,
improves lactation
Achyranthes root 6-15 Invigorates the kidneys,
(huai niu xi) strengthens the muscles
and bones, relieves men-
strual disorders and
strangury
Red peony 6-15 Removes pathogenic
(chi shao) Heat in the blood, relieves
menstrual pain
Leonurus 10-15 Invigorates blood circula-
(yi mu cao) tion, and treats edema,
sores, carbuncles, pruri-
tus, and skin urticaria
Peach kernel 6-10 Moistens the bowels and
(tao ren) relieves constipation
Pubescent holly 15-60 Treats coronary heart ail-
root ments, angina, and
(mao dong qing) thromboangiitis
obliterans, relieves Heat
Acronychia 3-6 Invigorates circulation of
(jiang xiang) Qi, relieves pain, and
hemostasis
Moutan bark 6-12 Removes pathogenic
(mu dan pi) Heat in the blood, treats
premenstrual syndromes
and fever
achyranthes root, vaccaria seed, curcuma root, carthamus, sappan wood,
salvia, cnidium, notoginseng, zedoaria, hawthorn, lycopus, mastic, myrrh,
and pyrite.
In this chapter, eighteen medicinal herbs that regulate and invigorate the
flow of Qi and blood are introduced and further discussed.

REFERENCES

Chen, Z. L. and Chen, M. I. (1992). A Comprehensive Guide to Chinese Herbal

Medicine. Long Beach, CA: Oriental Health Arts Institute Press.
Dong, K. S., Wang, X. Q., and Dong, Y. F. (1998). Xian Dai Lin Chuang Zhong Yao
Xue [Contemporary Clinical Chinese Materia Medica]. Beijing: Zhong Guo
Zhong Yi Yao Press.
Weng, W. L. (1993). Huo Xue Hua Yu Zhi Liao Yi Nan Bing [Blood Invigorating
Stagnation Dispersing for the Treatment of Difficult Disease]. Beijing: Acade-
mia Press,.
Yan, D. (1993). Zhong Guo Li Dai Zhong Yi Kang Shuai Lao Mi Yao [Secret Essen-
tials for Combating Senility with Chinese Medicine Through Various Dynas-
ties). Shanghai: Wen Huei Publishing House,.
 Tangerine
This herb is(Orange)
the driedPeel;
peel Pericarpium
of the ripe fruit
of CitrusCitri Reticulatae;
reticulata BlancoChen pi
and many other
species of the citrus genus of the family Rutaceae. Several species, with
many varieties, all indigenous to China and the East Indies. The plant is
mainly grown in the Fujian, Guangdong, and Sichuan provinces of China.
The peel is collected from the ripe fruit, dried, cut into shreds, and used un-
prepared (Dong et al., 1998).
Tangerine peel is also called orange peel. The herb is considered by Chi-
nese doctors as a panacea for all sorts of ills. It is a stomachic, stimulative,
antispasmodic, antiphlogistic, and dissipates phlegm. Also, it is used for
marasmus in children, dyspnea in the elderly, for fish and crab poisoning,
pinworms, and mastitis due to stagnation of milk in the breast. It is com-
monly used in pills and as a decoction with ginger and other carminatives
(Jiang Su New Medical College, 1977; Smith and Stuart, 1973). Tangerine
peel is a carminative, Qi-regulating stomachic, and mild expectorant for
many gastrointestinal and respiratory tract disorders (Dong et al., 1998).

TCM Properties

Pungent, bitter in taste, and warm, it acts on the spleen and lung meridi-
ans.

Effects, Medicinal Uses, and Combinations

1. Helps regulate Qi and normalize the functions of the spleen and

stomach: for abdominal distension, belching, nausea, and vomiting,
which are symptoms of the stagnation of Qi, tangerine peel is dis-
pensed alone or with aucklandia root, amomum fruit, and bitter
orange. If lassitude and tiredness are present in addition to these
symptoms because of stagnation and deficiency of Stomach-Qi and
Spleen-Qi, tangerine peel is prescribed with the Qi-invigorating herbs
of codonopsis, white atractylodes, and licorice root, as in Yi Gong San
(Jiang Su New Medical College, 1977).
2. Eliminates dampness and resolves phlegm:
 • For a heavy, pressured feeling in the chest, abdominal distension,
poor appetite, listlessness, loose stools, and a thick greasy coating
of the tongue due to retention of Dampness in the Middle-Jiao, tan-
gerine peel is blended with atractylodes rhizome, licorice root, and
magnolia bark, as in Ping Wei San (R-59) (Wang, 1994).
• For accumulation of phlegm in the lungs, coughing, profuse spu-
tum, and a full and oppressed feeling in the chest, tangerine peel is
mixed with pinellia tuber and poria, as in Er Chen Tang (Wang,
1994).
3. Tangerine peel has other notable uses, including for alcoholic intoxi-
cation and acute mastitis caused by hyperlactation (Wang, 1994).

Dosage

In a decoction of 3 to 9 g.

Precautions

Tangerine peel is pungent and warm. It should not be administered to

those who suffer from the excess type of interior Heat, yin deficiency, blood
spitting, or those who have a dry cough.

Side Effects and Toxicity

The therapeutic dose is safe. No undesirable side effects or toxicity have

been reported at the therapeutic dose in classical Chinese materia medica.
In toxicological tests, no acute toxicity was observed in animals when the
decoction was given orally or intravenously (Zhu, 1998).

Modern Research Findings

Chemical Constituents

Orange peel contains 1 to 2 percent essential oil, with d-limonene and

citrol as the major components of the oil. Other components in the oil in-
clude isopropenyltoluene, delta-elemene, alpha-copaene, alpha-humulene,
beta-sesquiphol-landrene, alpha-humulenol acetate, and 1,8 menthadien-10-
ol-acetate (Jiang Su New Medical College, 1977). Flavonoids (hesperidin,
neohesperidin, narigin, tangeretin, auranetin, and nobiletin) and other com-
ponents of hesperidin, carotene, cryptosanthin, vitamins B, C, and P (Jiang
Su New Medical College, 1977), alkaloid synephrine, and N-methyltyra-
mine have been isolated (Zhu, 1998).

Pharmacological Findings

1. General findings:
• The volatile oil of tangerine peel stimulates the gastrointestinal
tract, eliminates accumulated toxic gas, and increases the secretion
of gastric juice (Dong et al., 1998).
• The volatile oil is an antitussive and mild expectorant (Wang,
1994).
• Fresh tangerine peel showed antiasthmatic activity.
2. Action on the cardiovascular system:
• Increases blood pressure and stimulates the activity of the heart, al-
though a large dose may be inhibitory.
• Decreases the fragility of blood vessels and reduces bleeding time
(Wang, 1994).
3. Acts as an anti-inflammatory and reduces edema. The flavon compo-
nent of nobiletin significantly inhibited the egg-white-induced aller-
gic contraction of isolated ileum and bronchus of a guinea pig (Wang,
1983).
4. Antibacterial.

REFERENCES

Dong, K. S., Wang, X. Q., and Dong, Y. F. (1998). Xian Dai Lin Chuang Zhong Yao
Xue [Contemporary Clinical Chinese Materia Medica]. Beijing: Zhong Guo
Zhong Yi Yao Press.
Jiang Su New Medical College (1977). Encyclopedia of Chinese Materia Medica.
Shanghai: Shanghai Science and Technology Press.
Smith, F. P. and Stuart, G. A. (1973). Chinese Medicinal Herbs. San Francisco:
Georgetown Press.
Wang, J. H. (Ed.) (1994). Xin Bian Chang Yong Zhong Yao Shou Ce [Manual of
Commonly Used Chinese Medicinal Herbs]. Beijing: Jin Dun Press.
Wang, Y.S. (1983). Pharmacology and Applications of Chinese Materia Medica.
Beijing: People’s Health Publisher.
Zhu, Y. (1998). Chinese Materia Medica—Chemistry, Pharmacology and Applica-
tions. Amsterdam: Harwood Academic Publishers.
 Immature
This herbBitter
is theOrange; Fructus
dried, unripe Aurantii
or immature,
Immaturus;
and sour (bitter) Zhi shiaurantium L.
fruit of Citrus
or its sweet variety C. sinensis Osbeck of the
family Rutaceae. The plant is grown in the
Sichuan, Jiangxi, Fujian, and Zhejiang prov-
inces of China. It is collected in the early sum-
mer, dried, sliced, and used unprocessed (Jiang
Su New Medical College, 1977).
The unripe fruit is cooling, deobstruent (removing food stagnation), and
carminative. It was used as an excellent stomachic, and for coughs and
dyspnea (Smith and Stuart, 1973). Today, immature bitter orange is used as
a carminative, stomachic, and Qi-regulating stomachic herb. The ripe fruits
of C. aurantium L. and C. wilsonii Tanaka, called zhi qiao (ripe bitter or-
ange), have the same effects as immature bitter orange (zhi shi) but are less
potent in action and mostly used to promote the flow of Qi and to relieve
epigastric distension (Dong et al., 1998).

TCM Properties

Bitter and pungent in taste, and cold, it acts on the spleen, stomach, and
large intestine meridians.

Effects, Medicinal Uses, and Combinations

1. Relieves stagnation of Qi and food: for abdominal distension and

pain, constipation, or evacuation with foul odor, immature bitter or-
ange is often used with hawthorn fruit, germinated barley, and medi-
cated leaven (Zhang, 1988). Also, it may be prescribed with magnolia
bark and rhubarb, as in Da Cheng Qi Tang (R-73), for constipation,
abdominal distension, and pain due to Heat accumulation in the bow-
els (Wang, 1994).
2. Reduces phlegm and removes feelings of stiffness and fullness in the
chest and upper abdomen: for chest pain and shortness of breath due
to obstruction of Qi by phlegm, immature bitter orange is combined
with macrostem onion, cinnamon twig, and trichosanthes fruit. It is
also dispensed with astragalus root, cimicifuga, and other herbs for
 gastroptosis, gastric dilation, and prolapse of the rectum or of the
uterus (Wang, 1994).
3. To treat gastroptosis, gastric dilation, prolapse of the rectum, and hys-
teroptosis, immature bitter orange is mixed with codonopsis, astra-
galus root, and cimicifuga (Wang, 1994) or with white atractylodes,
as in Zhi Zhu Wan (Dong et al., 1998).

Dosage

In a decoction of 3 to 10 g.

Precautions

People suffering from hypofunction of the spleen and stomach, and preg-
nant women should not use immature bitter orange or use with caution.

Side Effects and Toxicity

No undesirable side effects or toxicity were reported at the therapeutic

dose in classical Chinese materia medica. Toxicological tests show that this
herb has low toxicity. The intravenous LD50 of the injection solution in
mice was 71.8 5 g/kg. Intravenous injection to anesthetized dogs at 21
g/kg did not result in any serious reactions (Wang, 1985).

Modern Research Findings

Chemical Constituents

Immature bitter orange contains essential oil, bitter principles, flavones,

and alkaloids. The major components in the oil of the fruit are alpha-
limonene and linanool (Zhu, 1998). The flavones include hesperidine,
neohespiridine, tangeretin, auranetin, 5-hydroxyauranetin, and others. The
alkaloids synephrine and N-methyltyramine have been isolated (Zhu,
1998). Other components include organic acids and vitamins A, B, and E
(Dong et al., 1998).

Pharmacological Findings

1. The herb’s decoction inhibited the movement of the intestinal tract in

mice and rabbits. This effect was antagonized by acetylcholine. In
contrast, oral administration of 10 ml of 100 percent of the decoction
 to conscious dogs was stimulating, increasing the contraction rhythm
of gastrointestinal movement, which indicates the herb’s value as a
gastrointestinal therapeutic remedy (Wang, 1983).
2. Intravenous administration of the decoction or the alcoholic extract of
the herb markedly increased blood pressure in anesthetized dogs and
rabbits (Zhu, 1998) and the result was similar to norepinephrine.
3. The decoction of the herb’s synephrine and N-methyltyramine in-
creased cardiac contractibility, contraction magnitude, and cardiac
output (Zhu, 1998).
4. The herb’s decoction or its ingredient of N-methyltyramine increased
urine output in dogs, which was accompanied by an increase in blood
pressure. Diuresis is probably a result of the inhibition of renal re-
absorption (Wang, 1983; Zhu, 1998).
5. The flavonoid contents of immature bitter orange are antibacterial,
anti-inflammatory, antifungal, and stimulating to the uterine muscles
and alimentary tract muscles with force and rhythm (Dong et al.,
1998).

REFERENCES

Dong, K. S., Wang, X. Q., and Dong, Y. F. (1998). Xian Dai Lin Chuang Zhong Yao
Xue [Contemporary Clinical Chinese Materia Medica]. Beijing: Zhong Guo
Zhong Yi Yao Press.
Jiang Su New Medical College (1977). Encyclopedia of Chinese Materia Medica.
Shanghai: Shanghai Science and Technology Press.
Smith, F. P. and Stuart, G. A. (1973). Chinese Medicinal Herbs. San Francisco:
Georgetown Press.
Wang, J. H. (Ed.) (1994). Xin Bian Chang Yong Zhong Yao Shou Ce [Manual of
Commonly Used Chinese Medicinal Herbs]. Beijing: Jin Dun Press.
Wang, J. M. (1985). Chinese Herbal Pharmacology. Shanghai: Shanghai Science
and Technology Press.
Wang, Y. S. (1983). Pharmacology and Applications of Chinese Materia Medica.
Beijing: People’s Health Publisher.
Zhang, E. (1988). Zhong Yao Xue [The Chinese Materia Medica]. Shanghai: Pub-
lishing House of Shanghai TCM University.
Zhu, Y. (1998). Chinese Materia Medica—Chemistry, Pharmacology and Applica-
tions. Amsterdam: Harwood Academic Publishers.
 Cyperus Tuber;
This herb is theRhizoma Cyperi;ofXiang
dried rhizome fu
Cyperus
rotundus L. of the family Cyperaceae. It is
grown in all parts of China and other parts of
the world. Harvested in autumn, it is washed,
dried in the sun, and used unprocessed or stir
baked with vinegar (Jiang Su New Medical
College, 1977).
Cyperus tuber is a Qi-regulating stomachic.
The herb was traditionally used as a stimulant,
tonic, stomachic, sedative, and astringent, for fluxes of all kinds, colds in
every organ, postpartum difficulties, boils, abscesses, and cancers (Smith
and Stuart, 1973). Today, it is used as a carminative, antispasmodic, anti-
depressant, and anodyne for the treatment of PMS, chest and abdominal
distension, ulcers, and pain (Dong et al., 1998).

TCM Properties

Pungent, slightly bitter and slightly sweet in taste, and neutral, cyperus
acts on the liver and Sanjiao meridians.

Effects, Medicinal Uses, and Combinations

1. Regulates Qi and soothes the liver:

• For distension and pain in the chest, hypochondria and abdominal
regions due to stagnation of Liver-Qi, cyperus tuber is combined
with bupleurum, bitter orange, and white peony root, as in Chai Hu
Shu Gan San.
• It can also be used with bupleurum, trichosanthes fruit, and tanger-
ine leaf in a decoction for distension and pain in the breasts (Zhang,
1988).
• To relieve stomach pains caused by stagnation of Qi and Cold in
the stomach, cyperus tuber is blended with ginger root, as in Liang
Fu Wan (Wang, 1994).
2. Regulates menstruation and relieves menstrual pain: for irregular
menstruation and dysmenorrhea, cyperus tuber is often mixed with
 Chinese melia (chuan lian zi), Chinese angelica root (dang gui),
cnidium (chuan xiong), corydalis, and white peony root (Wang,
1994).
3. Relieves stagnation and depression: for feelings of helplessness, sad-
ness, depression, anxiety, and stagnation in the chest, cyperus tuber is
dispensed with cnidium, atractylodes, medicated leaven, tangerine
peel, and pinellia tuber, as in Liu Yu Tang (Wang, 1994).

Dosage

In a decoction of 6 to 12 g.

Precautions

People who suffer from Qi and blood deficiency, and yin deficiency
should not use cyperus tuber or use with caution.

Side Effects and Toxicity

No undesirable side effects or toxicity were reported at the therapeutic

dose in classical Chinese materia medica.

Modern Research Findings

Chemical Constituents

Cyperus tuber contains essential oils with major components of alpha-

and beta-cyperone, alpha- and beta-cyperol, and cyperene. Other compo-
nents of the oil are beta-pinene, camphene, 1,8-cineole, limonene, beta-
selinene, selinatriene, isoceperol, cyperolone, rotundone, kobusone, and
isokobusone. Other isolated ingredients are triterpenes, alkaloids, flavones,
glucose, fructose, and starch (Jiang Su New Medical College, 1977; Wang,
1983).

Pharmacological Findings

1. Cyperus tuber increased the secretion of saliva and gastric juice, in-
creased stomach peristalsis, and improved the elimination of accumu-
lated gas in the gastrointestinal tract (Dong et al., 1998).
 2. Action on the uterus: inhibits the contraction of the uterus and relieves
spasms. The volatile oil of cyperus has female hormone (estrogenic)
action (Dong et al., 1998).
3. The alcohol extract of cyperus tuber is anti-inflammatory, antipyretic,
sedative, and analgesic, and decreases the tension of the colon mus-
cles (Dong et al., 1998).
4. Antimicrobial.

REFERENCES

Dong, K. S., Wang, X. Q. and Dong, Y. F. (1998). Xian Dai Lin Chuang Zhong Yao
Xue [Contemporary Clinical Chinese Materia Medica]. Beijing: Zhong Guo
Zhong Yi Yao Press.
Jiang Su New Medical College (1977). Encyclopedia of Chinese Materia Medica.
Shanghai: Shanghai Science and Technology Press.
Smith, F. P. and Stuart, G. A. (1973). Chinese Medicinal Herbs. San Francisco:
Georgetown Press.
Wang, J. H. (Ed.) (1994). Xin Bian Chang Yong Zhong Yao Shou Ce [Manual of
Commonly Used Chinese Medicinal Herbs]. Beijing: Jin Dun Press.
Wang, Y. S. (1983). Pharmacology and Applications of Chinese Materia Medica.
Beijing: People’s Health Publisher.
Zhang, E. (Ed.) (1988). Zhong Yao Xue [The Chinese Materia Medica]. Shanghai:
Publishing House of Shanghai TCM University.
 Aucklandia
This herb, also(saussurea) Root; isRadix
named saussurea, the dried
Aucklandiae;
root of Aucklandia lappa Mu xiang
Decne. of the family
Compositae. It is grown mainly in the Sichuan
and Yunnan provinces of China, and in many
areas of Burma and India. It is harvested in au-
tumn and early winter, the rootlets are re-
moved and washed and dried in the sun. The
herb is then used unprocessed or roasted in hot
ash (Jiang Su New Medical College, 1977).
Traditionally, the herb was used to make incense or to protect clothes
from moths and other insects. It turns grey hair black. Carminative, stimula-
tive, antiseptic, prophylactic, astringent, sedative, and insecticidal proper-
ties are attributed to auklandia (Smith and Stuart, 1973). Today, aucklandia
root is used as a carminative, Qi-regulating stomachic, anodyne for stomach
and chest distension with pain, it is used to treat anorexia and indigestion
(Dong et al., 1998).

TCM Properties

Pungent and bitter in taste, and warm, it acts on the spleen, stomach,
large intestine, and gallbladder meridians.

Effects, Medicinal Uses, and Combinations

1. Regulates the flow of Qi, normalizes the functions of the spleen and
stomach, and relieves abdominal pain:
• For abdominal distension with pain, anorexia, borborygmus, diar-
rhea, and dysentery, aucklandia root is blended with bitter orange,
corydalis, and Sichuan chinaberry (chuan lian zi). Aucklandia root
is also used with areca seed, bitter orange, rhubarb, phellodendron
bark, coptis, zedoaria, cyperus, areca seed, and rhubarb, as in Mu
Xiang Bing Lang Wan (R-62), for abdominal retention due to undi-
gested food, constipation, and dysentery (Wang, 1994).
• For distending pain in the hypochondriac region, a bitter taste in
the mouth, and a yellow coating of the tongue, aucklandia root is
 mixed with bupleurum root, curcuma root, and bitter orange to cor-
rect stagnation of Damp-Heat.
• For stagnation of Stomach-Qi and Spleen-Qi, indigestion, abdomi-
nal distension with pain, chronic gastritis, chronic enteritis, and
chronic hepatitis, aucklandia root is combined with orange peel,
bitter orange, poria, germinated barley, hawthorn, cyperus, and
other herbs, as in Mu Xiang Shun Qi Wan (Wang, 1994).
2. Regulates the functions of Middle-Jiao: for epigastric or abdominal
distention, nausea and vomiting, anorexia, and chronic diarrhea, auck-
landia root is blended with codonopsis, white atractylodes, poria, lic-
orice root, tangerine peel (processed), and amomum fruit, as in Xiang
Sha Liu Jun Zi Tang (Wang, 1994).

Dosage

In a decoction of 3 to 10 g.

Precautions

People with anemia, dehydration, or who are yin deficient should use
aucklandia root with caution.

Side Effects and Toxicity

No undesirable side effects or toxicity were reported at the therapeutic

dose in classical Chinese materia medica.

Modern Research Findings

Chemical Constituents

Aucklandia root contains essential oils. The main components are aplo-
taxene, betulin, costus lactone, alpha-ionone, alpha- and beta-costene, beta-
selinene, saussurealactone, costunolide, costic acid, costol, dehydrocostus
lactone, isoalantolactone, phellandrene, and dihydrocostuslactone (Zhu,
1998). Other ingredients in the root are camphene, stigmasterol, betulin,
beta-elemen, and saussurine (Jiang Su New Medical College, 1977; Zhu,
1998).
Pharmacological Findings

1. Gastrointestinal action: aucklandia root stimulates peristalsis and

large intestinal muscles, and relieves stagnation and gas accumula-
tion.
2. Aucklandia was shown to be excitatory on the heart and to lower
blood pressure in anesthetized dogs.
3. Antimicrobial: the volatile oil is antimicrobial against typhoid bacil-
lus, B. dysenteriae, E. coli, and fungi, in vitro.
4. Aucklandia promotes bronchial dilation, making it is useful to treat
asthma.

REFERENCES

Dong, K. S., Wang, X. Q., and Dong, Y. F. (1998). Xian Dai Lin Chuang Zhong Yao
Xue [Contemporary Clinical Chinese Materia Medica]. Beijing: Zhong Guo
Zhong Yi Yao Press.
Jiang Su New Medical College (1977). Encyclopedia of Chinese Materia Medica.
Shanghai: Shanghai Science and Technology Press.
Smith, F. P. and Stuart, G. A. (1973). Chinese Medicinal Herbs. San Francisco:
Georgetown Press.
Wang, J. H. (Ed.) (1994). Xin Bian Chang Yong Zhong Yao Shou Ce [Manual of
Commonly Used Chinese Medicinal Herbs]. Beijing: Jin Dun Press.
Zhu, Y. (1998). Chinese Materia Medica—Chemistry, Pharmacology and Applica-
tions. Amsterdam: Harwood Academic Publishers.
 Notoginseng; Radix
This herb is the Notoginseng;
dried root of PanaxSannoto-
qi
ginseng (Burk.) F.(Tian qi) or P. pseudogin-
H. Chen
seng Wall of the family Araliaceae. It grows in
the Guangxi and Yunnan provinces of China,
is collected in autumn, cleaned after the re-
moval of lateral roots, dried in the sun, and
sliced or ground into powder for use unpro-
cessed (Dong et al., 1998).
According to the ancient Chinese materia medica notoginseng had four
uses: (1) it eliminates blood stasis, (2) reduces swelling and inflammation,
(3) relieves pain, and (4) stops bleeding (Jiang Su New Medical College,
1977). Today, notoginseng is mostly used for the treatment of injuries and
soft tissue damages, and as an effective hemostatic agent for both external
and internal bleeding. Notoginseng has also been used to treat coronary
heart disease and angina pectoris with good results (Dong et al., 1998).

TCM Properties

Sweet and slightly bitter in taste, and warm, it acts on the liver, stomach,
heart, and lung meridians.

Effects, Medicinal Uses, and Combinations

1. Stops bleeding: for internal bleeding, it is used for such symptoms as

spitting blood, vomiting blood, coughing blood, bleeding in the rec-
tum, hematuria, and uterine bleeding. In powder form, notoginseng
can be used for external and internal bleeding (Dong et al., 1998).
2. Promotes blood circulation and resolves blood stasis:
• Notoginseng is used to promote blood circulation and resolve
blood clots.
• When combined with salvia and borneol, Fu Fang Dan Shen Pian
(R-32) is created and used for the treatment of angina pectoris and
other cardiovascular disorders.
3. Treats swelling and inflammation, and is an anodyne: for soft tissue in-
juries, notoginseng powder can be used, either externally or internally,
as an anti-inflammatory and hemostatic agent (Dong et al., 1998).
Dosage

Taken orally, 1 to 3 g in powdered form or 3 to 9 g in a decoction. The

powder can be used externally.

Precautions

Pregnant women and people with symptoms of anemia should take

notoginseng with caution. For external application, the powdered form is
used but not above the suggested dosage.

Side Effects and Toxicity

Under normal conditions, this herb is safe at the suggested oral dose.
However, some patients may experience dry mouth, raised skin tempera-
ture, nervousness, and insomnia. A few patients have reported nausea and
vomiting. Except in severe cases, these symptoms disappear after discon-
tinuing the medication (Jiang Su New Medical College, 1977).
Toxicological studies show that intravenous LD50 of the fluid extract of
the herb in rabbits was 2.5 to 3.0 g/kg and its intraperitoneal value was 5.0
to 7.5 g/kg in rats. Oral dose of 4.72 g/kg corresponding to 90 g/kg of the
crude herb did not produce a toxic reaction (Wang, 1983).

Modern Research Findings

Chemical Constituents

Notoginseng contains 12 percent saponins and ginsenosides, as in Panax

ginseng. In addition, notoginsenoide R1 to R6 and gypenoside were iso-
lated. Notoginsenoside R1 is the major notoginsenoside of the root (Zhu,
1998).

Pharmacological Findings

1. The herb’s powders or the water decoction decreased blood coagula-

tion time in rabbits. It also was a satisfactory hemostatic for visceral
bleeding in the liver and spleen of rabbits (Zhu, 1998).
2. As a hemostatic, it shortens blood-clotting time. Effective for both in-
ternal and external bleeding, it shortens bleeding time and increases
blood platelet count (Bone, 2001; Chang and But, 1987; Wang, 1983).
3. Blood vessel dilation: increases coronary circulation and reduces sys-
temic blood pressure in many animal models, an effect that was not
 blocked or reversed by multiple antagonists, such as atropine. It in-
creases coronary flow after injection, without a change in heart rate
(Bone, 2001; Wang, 1983; Wang, 1994).
4. Notoginseng is anti-inflammatory, anabolic, and androgenic. Similar
to ginseng, it increases protein synthesis (Dong et al., 1998).
5. Reduces blood lipids and cholesterol levels, and is antiaging (Dong
et al., 1998).
6. Antimicrobial against dermatomycoses and Norwalk virus in vitro
(Dong et al., 1998).

Clinical Findings

Clinical studies show that notoginseng is effective for angina, arrhyth-

mia, and myocardial ischemia. Notoginseng was as effective as clofibrate in
lowering cholesterol levels (Jiang Su New Medical College, 1977).

REFERENCES

Bone, K. (2001). Clinical Applications of Ayurvedic and Chinese Herbs. Queens-

land, Australia: Phytotherapy Press.
Chang, H. and But, P. (1987). Pharmacology and Applied Chinese Materia Medica
(Volume 2). Singapore: World Scientific.
Dong, K. S., Wang, X. Q., and Dong, Y. F. (1998). Xian Dai Lin Chuang Zhong Yao
Xue [Contemporary Clinical Chinese Materia Medica]. Beijing: Zhong Guo
Zhong Yi Yao Press.
Jiang Su New Medical College (1977). Encyclopedia of Chinese Materia Medica.
Shanghai: Shanghai Science and Technology Press.
Wang, J. H. (Ed.) (1994). Xin Bian Chang Yong Zhong Yao Shou Ce [Manual of
Commonly Used Chinese Medicinal Herbs]. Beijing: Jin Dun Press.
Wang, Y. S. (1983). Pharmacology and Applications of Chinese Materia Medica.
Beijing: People’s Health Publisher.
Zhu, Y. (1998). Chinese Materia Medica—Chemistry, Pharmacology and Applica-
tions. Amsterdam: Harwood Academic Publishers.
 Salvia Root;also
This herb, Radix Salvia
known as Miltiorrhizae;
red sage root, is
the root and rhizomeDan shen
of Salvia miltiorrhiza
Bge. of the family Labiatae. It is grown in all
regions of China. It is washed clean after col-
lection, dried, sliced, and used unprocessed,
or stir baked with wine (Dong et al., 1998).
When fresh, salvia root is red on the out-
side and purplish on the inside. The interior of
the root is soft, and the taste of the whole root
is sweet, resembling that of licorice root. Salvia is credited with alterative,
antispasmodic, arthritic, tonic, sedative, astringent, and vulnerary proper-
ties, and it is highly recommended for all blood circulation disorders, hem-
orrhages, menstrual disorders, and miscarriages (Smith and Stuart, 1973).
Today, salvia is used for cardiovascular conditions such as angina, and to
prevent heart attacks, chronic liver disease, and impaired peripheral circula-
tion disorders (Dong et al., 1998). It is a powerful antiaging medicinal herb.

TCM Properties

Bitter in flavor and slightly cold, it acts on the heart, pericardium, and
liver meridians.

Effects, Medicinal Uses, and Combinations

1. Invigorates Qi and blood, and relieves blood stasis:

• For epigastric and abdominal pain, as a result of stagnation of
blood, salvia root is used with sandalwood (tan xiang) and amo-
mum fruit (sha ren), as in Dan Shen Yin (R-31) (Wang, 1994).
• For gynecological, menstrual, and obstetrical disorders, salvia root
is taken alone with wine or with carthamus, red peony, moutan,
peach kernel (tao ren), and leonurus (yi mu cao) to relieve severe
pain (Wang, 1994).
• For traumatic injuries, inflammation, swelling, and pain, salvia
root is combined with Chinese angelica root (dang gui), carth-
amus, cyathula, and cnidium (Wang, 1994).
 2. Nourishes blood and tranquilizes the mind:
• For insomnia and vexation caused by the impairment of yin, salvia
root is dispensed with dried rehmannia root (sheng di), scro-
phularia (xuan shen), coptis (huang lian), and lophantherum (zhu
ye). It is also used with biota seed, Chinese angelica, poria, schi-
sandra fruit, scrophularia, ophiopogon, codonopsis, licorice root,
dried rehmannia, polygala, and zizyphus, as in the popular recipe
Tian Wang Bu Xin Wan (R-45) (Wang, 1994).
• Salvia root can be used alone in a tincture or with polygonum stem
(ye jiao teng) for insomnia, severe palpitations, and forgetfulness
due to insufficiency of blood in the heart (Wang, 1994).
3. Salvia root has been used for chronic hepatitis and hepatospleno-
megaly (enlargement of both liver and spleen). In China, it has also
been used, with good results, to treat coronary heart disease, thrombo-
angiitis obliterans, and ectopic pregnancy. To treat thromboangiitis,
the water or alcohol extract of salvia root is combined with cnidium,
Chinese angelica, scrophularia, pangolin scale (chun shan jia), myrrh,
and mastic for oral and external application (Dong et al., 1998).
4. Cools the blood and treats carbuncles: for sores, carbuncles, mastitis,
and other pyogenic skin disorders, salvia is blended with lonicera,
dandelion, forsythia, mastic, and myrrh in a decoction (Wang, 1994).

Dosage

In a decoction of 6 to 15 g. Stir-baked salvia root with wine has a greater

potency for promoting blood circulation and eliminating blood stagnation.

Precautions

People with bleeding problems, pregnant women, and those who use an-
ticoagulant and antiplatelet drugs should avoid salvia root.
Salvia root is not compatible with black hellebore rhizome or with
veratrum root.

Side Effects and Toxicity

At the therapeutic dose, the herb is safe. However, some patients may ex-
perience mouth dryness, dizziness, lassitude, hand numbness, shortness of
breath, chest tightness, mild irritability, tachycardia, nausea, vomiting, and
gastrointestinal disturbance. These symptoms usually automatically disap-
pear after discontinuing the herb (Zhu, 1998).
Toxicological studies show that there was no toxic reaction or any abnor-
malities in blood profiles, and in hepatic and renal functions after intraperi-
toneal administration of the solution of the herb to rabbits at 2.4 g/kg for
fourteen days. Intragastric administration of 0.5 ml of the 2 percent tan-
shinone suspension for fourteen days to mice and 2.5 ml for ten days to rats
did not produce any toxic reactions (Wang, 1983).

Modern Research Findings

Chemical Constituents

Salvia root contains diterpene diketones known as quinones (tanshin-

ones) and phenolic acids. So far, forty different quinones have been isolated
from the root. They include tanshinone I, tanshinone IIA and IIB, miltrione,
isotanshinones I, IIA and IIB, 9- hydroxytanshinone IIA, cryptotanshinone,
tanshinol, methyltanshinone, and neotanshinone A, B, and C, and it also
contains vitamin E (Zhou, 1993; Zhu, 1998). Tanshinone IIA is the main ac-
tive ingredient of the root (Tang and Eisenbrand, 1992; Zhou, 1993).

Pharmacological Findings

1. Invigorates coronary blood circulation, increases blood flow, regu-

lates cardiac function, improves myocardial contraction, and adjusts
the heart rate (Wang, 1994).
2. Improves microcirculation, increases the peripheral circulation, in-
creases anoxia tolerance under normal and low pressure, and in-
creases blood flow in microcirculation (Wang, 1994).
3. Inhibits coagulation of blood and activates fibrinolysis (Wang, 1994).
The decoction of the herb was inhibitory in all three stages of the co-
agulation process. It transformed fibrinogen to fibrin which then de-
graded into fibrinogen degradation products (FDP) (Wang, 1983).
4. It has sedative and tranquilizer effects on the nervous system (Wang,
1994).
5. Lowers blood cholesterol and blood sugar levels (Dong et al, 1998).
6. Its antimicrobial action inhibits the growth of pseudomonas, E. coli,
Proteus vulgaris, S. typhi, Shigella, dysentery, S. fleneri, and S.
aureus (Tang and Eisenbrand, 1992; Wang, 1983).
7. The herb protects against carbon tetrachloride liver injuries and ex-
perimental cirrhosis, and prevents hepatic fibrosis (Dong et al., 1998).
Clinical Findings

A clinical study in China of 323 angina patients treated with salvia root
for one to nine months showed a marked relief in 81 percent of the patients
with angina pectoris, particularly when this herb was combined with the Qi-
and blood-regulating herb acronychia (jiang xiang), and there was an im-
provement in the abnormal electrocardiogram (ECG) in 57.5 percent. Some
of the patients showed a decrease in plasma phospholipids and a significant
increase in coronary circulation index after six months of medication (Zhu,
1998).

1. Salvia injection is used to treat acute heart attacks in China. The mor-
tality rate in one study fell from 39 percent to 13 percent with admin-
istration within twenty-four hours of the attack (Bone, 2001).
2. The effect of nitroglycerin was compared with salvia in twenty pa-
tients with ischemic heart disease. Salvia was markedly superior to ni-
troglycerin, showing more persistence and also improved cardiac
function (Bone, 2001).
3. Salvia injections lowered blood pressure in hypertensive patients, im-
proved recovery from stroke, and showed positive results in those
with Buerger’s disease (Bone, 2001).
4. Salvia showed satisfactory results when used for chronic hepatitis and
for acute hepatitis in combination with di er cao (Hypericum japon-
icum) (Bone, 2001).
5. A 69 percent cure rate was obtained in chronic and active hepatitis
cases when combined with tumeric and hawthorn (Cratagus pin-
natifida), (Bone, 2001).

REFERENCES

Bone, K. (2001). Clinical Applications of Ayurvedic and Chinese Herbs. Queens-

land, Australia: Phytotherapy Press.
Dong, K . S., Wang, X. Q., and Dong, Y. F. (1998). Xian Dai Lin Chuang Zhong Yao
Xue [Contemporary Clinical Chinese Materia Medica]. Beijing: Zhong Guo
Zhong Yi Yao Press.
Smith, F. P. and Stuart, G. A. (1973). Chinese Medicinal Herbs. San Francisco:
Georgetown Press.
Tang, W. and Eisenbrand, G. (1992). Chinese Drugs of Plant Origin: Chemistry,
Pharmacology and Use in Traditional and Modern Medicine. Berlin/Heidel-
berg: Springer-Verlag.
Wang, J. H. (Ed.) (1994). Xin Bian Chang Yong Zhong Yao Shou Ce [Manual of
Commonly Used Chinese Medicinal Herbs]. Beijing: Jin Dun Press.
Wang, Y. S. (1983). Pharmacology and Applications of Chinese Materia Medica.
Beijing: People’s Health Publisher.
Zhou, R. H. (1993). Resource Science of Chinese Materia Medica. Beijing: China
Medical and Pharmaceutical Science Press.
Zhu, Y. (1998). Chinese Materia Medica—Chemistry, Pharmacology and Applica-
tions. Amsterdam: Harwood Academic Publishers.
 Cnidium;
This herb Radix
is the Ligustici Chuanxiong;
dried rhizome of Ligusti-
cum chuanxiongChuan Hort. ofxiong
the family Umbelli-
ferae. It grows mainly in the Guizhou, Sichuan,
and Yunnan provinces of China, is collected
in summer, washed, sliced, and used unpro-
cessed or stir baked with wine until dry.
Cnidium promotes blood circulation, and
relieves stagnation of Qi and blood (Dong
et al, 1998). This outstanding herb was tradi-
tionally used for a large variety of difficulties,
such as colds, headaches, anemia, menstrual
difficulties, sterility, and pains and aches of all kinds, including toothaches,
headaches, and rheumatalgia (Smith and Stuart, 1973). Today, cnidium is
widely used for coronary heart disease and cerebral embolism (Dong et al.,
1998). Cnidium is an excellent antiaging medicinal herb.

TCM Properties

Pungent in taste and warm, it acts on the liver and gallbladder meridians.

Effects, Medicinal Uses, and Combinations

1. Promotes the circulation of Qi and blood, and relieves stagnation and

pain:
• For menstrual pain caused by stagnation of Qi and blood, cnidium
is commonly prescribed with Chinese angelica root and red peony
root (chi shao). Cnidium is also used with bupleurum for pain in
the hypochondriac region or with red peony root and carthamus
(hong hua) for numbness in the extremities and for traumatic inju-
ries.
• Cnidium is blended with Chinese angelica, peach kernel, carth-
amus, and astragalus root, as in Bu Yang Huan Wu Tang (R-34), for
hemiplegia and after-stroke symptoms (Wang, 1994).
2. Dispels pathogenic Wind, and eliminates associated headaches and
pain:
 • For migraine headaches due to Wind-Cold pathogens, a stuffy
nose, sinus headaches, fever, and pain in the limbs, cnidium is
combined with dahurian angelica root (bai zhi), siler (fang feng),
notopterygium, schizonepeta, licorice root, mentha, and asarum
root (xi xin), as in the Chuan Xiong Cha Tiao San (R-49) (Wang,
1994).
• To treat headaches caused by Wind-Heat pathogens, cnidium is
mixed with chrysanthemum, gypsum (shi gao), and silkworm
(jiang can).
• For headaches due to Wind-Damp pathogens, cnidium is dispensed
with notopterygium root, pubescent angelica, licorice root, ligusti-
cum root (gao ben), and siler (fang feng), as in the Qiang Huo
Sheng Shi Tang (R-57) (Wang, 1994).
• For headaches due to blood deficiency, cnidium is often combined
with Chinese angelica root, prepared rehmannia root, white peony
root, and chrysanthemum.
• For headaches caused by stagnation of blood circulation, cnidium
is mixed with salvia root, red peony root, carthamus, peach kernel,
bupleurum, and platycodon root, as in Xue Fu Zhu Yu Tang (R-38)
(Wang, 1994).
• For rheumatic arthralgia, cnidium is prescribed with siler, pubes-
cent angelica root, large-leaf gentian root (qin jiao), and loranthus
(sang ji sheng).
3. Invigorates the circulation of blood and regulates menstruation:
• For menstrual disorders, irregular menstruation, dysmenorrhea,
amenorrhea, dystocia (difficult labor), postpartum lochiostasis, or
lower abdominal pain due to stagnant blood, cnidium is used with
red peony root and cyperus tuber, or with peach kernel, carthamus,
Chinese angelica, and white peony, as in Tao Hong Si Wu Tang
(R-16).
• For early onset of menstruation, excessive blood loss, shortness of
breath, or fatigue, cnidium is prescribed with ginseng, astragalus,
processed rehmannia, and Chinese angelica in a decoction, as in
Sheng Yu Tang.
• For metrorrhagia, metrostaxis, dysmenorrhea accompanied by blood
clots, or uterine functional bleeding as a result of Ren and Chong
meridian imbalance, cnidium is dispensed with donkey-hide gela-
tin, artemisia leaf, Chinese angelica, white peony, processed reh-
mannia, and licorice root, as in Jiao Ai Tang (Wang, 1994).
Dosage

In a decoction of 3 to 9 g.

Precaution

This herb should be used cautiously by those who have a deficiency of

yin and Qi, those who have headaches due to hyperactivity of liver yang, or
those who suffer from profuse menstruation.

Side Effects and Toxicity

The therapeutic dose of cnidium is safe. No severe adverse reactions

have been reported, however, the following symptoms may occur in a mi-
nority of patients: gastrointestinal discomfort and, in rare cases, advanced
menstruation and menorrhagia (Zhu, 1998). A daily oral dose of 5 or 10
mg/kg of the alkaloid from the herb, tetramythylpyrazine (TMZ), for four
weeks showed no significant abnormalities in body weight, blood profiles,
liver and kidney functions, and in pathological examination (Wang, 1983;
Zhu, 1998).

Modern Research Findings

Chemical Constituents

Cnidium root and rhizome contain alkaloids, phthalides, phenols, and

volatile oil. The alkaloids include ligastrazine, chuanxiongzine, cnidilide,
tretramethylpyrazine (TMZ), and perlolyrine. The phthalides include liga-
stilide, chuanxiongol, butylphthalide, butylidene phthalide, and senkyun-
olide. The phenols include ferulic acid, chrysophanol, vanilic acid, caffeic
acid, and sedanoic acid (Wang, 1983). The volatile oil contains phthalides.

Pharmacological Findings

1. Action on uterus: 10 percent cnidium extract increased the contrac-

tions of the uterus in pregnant rabbits and even caused spasms. Large
doses caused paralysis and stopped contractions (Dong et al., 1998).
2. Action on the heart in rabbits: chuanxiongzine increased the contrac-
tions of heart muscles and left ventricle activity, increased consump-
tion of oxygen in the cardiac muscles, and increased the heart rate
(Dong et al., 1998).
 In anesthetized dogs and rabbits, cnidium aqueous extract and
chuanxiongzine both lowered blood pressure, enlarged the peripheral
blood vessels, improved peripheral circulation, and decreased the
consumption of oxygen in the cardiac muscles and the resistance of
the peripheral blood vessels.
3. Action on CNS: a sedative, tranquilizing and anticonvulsive reactions
have been observed. A small dosage is excitatory on the respiratory
center, the medullary cardiovascular center, and cerebral reflex. A
large dosage showed opposite effects (Wang, 1983).
4. Reduces the agglutination and peripheral activities of blood platelets:
TMZ inhibited ADP- or collagen-induced platelet aggregation in rab-
bits and human patients with coronary heart disease (Wang, 1983).
5. Antimicrobial (Dong et al., 1998).

Clinical Findings

Cnidium is now widely used in Chinese hospitals to treat ischemic

cerebrovascular diseases, coronary heart disease, and angina pectoris satis-
factorily, without side effects. In nineteen patients with angina pectoris
treated with the extract of the herb, significant symptomatic improvement
of the ST segment of electrocardiogram (ECG) was reported in one-third of
the cases. Blood pressure was normalized in six of the twelve cases compli-
cated with hypertension (Wang, 1983; Yu et al., 1987).
Cnidium has been used to treat migraines. Oral administration of sodium
ferulate (a salt of ferulic acid isolated from the herb) was tested in 187 mi-
graine patients. The effective rate was 89.3 percent in an open clinical trial
and 86.9 percent in a double-blind trial. The clinical effect was associated
with the inhibitory rate of platelet aggregation (Han and Tang, 1988).

REFERENCES

Dong, K. S., Wang, X. Q., and Dong, Y. F. (1998). Xian Dai Lin Chuang Zhong Yao
Xue [Contemporary Clinical Chinese Materia Medica]. Beijing: Zhong Guo
Zhong Yi Yao Press.
Han, D. L. and Tang, W. Y. (1988). Effect of sodium ferulate on migraine in open
and double-blind controlled trials. Chinese Journal of Internal Medicine 27:
637-640.
Smith, F. P. and Stuart, G. A. (1973). Chinese Medicinal Herbs. San Francisco:
Georgetown Press.
Wang, J. H. (Ed.) (1994). Xin Bian Chang Yong Zhong Yao Shou Ce [Manual of
Commonly Used Chinese Medicinal Herbs]. Beijing: Jin Dun Press.
Wang, Y. S. (1983). Pharmacology and Applications of Chinese Materia Medica.
Beijing: People’s Health Publisher.
Yu, Z., Chen, K. J., Qian, Z. H., Weng, W. L., Yu, Y. Q., and Tu, X. H. (1987). Ef-
fects of Chanxiong granule on platelet function and prostaglandin metabolism in
coronary disease patients. Chinese Journal of Integrated Traditional and Mod-
ern Medicine 7: 8-11.
Zhu, Y. (1998). Chinese Materia Medica—Chemistry, Pharmacology and Applica-
tions. Amsterdam: Harwood Academic Publishers.
 Carthamus
This herb oris Safflower; Flos Carthami;
the dried tubular corolla of
Carthamus tinctoriusHongL.hua
of the family Com-
positae. It is grown in the Henan, Hubei,
Sichuan, and Zhejiang provinces in China. It
is picked in the summer after the flower has
turned red, and then dried in the shade (Dong
et al., 1998). According to the ancient Chinese
materia medica, this herb was brought from
Arabia at the time of the Yuan (Mongol) dynasty (A.D. 1271) and was used
in cooking, as a dye, and as a medicine for blood disorders.
Today, carthamus is used to stimulate blood flow and relieve chest, ab-
dominal, and menstrual pains caused by stagnation of blood circulation
(Smith and Stuart, 1973). A similar herb, saffron (zang hong hua) from Cro-
cus sativus L. of the family Iridaceae, grown mostly in the Xizang (Tibet)
province of China and in southern European countries, has the same actions
and uses as carthamus but with much stronger effects (Dong et al., 1998).

TCM Properties

Pungent in taste and warm, it acts on the heart and liver meridians.

Effects, Medicinal Uses, and Combinations

1. Invigorates blood circulation, eliminates blood stagnation, and re-

duces pain:
• For chest pain due to the obstruction of Qi and blood in the chest,
carthamus is prescribed with salvia root (dan shen), red peony root,
and cnidium rhizome (Wang, 1994).
• For coronary heart disease, carthamus is used with cnidium, salvia
root, red peony, and acronychia root (jiang xiang), as in the famous
patent medicine, Guan Xin Bing II Fang (R-33) (Dong et al., 1998).
• For pain in the hypochondriac region due to blood stasis, carth-
amus is blended with mastic (ru xiang), myrrh, and peach kernel
(tao ren) (Zhang, 1988).
 • For soft tissue injuries and traumatic pain, carthamus is combined
with sappan wood (su mu), calamus gum (resina draconis), and
musk (Zhang, 1988).
2. Invigorates blood circulation and normalizes menstruation: to treat
menstrual ailments, such as amenorrhea, dysmenorrhea, and post-
partum abdominal pain, carthamus is often used with peach kernel
(tao ren), Chinese angelica root, and cnidium to stimulate menstrual
flow, as in Tao Hong Si Wu Tang (R-16) (Smith and Stuart, 1973).

Dosage

In a decoction of 3 to 9 g.

Precautions

Carthamus should not be used by pregnant women and those who have
profuse menstruation.

Side Effects and Toxicity

No undesirable side effects or toxicity were reported at the therapeutic

dose in classical Chinese materia medica. Toxicological studies show that
the intraperitoneal MLD of the decoction of the herb in mice was 1.2 g/kg.
The intravenous LD50 of the alcoholic extract of the herb was 5.3 g/kg in
mice and carthamin was 2.35 g/kg (Wang, 1983).

Modern Research Findings

Chemical Constituents

Carthamus contains a complex mixture of red pigments, carthamin, and

yellow pigments including safflor yellow A, safflor yellow B, safflomin A
(Tang and Eisenbrand, 1992), SY-2, SY-3, chalcones, and other ingredients
including glycosides of chalcone and quinone. It also has colorless flavo-
noids and flavonoid glycosides (Leung and Foster, 1996). The flavone lu-
teolin, and pyranoside, -sitosterol, and pyranoside were also isolated
(Tang and Eisenbrand, 1992).
Pharmacological Findings

Safflower extract showed the following important biological actions

(Dong et al., 1998; Wang, 1994):

1. Action on the circulatory system and blood:

• Dilates the coronary arteries and increases blood flow.
• Lowers blood pressure on anesthetized animals by dilating the
blood vessels.
• Slight stimulator of the heart.
• Constricts the renal blood vessels and increases the blood flow to
the kidneys.
• Inhibits the aggregation of platelets, increases the activity of plas-
min, and inhibits the formation of thrombi (Dong et al., 1998).
2. Carthamus is a sedative and tranquilizer on the nervous system (Dong
et al., 1998).
3. Carthamus demonstrated a tonic or contractive action on the uterus. A
large dose can increase the rate of contractions and spasms. This ac-
tion is more obvious in a pregnant uterus (Dong et al., 1998).
4. As an antimicrobial, it inhibits the growth of Mycobacterium tubercu-
losis and cholera in vitro.
5. Lowers serum cholesterol levels in rabbits (Dong et al., 1998).
6. Safflor yellow is an immunosuppressive and a strong anticoagulant.
Safflor polysaccharides are immunopotentiating (Leung and Foster,
1996).

REFERENCES

Dong, K. S., Wang, X. Q., and Dong, Y. F. (1998). Xian Dai Lin Chuang Zhong Yao
Xue [Contemporary Clinical Chinese Materia Medica]. Beijing: Zhong Guo
Zhong Yi Yao Press.
Leung, A. and Foster, S. (1996). Encyclopedia of Common Natural Ingredients.
New York: John Wiley and Sons, Inc.
Smith, F. P. and Stuart, G. A. (1973). Chinese Medicinal Herbs. San Francisco:
Georgetown Press.
Tang, W. and Eisenbrand, G. (1992). Chinese Drugs of Plant Origin: Chemistry,
Pharmacology and Uses in Traditional and Modern Medicine. Berlin/Heidel-
berg: Springer-Verlag.
Wang, J. H. (Ed.) (1994). Xin Bian Chang Yong Zhong Yao Shou Ce [Manual of
Commonly Used Chinese Medicinal Herbs]. Beijing: Jin Dun Press.
Wang, Y. S. (1983). Pharmacology and Applications of Chinese Materia Medica.
Beijing: People’s Health Publisher.
Zhang, E. (1988). Zhong Yao Xue [The Chinese Materia Medica]. Shanghai: Pub-
lishing House of Shanghai TCM University.
Curcuma Root;
This herb Radix
is the driedCurcumae; Yuofjina
tuberous root
fragrant plant of several varieties Curcuma
kwangsiensis S. G. Lee et C. F. Liang,
C. zedoaria Rosc., C. wenyujin Y. H. Chen
et C. Ling, or C. longa L. of the family Zin-
giberaceae. It is grown mainly in the prov-
inces of Guangdong, Guangxi, Sichuan,
and Zhejiang in China. Collected in the
winter, the hairy rootlets are removed before it is washed, boiled thor-
oughly, dried in the sun, sliced, and used (Jiang Su New Medical College,
1977).
The root has a taste similar to turmeric. Traditionally, it was used for all
sorts of hemorrhages and wounds. Curcuma was also recommended for
treating primary syphilis, mania, and worm poison (Smith and Stuart,
1973). Today, curcuma root is used to invigorate the flow of Qi and blood to
treat pain in the chest, abdomen, and costal region, hepatitis, profuse
menstruation, and other menstrual disorders (Dong et al., 1998).

TCM Properties

Pungent and bitter in taste, and cold, it acts on the heart, liver, and gall-
bladder meridians.

Effects, Medicinal Uses, and Combinations

1. Invigorates the flow of Liver-Qi and relieves pain by normalizing

blood circulation:
• To treat distending pain in the chest, pain in the hypochondriac re-
gion, stomach, and abdomen, and hepatosplenomegaly, curcuma
root is used with salvia root (dan shen), bupleurum root (chai hu),
cyperus tuber, and bitter orange (Dong et al., 1998).
• For painful menstruation and distending pain in the breasts, cur-
cuma is prescribed with bupleurum root (chai hu), Chinese angel-
ica, cyperus tuber, and white peony root (Wang, 1994).
• Curcuma root can also be blended with salvia root, turtle shell,
lycopus (ze lan), and green tangerine peel for resolving masses in
the abdomen that cause distension and pain (Dong et al., 1998).
 2. Clears internal Heat in the blood combined with blood stasis: for
vomiting of blood, blood in the urine, epistaxis (nose bleeding) during
the menstrual period, or profuse menstruation, curcuma root can be
dispensed with dried rehmannia root, moutan bark (dan pi), gardenia
(zhi zi), and achyranthes root (huai niu xi) (Wang, 1994).
3. Removes Damp Heat: for jaundice due to Damp-Heat pathogens,
curcuma root is mixed with capillaris and gardenia (Dong et al.,
1998).

Dosage

In a decoction of 6 to 12 g.

Precaution

Curcuma root is incompatible with clove (ding xiang). Use with caution
during pregnancy.

Side Effects and Toxicity

The herb is safe at the recommended dose. The toxicological studies on

C. longa showed that curcuma fed to rats at a dose up to 125-fold corre-
sponding to normal human intake caused no adverse effects on growth, feed
efficiency ratio, blood counts, and clinical blood chemistry (Zhu, 1998).

Modern Research Findings

Chemical Constituents

Curcuma wenyujin rhizome contains curcumin, curdione, beta-elemene,

carvone, camphene, camphor, and chuanxioongzine (Ling, 1995). The vol-
atile oil contains alpha- and beta-pinene, camphene, limonene, curcumol,
and curdione as main ingredients (Zhu, 1998).
Curcuma longa rhizome contains curcumin, hexahydrocurcumin, and
furmerone. The essential oil contains tumerone, alpha-tumerone, cinole,
curcumol, and caryophyllen as the main ingredients. It also contains pheno-
lic pigments, curcumin, and desmethoxycurcumin (Zhu, 1998).

Pharmacological Findings

1. Hypolipidemic: oral administration of the ethanolic or ether extract of

the herb, curcumin, and the essential oil of the herb to rats and rabbits
 with experimental hyperlipidemia significantly decreased serum cho-
lesterol and beta-lipoprotein levels. These agents also reduced liver
cholesterol levels and corrected the imbalanced ratio of the alpha- and
beta-lipoproteins but did not affect the endogenous cholesterol (Wang,
1983).
2. A reduction in plaque formation in the aortas and coronary arteries in
rabbits and white rats has been demonstrated (Dong et al., 1998).
3. Effective treatment for viral hepatitis and jaundice (Dong et al.,
1998).
4. As a cholagogue, curcuma increases the secretion and excretion of
bile, and decreases the amount of urobilinogen in urine (Dong et al.,
1998).
5. Inhibits liver cell damage (Dong et al., 1998).
6. Antibacterial and antifungal (Dong et al., 1998).

REFERENCES

Dong, K. S., Wang, X. Q., and Dong, Y. F. (1998). Xian Dai Lin Chuang Zhong Yao
Xue [Contemporary Clinical Chinese Materia Medica]. Beijing: Zhong Guo
Zhong Yi Yao Press.
Jiang Su New Medical College (1977). Encyclopedia of Chinese Materia Medica.
Shanghai: Shanghai Science and Technology Press.
Ling, Y. (1995). A New Compendium of Materia Medica. Beijing: Science Press.
Smith, F. P. and Stuart, G. A. (1973). Chinese Medicinal Herbs. San Francisco:
Georgetown Press.
Wang, J. H. (Ed.) (1994). Xin Bian Chang Yong Zhong Yao Shou Ce [Manual of
Commonly Used Chinese Medicinal Herbs]. Beijing: Jin Dun Press.
Wang, Y. S. (1983). Pharmacology and Applications of Chinese Materia Medica.
Beijing: People’s Health Publisher.
Zhu, Y. (1998). Chinese Materia Medica—Chemistry, Pharmacology and Applica-
tions. Amsterdam: Harwood Academic Publishers.
 Vaccaria
This herbSeed;
is theSemen
dried, Vaccariae;
ripe seeds of
Wang bu
Vaccaria segetalis liu xing
(Neck) Garcke of the
family Caryophyllaceae. It grows mainly
in the Hebei, Heilongjiang, Liaoning, and
Shandong provinces of China. The herb
and its seeds are harvested during the
summer months, dried in the sun, and
used unprocessed.
Traditionally, vaccaria seed was used to cure gynecological disorders,
promote menstrual flow (emmenagogue), relieve menstrual pain, and pro-
mote the production of milk (galactagogue) after childbirth (Dong et al.,
1998; Jiang Su New Medical College, 1977).

TCM Properties

Acrid and sweet in taste, and neutral, it acts on the liver and stomach me-
ridians.

Effects, Medicinal Uses, and Combinations

1. Invigorates blood circulation and regulates menstruation: For amen-

orrhea and menstrual disturbances, vaccaria seed is combined with
cnidium rhizome, carthamus, Chinese angelica root, and cyperus seed
(Wang, 1994).
2. Promotes production of milk: for deficiency of lactation after child-
birth, vaccaria seed is used in combination with Chinese angelica,
trichosanthes root, and akebia stem. The seed is also blended with
dandelion, prunella spike, and trichosanthes seeds for mastitis (in-
flammation of the breast) (Dong et al., 1998).
3. Promotes urination and helps remove stones in the urinary system: to
treat calculus formation in the urinary system, such as kidney or blad-
der stones, vaccaria seed is dispensed with achyranthes, lygodium
spores, and lysimachia in a decoction (Wang, 1994).
4. Relieves inflammation of the prostate glands: for prostate inflamma-
tion, vaccaria seed is mixed with peach kernel, carthamus, patrinia herb
(bai jiang cao), and lycopus (ze lan) in a decoction (Wang, 1994).
5. Vaccaria seed is also useful in treating uterine fibrositis and to relieve
shingles pain.
Dosage

In a decoction of 6 to 15 g.

Precautions

Pregnant women should avoid using this herb.

Side Effects and Toxicity

No undesirable side effects or toxicity were reported at the therapeutic

dose in classical Chinese materia medica.

Modern Research Findings

Chemical Constituents

Vaccaria seed contains vaccaroside, lactosin, vacsegoside, gyosogenin,

glucoronic acid, glucone, arabinose, xylose, rhamuose, isosaponarin, sapo-
naretin, and vitexin (Dong et al., 1998; Ling, 1995).

Pharmacological Findings

1. Stimulatory: the water or alcohol extract of the herb was significantly

stimulatory on the uteruses of rats (Dong et al., 1998).
2. Antitumorous: demonstrated inhibitory action on lung and intestinal
cancer (Dong et al., 1998).
3. Promotes the production of milk (Dong et al., 1998).

Clinical Findings

Powdered toasted vaccaria seed made into a paste with sesame oil was
applied on the skin of patients with herpes zoster, twice a day, and left in
place for thirty minutes. The pain stopped and the condition cleared within
five days. Extract of vaccaria seed has been shown to be inhibitory on lung
cancer cells (Dong et al., 1998).
 REFERENCES

Dong, K. S., Wang, X. Q., and Dong, Y. F. (1998). Xian Dai Lin Chuang Zhong Yao
Xue [Contemporary Clinical Chinese Materia Medica]. Beijing: Zhong Guo
Zhong Yi Yao Press.
Jiang Su New Medical College (1977). Encyclopedia of Chinese Materia Medica.
Shanghai: Shanghai Science and Technology Press.
Ling, Y. (1995). A New Compendium of Materia Medica. Beijing: Science Press.
Wang, J. H. (Ed.) (1994). Xin Bian Chang Yong Zhong Yao Shou Ce [Manual of
Commonly Used Chinese Medicinal Herbs]. Beijing: Jin Dun Press.
 Achyranthes
This herb is the Root; Radix
dried root of Ach-
Achyranthes
yranthes Bidentatae;
bidentata Huai
Bl. of the niu
family
Amaranthaceae, knownxi as huai niu xi.
Cyathula officinalis Kuan and C. cap-
itata (Wall) Miq. of the family Amar-
anthaceae are known as chuan niu xi.
These herbs share similar actions and
uses. Achyranthes root is produced
mainly in the city of Huaiqing in the
Henan province in China, and cyathula root is produced in the Sichuan
province. The roots are collected in autumn or early winter, washed after the
removal of the hairy rootlets, dried in the sun or smoked with sulfur fumes,
then sliced or stir baked with rice wine (Jiang Su New Medical College,
1977).
Traditionally, these herbs were used for ague, fever, urinary difficulties,
and puerperal and cutaneous diseases (Smith and Stuart, 1973). Today,
achyranthes root (huai niu xi) is used to strengthen the tendons, bones, and
joints, to relieve pain in the lower extremities, and to invigorate the circula-
tion of Qi and blood in the kidneys and liver. Cyathula root (chuan niu xi) is
mostly used for promoting blood circulation to relieve stagnation, regulate
menstruation, and relieve rheumatic muscular pains and aching joints.
Achyranthes root is considered to be a good antiaging medicinal herb
(Dong et al., 1998; Wang, 1994).

TCM Properties

Bitter and sour in taste, and neutral, these herbs act on the liver and kid-
ney meridians.

Effects, Medicinal Uses, and Combinations

1. Invigorates blood circulation, eliminates blood stasis, and relieves

pain: to treat irregular menstruation, dysmenorrhea, amenorrhea, re-
tention of the placenta caused by stagnation of blood, and to alleviate
postpartum abdominal pain and pain resulting from traumatic inju-
 ries, achyranthes root is combined with carthamus, peach kernel, Chi-
nese angelica root, and cnidium rhizome in a decoction (Wang, 1994).
2. Eliminates Bi syndrome and reinforces the kidneys and liver: for
aches and pains in the loins and knees, as well as pain in the lower ex-
tremities and lassitude of the legs caused by Wind-Damp Bi syn-
drome, achyranthes root is prescribed with pubescent angelica root,
loranthus, large leaf gentian root, siler, eucommia bark, cnidium, gin-
seng root, Chinese angelica, and poria, as in Du Huo Ji Sheng Tang
(R-58) (Wang, 1994).
3. Induces the downward movement of blood: to relieve hyperactivity of
liver-yang-induced headaches, vertigo, dizziness, and toothache, achy-
ranthes is dispensed with white peony, haematite, oyster shell, scro-
phularia, capillaris, and asparagus, as in Zhen Gan Xi Feng Tang
(Wang, 1994).

Dosage

In a decoction of 6 to 15 g.

Precautions

This herb should not be used by pregnant women and should be avoided
by any woman who has profuse menstruation.

Side Effects and Toxicity

The therapeutic dose does not cause side effects and is not toxic accord-
ing to Chinese materia medica. Toxicological studies show that the LD50
values of the alkaloids of the herb, ecdysterone and inokosterone, adminis-
tered intraperitoneally in mice were 6.4 g/kg and 7.8 g/kg, respectively. The
oral dose value of these alkaloids was > 9 g/kg (Ling, 1995).

Modern Research Findings

Chemical Constituents

Achyranthes bidentata Bl. root contains triterpenoid saponins, ino-

kosterone, ecdysterone, stigmasterol, beta-sitosterol, beta-amyrin, poly-
saccharides, and oleanolic acid. Cyathula officinalis Kuan root contains
rubrosterone, capitasterone, and cyasterone. Cyanthula capitata contains
capitasterone, cyasterone, amarasterone A and B, ecdysterone, isoecdy-
sterone, sengosterone, and inokosterone (Ling, 1995).
Pharmacological Findings

1. Achyranthes alcohol extract has been demonstrated to be anti-

inflammatory, analgesic, and mildly diuretic (Dong et al., 1998).
2. Effect on the uterus: achyranthes root causes contractions in rabbits
and mice. It causes relaxation in the nonpregnant uteri of cats and
contractions in pregnant cats (Dong et al., 1998).
3. Action on the cardiovascular system: an injection of either the decoc-
tion or alcohol extract of achyranthes root into isolated hearts of frogs,
dogs, cats, and rabbits showed a reduction in blood pressure due to pe-
ripheral vasodilation. Other studies showed a dual action of tempo-
rary hypertensiveness followed by transient hypotensiveness (Dong
et al., 1998; Wang, 1983).
4. Action on gastrointestinal tract: achyranthes root extract was inhibi-
tory on the motility of intestinal specimens and relieved smooth mus-
cle cramps in mice but increased contractions in guinea pig intestines
(Dong et al., 1998).

Clinical Findings

In treating Bi syndromes, Chinese materia medica recorded that achy-

ranthes root, combined with eucommia, dipsacus, cibotium, chaemomeles,
acanthopananx, and loranthus in a decoction produced good results in the
treatment of fibromyositis, fibrositis, sciatica, rheumatic arthritis, and swell-
ing and pain in the lumbar region, knees, and ankles. Achyranthes blended
with phellodendron bark, clematis, chaemomeles, acanthopanax, and tokoro
relieved rheumatoid arthritis in the lower limbs (Dong et al., 1998).

REFERENCES

Dong, K. S., Wang, X. Q., and Dong, Y. F. (1998). Xian Dai Lin Chuang Zhong Yao
Xue [Contemporary Clinical Chinese Materia Medica]. Beijing: Zhong Guo
Zhong Yi Yao Press.
Jiang Su New Medical College (1977). Encyclopedia of Chinese Materia Medica.
Shanghai: Shanghai Science and Technology Press.
Ling, Y. (1995). A New Compendium of Materia Medica. Beijing: Science Press.
Smith, F. P. and Stuart, G. A. (1973). Chinese Medicinal Herbs. San Francisco:
Georgetown Press.
Wang, J. H. (Ed.) (1994). Xin Bian Chang Yong Zhong Yao Shou Ce [Manual of
Commonly Used Chinese Medicinal Herbs]. Beijing: Jin Dun Press.
Wang, Y. S. (1983). Pharmacology and Applications of Chinese Materia Medica.
Beijing: People’s Health Publisher.
 Red
ThisPeony
herb isRoot; Radix
the dried rootPaeoniae
of Paeonia
Rubra;Pall.,
lactifora Chi shao or Chi shao
P. obavata yao or
Maxim,
P. veitchii Lynch of the family Ranuncul-
aceae. It is grown mainly in the Inner
Mongolia region and Sichuan province
of China. Collected in autumn, it is sliced, dried in the sun, and used unpro-
cessed (Jiang Su New Medical College, 1977).
Red peony root was prized by ancient Chinese doctors who used it as a
tonic, alterative, astringent, and general remedy for diseases afflicting
women (Smith and Stuart, 1973). Today, red peony root is used to invigo-
rate blood circulation, eliminate pathogenic Heat from blood, and relieve
pain during the treatment of menorrhalgia, amenorrhea and swelling, hem-
atemesis, and epistaxis (Dong et al., 1998). The stir-baked red peony is
more effective for invigorating blood and preventing blood stasis (Dong
et al., 1998; Wang, 1994).

TCM Properties

Bitter in taste and slightly cold, it acts on the liver and spleen meridians.

Effects, Medicinal Uses, and Combinations

1. Invigorates blood circulation, dissipates blood stasis and associated

symptoms, and relieves pain:
• For amenorrhea and menorrhalgia, red peony root is combined
with Chinese angelica, cnidium, and moutan bark (dan pi), as in Zi
Xue Tang.
• For coronary heart disease, cerebral thrombosis, chest pain, trau-
matic injury, swelling, and pain, red peony root is mixed with
peach kernel, carthamus (safflower), dried rehmannia, cyathula
root, Chinese angelica, bupleurum root, platycodon root, and lico-
rice root, as in Xue Fu Zhu Yu Tang (R-38).
• For treating hemiplegia and post-stroke syndromes, red peony is
prescribed with cnidium, safflower, Chinese angelica, astragalus
root, peach kernel, and dried earthworm, as in Bu Yang Huan Wu
Tang (R-34).
 2. Removes pathogenic Heat from the blood system:
• For epidemic febrile disease, which is manifested as fever, maculae,
epistaxis, or bleeding caused by the invasion of pathogenic Heat,
red peony root is blended with rhinoceros horn, dried rehmannia
root, and moutan bark, as in Xi Jiao Di Huang Wan (R-70).
• Red peony root is also dispensed with chrysanthemum, gardenia,
shave grass, and prunella spike for bloodshot eyes due to excessive
Heat in the liver.

Dosage

In a decoction of 6 to 15 g.

Precautions

People with blood deficiency, cold limbs, or amenorrhea should avoid

this herb or take it with caution. It is incompatible with hellebore root (Ra-
dix veratri) (Dong et al., 1998).

Side Effects and Toxicity

A slight toxicity was recorded in the classical Chinese materia medica.

Toxicological studies show that the acute toxicity of the herb is very low.
The LD50 value of paeoniflorin in mice was 3.53 g/kg by intravenous ad-
ministration and 9.53 g/kg by intraperitoneal administration. The LD50 val-
ues of the aqueous extract and the 70 percent ethanolic extract of the herb,
by intraperitoneal administration in mice, were 10.8 1.39 g/kg and 2.9
0.19 g/kg, respectively (Zhu, 1998).

Modern Research Findings

Chemical Constituents

Red peony (P. lactiflora) root contains paeoniflorin as the main active in-
gredient in the root. Other ingredients isolated from the root include
albiflorin, oxypaeoniflorin, paeonilactones A-B, lactiflorin, paeonol, beta-
sitosterol, benzoic acid, resin, tannin, fatty oil, starch, mucilages, and pro-
tein (Jiang Su New Medical College, 1977; Zhu, 1998).
Pharmacological Findings

1. As an antispasmodic, red peony was shown to be inhibitory on the

smooth muscles of the stomach, intestines, and uterus in vitro.
2. Anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, sedative, and analgesic.
3. Anticoagulative on platelets, retards blood-clot formation, and in-
creases coronary circulation (Dong et al., 1998).
4. As an antimicrobial, red peony is a strong in vivo inhibitor against
Shigella sonnei, S. aureus, herpes zoster virus, and various patho-
genic dermatomycoses.
5. CNS action: red peony effectively counteracts convulsions caused by
strychnine (Dong et al., 1998).

Clinical Findings

1. For coronary heart disease and angina pectoris, red peony is effective
when combined with cnidium, carthamus, salvia, and dalbergia in a
decoction (Wang, 1994).
2. For chronic prostatitis, red peony is effective when blended with dan-
delion, thiaspi, (bai jingcao), and lycopus (ze lan) (Wang, 1994).

REFERENCES

Dong, K. S., Wang, X. Q., and Dong, Y. F. (1998). Xian Dai Lin Chuang Zhong Yao
Xue [Contemporary Clinical Chinese Materia Medica]. Beijing: Zhong Guo
Zhong Yi Yao Press.
Jiang Su New Medical College (1977). Encyclopedia of Chinese Materia Medica.
Shanghai: Shanghai Science and Technology Press.
Smith, F. P. and Stuart, G. A. (1973). Chinese Medicinal Herbs, San Francisco:
Georgetown Press.
Wang, J. H. (Ed.) (1994). Xin Bian Chang Yong Zhong Yao Shou Ce [Manual of
Commonly Used Chinese Medicinal Herbs]. Beijing: Jin Dun Press.
Zhu, Y. (1998). Chinese Materia Medica—Chemistry, Pharmacology and Applica-
tions. Amsterdam: Harwood Academic Publishers.
Leonurus;
This herbHerba
is theLeonuri; Yi mu
entire plant cao
of Leo-
or KunSweet
nurus heterophyllus cao of the fam-
ily Labiatae. It is grown in all parts of
China, as well as in Asia, Africa, and
the United States, harvested in the sum-
mer, cleaned, dried in the sun, and used
unprocessed (Jiang Su New Medical Col-
lege, 1977).
Leonurus is also called Chinese
motherwort. The name of the herb in Chinese means “benefits the mother.”
Traditionally, it was used for fevers, postpartum hemorrhage, menorrhagia,
and loss of virility. Prolonged use promotes fertility. The juice is used inter-
nally for dropsy, difficult labor, dysmenorrhea, fluxes, and constipation,
and externally for boils, cancer, ear abscesses, and serpent and insect bites.
The extract is administered in cases of complicated or difficult labor (Smith
and Stuart, 1973).
Today, the herb is prescribed to normalize blood circulation, regulate
menstrual flow, and for other gynecological ailments, and as an effective di-
uretic for nephrotic edema. Leonurus is a good antiaging medicinal herb
(Dong et al., 1998).

TCM Properties

Pungent and bitter in taste, and slightly cold, it acts on the heart, liver,
and urinary bladder meridians.

Effects, Medicinal Uses, and Combinations

1. Invigorates blood circulation and normalizes menstruation: for irreg-

ular or stagnant menstruation, distending pain in the lower abdomen,
amenorrhea, and postpartum abdominal pain, leonurus can be used
alone or with Chinese angelica root (dang gui), cnidium rhizome, and
red peony root (chi shao), as in Yi Mu Wan. Leonurus extract is thera-
peutic for dysmenorrhea and amenorrhea caused by blood stasis
(Wang, 1994).
 2. Dissipates blood stasis and alleviates pain: leonurus is dispensed in a
decoction to treat traumatic injury, bruising, and soft-tissue damage
with accumulation of blood, swelling, and pain (Wang, 1994).
3. Reduces edema by inducing diuresis: leonurus can be taken alone in a
decoction or with hoelen (fu ling), imperata rhizome (bai mao gen),
plantain herb, and white atractylodes rhizome (bai zhu). It also can be
used when urination is difficult because of nephrotic edema and in
urination with hematuria (Dong et al., 1998).
4. Treats hypertension: to treat hypertension, leonurus is blended with
prunella spike, scute root, gambir, eucommia bark, licorice root, and
loranthus (Dong et al., 1998). For primary (essential) hypertension, it
is combined with siegesbeckia, prunella, and gambir in a decoction
(Wang, 1994).

Dosage

In a decoction of 10 to 15 g.

Precautions

People who are yin deficient, anemic, or pregnant should not use leo-
nurus herb. Do not overdose.

Side Effects and Toxicity

The herb has low toxicity. Multiple and long-term oral use produced no
toxic reactions. Intramuscular administration of the injection solution of the
herb did not cause any side effects except dry mouth or shortened sleep
(Zhu, 1998). Toxicological studies showed that the LD50 value of the injec-
tion solution of the herb was 30 to 60 g/kg in mice by intravenous adminis-
tration (Wang, 1983).

Modern Research Findings

Chemical Constituents

Leonurus contains the alkaloids leonurine, stachydrine, leonurine A and

B, leonuridine, and leonurinine. Other ingredients include rutine, fumaric
acid, lauric acid, linolenic acid, sitosterol, stachyose, 4-guaridino-1-
butanol, 4-guanidino-gutyric acid, carotene, and vitamins A, B, C, and K
(Dong et al., 1998; Jiang Su New Medical College, 1977).
Pharmacological Findings

1. Action on the uterus: the aqueous decoction, alcohol extract, and al-
kaloid leonurine decoction was excitatory on rat, rabbit, dog, and cat
uteruses. It increased the tension and contractions of the uterus, and
speeded up the frequency of contractions (Dong et al., 1998).
2. Action on blood pressure: an oral leonurus decoction lowers blood
pressure, dilates blood vessels (particularly on peripheral blood ves-
sels) and is a diuretic (Dong et al., 1998).
3. Inhibits blood coagulation and fibrinolysis, and prevents blood clots
(Dong et al., 1998).
4. Demonstrated inhibition on the CNS in experimental frogs and stimu-
lated respiration (Dong et al., 1998).
5. Antimicrobial and antifungal (Dong et al., 1998).

Clinical Findings

A decoction of leonurus was given to patients with acute glomeru-

lonephritis, and all were healed. The shortest recovery was within five days;
the longest recovery was within thirty-six days. The cases were followed up
for five years and there was no recurrence or sequelae (Jiang Su New Medi-
cal College, 1977).

REFERENCES

Dong, K. S., Wang, X. Q., and Dong, Y. F. (1998). Xian Dai Lin Chuang Zhong Yao
Xue [Contemporary Clinical Chinese Materia Medica]. Beijing: Zhong Guo
Zhong Yi Yao Press.
Jiang Su New Medical College. (1977). Encyclopedia of Chinese Materia Medica.
Shanghai: Shanghai Science and Technology Press.
Smith, F. P. and Stuart, G. A. (1973). Chinese Medicinal Herbs. San Francisco:
Georgetown Press.
Wang, J. H. (Ed.) (1994). Xin Bian Chang Yong Zhong Yao Shou Ce [Manual of
Commonly Used Chinese Medicinal Herbs]. Beijing: Jin Dun Press.
Wang, Y. S. (1983). Pharmacology and Applications of Chinese Materia Medica.
Beijing: People’s Health Publisher.
Zhu, Y. (1998). Chinese Materia Medica—Chemistry, Pharmacology and Applica-
tions. Amsterdam: Harwood Academic Publishers.
 Peach
This Kernel
herb isorthe
Persica;
dried Semen
kernel Persicae;
of Prunus
Persica (L.) Batsch TaoorrenP. davidiana (Carr.)
Franch. of the family Rosaceae. It is grown in
all parts of China. The fruit is picked when
ripe, and the seed is removed and dried for use
unprocessed (Jiang Su New Medical College,
1977).
The kernel of the seed was traditionally
used for coughs, blood diseases, rheumatism, amenorrhea, ague, post-
partum hemorrhage, and worms. It can be substituted for the kernel of the
apricot seed (Smith and Stuart, 1973). The peach kernel is a very strong me-
dicinal herb and is currently used to promote blood circulation, eliminate
blood stagnation to treat menstrual pain, moisten the bowels, and relieve
chronic constipation in the elderly (Dong et al., 1998).

TCM Properties

Bitter in taste and neutral. It acts on the heart, liver, lung, and large intes-
tine meridians.

Effects, Medicinal Uses, and Combinations

1. Promotes blood circulation and dissipates blood stasis: for amenor-

rhea and dysmenorrhea due to blood stasis, or postpartum abdominal
pain caused by mass formation, peach kernel is used with carthamus
(hong hua), Chinese angelica root (dang gui), cnidium rhizome, and
red peony root (chi shao), as in Tao Hong Si Wu Tang (R-16) (Wang,
1994).
2. Moistens the bowels and relieves constipation: peach kernel is pre-
scribed with hemp seed (ma ren) and trichosanthes seed (gua lou ren)
to treat constipation caused by dry intestines (Dong et al., 1998).
3. Eliminates abscess: peach kernel can be combined with rhubarb,
moutan, waxgourd seed, and mirabilite to treat the early stages of in-
testinal abscess (Wang, 1994).
4. Treats vasculitis: for vasculitis due to thromboembolism, peach kernel
mixed with safflower, Chinese angelica, salvia, achyranthes, astra-
 galus, dandelion, scrophularia, and licorice root in a decoction pro-
vides satisfactory results (Dong et al., 1998).

Dosage

In a decoction of 6 to 10 g.

Precautions

Care should be taken to avoid an overdose. Peach kernel should not be

used by women with profuse menstruation or who are pregnant. Chemical
hydrolysis revealed that peach kernel contains hydrocyanic acid (HCN),
which is a nerve poison. Large doses can cause breathing paralysis and
death. The lethal dose of HCN for a human is about 0.05 g (Dong et al.,
1998).

Side Effects and Toxicity

Peach kernel is a potent agent that promotes blood circulation and re-
moves blood stasis. A small amount at the therapeutic dose is safe. Do not
overdose.

Modern Research Findings

Chemical Constituents

Peach kernel seeds contain 3.6 percent of amygdalin, multiflorines A

and B, compesterol, and sitosterols. Other ingredients include 0.4 percent
of volatile oil, 45 percent of fatty oil, proteins, emulsin, oleic acid, glyceric
acid, linoleic acid, vitamin B 1, and allantoinase (Zhu, 1998).

Pharmacological Findings

1. In rats, it is an anticoagulant, activates blood flow, and lowers blood

pressure (Dong et al., 1998).
2. Antiallergenic: peach kernel inhibited allergenic antibody formation.
It is used for urticaria and dermatitis (Dong et al., 1998).
3. Protects the liver.
4. Antitussive and antiasthmatic. Slight amounts of hydrocyanic acid are
antitussive and antiasthmatic (Dong et al., 1998).
5. Mild laxative.
6. Antimicrobial.
 REFERENCES

Dong, K. S., Wang, X. Q., and Dong, Y. F. (1998). Xian Dai Lin Chuang Zhong Yao
Xue [Contemporary Clinical Chinese Materia Medica]. Beijing: Zhong Guo
Zhong Yi Yao Press.
Jiang Su New Medical College. (1977). Encyclopedia of Chinese Materia Medica.
Shanghai: Shanghai Science and Technology Press.
Smith, F. P. and Stuart, G. A. (1973). Chinese Medicinal Herbs. San Francisco:
Georgetown Press.
Wang, J. H. (Ed.) (1994). Xin Bian Chang Yong Zhong Yao Shou Ce [Manual of
Commonly Used Chinese Medicinal Herbs]. Beijing: Jin Dun Press.
Zhu, Y. (1998). Chinese Materia Medica—Chemistry, Pharmacology and Applica-
tions. Amsterdam: Harwood Academic Publishers.
 Pubescent
This Holly
herb is the Root;
dried Radix
leaves and Ilicis
roots of a
Pubescentis;
small tree botanicallyMao dong
known asqing
Ilex pubes-
cens Hook. et Arn. of the family Aquifoli-
aceae. It is mainly grown in the Guangdong,
Guangxi, and Fujian provinces of China (Jiang
Su New Medical College, 1977).
It is harvested year-round, washed, sliced,
and dried in the sun. It has small white flowers
and pea-sized red berries. The leaves can be
used to produce a red dye and the young shoots are used for food. The roots,
bark, and leaves are all used for medicinal purposes.
The herb was traditionally a carminative and tonic remedy. The ashes of
the herb are used for skin diseases and poison wounds. A spirit prepared
from the seeds is highly recommended for hemorrhoids (Smith and Stuart,
1973).
Pubescent holly root invigorates blood circulation, activates the meridi-
ans, Qi circulation, and coronary heart circulation, is effective against in-
flammation, and is a detoxicant. Pubescent holly root is also a good
antiaging medicinal herb (Dong et al., 1998).

TCM Properties

Pungent and bitter in taste, and cool, it is nontoxic and acts on the heart,
liver, and lung meridians.

Effects, Medicinal Uses, and Combinations

1. Promotes blood circulation and eliminates blood stasis:

• Pubescent holly root can be used alone or with salvia root, cnidium
rhizome, curcuma root, peach kernel, and carthamus to increase
blood flow around the heart muscles. It has a distinct dilating effect
on the coronary arteries, benefits those who suffer from angina
pectoris, and reduces cardiac muscular oxygen consumption (Wang,
1994).
• This herb lowers blood pressure: to sustain lower blood pressure,
pubescent holly root is mixed with other blood-pressure-lowering
 herbs, such as cnidium, leonurus, red peony, and salvia (Dong et al.,
1998).
• Pubescent holly root invigorates blood circulation, and is anti-
inflammatory and antimicrobial. It is beneficial for Buerger’s dis-
ease (thromboangiitis obliterans) and is commonly prescribed with
Chinese angelica root, scrophularia root, lonicera flower, and lico-
rice root in a decoction for oral use (Dong et al., 1998).
2. Resolves coughs and inflammation in the lungs: pubescent holly root
is blended with isatis root, licorice root, and platycodon root for its
antifebrile, detoxification, and anti-inflammatory properties (Dong
et al., 1998). It aids in the treatment of acute tonsillitis, sore throat,
and Wind-Heat-type colds. Pubescent holly root is also good for treat-
ing cough caused by Heat in the lungs (Dong et al., 1998).

Dosage

In a decoction of 15 to 60 g or used externally.

Precautions

Should not to be used by pregnant women. People with a history of liver

disorders should take this herb with caution.

Side Effects and Toxicity

No undesirable side effects or toxicity were reported at the therapeutic

dose in classical Chinese materia medica.

Modern Research Findings

Chemical Constituents

Pubescent holly root contains flavonoids and 3.4-dehydroxyaceto-

phenone, triterpenoids, lyconides, phenols, amino acids, tannin, and sugars.
The leaves contain oleanolic acid and ursolic acid (Jiang Su New Medical
College, 1977).

Pharmacological Findings

1. Pubescent holly root dilates the blood vessels, which increases coro-
nary blood circulation to coronary arteries, lowers blood pressure, and
acts as an anticoagulant (Dong et al., 1998).
 2. Reduces cardiac muscular oxygen consumption.
3. Antitussive, expectorant, and antiasthmatic.
4. Antimicrobial.
5. Antitumorous.

Clinical Findings

Clinical studies have shown that pubescent holly root steadily and per-
sistently lowers blood pressure (Dong et al., 1998).

REFERENCES

Dong, K. S., Wang, X. Q., and Dong, Y. F. (1998). Xian Dai Lin Chuang Zhong Yao
Xue [Contemporary Clinical Chinese Materia Medica]. Beijing: Zhong Guo
Zhong Yi Yao Press.
Jiang Su New Medical College (1977). Encyclopedia of Chinese Materia Medica.
Shanghai: Shanghai Science and Technology Press.
Smith, F. P. and Stuart, G. A. (1973). Chinese Medicinal Herbs. San Francisco:
Georgetown Press.
Wang, J. H. (Ed.) (1994). Xin Bian Chang Yong Zhong Yao Shou Ce [Manual of
Commonly Used Chinese Medicinal Herbs]. Beijing: Jin Dun Press.
Acronychia;
This herb isLignum Dalbergiae
the wood portion ofOdorifera
the trunk
Jiang
and root xiang or Jiang
of Dalbergia zhen
odorifera T.xiang
Chen of the
family Leguminosae. It is mainly grown in the
Guangdong, Guangxi, Yunnan, and Hainan
provinces of China, and is collected year-
round, skinned, sliced, and dried in the sun for
use unprocessed (Jiang Su New Medical Col-
lege, 1977). Acronychia is commonly used as
a Qi-regulating hematostatic agent and ano-
dyne for treating various types of pains, such as angina pectoris, gastroin-
testinal pain, and pain in the costal area (Dong et al., 1998).

TCM Properties

Acrid and warm, it acts on the liver, spleen, and stomach meridians.

Effects, Medicinal Uses, and Combinations

1. Invigorates circulation of Qi, activates blood circulation, and relieves

pain:

• Acronychia can be used to relieve epigastric and abdominal pain

caused by stagnation of Qi and blood in the spleen, and to relieve
stomach and chest pain caused by blood stagnation. It is used alone
or with salvia root and bulrush (pu huang) (Wang, 1994).
• Acronychia is often mixed with cnidium, red peony, salvia, saf-
flower, and other herbs to treat angina pectoris (Wang, 1994).
2. Stops bleeding:

• Acronychia is a hematostatic agent that treats bleeding from inter-

nal injuries, trauma, sprains, or fractures. The powdered form of
the herb is used alone or with gall (wu bei zi) externally, or ingested
with orange peel, moutan bark, curcuma root, and Chinese angel-
ica in a decoction to treat spitting of blood. It is also applied exter-
nally as a hematostatic remedy (Dong et al., 1998).
 • To treat coronary heart disease, and gastrointestinal distension and
pain, acronychia is blended with chuan xiong, carthamus, red pe-
ony, and salvia root to treat angina pectoris and pain in the chest.
Acronychia is also used with ginseng root, salvia, and notoginseng,
as in Huo Xue Tong Mai Pian (R-39) (Wang, 1994).

Dosage

In a decoction, 3 to 6 g, or 1 to 3 g in powdered form.

Precautions

People with Heat in the blood or yin deficiency should be cautious when
using acronychia.

Side Effects and Toxicity

No undesirable side effects or toxicity were reported at the therapeutic

dose in classical Chinese materia medica.

Modern Research Findings

Chemical Constituents

Acronychia contains volatile oils. The chemical compounds dalbergin,

nordalbergin, isodalbergin, o-methyldalbergin, dalbergenone, and dalber-
gichromene have been isolated (Jiang Su New Medical College, 1977).

Pharmacological Findings

1. Anticoagulating and antithrombotic. The oil of the plant inhibited

thrombosis in rats (Zhu, 1998).
2. Acronychia and norbalbergin applied to rabbit heart specimens had a
positive inotropic effect, increased cardiac output, decreased heart
rate, and no arrhythmias were noted (Dong et al., 1998).
 REFERENCES

Dong, K. S., Wang, X. Q., and Dong, Y. F. (1998). Xian Dai Lin Chuang Zhong Yao
Xue [Contemporary Clinical Chinese Materia Medica]. Beijing: Zhong Guo
Zhong Yi Yao Press.
Jiang Su New Medical College. (1977). Encyclopedia of Chinese Materia Medica.
Shanghai: Shanghai Science and Technology Press.
Wang, J. H. (Ed.) (1994). Xin Bian Chang Yong Zhong Yao Shou Ce [Manual of
Commonly Used Chinese Medicinal Herbs]. Beijing: Jin Dun Press.
Zhu, Y. (1998). Chinese Materia Medica—Chemistry, Pharmacology and Applica-
tions. Amsterdam: Harwood Academic Publishers.
 Moutan Bark;
This herb Cortex
is the driedMoutan
root barkRadicis;
of Mou-
tan RadicisMu
or dan pi orsuffruticosa
Paeonia Dan pi Andr.
of the family Ranunculaceae. It is mainly
grown in the Anhui and Shandong prov-
inces of China, and is also cultivated in
Europe and North America. The root bark
is collected in autumn, washed, skinned,
sliced, and dried in the sun, and used un-
processed or stir baked with wine (processed moutan) (Jiang Su New Medi-
cal College, 1977).
Traditionally, the bark was prescribed for fevers, colds, nervous disor-
ders, hemorrhages, headaches, and menstrual difficulties (Smith and Stuart,
1973). Today, moutan bark is used to eliminate pathogenic Heat from the
blood, promote blood circulation, and remove blood stasis (Dong et al.,
1998).

TCM Properties

Bitter and pungent in taste, and cold, it acts on the heart, liver, and kidney
meridians.

Effects, Medicinal Uses, and Combinations

1. Invigorates blood circulation and eliminates blood stasis: to treat

amenorrhea and menorrhalgia, and abdominal masses due to blood
stasis, moutan bark is used with cinnamon twig and peach kernel, as
in Gui Zhi Fu Ling Wan (Wang, 1994).
2. Removes excess Heat in the blood:
• For epidemic febrile diseases of the blood manifested as macular
eruptions, hematemesis (vomiting blood), epistaxis (nosebleed),
blood in the sputum, subcutaneous bleeding, or frequent and pro-
fuse menstruation, moutan bark is combined with dried rehmannia
and rhinoceros horn, as in Xi Jiao Di Huang Wan (R-70).
• To relieve fever occurring before the menstrual cycle, moutan bark
is blended with white peony root, bupleurum root, and scute root,
as in Xuan Yu Tong Jing Tang.
 3. Relieves ascending liver Fire: to treat symptoms such as headaches,
red eyes, eye pain, flank pain, flushing, and dysmenorrhea, moutan
bark is dispensed with white peony, Chinese angelica, bupleurum,
and gardenia, as in Dan Zhi Xiao Yao Wan (R-42) (Wang, 1994).

Dosage

In a decoction of 6 to 12 g.

Precautions

People with deficiency and diarrhea due to Cold in the stomach and
spleen should avoid moutan bark.

Side Effects and Toxicity

At the suggested dose, the herb is safe. Some patients may experience
nausea and dizziness at large doses. These symptoms disappear after dis-
continuing the herb (Wang, 1983; Zhu, 1998).

Modern Research Findings

Chemical Constituents

Moutan bark contains paeoniflorin, apiopaeonoside, paenoside, paeonol,

paeonolide, oxypaeoniflorin, benzoylpaeoniflorine, and campesterol (Dong
et al., 1998). Paeonol is the most important constituent of the bark (Zhu,
1998).

Pharmacological Findings

1. Moutan bark is a sedative, analgesic, hypnotic, anticonvulsive, anti-

inflammatory, and antiallergic herb (Wang, 1994).
2. As an antimicrobial, moutan is inhibitory in vitro against many patho-
genic bacteria, including S. aureus, B. subtilis, S. typhi, E. coli,
S. hemolyticus, Diplococcus pneumoniae, and Vibrio cholerae (Wang,
1983).
3. Moutan is a cardiovascular agent and lowers blood pressure (Dong
et al., 1998).
4. Hypotensive in dogs (Dong et al., 1998).
5. Lowers body temperature in mice (Dong et al., 1998).
 REFERENCES

Dong, K. S., Wang, X. Q., and Dong, Y. F. (1998). Xian Dai Lin Chuang Zhong Yao
Xue [Contemporary Clinical Chinese Materia Medica]. Beijing: Zhong Guo
Zhong Yi Yao Press.
Jiang Su New Medical College (1977). Encyclopedia of Chinese Materia Medica.
Shanghai: Shanghai Science and Technology Press.
Smith, F. P. and Stuart, G. A. (1973). Chinese Medicinal Herbs. San Francisco:
Georgetown Press.
Wang, J. H. (Ed.) (1994). Xin Bian Chang Yong Zhong Yao Shou Ce [Manual of
Commonly Used Chinese Medicinal Herbs]. Beijing: Jin Dun Press.
Wang, Y. S. (1983). Pharmacology and Applications of Chinese Materia Medica.
Beijing: People’s Health Publisher.
Zhu, Y. (1998). Chinese Materia Medica—Chemistry, Pharmacology and Applica-
tions. Amsterdam: Harwood Academic Publishers.
 Ginkgo
This Biloba Leaves;
phytomedicine is theFolia
driedGinkgo
leaves and
the ripe whitebiloba;
seed ofYin
thexing
gongyesun tree, bo-
tanically known as Ginkgo biloba of the fam-
ily Ginkgoaleae. It is mainly produced in the
Anhui, Hebei, and Shandong provinces of
China. Today, the gong sun tree is also grown
in Southern Europe and the United States.
The leaves are collected in the summer and
autumn, cleaned, and dried after removing the stem and impurities. The
leaves are industrially processed for extraction of its pharmacologically ac-
tive ingredients. The extract is dried and the powder is made into different
pharmaceutical preparations.
The seeds of the gong sun tree are collected in autumn, dried after re-
moving the skin, briefly steamed, and then crushed for use. The use of
ginkgo biloba seeds medicinally in China can be traced back almost 5,000
years, to 2800 B.C. The white seeds have been used in the past for their abil-
ity to stimulate the brain, relieve the symptoms of asthma, coughs, irritabil-
ity of the bladder, frequent urination, and enuresis (Dong et al., 1998).
The medicinal value of ginkgo biloba leaves is a modern discovery. It is
an excellent example of an age-old natural medicine being transformed into
a modern medicine. In fact, ginkgo biloba leaf extract is very popular and
has become one of the most important modern pharmaceutical products in
the world today for improving blood circulation, lowering blood pressure,
improving memory and cognitive deficiency, and benefiting Alzheimer’s
disease, along with other conditions.

TCM Properties

The ginkgo biloba leaf is sweet, astringent in taste, and neutral. It acts on
the lung meridian. The white seed, bai guo, is sweet and astringent in taste,
and neutral, and acts on the lung meridian. The seed is toxic if consumed
raw (Smith and Stuart, 1973; Wang, 1994).
Effects, Medicinal Uses, and Combinations

Leaf

1. Relieves angina pectoris and coronary heart ailments: ginkgo biloba

leaf is combined with eucommia bark, gambir, cnidium rhizome, and
carthamus in a decoction to relieve coronary cardiac ailments.
2. Reduces hyperlipemia: ginkgo biloba leaf is blended with eucommia
bark, hawthorn, alisma, polygonum, and loranthus in a decoction or
tea to reduce lipids in the blood.
3. Relieves cognitive deficiency: the leaf extract shows some effective-
ness in reducing the conditions of dementia and Alzheimer’s disease
(Leung and Foster, 1996; Wang, 1994).

Seed

1. Induces astringent action in the lungs and stops asthma: it is fre-

quently prescribed with processed rehmannia, peach kernel, Chinese
yam, and schisandra fruit for coughs, dyspnea, and excess sputum in
the lungs.
2. Reduces Damp Heat: ginkgo biloba seed is used with euryale seed
and plantain seed for the treatment of thick, foul leukorrhagia due to
Damp Heat.
3. Treats frequent urination and enuresis (Dong et al., 1998; Smith and
Stuart, 1973).

Dosage

Dry leaf: 3 to 6 g in a decoction.

Seed: 4 to 9 g in a decoction.

Precautions

Raw ginkgo seed causes intoxication so it must be cooked before use.

People with a history of angina should use the seed with caution.

Side Effects and Toxicity

Ginkgo leaves: At the normal suggested dosage, the herb is safe.

However, there are reports of a few patients who became allergic to
the herb and suffered loss of appetite, nausea, vomiting, stomach ex-
 tension, constipation, dry mouth, dizziness, headache, tinnitus, and,
in some cases, skin rashes, hypotension, and worsening angina during
the course of treatment (Dong et al., 1998).
Ginkgo seeds: Do not eat raw gingko seeds. Reports show that chil-
dren who ate the raw seeds became intoxicated. The symptoms are
nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, diarrhea, high fever, convulsions,
fear, crying, and, later, coma, respiratory paralysis, and death (Dong
et al., 1998).

Modern Research Findings

Chemical Constituents

The leaf extract contains flavonoids, including luteolin and tricetin.

Biflavones include amentoflavone, bilobetin, ginkgetin, isoginkgetin, sci-
adopitysin, and 5-methoxybilobetin. Flavonols include kaempferal, kaemp-
ferol-3-rutinoside, quercetin, and isorhamnetin. The terpenoids include
monomethyl-mononorditerpenes, and ginkgolides A, B, C, D, and M
(Boradle, 1988).
Other ingredients include lignin, sitosterol, and glucoside (Leung and
Foster, 1996). The German Commission E Monograph lists the flavonoid
glycosides as quercetin, kaempferol, and isohamnetin and calculated as
acyflavonoids with the molecular weight Mr = 756.7 (quercetin glycoside)
and Mr = 740.7 (kaempferol glycoside) and 2.8 to 3.4 percent ginkgolides,
bilobalide, and ginkgolic acids (Schulz et al., 2001).
The seeds contain flavonoids, shikimic acid, ginkgolide-A, B, C, and M,
catechin, and ginkgelin.

Pharmacological Findings

Ginkgo biloba leaves whole extract (GBE) promotes blood flow, helps
fight the deterioration of mental performance, and improves mental focus.
GBE has been standardized in Europe and is available as a 24 percent
flavonoid concentration in tablet or capsule form, as an elixir, or as an injec-
tion. It has become available in recent years in countries around the world.
Generally, a daily dose of 30 to 40 mg is taken twice a day.
The 1994 German Commission E Monograph (pharmacologic actions of
EGb 761) reported the following results after studies were performed on ex-
tracts of ginkgo leaves (Schulz et al., 2001):
1. Strengthens the cardiac system, and increases blood flow and oxy-
gen circulation throughout the body. Increases blood vessel dilation
 and peripheral blood flow, and improves the rheologic properties of
the blood.
2. Prevents blood clotting that can lead to blockage of arteries.
3. Improves brain function, memory, mental clarity, and learning ca-
pacity, enhances mental focus, and compensates for disturbed equi-
librium, acting particularly at the level of microcirculation.
4. Neutralizes free radicals, is a powerful antioxidant, and scavenges
oxygen-derived free radicals.
5. Treats male impotence.
6. Reduces retinal edema and retinal lesions.
7. Inhibits the development of posttraumatic or toxic-induced brain
edema and hastens its resolution (Chatterjee, 1985). Improves short-
term memory, cognitive disorders secondary to depression, and de-
mentia (Warburton and Funfgeld, 1986).
8. Increases tolerance to hypoxia (deficiency of oxygen), especially in
brain tissue.
9. Inhibits platelet-aggregating factor (PAF) and is neuroprotective
(DeFeudis, 1991). PAF, an inflammatory autacoid, is involved in
various inflammatory, cardiovascular, and respiratory disorders (Leung
and Foster, 1996).
10. Helps maintain integrity and permeability of cell walls (Schulz et al.,
2001).
11. Ginkgo leaf extract is hypoglycemic, lowers blood cholesterol, and
dilates bronchi (Dong et al., 1998).

Clinical Findings

Numerous clinical studies of ginkgo leaf extract have demonstrated its

effectiveness in increasing vasodilation and peripheral blood-flow rate in
capillary vessels and end arteries in various circulatory disorders, such as
Raynaud’s disease. Other conditions, such as varicose conditions, hyper-
cholesteremia, postthrombotic syndrome, chronic cerebral vascular insuffi-
ciency, short-term memory improvement, cognitive disorders secondary to
depression, dementia, tinnitus, vertigo obliterative arterial disease of the
lower limbs, and respiratory disorders, were also improved.
The effect of the ginkgo extract in comparison with the “cognitive acti-
vator,” tacrine, on a computer-analyzed EEG was tested on eighteen elderly
subjects. The results showed that 20 mg of ginkgo extract had typical cogni-
tive active EEG profiles (responders) in more subjects (eight of eighteen)
than 40 mg of tacrine (three of eighteen). Cognitive-enhancing effects were
found in a double-blind study with thirty-one volunteers receiving gingko
biloba extract in doses of 120 to 300 mg for two days, especially in individ-
uals aged fifty to fifty-nine years (Rigney et al., 1999).

REFERENCES

Boradle, N. (1988). In Braquet, P. (Ed.), Gingkolides—Chemistry, Biology, and

Clinical Perspectives (Volume 1) (p. 9). Barcelona: Prous Publishers.
Chatterjee, S. S. (1985). Effects of Ginkgo Biloba Extract on Organic Cerebral Im-
pairment. London: John Libbey Eurotext, Ltd.
DeFeudis, F. V. (Ed.) (1991). Ginkgo Biloba Extract (EGb 761). Pharmacological
Activities and Clinical Applications. New York: Elsevier.
Dong, K. S., Wang, X. Q., and Dong, Y. F. (1998). Xian Dai Lin Chuang Zhong Yao
Xue [Contemporary Clinical Chinese Materia Medica]. Beijing: Zhong Guo
Zhong Yi Yao Press.
Leung, A. and Foster, S. (1996). Encyclopedia of Common Natural Ingredients.
New York: John Wiley and Sons, Inc.
Rigney, U., Kimber, S., and Hindmarch, I. (1999). The effects of acute doses of
standardized ginkgo biloba extract on memory and psychomotor performance in
volunteers. Phytotherapy Research 13: 408-415.
Schulz, V., Hansel, R., and Tyler, V. (2001). Rational Phytotherapy. Heidelberg,
Germany: Springer-Verlag.
Smith, F. P. and Stuart, G. A. (1973). Chinese Medicinal Herbs. San Francisco:
Georgetown Press.
Wang, J. H. (Ed.) (1994). Xin Bian Chang Yong Zhong Yao Shou Ce [Manual of
Commonly Used Chinese Medicinal Herbs]. Beijing: Jin Dun Press.
Warburton, D. M. and Funfgeld, E. W. (Eds.) (1986). Ginkgo Biloba—Recent Re-
sults in Pharmacology and Clinic. Berlin: Springer-Verlag.
 Chapter 8

Herbal Tranquilizers:
Herbal Tranquilizers
Nourishing the Heart
and Calming the Liver

The herbal tranquilizers discussed in this section relieve uneasiness, and

induce sleep. Their indications are similar to those of sedatives, hypnotics,
and anxiolytics in modern medicine (Zhu, 1998).
In TCM, emotions are the internal causes of diseases and are outer ex-
pressions of the inner mind, intimately connected to organ-Qi. Deficiency
or Excess of the Heart- and Liver-Qi is the source of imbalance. For exam-
ple, when Liver-Qi is deficient there is fear; when it is in Excess, there is an-
ger. Deficient Heart-Qi can bring sorrow, Excess can engender joy (Mil-
burn, 2001).
The deficiency of the Heart-Qi, insufficiency of Heart-Blood, or exuber-
ant Fire resulting from hyperactivity of the heart cause disturbances of the
Spirit (Shen), which lead to many common mental and heart problems.
These include insomnia, irritability, palpitation, anxiety, dreaminess, and
even some forms of insanity. Herbal tranquilizers, such as zizyphus (Zizy-
phus spinosa) and biota seed (Platycladus orientalis), are calming and cu-
rative through sedation and nourishment of the heart (Zhang, 1988).
In addition to the heart, Pathogenic Wind (exogenous) attacks the liver,
which causes chills and fever, muscle aches, runny nose, and floating pulse
(see Chapter 9). Disorders of the liver (Liver-Qi, liver yang) can also pro-
duce mental and emotional disturbances.
Endogenous Wind, caused by deficiency of yin in the liver and kidneys,
attacks the liver and leads to many mental and neural disorders, such as a
rapid pulse, flushed face, headaches, dizziness, palpitation, blurred vision,
tinnitus, and in severe cases, irritability, anxiety, and muscle twitches. In se-
vere cases, endogenous Wind can lead to liver Fire. Hyperactivity of liver
yang and liver Wind are often the causes of hypertension and cerebro-
vascular accidents. Herbs for subduing the hyperactivity of the liver and
calming endogenous liver Wind are commonly referred to as herbs that ex-
tinguish liver Wind, and are also covered in this section (Chen and Chen,
1992).
 In addition to herbs, a number of minerals, powdered magnetite, oyster
shell, pearl, cinnabar, amber, and dragon’s bone, are often used in Chinese
medicine to anchor, settle, and calm the Spirit, as well as extinguish the liver
Wind. These phytomedicines in Western medicine are central nervous sys-
tem (CNS) sedatives or tranquilizers. They are also used to treat infantile
convulsions, epilepsy, and mania.
Prolonged mental depression and anger can damage the Liver-Qi. The
obstructed Liver-Qi also affects other organs, particularly the spleen and
stomach, causing indigestion and metabolic disorders (see Chapter 7 for Qi
regulation).
Table 8.1 illustrates the ailments caused by deficiency of the Heart-Qi
and heart-blood, and the hyperactivity of the liver, along with selected
herbal remedies for nourishing the heart and calming hyperactivity of the
liver.
Table 8.2 elaborates the common and individual actions of the most fre-
quently used herbal tranquilizers and herbs to subdue the hyperactivity of
the liver.
Commonly used herbal sedatives, tranquilizers, and hypnotics include
zizyphus, albizzia flower, albizzia bark, biota seed, longan aril, polygala
root, magnetite, oyster shell, pearl, and mother-of-pearl (Dong et al., 1998).

TABLE 8.1. Herbal Tranquilizers for Nourishing the Heart and Calming the Liver

Etiology Symptoms Herbal Remedies

Deficiency of the Heart- Insomnia due to vexa- Herbs
Qi, deficiency of blood, tion, feverish sensation, zizyphus, polygala root,
hyperactivity of the irritability, night sweat- biota seed, albizzia
heart ing, palpitations, anxi- bark, ganoderma,
ety, severe mental acorus
stress, restlessness,
insanity Patent Medicine
Bai Zi Ren Wan,
Suan Zao Ren Tang,
Tian Wang Bu Xin Dan,
An Shen Bu Xin Wan
Hyperactivity of liver Distending sensation in Herbs
yang, upstirring of en- the head; headache; gastrodia tuber,
dogenous Wind red, bloodshot, painful, apocynum, gambir,
swollen eyes; bitter oyster shell, antelope’s
taste in the mouth; horn, tribulus, cassia
flushed face; insomnia; seed
palpitations; dizziness;
blurred vision; restless- Patent Medicines
ness; spasms; epilepsy; Tian Ma Gou Teng Yin,
coma; convulsion Tian Ma Wan,
Shu Gan Wan
 TABLE 8.2. The Actions of Herbal Tranquilizers

Name Dosage
of Herbs (grams) Individual Actions Common Actions
Polygala root 3-10 Induces resuscitation; Tranquilizes the
(yuan zhi) relieves distress, irritability, mind, nourishes the
and palpitations; removes heart
phlegm; treats carbuncles
Ganoderma 8-10 Invigorates Qi and nour-
(ling zhi) ishes blood, relieves asthma
Biota seed 10-18 Tranquilizes the mind, treats
(bai zi ren) insomnia, moistens the
bowels, relieves constipa-
tion, and arrests sweating
Zizyphus 10-18 Benefits the heart, nour-
(suan zao ren) ishes yin, arrests sweating,
promotes body-fluid produc-
tion
Albizzia bark 10-15 Invigorates circulation of
(he huan pi) blood, treats carbuncles
Acorus 3-10 Induces resuscitation, treats
(shi chang pu) loss of consciousness, reg-
ulates the functions of stom-
ach, relieves Dampness
Apocynum 3-15 Relieves cough and asthma, Calms the liver and
(luo bu ma) induces diuresis, relieves checks endogenous
swelling Wind, suppresses
the hyperactivity of
Gastrodia tuber 3-10 Relieves convulsion, rheu- the liver yang
(tian ma) matic arthralgia, light-
headedness, and pain
Uncaria stem 10-30 Relieves endogeneous
(gou teng) Wind and spasms, calms
the liver, treats light-headed-
ness
Cassia seed 10-15 Eliminates Heat in liver,
(jue ming zi) reduces blood cholesterol
levels and blood pressure,
moistens the bowels

These herbs at the recommended dose are indicated for anxiety, nervous-
ness, restlessness, and insomnia, and are useful for treating symptoms of
neurasthenia, hyperthyroidism, hypertension, and palpitations. They are
also useful for conditions such as infantile convulsions, epilepsy, and delir-
ium (Dong et al., 1998).
 Herbs that subdue hyperactivity of the TCM liver and sedate the endoge-
nous Wind include gastrodia tuber, uncaria stem (gambir), hematite, silk-
worm, tribulus, haliotis, antelope’s horn, oyster shell, and dragon’s bone
(Zhang, 1988).
Eight medicinal herbs that are used to calm the Spirit or subdue the hy-
peractivity of the liver and endogenous Wind are introduced and discussed
in the next section.

REFERENCES

Chen, Z. L. and Chen, M. I. (1992). A Comprehensive Guide to Chinese Herbal

Medicine. Long Beach, CA: Oriental Health Arts Institute Press.
Dong, K. S., Wang, X. Q., and Dong, Y. F. (1998). Xian Dai Lin Chuang Zhong Yao
Xue [Contemporary Clinical Chinese Materia Medica]. Beijing: Zhong Guo
Zhong Yi Yao Press.
Milburn, M. P. (2001). The Future of Healing. Freedom, CA: The Crossing Press.
Zhang, E. (1988). Zhong Yao Xue [The Chinese Materia Medica]. Shanghai: Pub-
lishing House of Shanghai TCM University.
Zhu, Y. (1998). Chinese Materia Medica—Chemistry, Pharmacology and Applica-
tions. Amsterdam: Harwood Academic Publishers.
 Polygala Root;
This herb Radix
is the Polygalae;
dried roots of Yuan zhi
Polygala
tenuifolia Willd. or P. sibirica L. of the family
Polygalaceae. It grows mostly in the Henan,
Jilin, Shaanxi, and Shanxi provinces of China,
and is collected in the spring or autumn,
cleaned, dried in the sun, and used unpro-
cessed or stir baked (Jiang Su New Medical
College, 1977).
Polygala was traditionally used as a seda-
tive for treating coughs, jaundice, mammary abscess, infantile convulsion,
hysteria in females, insomnia, and gonorrhea (Smith and Stuart, 1973). To-
day, polygala root is mostly used as an herbal sedative to calm the Spirit. It
has a special effect on the will and mental powers, improves comprehen-
sion, strengthens memory, and promotes expectoration (Dong et al., 1998).
Polygala root is a powerful antiaging medicinal herb.

TCM Properties

Pungent and bitter in taste, and slightly warm, it acts on the lung and
heart meridians.

Effects, Medicinal Uses, and Combinations

1. Relieves mental distress, tranquilizes the mind, and promotes intelli-

gence: to treat neurasthenia, irritability, anxiety, palpitations, restless-
ness, insomnia, dreaminess, and forgetfulness, polygala root is often
prescribed with ginseng, acorus rhizome (shi chang pu), poria (hoelen),
and other ingredients, as in Bu Wang San, which restores memory
power. Polygala root is used with American ginseng, Chinese yam,
Chinese angelica, and eucommia bark, along with other herbs, as in
Jian Nao Bu Shen Wan (R-35) (Wang, 1994), for invigorating the
brain. The root alone may be given as a powder at 3 g, twice daily, or
combined with schisandra in a decoction (Bone, 2001).
2. Removes phlegm to induce resuscitation and restores consciousness:
to treat mental confusion, a vague mind, epilepsy induced by terror,
and other similar symptoms caused by a retention of pathogenic
 phlegm in the heart, polygala root is blended with acorus, alum, and
curcuma root (Wang, 1994).
3. Dissolves phlegm and relieves cough: to treat a cough with profuse,
thick sputum and difficult expectoration, polygala root is mixed with
bitter apricot kernel, platycodon root (jie geng), and licorice root
(Wang, 1994).

Dosage

In a decoction of 3 to 10 g.

Precautions

People who suffer from a gastric ulcer or gastritis, or from yin deficiency
and hyperactivity of yang, should not use this herb or use with caution
(Dong et al., 1998).

Side Effects and Toxicity

An overdose may cause nausea and vomiting. The LD50 of the decoction
of the herb in mice was 16.95 g/kg by oral administration (Zhu, 1998).

Modern Research Findings

Chemical Constituents

Polygala root contains triterpene saponins, xanthones, oligosaccharides

tenuifolin, and resin. Saponins include onjisaponins A to G, polygalitol,
tenuigenia A, tenuigenin B, oncisin, tenuidine, and xanthones (Zhu, 1998).

Pharmacological Findings

1. Polygala has shown sedative, hypnotic, and anticonvulsant activity.

The root is hypnotic and sedative in mice, with a synergetic action
with barbiturate. It also counteracts convulsions caused by pentylene-
tetrazole (Dong et al., 1998; Wang, 1994).
2. Antitussive and expectorant in mice. This effect is a reflex caused by
the irritation of the saponins on gastrointestinal mucous membranes
(Dong et al., 1998).
3. Antidementia: experiments show that polygala, combined with Panax
ginseng, acorus, and hoelen, reduce impairment of learning and the
 learning memory process in impaired mice. A sedative effect was also
exhibited (Bone, 2001).
4. In both isolated and in situ uteri of guinea pigs, rabbits, cats, and dogs,
the fluid extract of the herb increased contraction and muscular tone
of the uterus muscles (Wang, 1994).
5. Polygala root has been shown to be hypotensive in rabbits and bacte-
rially static (Bone, 2001).

Clinical Findings

1. It is an expectorant.
2. Polygala has been successfully used to treat chronic bronchitis and
the common cold presenting with copious sputum. A tincture of the
herb at the dose of 2 to 5 ml, three times daily, is recommended (Zhu,
1998).

REFERENCES

Bone, K. (2001). Clinical Applications of Ayurvedic and Chinese Herbs. Queens-

land, Australia: Phytotherapy Press.
Dong, K. S., Wang, X. Q., and Dong, Y. F. (1998). Xian Dai Lin Chuang Zhong Yao
Xue [Contemporary Clinical Chinese Materia Medica]. Beijing: Zhong Guo
Zhong Yi Yao Press.
Jiang Su New Medical College (1977). Encyclopedia of Chinese Materia Medica.
Shanghai: Shanghai Science and Technology Press.
Smith, F. P. and Stuart, G. A. (1973). Chinese Medicinal Herbs. San Francisco:
Georgetown Press.
Wang, J. H. (Ed.) (1994). Xin Bian Chang Yong Zhong Yao Shou Ce [Manual of
Commonly Used Chinese Medicinal Herbs]. Beijing: Jin Dun Press.
Zhu, Y. (1998). Chinese Materia Medica—Chemistry, Pharmacology and Applica-
tions. Amsterdam: Harwood Academic Publishers.
 Ganoderma
This or Reishi
herb is the Mushrooms;
dried mushroom Gano-
derma Ganoderma
lucidum Karst.Lucidum; Ling zhi (Fr.)
or G. japonicum
Llyod of the family Polyporaceae. The mush-
room grows in the wild, living off different
kinds of trees in humid areas within the south-
ern provinces of Anhui, Fujian, Guangdong,
Guangxi, and Jiangxi of China. In recent
years, however, it is usually grown on mush-
room farms (Jiang Su New Medical College, 1977).
Reishi mushroom has been used for 2,000 years. Based on the color of
the plant, there are at least six varieties of ling zhi in China today: Qing zhi
(green), Chi zhi (red), Huang zhi (yellow), Hei zhi (black), Bai zhi (white),
and Zi zhi (purple). These mushrooms are all nonpoisonous and edible, and
are considered to be highly beneficial to health. Zhi in China is defined in
the classics as the plant of immortality and it is considered to be felicitous
(Smith and Stuart, 1973).
Reishi mushroom is commonly used as a sedative and tranquilizer to
treat insomnia and dizziness, and as a general tonic for low energy, weak-
ness, and general debility. Reishi mushroom is a powerful antiaging medic-
inal herb (Dong et al., 1998).

TCM Properties

Neutral in taste and warm, it is nontoxic, it acts on the heart, spleen,

lungs, liver, and kidney meridians.

Effects, Medicinal Uses, and Combinations

1. Tranquilizes the mind and nourishes the heart: for dizziness and in-
somnia caused by neurasthenia and hypertension, reishi mushroom is
used alone as a sedative in a decoction, or with logan fruit and mul-
berry fruit in a decoction (Dong et al., 1998).
2. Invigorates Qi and nourishes blood: employed as a general tonic for
symptoms of weakness or debility, and for symptoms due to Qi defi-
ciency and heart deficiency.
3. Arrests cough and reduces asthma; also used for chronic bronchitis.
 4. Lowers blood cholesterol levels: ganoderma is consumed alone in tea
or a decoction to reduce hyperlipedemia and relieve symptoms of an-
gina pectoris (Leung and Foster, 1996).

Dosage

In a tincture or decoction of 8 to 15 g, or in powdered form, or 3 g daily.

Precautions

People without deficiency in Qi or blood, yin or yang, should not take

this herb.

Side Effects and Toxicity

At the therapeutic dose, this herb is safe. However, overdose reports

showed that a few patients experienced nausea, vomiting, stomach irrita-
tion, diarrhea, dry mouth, dizziness, insomnia, dreaminess, and a flushed
face. Cases of skin urticaria have also been reported (Dong et al., 1998). Re-
cent documented adverse side effects include a case of skin rash caused by
ingestion of 200 ml of a ling zhi wine and a case of allergic shock caused
by a ling zhi injection (Leung and Foster, 1996).

Modern Research Findings

Chemical Constituents

Reishi mushrooms contain ergosterol, beta-sitosterol, and other sterols;

fungal lysozyme, acid protease, and other enzymes; amino acids, sugars,
volatile oil, oleoresins, and alkaloids. They contain thirteen minerals and el-
ements (Ag, Al, B, Ca, Cu, Fe, K, Na, Mg, Mn, Pb, Sn, and Zn), and vita-
mins B2 and C (Jiang Su New Medical College, 1977; Leung and Foster,
1996).

Pharmacological Findings

1. Reishi mushroom is a marked sedative, analgesic, and anticonvulsive

agent due to adenosine content (Leung and Foster, 1996).
2. In the respiratory system it demonstrated remarkable antitussive and
antiasthmatic action in mice, and it is beneficial when used to treat
chronic bronchitis (Dong et al., 1998).
 3. It is a heart tonic and it increases coronary blood flow (Dong et al.,
1998).
4. This herb has been shown to enhance the autoimmune response. It
protects against carbontetrachloride-induced liver damage (Dong et al.,
1998).
5. Reishi mushroom shows anticancer and antiradiation benefits in can-
cer treatments. Researchers in Japan report that ling zhi mushrooms of
the species Ganoderma tsugae and Ganoderma boninense and their
extracts, are antitumorous in rats (Lu, 1985). Chinese researchers re-
port that an extract of ling zhi has produced antiradiation results in
transplanted tumors in mice tests (Dong et al., 1998).
6. As an antiallergenic, it inhibits histamine release, and prevents experi-
mental asthma and contact dermatitis (Dong et al., 1998).
7. The herb is hypoglycemic, hypotensive, diuretic, and liver protective,
and aids hyperlipidemia (Dong et al., 1998).

Clinical Findings

In recent years, researchers in China have discovered that ganoderma

spores are useful in cancer therapy. A particular product called gano-
dermatis (Lingzhibaozifen), or the spores of the herb ganoderma was devel-
oped and explored as complementary cancer therapy in China. This partic-
ular product was clinically tried by the Hospital of the Friendship between
China and Japan in 80 patients with carcinoma in 1994. It was shown that
ganodermatis inhibited cancer cell growth, increased immunity in patients
with carcinoma, enhanced the levels of T-4 lymphocytes, and regulated im-
munity of cancer patients. The product also helped reduce the side effects of
chemotherapy and radiation as well as reducing other health benefits in-
cluding reducing blood sugar and lipemia levels.
The report was given by: Red Cross Society of China and Beijing Hong
Kong Industry and Commerce Development General Company in August
1994.

REFERENCES

Dong, K. S., Wang, X. Q., and Dong, Y. F. (1998). Xian Dai Lin Chuang Zhong Yao
Xue [Contemporary Clinical Chinese Materia Medica]. Beijing: Zhong Guo
Zhong Yi Yao Press.
Jiang Su New Medical College (1977). Encyclopedia of Chinese Materia Medica.
Shanghai: Shanghai Science and Technology Press.
Leung, A. and Foster, S. (1996). Encyclopedia of Common Natural Ingredients.
New York: John Wiley and Sons, Inc.
Lu, W. L. (1985). Ling Zhi, Second Edition. Beijing: Science Publishing Co.
Smith, F. P. and Stuart, G. A. (1973). Chinese Medicinal Herbs. San Francisco:
Georgetown Press.
 Biotaherb
This Seed; Semen
is the driedBiotae;
seeds ofBai zi ren
Platycladus
orientalis (L.) Franco of the family Cupres-
saceae. It is grown in all parts of China. The
fruit is collected in autumn, dried in the sun,
and shelled to obtain the kernel. The kernel is
then dried for use unprocessed (Jiang Su New
Medical College, 1977).
Since ancient times, biota seeds were con-
sidered to be very nutritious and fattening.
They were prescribed for respiratory ailments and for convulsive disorders
in children. The seeds are also effective for eliminating profuse night per-
spiration, and are an active agent for treating constipation and diseases of
the liver (Smith and Stuart, 1973). Today, biota seeds are prescribed to re-
lieve mental strain, palpitations, and insomnia, and to treat constipation.
Biota seeds are a good antiaging medicinal herb (Dong et al., 1998; Wang,
1994).

TCM Properties

Sweet in taste and neutral, it acts on the heart, kidney, and large intestine
meridians.

Effects, Medicinal Uses, and Combinations

1. Nourishes the heart and sedates the mind:

• For insomnia due to vexation, palpitations induced by terror, and
continuous violent palpitations as a result of deficiency of blood in
the heart, biota seed is combined with prepared rehmannia, jujube,
schisandra fruit, and poria, as in the decoction of Yang Xin Tang
(Wang, 1994).
• For overexertion, neurasthenia, and insomnia caused by deficiency
of Qi and blood, biota seed is prescribed with lycium fruit, pro-
cessed rehmannia, ophiopogon root, and acorus, as in Bai Zi Yang
Xin Wan (R-44) (Wang, 1994).
 2. Moistens the bowels and relieves constipation: for treating dryness in
the intestines and constipation, biota seed is mixed with peach kernel,
plum seed (yu li ren), and other herbs, as in Wu Ren Wan (Dong et al.,
1998).

Dosage

In a decoction of 3 to 9 g.

Precautions

People with chronic diarrhea should use this herb with caution.

Side Effects and Toxicity

No undesirable side effects or toxicity were reported at the therapeutic

dose in classical Chinese materia medica.

Modern Research Findings

Chemical Constituents

Biota seed contains about 14 percent fatty oil and a small amount of es-
sential oil, fatty acids, saponins, and benzine (Jiang Su New Medical Col-
lege, 1977; Zhu, 1998).

Pharmacological Findings

1. Biota seed moistens the intestines and relieves constipation.

2. Biota seed acts as a sedative and reduces heart rate. Intraperitoneal ad-
ministration of 20 g/kg of the herb was a sedative in mice and also was
synergistic with amobarbital sodium in mice (Zhu, 1998).

REFERENCES

Dong, K. S., Wang, X. Q., and Dong, Y. F. (1998). Xian Dai Lin Chuang Zhong Yao
Xue [Contemporary Clinical Chinese Materia Medica]. Beijing: Zhong Guo
Zhong Yi Yao Press.
Jiang Su New Medical College (1977). Encyclopedia of Chinese Materia Medica.
Shanghai: Shanghai Science and Technology Press.
Smith, F. P. and Stuart, G. A. (1973). Chinese Medicinal Herbs. San Francisco:
Georgetown Press.
Wang, J. H. (Ed.) (1994). Xin Bian Chang Yong Zhong Yao Shou Ce [Manual of
Commonly Used Chinese Medicinal Herbs]. Beijing: Jin Dun Press.
Zhu, Y. (1998). Chinese Materia Medica—Chemistry, Pharmacology and Applica-
tions. Amsterdam: Harwood Academic Publishers.
 Zizyphus;
This herb Semen Zizyphi
is the dried, ripeSpinosa; Suan
fruit of Ziziphus
zao ren
jujuba Mill var spinosa (Burge.) Hu ex H. F.
Chou of the family Rhamnaceae. The plant
grows mostly in the mountains in the Hebei,
Henan, Shandong, Shanxi, and Shaanxi prov-
inces of China. The fruit is collected in the au-
tumn and the seed is dried in the sun after re-
moving the pulp and stonelike shell. The herb
is used unprocessed or stir baked and crushed
(Jiang Su New Medical College, 1977). Zizyphus, also known as wild ju-
jube seed, is traditionally used as a tranquilizer, anodyne, tonic, and seda-
tive to treat rheumatic difficulties, sleeplessness (whether from weakness or
from pain), and spontaneous night sweating (Smith and Stuart, 1973).

TCM Properties

Sweet in taste and neutral, it acts on the heart and liver meridians.

Effects, Medicinal Uses, and Combinations

1. Nourishes the heart, tranquilizes the mind, and relieves restlessness:

• For dreaminess, palpitations induced by terror, and severe palpita-
tions due to insufficiency of blood in the heart and liver, zizyphus is
used alone in a decoction or combined with polygonum, Chinese
angelica, poria, white peony root, and longan aril (Dong et al.,
1998).
• To treat insomnia accompanied by restlessness, palpitations, night
sweating, dry throat and mouth, and a thready, taut pulse, due to in-
sufficiency of the liver accompanied with Heat, it is often used with
anemarrhena rhizome, cnidium, licorice root, and poria, as in Suan
Zao Ren Tang (R-40) (Dong et al., 1998; Wang 1994).
• To treat insomnia, palpitations, forgetfulness, dreaminess, and dry-
ness of the mouth and throat caused by insufficiency of the heart
and kidneys, as well as from the hyperactivity of yang, it is pre-
scribed with dried rehmannia root, scrophularia root, schisandra
fruit, biota seed, and other herbs, as in Tian Wang Bu Xin Wan
(R-45) (Dong et al., 1998).
 2. Zizyphus is used to treat general deficiency and excessive sweating: for
spontaneous sweating and night sweating due to a general deficiency
of Qi and Blood, it is mixed with codonopsis, schisandra fruit, and
cornus fruit (Dong et al., 1998).
3. For menopausal syndrome: treatment with a zizyphus complex rec-
ipe, such as Suan Zao Ren Tang (R-40), along with acupuncture gives
satisfactory results (Dong et al., 1998).

Dosage

In a decoction 10 to 18 g; 1.5 to 3 g if in powdered form; should be taken

before sleep.

Precautions

People with diarrhea, excess Heat in the heart and spleen, a cold, or preg-
nant women should avoid or use this herb with caution. Zizyphus rarely
causes undesirable side effects or toxicity at the therapeutic dose (Dong
et al., 1998). An overdose may cause nausea, vomiting, and a burning sen-
sation in the stomach. Some people develop urticaria and dizziness. Avoid
taking other sedative or hypnotic drugs with wild jujube seed.

Modern Research Findings

Chemical Constituents

Wild jujube seed contains two saponins, jujubosides A and B, jujubo-

genin, betulin, betulic acid, ferulic acid, ceanothic acid, alphitolic acid,
daucosterol, ebelin lacton, spauins, volatile oil, and vitamin C (Jiang Su
New Medical College, 1977; Zhu, 1998).

Pharmacological Findings

1. Sedative and hypnotic:

• Zizyphus and its jujubosides were demonstrated to be sedative and
hypnotic on many animals by various tests.
• Zizyphus is synergistic with many sedatives and hypnotics.
2. Hypotensive and anticonvulsant.
3. Antipyretic and analgesic.
4. Stimulates the uterus.
Clinical Findings

One clinical study in a double-blind trial on patients with anxiety found

that it significantly improved mood, decreased sympathetic nervous symp-
toms, and improved performance (Bone, 2001). Another study of insomnia
patients showed a significant improvement in sleep quality and well-being
without side effects (Bone, 2001).

REFERENCES

Bone, K. (2001). Clinical Applications of Ayurvedic and Chinese Herbs. Queens-

land, Australia: Phytotherapy Press.
Dong, K. S., Wang, X. Q., and Dong, Y. F. (1998). Xian Dai Lin Chuang Zhong Yao
Xue [Contemporary Clinical Chinese Materia Medica]. Beijing: Zhong Guo
Zhong Yi Yao Press.
Jiang Su New Medical College (1977). Encyclopedia of Chinese Materia Medica.
Shanghai: Shanghai Science and Technology Press.
Smith, F. P. and Stuart, G. A. (1973). Chinese Medicinal Herbs. San Francisco:
Georgetown Press.
Wang, J. H. (Ed.) (1994). Xin Bian Chang Yong Zhong Yao Shou Ce [Manual of
Commonly Used Chinese Medicinal Herbs]. Beijing: Jin Dun Press.
Zhu, Y. (1998). Chinese Materia Medica—Chemistry, Pharmacology and Applica-
tions. Amsterdam: Harwood Academic Publishers.
 Acorus;
This herbRhizoma Acorirhizome
is the dried Graminei; Shi
of Acorus
tatarinowiichang
Schott.pu
ofor
theChang
familypuAraceae. It is
mainly grown in the Jiangsu, Sichuan, and
Zhejiang provinces of China, collected in the
early spring, washed after the removal of the
hairy rootlets, and dried in the sun before use.
If the fresh herb is required, it is harvested in
late summer (Jiang Su New Medical College,
1977).
Acorus, which has a pleasant odor, is white and has a starchy internal
texture. Traditionally, it was used as a stimulant, stomachic, tonic, carmina-
tive, antispasmodic, sedative, antiperiodic, and diaphoretic agent. Its pow-
der, juice, and tincture are favored with the Chinese, who use the herb for
hemoptysis, colic, menorrhagia, and other fluxes, and apply the juice or
coarse powder to carbuncles, buboes, deaf ear, and sore eyes (Smith and
Stuart, 1973). Today, the herb is used to treat loss of consciousness and con-
fusion of the mind, forgetfulness, anorexia, a stuffed sensation in the epi-
gastrium, and epilepsy (Dong et al., 1998).

TCM Properties

Pungent in taste and warm, it acts on the heart and stomach meridians.

Effects, Medicinal Uses, and Combinations

1. Tranquilizes the mind: for palpitations, insomnia, amnesia, and tin-

nitus due to insufficiency of the Heart-Qi, acorus is prescribed with
polygala root (yuan zhi), hoelen (fu ling), ginseng, and dragon’s tooth,
as in An Shen Ding Zhi Wan. Acorus is combined with polygala root to
help maintain mental and intellectual health of the elderly (Wang,
1994).
2. Relieves Dampness and regulates the functions of the stomach: to
treat oppressive sensations in the chest, abdominal distention, an-
orexia, poor appetite, and chronic gastritis, it is mixed with tangerine
peel, magnolia bark (hou po), and pinellia tuber (ban xia) as a stomachic
and carminative agent (Dong et al., 1998).
 3. Induces resuscitation: for loss of consciousness and confusion due to
mental disturbance, acorus is used alone as a powder or with curcuma
root (yu jin) and pinellia tuber (ban xia). The powder of acorus can
also be used for depressed psychosis and dementia (Dong et al.,
1998).

Dosage

In a decoction of 3 to 10 g, or 10 to 15 g if fresh acorus is used.

Precautions

People with yin deficiency, yang excess, or excessive perspiration should

avoid or use the herb with care.

Side Effects and Toxicity

The herb was recorded as nontoxic in classical Chinese materia medica.

Oral administration of a 10 g daily decoction for three months to three years
in sixty patients produced no side effects (Zhu, 1998). The volatile oil of the
herb is toxic. An overdose causes CNS stimulation, convulsions, and death
(Zhu, 1998).

Modern Research Findings

Chemical Constituents

Acorus contains 0.11 to 0.42 percent volatile oil. The main component of
the oil is beta-asarone. Other components are caryophyllene, alpha-humul-
ene, sekishone, amino acids, organic acids, and sugars (Zhu, 1998).

Pharmacological Findings

1. As a sedative, it can increase the hypnotic effect of other sedative

herbs or hypnotic drugs (Dong et al., 1998).
2. As an antipyretic, it lowers the body temperature (Dong et al., 1998).
3. Increases secretion of stomach juice (Dong et al., 1998).
4. Relieves spasms of the smooth muscles of the intestines (Dong et al.,
1998).
5. It is useful as an anticonvulsant for epilepsy caused by primary or ce-
rebral trauma (Wang, 1994).
 6. As an antimicrobial, it inhibits the growth of S. aureus, Streptococci,
and mycobacteria (Zhu, 1998).
7. Antiasthmatic.
8. Antihypertensive and dilates blood vessels.
9. Prevents blood-clot formation (Wang, 1994).

REFERENCES

Dong, K. S., Wang, X. Q., and Dong, Y. F. (1998). Xian Dai Lin Chuang Zhong Yao
Xue [Contemporary Clinical Chinese Materia Medica]. Beijing: Zhong Guo
Zhong Yi Yao Press.
Jiang Su New Medical College (1977). Encyclopedia of Chinese Materia Medica.
Shanghai: Shanghai Science and Technology Press.
Smith, F. P. and Stuart, G. A. (1973). Chinese Medicinal Herbs. San Francisco:
Georgetown Press.
Wang, J. H. (Ed.) (1994). Xin Bian Chang Yong Zhong Yao Shou Ce [Manual of
Commonly Used Chinese Medicinal Herbs]. Beijing: Jin Dun Press.
Zhu, Y. (1998). Chinese Materia Medica—Chemistry, Pharmacology and Applica-
tions. Amsterdam: Harwood Academic Publishers.
 Apocynum;
This herb isHerba Apocynum
the dried Venetum;
leaves, aboveground
parts, and root ofLuored
buhogbane,
ma Apocynum
venetum L. of the family Apocynaceae. It is
mainly grown in the Gansu, Hebei, Henan,
Jilin, Liaoning, Shaanxi, Shandong, Shanxi,
and Xinjiang provinces of China, and Inner
Mongolia (Jiang Su New Medical College,
1977). Apocynum was traditionally used for
fevers, dropsy, malaria, and as an anthelmintic
(Smith and Stuart, 1973). Today, the plant is used as a sedative to tranquilize
the mind and to clear up Heat in the liver, treat hypertension, headache, and
dizziness (Dong et al., 1998).

TCM Properties

Sweet and bitter in taste, and cool, it acts on the liver meridian.

Effects, Medicinal Uses, and Combinations

1. Calms the liver and tranquilizes the mind to lower high blood pres-
sure: as a sedative and antihypertensive, apocynum is used alone in
tea or as a decoction with prunella spike, wild chrysanthemum, and
gambir for hypertension. This recipe also relieves headaches, dizzi-
ness, fidgetiness, insomnia, palpitations, and restlessness due to liver-
yang hyperactivity (Wang, 1994).
2. Relieves coughs and reduces the severity of asthmatic attacks: for
coughs, fever, and Wind-Heat-type colds, it is taken as a tea or a de-
coction (Wang, 1994).
3. Induces diuresis and reduces edema: apocynum is also effective as a
diuretic, and is prescribed to reduce edema of a cardiac, nephrotic, or
hepatic nature, and from pregnancy. For these conditions, the roots of
the herb (10 to 15 g per day) are taken in a decoction, divided into two
to four doses (Dong et al., 1998).
4. For relief of acute and chronic heart failure symptoms the root can be
used alone in a decoction (Dong et al., 1998).
Dosage

In a decoction, or other dosage forms, 3 to 15 g. The leaves can be used

for a tea.

Precautions

People with Cold in the stomach and spleen, and pregnant women should
avoid this herb or take with caution. Avoid long-term use (Wang, 1994).

Side Effects and Toxicity

At the recommended dosage, the herb is safe. However, certain people

may experience nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, or borborygmus at high dos-
ages due to the herb’s strong stimulation of the intestinal mucous mem-
branes (Dong et al., 1998).

Modern Research Findings

Chemical Constituents

Apocynum contains cymarin, strophanthidin, k-strophanthin, rutin,

d-catechin, and neo-isorutin (Jiang Su New Medical College, 1977).

Pharmacological Findings

1. Antihypertensive in dogs and cats, caused directly by blood vessel di-

lation and the diuretic effect of the herb’s decoction (Dong et al.,
1998).
2. Cardiac tonic.
3. Antimicrobial.
4. Sedative and diuretic.

REFERENCES

Dong, K. S., Wang, X. Q., and Dong, Y. F. (1998). Xian Dai Lin Chuang Zhong Yao
Xue [Contemporary Clinical Chinese Materia Medica]. Beijing: Zhong Guo
Zhong Yi Yao Press.
Jiang Su New Medical College (1977). Encyclopedia of Chinese Materia Medica.
Shanghai: Shanghai Science and Technology Press.
Smith, F. P. and Stuart, G. A. (1973). Chinese Medicinal Herbs. San Francisco:
Georgetown Press.
Wang, J.H. (Ed.) (1994). Xin Bian Chang Yong Zhong Yao Shou Ce [Manual of
Commonly Used Chinese Medicinal Herbs]. Beijing: Jin Dun Press.
Albizzia Bark;
This herb Cortex
is the driedAlbizzia;
bark andHe huan pi
flowers of
an auspicious tree, Albizzia julibrissin Durazz,
or A. kalkora (Roxb.) Prain of the family Le-
guminosae. It is mainly grown in the Hebei,
Henan, and Hubei provinces of China, and
harvested in the spring and summer seasons.
The bark is stripped from the tree, cut into sec-
tions, dried in the sun, and used unprocessed
(Jiang Su New Medical College, 1977).
Albizzia bark was traditionally used as a sedative, anthelmintic, and
discutient. A gummy extract is used as a plaster for carbuncles and swelling
(Smith and Stuart, 1973). Today, it is used for the treatment of palpitations
and insomnia due to anxiety. Albizzia flower (he huan hua), the dried
flower heads of A. julibrissin, is used the same way as albizzia bark to treat
restlessness, anxiety, and insomnia (Dong et al., 1998).

TCM Properties

Sweet in taste and neutral, it acts on the liver and heart meridians.

Effects, Medicinal Uses, and Combinations

1. Tranquilizes the mind and relieves anxiety: for palpitations and in-
somnia caused by anxiety, albizzia bark is used alone in a decoction or
combined with biota, turmeric, polygala root, and polygonatum stem
(Wang, 1994).
2. Invigorates blood circulation, and relieves swelling and pain: it is
used to treat painful swellings caused by injuries, furuncles, or car-
buncles (Wang, 1994).

Dosage

In a decoction of 10 to 15 g.

Precautions

The bark and flower are mild in action. This herb should not be used by
pregnant women as a large dose may cause abortion.
Side Effects and Toxicity

No undesirable side effects or toxicity were reported at the therapeutic

dose in classical Chinese materia medica.

Modern Research Findings

Chemical Constituents

Albizzia bark contains triterpene saponins and tannin. A number of

lignans, together with some phenol glycosides, have also been isolated
(Zhu, 1998).

Pharmacological Findings

1. Sedative, hypnotic, and antidepressant (Dong et al., 1998).

2. Analgesic, anthelmintic, and diuretic (Dong et al., 1998).
3. Induces intensive uterine contractions (Dong et al., 1998; Zhu, 1998).

REFERENCES

Dong, K. S., Wang, X. Q., and Dong, Y. F. (1998). Xian Dai Lin Chuang Zhong Yao
Xue [Contemporary Clinical Chinese Materia Medica]. Beijing: Zhong Guo
Zhong Yi Yao Press.
Jiang Su New Medical College (1977). Encyclopedia of Chinese Materia Medica.
Shanghai: Shanghai Science and Technology Press.
Smith, F. P. and Stuart, G. A. (1973). Chinese Medicinal Herbs. San Francisco:
Georgetown Press.
Wang, J. H. (Ed.) (1994). Xin Bian Chang Yong Zhong Yao Shou Ce [Manual of
Commonly Used Chinese Medicinal Herbs]. Beijing: Jin Dun Press.
Zhu, Y. (1998). Chinese Materia Medica—Chemistry, Pharmacology and Applica-
tions. Amsterdam: Harwood Academic Publishers.
 Gastrodia
This herb Tuber; Rhizoma
is the stem tuberGastrodiae;
of Gastrodia
Tian
elata Bl. of the family ma
Orchidaceae. It is mainly
grown in the Guizhou, Sichuan, and Yunnan
provinces of China but the best is grown in the
Shandong province. It is dug up in the winter,
cleaned and skinned thoroughly, boiled or
steamed, dried in the sun, and sliced (Jiang Su
New Medical College, 1977).
Gastrodia tuber is considered to have bene-
ficial properties, such as expelling all kinds of poisonous effluvia, giving
strength and virility to the body, improving circulation, and strengthening
the memory. Traditionally, it has been prescribed for rheumatism, neural-
gia, paralysis, facial paralysis, infantile convulsion, lumbago, headaches,
and other neuralgic and nervous disorders (Smith and Stuart, 1973). Gas-
trodia is used as an analgesic and as an antispasmodic agent to subdue the
hyperactivity of the liver (Dong et al., 1998), relieve muscular spasms, tran-
quilize the mind, lower blood pressure, cure headaches, and treat infantile
convulsion (Ling, 1995). Gastrodia tuber is also considered an antiaging
medicinal herb.

TCM Properties

Sweet in taste and neutral, it acts on the liver meridian and is classified as
an agent for calming the liver Wind.

Effects, Medicinal Uses, and Combinations

1. Suppresses the hyperactivity of the liver yang and relieves pain:

• For dizziness, vertigo, light-headedness, insomnia, hypertension,
and cerebrovascular accident (CVA), gastrodia tuber is prescribed
with gambir stem (uncaria), scute root, eucommia bark, poria,
loranthus, leonurus, and achyranthes root, as in Tian Ma Gou Teng
Yin (R-64) (Dong et al., 1998).
• For chronic and migraine headaches or vertigo, it is mixed with
notopterygium root, pubescent angelica root, achyranthes root,
Chinese angelica, eucommia bark, rehmannia, scrophularia root,
 processed aconite, and tokoro, as in Tian Ma Wan (R-55), with
good results (Wang, 1994).
• To calm the liver yang, tranquilize endogenous Wind, and for diz-
ziness and headaches, gastrodia tuber is dispensed with pinellia tu-
ber, white atractylodes, poria, tangerine peel, and licorice root, as
in Ban Xia Bai Zhu Tian Ma Tang (Wang, 1994).
2. Invigorates the normal functions of meridians (channels and col-
laterals) and relieves rheumatic arthralgia: as an effective formula for
treating rheumatic arthralgia, numbness in the limbs, and paralysis,
gastrodia tuber is blended with large leaf gentian root (qin jiu), pubes-
cent angelica root, achyranthes root, and loranthus (Wang, 1994).
3. Tranquilizes the liver and suppresses endogenous Wind: to treat in-
fantile convulsion due to high fever, gastrodia tuber is combined with
gambir, antelope’s horn, silkworm, and scorpion, as in Gou Teng Yin
Zi (Wang, 1994).

Dosage

In a decoction of 3 to 10 g, or 1 to 1.5 g in powdered form, to be taken

orally.

Precautions

People with yin deficiency or Heat in the lungs and a cough should avoid
the herb.

Side Effects and Toxicity

No side effects or toxicity have been reported in classical Chinese materia

medica. Toxicological studies have shown that oral administration of 75
mg/kg of gastrodin for fourteen consecutive days to dogs or 250 mg/kg of
p-hydroxybenzyl alcohol to mice for sixty days showed no influence on
blood cells, liver and kidney functions, and blood lipids (Zhu, 1998).

Modern Research Findings

Chemical Constituents

Gastrodia tuber contains phenolic compounds, phenolic glycoside, gas-

trodin, and gastrodioside. Others ingredients are vanillyl alcohol, p-hydroxy-
benzyl alcohol, p-hydroxybenzyl aldehyde, 3,4-dihydroxybenzyl ethyl ether,
vanillin, alkaloids, and vitamin A (Song, 1995; Zhu, 1998).

Pharmacological Findings

1. Sedative, tranquilizing, and hypnotic in mice (Song, 1995).

2. Analgesic: the clinical effectiveness of the herb for migraine and
headaches caused by hypertension and postconcussion syndrome
have been well-recognized (Wang, 1985).
3. Anticonvulsive and antiepileptic: the decoction of the herb was shown
to be very effective against experimental epilepsy in guinea pigs (Zhu,
1998). It was also effective against cardiazol-induced convulsion
(Wang, 1985).
4. Lowers blood pressure.
5. Dilates blood vessels: in the cerebral and peripheral blood vessels, it
increases blood flow and reduces the pressure in the brain.

Clinical Findings

In a study of thirty-nine types of pain in 1,000 patients in China,

gastrodia was a broad and significant analgesic. Long-term use was not
habit-forming (Dong et al., 1998). The herb used was 20 percent injection,
2 to 4 ml, one to three times a day. In treating 326 cases, the herb was effec-
tive in 92 percent of the vertiginous cases and 83 percent effective in the mi-
graine cases (Wu, 1983).

REFERENCES

Dong, K. S., Wang, X. Q., and Dong, Y. F. (1998). Xian Dai Lin Chuang Zhong Yao
Xue [Contemporary Clinical Chinese Materia Medica]. Beijing: Zhong Guo
Zhong Yi Yao Press.
Jiang Su New Medical College (1977). Encyclopedia of Chinese Materia Medica.
Shanghai: Shanghai Science and Technology Press.
Ling, Y. (1995). A New Compendium of Materia Medica. Beijing: Science Press.
Smith, F. P. and Stuart, G. A. (1973). Chinese Medicinal Herbs. San Francisco:
Georgetown Press.
Song, Z. Y. (1995). Zhong Cao Yao Xien Dai Yen Jio [Modern Studies on Chinese
Herbs]. Beijing: Beijing Medical University and Union Medical University Joint
Press.
Wang, J. H. (Ed.) (1994). Xin Bian Chang Yong Zhong Yao Shou Ce [Manual of
Commonly Used Chinese Medicinal Herbs]. Beijing: Jin Dun Press.
Wang, J. M. (1985). Chinese Herbal Pharmacology. Shanghai: Shanghai Science
and Technology Press.
Wu, B. J. (1983). Pharmacology of Chinese Herbal Medicines. Beijing: People’s
Health Press.
Zhu, Y. (1998). Chinese Materia Medica—Chemistry, Pharmacology and Applica-
tions. Amsterdam: Harwood Academic Publishers.
 Chapter 9

Herbal
HerbalDiaphoretics:
Diaphoretics
Relief of Common Colds,
Allergies, and Headaches

The medicinal herbs discussed in this chapter are herbal diaphoretics.

Diaphoretics are herbs that increase perspiration, dissipate pathogenic tox-
ins from the body, and relieve colds, pain, and associated respiratory ail-
ments. In TCM, these ailments are commonly called Exterior syndromes
(Dong et al., 1998). Exterior syndromes (biao zheng) means that only the ex-
ternal parts or the superficial levels of the body are affected or are being
attacked by the exogenous pathogenic factors of Wind, Cold, Dampness,
Dryness, Heat (Fire), or Summer Heat (the six climatic evils). Exterior syn-
dromes may also indicate the exterior location of the disease, which means
that the disease is in a superficial part of the body and also in the early stages.
Wind and Cold are the two most common pathogenic factors. The Wind
evil possesses a penetrating ability, and pertains to the yang evils. The Wind
is the leading evil of all diseases. The Cold is a yin evil, and tends to impair
the Yang-Qi (Long, 1998).
Most common respiratory tract disorders, such as colds or flu, are ail-
ments of Exterior syndromes. The symptoms include fever, chills, head-
ache, joint and muscle pain, general aches, stiff neck, stuffy nose, sinus dis-
orders, sore throat, and a cough accompanied by a floating pulse (Dong
et al., 1998).
The Exterior syndromes are classified as Wind-Cold-type colds, which
are caused by Wind and Cold pathogens, and Wind-Heat-type colds, which are
caused by Wind and Heat pathogens.
Herbal diaphoretics with a pungent and slightly bitter taste, or slightly
sweet taste, with either warming or cooling properties, are commonly used
to relieve Exterior syndromes. Herbs such as ephedra, ginger, and cinna-
mon twig have warming properties, whereas herbs such as peppermint, bu-
pleurum, and cimicifuga rhizome have cooling properties. The former
group of herbs (acrid-warming) has strong diaphoretic effects and is nor-
mally used to treat Wind-Cold-type colds, and the latter group of diaphor-
etics (acrid-cooling) has mild diaphoretic effect and is used for treating dis-
orders of Wind-Heat type colds.
These two types of colds must be differentiated before choosing the cor-
rect herbal medicine. Wind-Cold-type colds are the ailments characterized
by severe chills, aversion to cold, mild fever, headache, stiff neck, absence
of thirst, a thin white coating on the tongue, and a floating, tense pulse.
Wind-Heat-type colds are usually characterized by high fever, headache,
few chills, sore throat, a thin coating on the tongue, and a floating, rapid
pulse.
Some herbal diaphoretics may have additional medical benefits, in addi-
tion to relieving Exterior symptoms. For example, they may be able to pre-
vent coughing and wheezing, relieve sinus symptoms, control pain or
spasms, relieve measles and rashes, and treat asthma, chest pain, dyspnea,
and arthralgia (see Chapters 10 and 11 for more information).
In addition to Exterior syndromes, there are Interior syndromes. Interior
syndromes (li-zheng) affect the internal organs or interior of the body
(Zhang, 1988). Exterior syndromes may convert to Interior syndromes if
not properly corrected in time. Interior syndromes are more serious because
they represent the later stages of a disease. Interior ailments include blood
ailments, chronic infections, cancer, pain, and CNS disorders (Dong et al.,
1998). Wind-Heat and Wind-Cold terms are not well-known to Western
medicine.
Table 9.1 presents the symptoms of Wind-Heat- and Wind-Cold-type
colds and the commonly used herbal remedies for treating Exterior ail-
ments.
Table 9.2 shows the common and individual actions of the most fre-
quently used acrid-warming diaphoretics and Table 9.3 lists the actions of
acrid-cooling diaphoretic phytomedicines.
Commonly prescribed acrid-cooling diaphoretics include peppermint,
morus (mulberry leaf), chrysanthemum, wild chrysanthemum, pueraria
root, arctium fruit, cimicifuga rhizome, prepared soybean, and vitex fruit.
Commonly prescribed acrid-warming diaphoretics include ephedra, cinna-
mon twig, fresh or dry ginger, siler, dahurian angelica root, schizonepeta
spike, perilla leaf, asarum herb, ligusticum root, magnolia flower, xanthium
fruit, centipeda, and notopterygium root.
In the following section, sixteen herbal diaphoretics are introduced and
discussed.
TABLE 9.1. Herbal Diaphoretics for Relieving Colds, Allergies, and Headache

Etiology Symptoms Herbal Remedies

Cold of the Wind- Mild fever without per- Herbs

Cold type spiration, severe chills ephedra,
(Exterior syndromes) with aversion to wind asarum herb,
and cold, pantalgia, angelica (dahurian
dyspnea, stiff neck, body angelica),
aches, headache, cinnamon twig,
absence of thirst, nasal ginger root,
catarrh, thin sputum, notopterygium root,
thin and white coating of magnolia flower,
the tongue, superficial schizonepeta,
tight pulse siler (ledebouriella root),
(treated with acrid- processed aconite
warming diaphoretics)
Patent medicines
Guei Zhi Tang,
Jing Fang Bai Du San,
Jiu Wei Qiang Huo
Tang,
Ma Huang Tang,
Tong Xuan Li Fei Wan,
Xiao Qing Long Tang,
Chuan Xiong Cha Tiao
San,
Qiang Huo Sheng Shi
Tang,
Zu Bi Tang

Cold of the Wind- High fever with Herbs

Heat type anhidrosis, fever chills, peppermint,
(Exterior syndromes) sore throat, headache, arctium fruit, cimicifuga,
thirst, cough with yellow bupleurum root,
sputum, sore throat, red chrysanthemum,
tip of the tongue with morus (mulberry leaf),
thin yellowish-white pueraria root,
coating, floating and soya (prepared soy-
rapid pulse bean),
(treated with acrid-cool- wild chrysanthemum,
ing diaphoretics) arctium fruit
Patent medicines
Chai Ge Jie Ji Tang,
Sang Ju Yin,
Yin Qiao San,
Yin Qiao Jie Du Pian
 TABLE 9.2. The Actions of Acrid-Warming Diaphoretics

Name Dosage
of Herb (grams) Individual Actions Common Actions
Ephedra 1.5-9 Promotes Lung-Qi, Expels Wind-Cold
(ma huang) relieves cough and pathogens
asthma, induces diuresis, Diaphoretic and
reduces edema antipyretic effects
Cinnamon twig 3-9 Disperses cold, relieves
(gui zhi) pain, promotes the flow
of Qi
Cinnamon bark 1-5 Interior warming, dispels
(rou gui) Cold, relieves pain, invigo-
rates kidney yang
Siler 3-10 Removes Wind, Damp-
(fang feng) ness, relieves headache
and arthralgia, expels
endogenous Wind and
relieves spasms, helps
skin disorders
Angelica 3-9 Expels Wind, subdues
(bai zhi) swelling, promotes pus
or (dahurian discharges, removes
angelica root) Dampness, and stops
pain, headache, and
leukorrhagia
Ginger root 3-6 Stops vomiting, removes
(sheng jiang) sputum, detoxifies Interior
warming, relieves pain
Asarum herb 1.5-3 Relieves sinus disorders,
(xi xin) cold, and pain; warms the
lungs and resolves
phlegm.
Schizonepeta 3-9 Dispels Wind, treats vari-
(jing jie) ous suppurative infections
on the skin, hemastatic,
treats sinus disorders
Magnolia flower 3-9 Treats sinus and other
(xin yi) nasal disorders
Processed 3-15 Treats heart failure, Inte-
aconite rior warming, treats yang-
(fu zi) depletion syndromes and
arthralgia.
Notopterygium 3-9 Dispels Wind and Damp-
root ness, relieves headache
(qiang huo) and rheumatic pain
 TABLE 9.3. The Actions of Acrid-Cooling Diaphoretics

Name Dosage
of Herb (grams) Individual Actions Common Actions
Mentha 3-6 Improves eyesight, Expels Wind-Heat
(bo ho) relieves sore throat and pathogens, diaphoretic
itching skin disorders and antipyretic effects
Chrysanthemum 6-15 Clears away Heat,
(ju hua) calms the liver,
improves eyesight,
relieves hypertension
Bupleurum root 3-10 Soothes the depressed
(chai hu) Liver-Qi, invigorates
the spleen and stom-
ach, treats shaoyang-
meridian disorders
Pueraria root 6-12 Relieves Exterior syn-
(ge gen) dromes, helps mea-
sles, promotes body
fluid production, stops
diarrhea, relieves
effects caused by
alchohol
Cimicifuga rhizome 3-6 Heat-clearing and
(sheng ma) detoxifying effects,
invigorates spleen and
stomach, treats head-
ache
Morus leaf 3-10 Relieves Heat in the
(sang ye) liver and lungs,
improves acuity
of vision

REFERENCES

Dong, K. S., Wang, X. Q., and Dong, Y. F. (1998). Xian Dai Lin Chuang Zhong Yao
Xue [Contemporary Clinical Chinese Materia Medica]. Beijing: Zhong Guo
Zhong Yi Yao Press.
Long, Z. X. (Ed.) (1998). Basic Theories of Traditional Chinese Medicine. Beijing:
Academy Press.
Zhang, E. (1988). Zhong Yao Xue [The Chinese Materia Medica]. Shanghai: Pub-
lishing House of Shanghai TCM University.
 Ephedra;
This herb Herba Ephedrae;
is the dried Ma huang
herbaceous stem of
Ephedra sinica Stapf, E. intermedia Schrenk
et C. A. Meyer, or E. equisetina Bge. of the
family Ephedraceae. It is mainly grown in the
Hebei, Shanxi, Gansu, Liaoning, and Sichuan
provinces and Inner Mongolia of China, where
it is harvested in autumn, cleaned, dried, cut
into segments, and used unprocessed or stir
baked with honey. Processed ephedra is called
jiao ma huang (processed ma huang).
Ephedra has been used for more than 2,000 years in Chinese medicine as
a popular diaphoretic and antipyretic for colds and flu, fevers (particularly
malarial fever), bronchial asthma, coughs, and breathing difficulties. It is
also used traditionally to relieve edema.
The unprocessed ma huang is more effective as a diaphoretic and di-
uretic medicine whereas the honey-stir-baked-processed jiao ma huang is
preferred for coughs, and to relieve asthma and dyspnea (Dong et al., 1998).
Ephedra’s use as a cardiac stimulant was adopted by Western medicine
after K. K. Chen’s discovery in 1942 of ephedra’s cardiotonic and CNS-
stimulating properties, which are similar to epinephrine (Kratz et al., 1969).
In Chinese medicine, ephedra has never been used as a cardiac stimulant or
for weight loss, even today.

TCM Properties

Pungent and bitter in taste, and warm, it acts on the lung and urinary
bladder meridians.

Effects, Medicinal Uses, and Combinations

1. Disperses exopathogens and induces diaphoresis:

• For Wind-Cold-type common colds, acute bronchitis, headaches,
and fever with little sweating, ephedra is used alone in a decoction
or with cinnamon twig, bitter apricot kernel, and licorice root, as in
Ma Huang Tang.
 • To treat Wind-Cold-type afflictions, headaches, coughs, sore throats,
and stuffy noses, ephedra is blended with platycodon, perilla leaf, bit-
ter almond, pinellia, and poria, as in Tong Xuan Li Fei Pian (R-47).
• For Wind-Cold-Damp arthritis or chills without perspiration,
ephedra is prescribed with white atractylodes and cinnamon twig.

2. Invigorates the Lung-Qi and relieves bronchial asthma. To treat a

cough with dyspnea and asthma, ephedra is combined with licorice
root and bitter apricot kernel in a decoction. Ephedra is also blended
with asarum, dry ginger, licorice root, cinnamon twig, white peony,
schisandra, and pinellia tuber, as in Xiao Qing Long Tang (R-63), for a
cough with profuse thin sputum. This recipe is used for common
colds, bronchitis, bronchial asthma, and emphysema (Wang, 1994).
3. Induces diuresis and reduces edema. To treat general nephrotic edema,
ephedra is often used with licorice root and the lateral root of aconite
(Wang, 1994).

Dosage

In a decoction of 5 to 10 g.

Precaution

Ephedra is a strong diaphoretic and cardiac stimulant, and must be used

with caution. Do not overdose and avoid prescribing to patients who have
night sweating, sweating due to yin deficiency, who are hypertensive, and
have heart disorders. Its use should not be continued over a long period lest
it weaken the body or become habit forming. Pregnant women should avoid
the use of ephedra.

Side Effects and Toxicity

At the suggested therapeutic dose, it does not produce side effects. How-
ever, large doses or an overdose may cause insomnia, anxiety, headaches,
dizziness, tinnitus, nausea, vomiting, increased blood pressure, and heart
palpitations (due to its CNS-activating and symathomimetic activities [Zhu,
1998]), anorexia, and urinary difficulties.
Modern Research Findings

Chemical Constituents

The herb contains multiple (1 to 2 percent) organic alkaloids. Its most

important constituents (about 40 to 90 percent) are l-ephedrine, d-pseudo-
ephedrine, flavanes, and volatile oil. Other ingredients are ephedroxane,
1-N-methylephedrine, d-nor-ephedrine, l-n-mthylephedrine, d-N-pseudo-
ephedrine, d-nor-pseudoephedrine, d-n-dimethylpseudo-ephedrine, beta-
ephedrine, and 1-alpha-d-terpinol (Ling, 1995; Zhu, 1998).

Pharmacological Findings

1. Diaphoretic and antifebrile (Dong et al., 1998).

2. Antitussive. Coughing induced by stimulation of the tracheal or bron-
chial mucosa in anesthetized animals is suppressed by ephedra ex-
tract, or by ephedrine itself. Ephedrine produced stronger antitussive
effects even in nonasthmatic subjects (Schulz et al., 2001).
3. Antiallergic. Ephedra water or alcohol extract inhibits the release of
histamines (Dong et al., 1998).
4. Similar to epinephrine but its action is milder and longer (Dong et al.,
1998).
• Ephedra dilates bronchioles and is spasmolytic.
• It relaxes the gastrointestinal smooth muscles and inhibits peri-
stalsis.
• Ephedra is tensive on the uterine muscles in animals but relaxes hu-
man uterine muscles and relieves menstrual pain.
• Increases the tension of the sphincter vesicae (the smooth muscle
that controls the orifice of the bladder) and treats enuresis in chil-
dren (Leung an Foster, 1996).
5. Effects on the cardiovascular system:
• Stimulates cardiovascular muscle, raises blood pressure, increases
heartbeat, and augments arrhythmia (Dong et al., 1998).
• Dilates cardiovascular, cerebrovascular, and muscular vascular
systems, and increases blood flow (Dong et al., 1998).
6. Ephedrine and pseudoephedrine increase the tone of skeletal muscles,
and are useful in treating myasthenia gravis and fatigue (Dong et al.,
1998).
 7. Ephedrine stimulates the respiratory, brain, and circulatory centers.
Large doses cause stimulation, irritability, insomnia, and spasms.
Pseudoephedrine has a strong diuretic effect. The volatile oil of
ephedra is antifebrile, antiviral, and antimicrobial (Leung and Foster,
1996).

Clinical Findings

Currently, in world markets, pharmaceutical preparations containing

ephedrine or the extract of the ephedra herb are shrouded in confusion. Sev-
eral analytical studies have shown that wide variations often exist between
labeled and actual amounts of active constituents. In ephedra preparations,
total alkaloid content has varied between 0 and 150 percent of the label
claim (Schulz et al., 2001).
The National Institutes of Health commissioned the RAND Corporation
to conduct an exhaustive review of the scientific data on the safety of mar-
keted ephedra products containing ephedrine or ephedra extract. In the
United States, this included products under the brand names Metabolife,
Xenadrine, and others. The study noted a strong link between these prod-
ucts and over 100 deaths, heart attacks, strokes, seizures, and serious psy-
chiatric symptoms, as well as moderate side effects such as nausea, vomit-
ing, jitteriness, arrhythmias, and palpitations. The investigation concluded
that there was no evidence to support the manufacturers’ claims that their
products could enhance physical or athletic performance, long-term weight
loss, or weight maintenance (Discovery Health, 2003). These ephedra prod-
ucts also contain stimulants, such as caffeine and amphetamines, other po-
tent herbs with stimulating properties, vitamins, and minerals (Discovery
Health, 2003).

REFERENCES

Discovery Health (2003). Weight loss herbal should be regulated. March 10, 2003.
Available online <http://health.discovery.com/news/afp/20030310/herbals.html>.
Dong, K. S., Wang, X. Q., Dong, Y. F. (1998). Xian Dai Lin Chuang Zhong Yao Xue
[Contemporary Clinical Chinese Materia Medica]. Beijing: Zhong Guo Zhong
Yi Yao Press.
Kratz, J. C. and Carr, C. J. (1969). The Pharmacologic Principles of Medica
Practica. Baltimore: The Williams and Wilkins Company.
Leung, A. and Foster, S. (1996). Encyclopedia of Common Natural Ingredients.
New York: John Wiley and Sons, Inc.
Ling, Y. (1995). A New Compendium of Materia Medica. Beijing: Science Press.
Schulz, V., Hansel R., and Tyler, V. (2001). Rational Phytotherapy. Heidelberg,
Germany: Springer-Verlag.
Wang, J. H. (Ed.) (1994). Xin Bian Chang Yong Zhong Yao Shou Ce [Manual of
Commonly Used Chinese Medicinal Herbs]. Beijing: Jin Dun Press.
Zhu, Y. (1998). Chinese Materia Medica—Chemistry, Pharmacology and Applica-
tions. Amsterdam: Harwood Academic Publishers.
 Cinnamon
This herb isTwig; Ramulus
the dried tender Cinnamomi
twig of Cinna-
momum cassiaCassiae;
Presl. of Gui zhi Lauraceae.
the family
It is grown mainly in the Guangxi, Guang-
dong, and Yunnan provinces of China. The
twigs are harvested in spring or summer, cleaned,
dried in the sun, sliced and used unprocessed
(Jiang Su New Medical College, 1977). Cin-
namon twig induces diaphoresis. Tradition-
ally, it is used to treat Wind-Cold-type colds
and rheumatic disorders (Smith and Stuart, 1973). It can invigorate blood
circulation for the treatment of menstrual disorders, such as irregular men-
struation (Dong et al., 1998).

TCM Properties

Pungent and sweet in taste, and warm, it acts on the lung, heart, and uri-
nary bladder meridians.

Effects, Medicinal Uses, and Combinations

1. Dispels Wind-Cold exopathogens and induces diaphoresis: to treat

colds and associated symptoms, cinnamon twig is blended with white
peony root, dry ginger, Chinese date (jujube), and licorice root, as in
Gui Zhi Tang (Wang, 1994).
2. Relieves arthralgia: for shoulder, limb, and joint pain caused by ar-
thritis (Cold-Damp Bi-syndrome), cinnamon twig is used with the lat-
eral root of aconite, as in Gui Zhi Fu Zi Tang (Wang, 1994).
3. Invigorates blood circulation and dissipates Cold in the blood: for ir-
regular menstruation, amenorrhea, lower abdominal pain, and mass
formation in the lower abdomen (as a result of stagnation and Cold ac-
cumulation in the blood), cinnamon twig can be prescribed with Chi-
nese angelica, peony root (shao yao), cnidium (chuan xiong rhizome),
peach kernel, and moutan bark (dan pi), as in Wen Jing Tang (Zhang,
1988).
4. Relieves stomach-abdominal spasms and pain: for abdominal pain
due to Cold in the Middle-Jiao, cinnamon twig is used with white pe-
ony root, malt extract, fresh ginger, and astragalus root, along with
other herbs, as in Xiao Jian Zhong Tang (R-60) (Wang, 1994).
 5. Induces diuresis and relieves edema: for difficult urination, fluid re-
tention, and edema, cinnamon twig is combined with white hoelen,
polyporus (zhu ling), and alisma (zhe xie), as in Wu Ling San (R-68)
(Wang, 1994).
6. Relieves stagnation of Qi in the chest and chest pain: to treat a feeling
of fullness in the chest, retention of phlegm, and coughing, cinnamon
twig is mixed with immature bitter orange, trichosanthes fruit, and
macrostem onion. It is also used with poria, white atractylodes, and
licorice root, as in Ling Gui Zhu Gan Tang (R-74) (Zhang, 1988).

Dosage

In a decoction of 3 to 9 g for colds or 15 to 20 g for arthralgia.

Precautions

People with febrile disease, hyperactivity of the heart, or with yin defi-
ciency should avoid this herb. Pregnant women or women with heavy men-
struation should use this herb with caution (Dong et al., 1998).

Side Effects and Toxicity

No adverse side effects or toxicity were reported at the therapeutic dose.

The chemically active ingredient, cinnamaldehyde, is potent and large
doses have caused spasms, motor imbalance, polypnea, and death due to pa-
ralysis (Harada et al., 1972).

Modern Research Findings

Chemical Constituents

Cinnamon twigs and leaves contain 1 to 2 percent essential oils. The

chief ingredients of the oils are eugenol, cinnamic aldehyde, cinnamyl ace-
tate, phenylpropyl acetate, eugenol acetate, and cinnamic acid (Jiang Su
New Medical College, 1977; Wang, 1994).

Pharmacological Findings

Cinnamon twig showed the following pharmacological actions (Dong

et al., 1998; Zhu, 1998):
 1. Antipyretic, diaphoretic, and analgesic. Cinnamon twig, cinnamal-
dehyde, and the decoction of the herb reduced the normal body tem-
perature of mice and artificially induced fever in rabbits.
2. Sedative, hypnotic, and anticonvulsant activity.
4. Antiallergenic and immunologic activity. The extract of the herb was
inhibitory on the complementary activity in the heterophile antibody
reaction. Cinnamaldehyde was shown to inhibit allergic reaction
(Wang, 1994).
5. Antitussive and diuretic.
6. Invigorates uterine and coronary-blood circulation, relieves men-
strual disorders, and increases coronary blood flow.
7. Stomachic.
8. Antimicrobial activity was also shown in vitro.

REFERENCES

Dong, K. S., Wang, X. Q., and Dong, Y. F. (1998). Xian Dai Lin Chuang Zhong Yao
Xue [Contemporary Clinical Chinese Materia Medica]. Beijing: Zhong Guo
Zhong Yi Yao Press.
Harada, M. and Ozaki, Y. (1972). Pharmacological studies on Chinese cinnamon
and central effect of cinnamaldehyde. Yakugaku Zasski 92: 135-140.
Jiang Su New Medical College (1977). Encyclopedia of Chinese Materia Medica.
Shanghai: Shanghai Science and Technology Press.
Smith, F. P. and Stuart, G. A. (1973). Chinese Medicinal Herbs. San Francisco:
Georgetown Press.
Wang, J. H. (Ed.) (1994). Xin Bian Chang Yong Zhong Yao Shou Ce [Manual of
Commonly Used Chinese Medicinal Herbs]. Beijing: Jin Dun Press.
Zhang, E. (1988). Zhong Yao Xue [The Chinese Materia Medica]. Shanghai: Pub-
lishing House of Shanghai TCM University.
Zhu, Y. (1998). Chinese Materia Medica—Chemistry, Pharmacology and Applica-
tions. Amsterdam: Harwood Academic Publishers.
 Cinnamon
This herbBark;
is the Cortex Cinnamomi;
dried bark Rouof
of the trunk
Cinnamomum cassia gui orPresl.
gui pior C. japonicum
Sieb. of the family Lauraceae. It is mainly
grown in the Guangdong, Guangxi, Yunnan,
and Taiwan provinces of China and other states
in Southeast Asia. The bark is stripped off the
tree in summer and dried after the cork is
scraped. It is then sliced or ground into pow-
der (Jiang Su New Medical College, 1977).
Cinnamon bark is a Cold-dispelling and pain-relieving agent. Tradition-
ally, it has been used as a stomachic to invigorate the flow of Qi and blood,
to relieve pain, and as a stimulant, carminative, astringent, sedative, and
tonic (Smith and Stuart, 1973). Today, cinnamon bark is used as a sto-
machic and for gastrointestinal ailments. It is considered a good antiaging
medicinal herb (Dong et al., 1998).

TCM Properties

Pungent and sweet in taste, and hot, it acts on the kidney, spleen, heart,
and liver meridians.

Effects, Medicinal Uses, and Combinations

1. Disperses Wind-Cold exopathogens and induces diaphoresis: to treat

colds, headaches, and associated symptoms, cinnamon bark is com-
bined with pubescent angelica root (du huo), loranthus, and eucom-
mia bark. Also, it is used with Chinese angelica root, cnidium (chuan
xiong), carthamus, fresh ginger, and evodia to treat menstrual disor-
ders, amenorrhea, and menorrhalgia (Wang, 1994).
2. Invigorates the kidney yang: for lumbago and chronic asthma due to
kidney-yang deficiency, cinnamon bark is used with fu zi (processed
aconite), poria, Chinese yam, alisma, and processed rehmannia, as in
Shen Qi Wan (R- 24) (Wang, 1994).
3. Relieves aches and pains: to treat body aches and pains, lumbago due
to Cold, and stagnation of Qi and blood, cinnamon bark is blended
with pubescent angelica, loranthus, and eucommia bark (Wang, 1994).
 4. Regulates gastrointestinal disorders: for indigestion, chronic gastritis,
diarrhea, and cold limbs and stomach, cinnamon bark is combined
with processed aconite, ginger root, poria, and aucklandia root, as in
Guei Zhi Wan (Dong et al., 1998).

Dosage

In a decoction of 1 to 5 g, or .05 to 1 g if powdered form is used.

Precautions

The herb is hot and pungent, and may induce bleeding. People with syn-
dromes of hyperactivity due to yin deficiency, Heat of the excess type in the
Interior, or pregnant women should not use the herb or use it with caution.

Side Effects and Toxicity

No adverse side effects or toxicity were reported at the therapeutic dose.

The chemically active ingredient, cinnamaldehyde, is potent and large
doses have caused spasms, motor imbalance, polypnea, and death due to
paralysis.

Modern Research Findings

Chemical Constituents

Cinnamon bark contains up to 1 to 2 percent volatile oil, tannins,

catachins, proanthocyanidins, resins, mucilages, gum, sugar, and calcin-
oxide. The major ingredient in the oil is cinnamic aldehyde (cinnamal-
dehyde). Other constituents include cinnamyl acetate, phenylpropyl ace-
tate, eugenol, cinnamic acid, eugenol acetate, safrol, cinnamyl alcohol, and
other alcohols. Z-hypdroxycinnamaldehyde has been isolated from the bark
as a natural product (Jiang Su New Medical College, 1977).

Pharmacological Findings

Cinnamon bark possesses the following pharmaceutical actions (Dong

et al., 1998; Zhu, 1998):

1. Cinnamon bark is carminative and astringent. The essential oil has

carminative and antiseptic properties.
 2. Cinnamaldehyde, the major component of the volatile oil of the bark,
is a sedative, antipyretic, and analgesic in animals. It causes dermati-
tis in humans.
3. Relieves bronchial asthma.
4. Cinnamon oil has been demonstrated to be antifungal, antiviral, anti-
microbial, and larvicidal. It inhibits the growth of E. coli, S. aureus,
and Candida albicans.
5. Stomachic. Cinnamon oil is a strong stomachic, increases the secre-
tion of digestive juices, and relieves spasms in the digestive tract. Pre-
vents abnormal fermentation in the intestines and prevents ulcer for-
mation in mice.
6. Regulates blood circulation and enlarges blood vessels. The herb’s
decoction significantly increased coronary flow in the isolated hearts
of guinea pigs.

REFERENCES

Dong, K. S., Wang, X. Q., and Dong, Y. F. (1998). Xian Dai Lin Chuang Zhong Yao
Xue [Contemporary Clinical Chinese Materia Medica]. Beijing: Zhong Guo
Zhong Yi Yao Press.
Jiang Su New Medical College (1977). Encyclopedia of Chinese Materia Medica.
Shanghai: Shanghai Science and Technology Press.
Smith, F. P. and Stuart, G. A. (1973). Chinese Medicinal Herbs. San Francisco:
Georgetown Press.
Wang, J. H. (Ed.) (1994). Xin Bian Chang Yong Zhong Yao Shou Ce [Manual of
Commonly Used Chinese Medicinal Herbs]. Beijing: Jin Dun Press.
Zhu, Y. (1998). Chinese Materia Medica—Chemistry, Pharmacology and Applica-
tions. Amsterdam: Harwood Academic Publishers.
 Siler; Radix Ledebouriellae;
This medicinal Fang
herb is the root feng
of Saposh-
nikovia divaricata (Turez.) Schischk. of the
family Umbelliferae. It is grown in the Hei-
longjiang, Jilin, and Liaoning provinces of
China, where it is collected in spring and au-
tumn, cleaned, sliced, dried in the sun, and used
unprocessed (Jiang Su New Medical College,
1977).
Traditionally, siler was used for constipa-
tion, suppression of urine, various mental and epileptoid disorders, delirium
and hallucinations, nocturnal polyuria, and typhoid fever (Smith and Stuart,
1973). Today, siler is widely used for the common cold, rheumatic arthritis,
vascular headaches, migraines, gastrointestinal ailments, stiff neck, and
skin disorders, such as urticaria and itching (Dong et al., 1998; Wang,
1994).

TCM Properties

Pungent and sweet in taste, and slightly warm, it acts on the urinary blad-
der, liver, and spleen meridians.

Effects, Medicinal Uses, and Combinations

1. Disperses Wind exopathogens and induces sweating:

• To treat Wind-Cold-type colds, headaches, and pain throughout the
body, siler is prescribed with schizonepeta, perilla leaf, and notop-
terygium root, as in Jing Fang Bai Du San (Wang, 1994)
• For pantalgia and Wind-Cold-Dampness Exterior symptoms, siler
can be blended with notopterygium root, allium, fresh ginger, and
atractylodes (Wang, 1994).
• For Wind-Heat Exterior symptoms, siler is blended with pepper-
mint, forsythia fruit, and arctium (Wang, 1994).
2. Relieves arthralgia due to Wind-Cold-Damp Bi syndrome: for joint
pain, stiff neck, and spasms of muscles and tendons, siler is prescribed
with notopterygium root (qiang huo), Chinese angelica root (dang
 gui), and cinnamon twig, along with other herbs, as in Juan Bi Tang.
Siler is prescribed with Aconite carmichaeli (chuan wu), A. aus-
nezoffii (cao wu), or processed A. carmichaeli (fu zi) for treating se-
vere arthralgia and stiffness of limbs and fingers (Wang, 1994).
3. Relieves headaches: for migraine and frontal headaches associated
with Exterior symptoms, siler is mixed with dahurian angelica root
(bai zhi) and cnidium (chuan xiong), as in Chuan Xiong Cha Tiao San
(R-49) (Wang, 1994).
4. Alleviates spasms and convulsions: for tetanus with symptoms of
opisthotonos, trismus, spasms, and convulsions, siler is used with
arisaema tuber, typhonium, and gastrodia tuber, as is Yu Zhen San
(Wang, 1994).
5. Disperses pathogenic Wind and stops itching: for itchy skin, eczema,
and scabies, siler is consumed with dittany bark (bai xian pi), tribulus
(bai ji li), and schizonepeta in a decoction (Wang, 1994).

Dosage

In a decoction of 3 to 10 g.

Precautions

People with spasms caused by anemia or yin deficiency should use this
herb with caution.

Side Effects and Toxicity

No undesirable side effects or toxicity were reported at the therapeutic

dose in classical Chinese materia medica.

Modern Research Findings

Chemical Constituents

Siler contains 0.11 percent essential oil. The main ingredients in the oil
are octanol, beta-bisabplene, hexanol, cuparene, beta-eudesmol. Other in-
gredients include coumarin, mannitol, phenol, and sugars (Zhu, 1998).
Pharmacological Findings

1. Siler is a notable antipyretic and analgesic.

2. In laboratory tests, it inhibited the development of rheumatoid arthri-
tis.
3. Anticonvulsive and spasmolytic.
4. Antimicrobial and antifungal in vitro.
5. Antiarthritic (Dong et al., 1998).

REFERENCES

Dong, K. S., Wang, X. Q., and Dong, Y. F. (1998). Xian Dai Lin Chuang Zhong Yao
Xue [Contemporary Clinical Chinese Materia Medica]. Beijing: Zhong Guo
Zhong Yi Yao Press.
Jiang Su New Medical College (1977). Encyclopedia of Chinese Materia Medica.
Shanghai: Shanghai Science and Technology Press.
Smith, F. P. and Stuart, G. A. (1973). Chinese Medicinal Herbs. San Francisco:
Georgetown Press.
Wang, J. H. (Ed.) (1994). Xin Bian Chang Yong Zhong Yao Shou Ce [Manual of
Commonly Used Chinese Medicinal Herbs]. Beijing: Jin Dun Press.
Zhu, Y. (1998). Chinese Materia Medica—Chemistry, Pharmacology and Applica-
tions. Amsterdam: Harwood Academic Publishers.
 Angelica
This herb orisDahurian
the driedAngelica
root of Root;
Angelica
RadixBenth
dahurica Angelicae dahuricae;
et Hook, Baivar
A. dahurica zhiFor-
mosana (Boiss) Shan et Yuan, and other an-
gelica species of the family Umbelliferae. It is
mainly grown in the Hubei, Liaoning, and
Zhejiang provinces of China, where it is har-
vested in summer and autumn. The rootlets
are removed and it is cleaned, sliced, dried in
the sun, and either used without further processing or it undergoes sulfur fu-
migation.
The hard root with a strong aroma is considered to be of the best quality.
Dahurian angelica root is aromatic with a somewhat pungent and bitter taste
(Jiang Su New Medical College, 1977).
This herb has long been a favorite with the Chinese. In ancient times, it
was worn together with other fragrant herbs in people’s girdles. It is consid-
ered to be a woman’s medicine, and is therefore prescribed for a number of
female afflictions, as well as being a favorite cosmetic substance. This me-
dicinal herb was used for urinary difficulties, sinus and nasal polypus, and
various skin afflictions (Smith and Stuart, 1973).
Today, dahurian angelica root is used for colds, headaches, leukorrhagia,
mastitis, and stomach pain. It is also used to relieve different types of pain,
such as cancer pain, along with other cancer treatment herbs (Dong et al.,
1998).

TCM Properties

Pungent in taste and warm, it acts on the lung and stomach meridians.

Effects, Medicinal Uses, and Combinations

1. Expels pathogenic Wind and relieves frontal headaches, tooth pain,

and sinus infections:
• For headaches, dahurian angelica root is combined with siler,
cnidium, and notopterygium root, as in Chuan Xiong Cha Tiao San
(R-49) (Wang, 1994).
 • To treat allergic sinusitis, rhinitis, stuffy nose, and sinus infection
with yellow purulent nasal discharge, dahurian angelica root is
used with xanthium fruit and magnolia flower, as in Can Er Zi San.

2. Disperses Wind-Cold exopathogens and relieves colds: for colds and

associated symptoms, dahurian angelica root is commonly used with
siler and notopterygium (qiang huo) root, as in Jiu Wei Qiang Huo
Tang (Zhang, 1988).
3. Relieves sinus disorders: For sinusitis, rhinitis, nasosinusitis with
thick nasal discharge, and frontal headaches, dahurian angelica root is
combined with magnolia, xanthium fruit, and mentha in a decoction
(Wang, 1994).
4. Relieves leukorrhagia due to pathogenic Dampness:

• To treat leukorrhagia due to Cold-Dampness, dahurian angelica

root is blended with white atractylodes rhizome (bai zhu), poria (fu
ling), and cuttlebone (Zhang, 1988).
• For thick yellow leukorrhea with a foul odor due to Damp-Heat,
dahurian angelica root is prescribed with phellodendron bark (huang
bai) and plantain seed (che qian zi) (Zhang, 1988).

5. Relieves neuralgia and other pains:

• Dahurian angelica root is mixed with licorice root in a decoction

for abdominal pain (Dong et al., 1998).
• It is also used with dandelion, fritillaria bulb, and trichosanthes
fruit for acute mastitis pain (Dong et al., 1998).
• For gastric or menstrual pain, dahurian angelica root can be com-
bined with corydalis tuber, aucklandia root, peony, and other herbs,
as in Yuan Hu Zhi Tong Wan (R-56) (Dong et al., 1998).

Dosage

In a decoction of 3 to 9 g, or 30 g for abdominal pain.

Precautions

People with stagnant Heat in the Interior caused by yin deficiency should
avoid dahurian angelica root or use with extra caution.
Side Effects and Toxicity

No undesirable side effects or toxicity were reported at the therapeutic

dose in classical Chinese materia medica.

Modern Research Findings

Chemical Constituents

Dahurian angelica root (A. dahurica) contains numerous coumarins and

furocoumarins, which are somewhat different from European angelica root
(A. archangelica). Dahurian angelica root and rhizome contain coumarins,
including scopoletin, 7-demethylsuberosin, and others. Furocoumarin con-
stituents include psoralen, angelicin, berganten, byakangelicin, anhydroby-
akangelicin, byakangelicol, neobyakangelicol, oxypeucedanin, oxypeu-
cedarinhydrate, imperatorin, alloisoimperatorin, and phellopterin. Also
present are citerols, steric acid, and 5 (2-hydroxy-3, methoxy 3-methyl-
butoxy) psoralen (Leung and Foster, 1996; Zhu, 1998).

Pharmacological Findings

1. Dahurian angelica root has diaphoretic and expectorant properties

(Dong et al., 1998).
2. The volatile oil of the root phototoxic, and exerts antimicrobial and
antifungal properties in vitro (Leung and Foster, 1996). Dahurian an-
gelica is a strong analgesic, particularly for headaches, migraines,
sinus headaches, toothache, and trigeminal neuralgia (Wang, 1994).
Furocoumarins stimulate the respiratory center and blood pressure,
and dilate coronary blood vessels (Dong et al., 1998).
3. Its alcohol extract was antihistaminic on an isolated guinea pig tra-
chea (Zhu, 1998).
4. The root of dahurian angelica activates lipolytic hormones and selec-
tively inhibits antilipolytic hormones (Kimura et al., 1982).

REFERENCES

Dong, K. S., Wang, X. Q., and Dong, Y. F. (1998). Xian Dai Lin Chuang Zhong Yao
Xue [Contemporary Clinical Chinese Materia Medica]. Beijing: Zhong Guo
Zhong Yi Yao Press.
Kimura, Y., Ohminami, H., Arichi, H., Okuda, H., Baba, K., and Kozawa, M.
(1982). Effects of various coumarins from roots of A. dahurica on action of
adrenalin, ACTH, and insulin in fat cells. Planta Medica 45: 183-187.
Jiang Su New Medical College (1977). Encyclopedia of Chinese Materia Medica.
Shanghai: Shanghai Science and Technology Press.
Leung, A. and Foster, S. (1996). Encyclopedia of Common Natural Ingredients.
New York: John Wiley and Sons, Inc.
Smith, F. P. and Stuart, G. A. (1973). Chinese Medicinal Herbs. San Francisco:
Georgetown Press.
Wang, J. H. (Ed.) (1994). Xin Bian Chang Rong Zhong Yao Shou Ce [Manual of
Commonly Used Chinese Medicinal Herbs]. Beijing: Jin Dun Press.
Zhang, E. (1988). Zhong Yao Xue [The Chinese Materia Medica]. Shanghai: Pub-
lishing House of Shanghai TCM University.
Zhu, Y. (1998). Chinese Materia Medica—Chemistry, Pharmacology and Applica-
tions. Amsterdam: Harwood Academic Publishers.
 Ginger;
This herbRhizoma Zingiberis;
is the rhizome Gan jiang
of Zingiber offici-
orSheng
nale (Willd.) Rosc. jiang
of the family Zingiber-
aceae. It is grown in the Sichuan, Guangdong,
Guangxi, Hupei, and Taiwan provinces of
China, where it is harvested in winter, washed,
dried in the sun and sliced for use, or used
fresh. Ginger is a Interior-warming and Cold-
dispelling diaphoretic agent, and is effective
for eliminating abdominal pain due to cold-
ness, and treating skin disorders and rheumatism pain (Jiang Su New Medi-
cal College, 1977).

TCM Properties

Pungent in taste and hot, it acts on the stomach, heart, and lung meridians
(Wang, 1994).

Effects, Medicinal Uses, and Combinations

1. Generates warmth in the Middle-Jiao, dispels pathogenic Cold, and

treats gastroenteritis: to treat nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and an-
orexia, ginger is often used with ginseng, white atractylodes rhizome,
and licorice root, as in Li Zhong Tang (R-14) (Dong et al., 1998; Jiang
Su New Medical College, 1977).
2. Alleviates coughs and resolves Cold phlegm retention in the lungs:
for coughs, dyspnea, and a chilly sensation in the back, ginger root is
prescribed with ephedra, asarum, and schisandra fruit, as in Xiao Qing
Long Tang (R-63) (Wang, 1994).
3. Relieves abdominal pain and diarrhea: to treat diarrhea due to cold-
ness in the stomach and spleen, ginger root is combined with pinellia
tuber.
4. Stops vomiting: for vomiting after eating, distress in the chest, and
acid regurgitation, ginger root is mixed with evodia fruit, ginseng, and
jujube, as in the patented medicine Wu Zhu Yu Tang (R-71) (Wang,
1994).
5. Expels Exterior pathogens and relieves colds: for colds, fever, head-
aches, or a stuffy nose due to Wind-Cold Exterior affliction, a ginger
 root (dried or fresh) tea or decoction can help. For severe cases, ginger
is combined with ephedra, cinnamon twig, schizonepeta, and perilla
fruit in a decoction (Wang, 1994).
6. Detoxifies: fresh ginger juice with vinegar can be used as an antidote
in instances of fish or crabmeat poisoning (Wang, 1994).
7. To treat vitiligo (leukoderma) fresh ginger slices are rubbed on the af-
fected area of the skin, four times daily for seven days (Dong et al.,
1998).

Dosage

In a decoction of 3 to 6 g with dry ginger, or 10 to 15 g if fresh ginger root

is used.

Precautions

People with hyperactive Fire symptoms due to yin deficiency and preg-
nant women should avoid ginger.

Side Effects and Toxicity

The regular therapeutic dose of ginger is safe. At large doses, it may

cause mouth dryness, throat pain, and inflammation of the kidneys.

Modern Research Findings

Chemical Constituents

Ginger root contains 0.25 to 3.3 percent volatile oil, Pungent principles,
and flavoring principles. Pungent principles include gingenols, zingerone,
gengediols, methylgediols, and others.
The flavoring principles include alpha- and beta-pinene, cumene, cam-
phene, mycene, limonene, cineole, beta-phellandrene, p-cymen, citral, lin-
alool, borneol, and bornyl acetate. Ginger oil’s major components are
sequiterpenes, hydrocarbons, zingiberene, and bisabolene.
Other ingredients include lipids of triglycerides, phosphatiic acid, leci-
thins, free fatty acids, proteins, starch, vitamins A and niacin, minerals,
amino acids, and resin (Zhu, 1998).
Pharmacological Findings

1. Diaphoretic. Ginger dilates blood vessel endings and increases blood

circulation (Dong et al., 1998).
2. Stimulates respiratory and vasomotor centers of anesthetized cats
(Leung and Foster, 1996).
3. Lowers blood serum and hepatic cholesterol levels (Zhu, 1998).
4. Effective in treating vaginal trichomoniasis in vitro (Dong et al.,
1998).
5. Increases secretion of gastric juices and helps digestion (Dong et al.,
1998; Zhu, 1998).
6. Increases blood pressure as it stimulates the vasomotor center (Dong
et al., 1998).
7. Anti-inflammatory activities in artificially-induced arthritis in rats
(Zhu, 1998).
8. Antiemetic (Zhu, 1998).

Clinical Findings

In China, fresh ginger root has been reported to be highly effective in

treating rheumatism, acute bacterial dysentery, malaria, and inflammation
of the testicles (Jiang Su New Medical College, 1977).
Dried ginger has been the subject of several clinical trials to assess its ef-
ficacy in motion sickness. Its antiemetic properties were effective on gastric
activity rather than CNS mechanisms, which is characteristic of conven-
tional motion sickness drugs (Leung and Foster, 1996).

REFERENCES

Dong, K. S., Wang, X. Q., and Dong, Y. F. (1998). Xian Dai Lin Chuang Zhong Yao
Xue [Contemporary Clinical Chinese Materia Medica)]. Beijing: Zhong Guo
Zhong Yi Yao Press.
Jiang Su New Medical College (1977). Zhong Yao Da Ce Dian [Encyclopedia of
Chinese Materia Medica]. Shanghai: Shanghai Science and Technology Press.
Leung, A. and Foster, S. (1996). Encyclopedia of Common Natural Ingredients.
New York: John Wiley and Sons, Inc.
Wang, J. H. (Ed.) (1994). Xin Bian Chang Rong Zhong Yao Shou Ce [Manual of
Commonly Used Chinese Medicinal Herbs]. Beijing: Jin Dun Press.
Zhu, Y. (1998). Chinese Materia Medica—Chemistry, Pharmacology and Applica-
tions. Amsterdam: Harwood Academic Publishers.
 Asarum
This herb Herb;
is theHerba
entire Asari; Xi xin
plant of Asarum
heterotropoides Fr. Schmidt var Mandshur-
icum (Maxim.) Kitag. (bei xi xin) and A. sie-
boldii Miq. (hua xi xin) of the family Aristol-
ochiaceae. It is mainly grown in the regions of
northern China, and the Fujian and Zhejiang
provinces of central China, where it is har-
vested in summer or autumn, dried in the
shade, cut into segments, and used unpro-
cessed (Jiang Su New Medical College, 1977).
Asarum has traditionally been used as an emetic, expectorant, and di-
uretic, and for rheumatic affections and epilepsy (Smith and Stuart, 1973).
Today, it is used mainly for common colds, arthritis, chronic bronchitis,
bronchial asthma, chronic rhinitis, nasosinusitis, toothache, gingivitis, neuro-
vascular headache, and cancer pain (Wang, 1994).

TCM Properties

Pungent in taste and warm, and slightly toxic, it acts on the lung and kid-
ney meridians.

Effects, Medicinal Uses, and Combinations

1. Disperses Wind-Cold exopathogens and relieves colds, stuffy nose,

neurovascular headache, and severe toothache. Asarum herb is pre-
scribed with notopterygium root (qiang huo), atractylodes, dahurian
angelica root, cnidium, dried rehmannia, scutellaria, licorice root, and
siler (fang feng), as in Jiu Wei Qiang Huo Tang (Wang, 1994).
2. Relieves arthralgia (Wind-Cold-Damp Bi-syndrome): to treat rheu-
matic joint pain, asarum herb is dispensed with pubescent angelica
root, siler, and large-leaf gentian root, as in Du Huo Ji Sheng Tang
(R-58) (Wang, 1994).
3. Alleviates sinus disorders: to treat stuffy nose, rhinitis, or nasosinus-
itis, asarum herb is combined in a decoction with magnolia flower,
xanthium fruit, and dahurian angelica root (bai zhi).
Dosage

In a decoction of 1.5 to 3 g, or 0.5 to 2 g if taken orally in powdered form,

or applied externally as needed for tooth pain. This herb is potent. Avoid
overdose, particularly when using the powdered form.

Precautions

People with a headache due to yin deficiency, or coughs caused by Heat

in the lungs should avoid this herb.

Side Effects and Toxicity

The classical Chinese materia medica describes asarum herb as “slightly

toxic” (Jiang Su New Medical College, 1977; Wang, 1994). The alcohol ex-
tract showed more toxicity than the water decoction, indicating that the vol-
atile oil of the herb is more potent and toxic. The extract acted as an anesthetic
in frogs, mice, and rabbits. It showed stimulation followed by inhibition and
it also blocked the sciatic nerve pain sensation in frogs. Other inhibitory ef-
fects observed were slower voluntary movement and respiration, nonexis-
tent reflexes, followed by death due to respiratory paralysis. The LD50 value
of the decoction of A. sieboldii was 12.375 g/kg (intragastric) and 0.77 g/kg
(intravenous) in mice (Zhu, 1998).

Modern Research Findings

Chemical Constituents

Asarum heterotropoides (bei xi xin) contains about 3 percent volatile oil.

Its main ingredients are methyl eugenol, safrole, beta-pinene, eucarvone,
sabinene, elemicin, estragole, and t-caryophyllene. Asarum sieboldii (hua
xi xin) contains about 1.9 percent volatile oil. Its main ingredients are
methyl eugenol, eucarvone, clemicin, sabiaene, alpha-hydroxy-p-cymen,
asarylketone, cineol, and l-asarinin (Jiang Su New Medical College, 1977;
Zhou, 1993).

Pharmacological Findings

The herb’s volatile oil is antipyretic, sedative, analgesic, and antihista-

minic (Wang, 1994).
 1. Asarum’s volatile oil produced significant CNS depression. Sleep
was induced in mice five minutes after administering the medication.
Oral administration of 0.5 ml/kg of the oil showed analgesic activity
in rabbits against pain induced by electrical stimulation of dental
nerves. Its analgesic effect was also observed in mice (Wang, 1983).
2. Antipyretic. The herb’s volatile oil reduced the body temperature of
healthy animals. Intragastric administration of the volatile oil reduced
fever in rabbits induced by exposure to heat, typhoid vaccine, or
tetrahydrogen-b-naphthylamine (Wang, 1983).
3. Cardiovascular. Asarum’s volatile oil was stimulating at a low dose
and inhibitory at higher doses on an isolated frog heart, stopping the
heart at the diastolic phase. The alcohol extract of liao xi xin showed
stimulation in the isolated hearts of rabbits and guinea pigs, suggest-
ing a positive inotropic and chronotropic effect (Lui et al., 1981).
4. Antihistaminic action. Methyleugenol inhibited histamine-induced
contractions in an isolated guinea pig ileum (Wang, 1983).

REFERENCES

Jiang Su New Medical College (1977). Zhong Yao Da Ce Dian [Encyclopedia of

Chinese Materia Medica]. Shanghai: Shanghai Science and Technology Press.
Lui, L., Li, Y. E., Chen C. C., Zhou, T. C., and Wang, H. H. (1981). Comparative
study of A. heterotropoides, higeramine and isoprenaline on the hemodynamics
in anesthetized dogs. Chinese Pharmaceutical Bulletin 16: 50.
Smith, F. P. and Stuart, G. A. (1973). Chinese Medicinal Herbs. San Francisco:
Georgetown Press.
Wang, J. H. (Ed.) (1994). Xin Bian Chang Rong Zhong Yao Shou Ce [Manual of
Commonly Used Chinese Medicinal Herbs]. Beijing: Jin Dun Press.
Wang, Y. S. (1983). Pharmacology and Applications of Chinese Materia Medica.
Beijing: People’s Health Publisher.
Zhou, R. H. (1993). Resource Science of Chinese Medicinal Materials. Beijing:
China Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences Press.
Zhu, Y. (1998). Chinese Materia Medica—Chemistry, Pharmacology and Applica-
tions. Amsterdam: Harwood Academic Publishers.
 ThisSchizonepeta; Herba
herb is the dried, seu. Flosportion
aboveground
Schizonepetae;
(spike, Jing jie orofJing
stem, and flowers) jie sui
Schizonepeta
tenuifolia Briq. of the family Labiatae. It is
grown mainly in the Jiangsu, Zhejiang, and
Jiangxi provinces of China, where it is har-
vested in autumn, dried in the shade, cut into
sections, and used unprocessed or stir cooked
to a brown or charcoal color. The spike of the
herb is called Jing jie sui and has a stronger
therapeutic effect than the leaves and stems.
Schizonepeta was traditionally used for relieving Exterior syndromes.
The carbonized schizonepeta spike is used as a hematostatic agent for ar-
resting functional bleeding of the uterus (Jiang Su New Medical College,
1977).

TCM Properties

Pungent in taste and warm, it acts on the lung and liver meridians.

Effects, Medicinal Uses, and Combinations

1. Relieves pathogenic Wind and colds: schizonepeta is particularly use-

ful for both Wind-Cold and Wind-Heat colds. For Wind-Cold colds
and headaches, schizonepeta is combined with siler root, bupleurum,
cnidium, platycodon, notopterygium root, and other herbs, as in Jing
Fang Bai Du San (Dong et al., 1998; Wang, 1994). For Wind-Heat
type colds, schizonepeta is used with peppermint, mulberry leaf, for-
sythia fruit, lonicera, and platycodon root, as in Yin Qiao Jie Du Pian
(R-46) (Wang, 1994).
2. Treats German measles, pruritus, and measles without adequate erup-
tion: to relieve pruritus, schizonepeta is blended with peppermint, ci-
cada slough, tribulus, and arctium fruit. It can also be mixed with siler,
lonicera, and forsythia fruit, along with other herbs, for various sup-
purative infections on the body’s surface in their initial stages (Dong
et al., 1998).
3. Induces hemostasis: for hematemesis, epistaxis, hemafecia (feces
containing blood), metrorrhagia (bleeding from the uterus), persistent
 functional bleeding from the uterus, and blood in the stool, the char-
coal (carbonized) form of schizonepeta is more effective (Dong et al.,
1998).
4. Treats allergic skin ailments such as itching, pruritus, psoriasis, neuro-
dermatitis, and eczema. The schizonepeta-containing formula of Jing
Fang Bai Du San offers satisfactory results (Dong et al., 1998).

Dosage

In a decoction of 3 to 9 g.

Precautions

People with spontaneous sweating, and superficial or Exterior defi-

ciency with headache should avoid this herb.

Side Effects and Toxicity

No side effects or toxicity are recorded in classical Chinese materia

medica. The LD50 value of the fat-soluble extract of the carbonized herb in
mice was 2.652 0.286 g/kg by oral administration and 1.945 0.207 g/kg
by intraperitoneal administration (Ding et al., 1993).

Modern Research Findings

Chemical Constituents

Schizonepeta contains about 1.8 percent essential oil. The main compo-
nents in the oil are d-menthone, dl-menthone, and d-limonene (Wang,
1983). The following constituents were isolated from the spike of the herb:
monoterpene compounds: schizonepetosides A, B, C, D, and E, schizonol,
and schizonodiol; the flavone compounds: hesperidine, diometin, hesper-
etin and luteolin; and benzofurans (Yin et al., 1993).

Pharmacological Findings

1. Antipyretic and analgesic. The herb’s alcohol extract and decoction

was antipyretic when given orally (2 g/kg) to rabbits with fever in-
duced by mixed typhoid vaccine (Wang, 1983).
 2. Schizonepeta volatile oil also demonstrated analgesic, anti-inflam-
matory, mild stomachic, antispasmodic, and pathogenic Wind-repel-
ling actions (Wang, 1983).
3. The herb’s decoction is antimicrobial in vitro against S. aureus, B.
diphtheriae, B. anthracis, B. typohsus, B. dysenteriae, Pseudomonas
aeruginosa, and Mycobactarium tuberculosis (Yin et al., 1993).

REFERENCES

Ding, A., Kong, L., Wu, H., Wang, S., Long, Q., and Yao, Z. (1993). Research on
hemostatis constituents in carbonized S. tenuifolia Brig. China Journal of Chi-
nese Materia Medica 18: 535,573-574.
Dong, K. S., Wang, X. Q., and Dong, Y. F. (1998). Xian Dai Lin Chuang Zhong Yao
Xue [Contemporary Clinical Chinese Materia Medica]. Beijing: Zhong Guo
Zhong Yi Yao Press.
Jiang Su New Medical College (1977). Zhong Yao Da Ce Dian [Encyclopedia of
Chinese Materia Medica]. Shanghai: Shanghai Science and Technology Press.
Wang, J. H. (Ed.) (1994). Xin Bian Chang Rong Zhong Yao Shou Ce [Manual of
Commonly Used Chinese Medicinal Herbs]. Beijing: Jin Dun Press.
Wang, Y. S. (1983). Pharmacology and Applications of Chinese Materia Medica.
Beijing: People’s Health Publisher.
Yin, J. and Guo, L. G. (1993). Modern Research and Clinical Applications of Chi-
nese Materia Medica (Volume I). Beijing: Academic Publisher.
 Magnolia
This herbFlower;
is theFlos
driedMagnoliae;
unopened Xin yi
flower
buds of Magnolia hua or Xin yi
sprengeri Pamp., M. biondii
Pamp., or M. denudata Desr. of the family
Magnoliaceae. It is mainly grown in the
Anhui, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Shaanxi, and
Sichuan provinces of China, where it is har-
vested in the winter or early spring, dried in
the sun, and used unprocessed (Dong et al., 1998).
This is one of the many herbs reputed to give lightness to the body,
brightness to the eyes, and added length of life. Traditionally, it was used to
disperse Wind and Cold, and clear the nasal cavity (Smith and Stuart,
1973). In modern times, it is used to treat nasal congestion, runny nose, the
common cold, headaches, and is used both internally and externally. Both
magnolia flower and xanthium fruit are excellent herbal remedies for nasal
disorders, allergic conditions, sinusitis, and rhinitis. Usually, these two
herbs are used together for a better effect (Wang, 1994).

TCM Properties

Pungent in taste and warm, it acts on the lung and stomach meridians.

Effects, Medicinal Uses, and Combinations

1. Dispels Wind-Cold exopathogens, induces diaphoresis, and relieves

nasal disorders:
• For Wind-Cold afflictions, a stuffy nose, rhinitis, nasosinusitis, and
headaches, magnolia flower is often used with dahurian angelica
root, asarum root, siler, and cnidium rhizome, as in Xin Yi San
(Wang, 1994).
• For Wind-Heat afflictions with headache, stuffy nose, and yellow
nasal discharge, magnolia flower is prescribed with xanthium fruit
(cang er zi), peppermint, dahurian angelica root, scute, and gyp-
sum (Wang, 1994).
2. Relieves severe chronic sinus infections with thick puruloid nasal dis-
charges: for this affliction, magnolia flower is combined with xan-
 thium fruit, patrinia herb (bai jiang cao), dahurian angelica root, isatis
root, red peony, cnidium, dandelion, wild chrysanthemum, scute root,
houttuynia, and licorice root in a decoction (Dong et al., 1998).

Dosage

In a decoction of 3 to 10 g.

Precautions

People with hyperactive Fire symptoms due to yin deficiency should

avoid this herb or use with caution.

Side Effects and Toxicity

No side effects or toxicity were recorded in classical Chinese materia

medica at the suggested therapeutic dose. However, an overdose causes diz-
ziness and red eyes.

Modern Research Findings

Chemical Constituents

Magnolia flower contains about 0.4 to 3.2 percent volatile oil and more
than 70 components of the volatile oil have been identified (Leung and Fos-
ter, 1996). The main components are alpha-pinene, beta-pinene, chavicol,
methylether, cineol, camphene, limonene, terpinene-4-ol, and citrol (Leung
and Foster, 1996; Zhu, 1998). Other important ingredients of the flower are
neolignane, lignans, alkaloids, salicifoline, magnosprengerine, flavonoids,
and tannins (Zhu, 1998).

Pharmacological Findings

1. The essential oil is analgesic and sedative. It contracts the blood ves-
sels of the nasal mucosa and acts as a decongestant for stuffy nose
(Dong et al., 1998).
2. Antiallergic action. The volatile oil, and alcohol or water extract were
shown to be antihistaminic in a guinea pig trachea. It also protected
against allergic asthma (Yin, 1995).
3. Hypotensive in several species of animals (Dong et al., 1998).
4. Stimulates the uterus (Dong et al., 1998).
5. Antimicrobial, antifungal, and antiviral (Dong et al., 1998).
Clinical Findings

Magnolia flower in various forms (decoction, alcohol extract, volatile

oil, and so on) and its combination with other similar herbal medicines is re-
ported to be highly effective both locally and internally for treating allergic
rhinitis (hay fever), chronic rhinitis, and paranasal sinusitis (Leung and Fos-
ter, 1996). It can be used to replace ephedrine as a nasal decongestant for si-
nusitis and rhinitis (Dong et al., 1998).
The essential oil of the herb has been used in more than 200 cases of rhi-
nitis and paranasal sinusitis. It had a significant beneficial effect in hyper-
trophic rhinitis and acute rhinitis. The emulsion preparation was most effec-
tive. Nasal congestion was improved after four to five applications. The
results of a two-year observation period showed that forty-four cases were
cured (Wang, 1983).

REFERENCE

Dong, K. S., Wang, X. Q., and Dong, Y. F. (1998). Xian Dai Lin Chuang Zhong Yao
Xue [Contemporary Clinical Chinese Materia Medica]. Beijing: Zhong Guo
Zhong Yi Yao Press.
Leung, A. and Foster, S. (1996). Encyclopedia of Common Natural Ingredients.
New York: John Wiley and Sons, Inc.
Smith, F. P. and Stuart, G. A. (1973). Chinese Medicinal Herbs. San Francisco:
Georgetown Press.
Wang, J. H. (Ed.) (1994). Xin Bian Chang Rong Zhong Yao Shou Ce [Manual of
Commonly Used Chinese Medicinal Herbs]. Beijing: Jin Dun Press.
Wang, Y. S. (1983). Pharmacology and Applications of Chinese Materia Medica.
Beijing: People’s Health Publisher.
Yin, J. (1995). Modern Research and Clinical Applications of Chinese Materia
Medica (Volume 2). Beijing: Chinese Medical Classics Press.
Zhu, Y. (1998). Chinese Materia Medica—Chemistry, Pharmacology and Applica-
tions. Amsterdam: Harwood Academic Publishers.
 Processed
This Aconite;
herb is the lateralRadix
roots Aconiti
of Aconitum
Praeparata;
carmichaeli Debx. of the Fu zi Ranuncul-
family
aceae. It is mainly grown in the provinces of
Hunan, Hupei, and Sichuan of China. It is dug
up in summer and processed with salt or brown
sugar, and dried, or the aconite root is smoked with sulfur and dried for use
(Dong et al., 1998). The herb has to be processed in various ways so as to di-
minish its poisonous properties before it is used as medicine.
Traditionally, aconite was considered to be a stimulant, diaphoretic, di-
uretic, sedative, alterative, and aperient. It was used for fevers, ague, rheu-
matism, nervous disorders, neuralgia, and all sorts of painful conditions,
dropsy, and dysentery (Smith and Stuart, 1973). Today, processed aconite is
used for Interior Warming, dispelling Cold, relieving pain, arthralgia, and
as a cardiotonic agent (Zhang, 1988).

TCM Properties

Pungent in taste and hot, and toxic if used unprocessed, it acts on the
heart, kidney, and spleen meridians.

Effects, Medicinal Uses, and Combinations

1. Dispels Cold from the body and alleviates pain: for joint pain, pain all
over the body, and arthralgia caused by Cold-Damp pathogens, pro-
cessed aconite is used with cinnamon twig, white atractylodes rhi-
zome, and licorice, as in Gan Cao Fu Zi Tang (Zhang, 1988).
2. Strengthens kidney yang:
• To treat spontaneous cold sweating, cold limbs, impotence, and
frequent urination, processed aconite is often used with cinnamon
bark, processed rehmannia root, and cornus, as in Shen Qi Wan
(R-24). It is also combined with ginseng, white atractylodes, and
dried ginger, as in Fu Zi Li Zhong Tang (R-54), for treating spleen-
yang deficiency syndrome marked by gastric and abdominal cold
and pain, poor appetite, and loose stools (Wang, 1994).
• To treat edema, processed aconite is prescribed with white atractyl-
odes rhizomes, poria, and ginger in a decoction, as in Zhen Wu
Tang (R-75) (Wang, 1994).
 • For collapse and shock, or yang depletion syndrome characterized
by symptoms of cold limbs, profuse cold sweating, mental fatigue,
sleepiness, and a pale complexion, processed aconite is prescribed
with dried ginger and processed licorice root, as in Si Ni San (R-61)
(Dong et al., 1998; Wang, 1994).

Dosage

In a decoction of 3 to 15 g. For safety, aconite must be cooked more than

sixty minutes before other herbs are added to the decoction.

Precautions

Since fresh aconite may cause a toxic reaction, it must be used very cau-
tiously and cooked for sixty minutes to destroy its toxicity before use
(Wang, 1994). It should not be prescribed to pregnant women, those with
excessive yang, or to those who have liver damage. Aconite is incompatible
with blatilla (bai ji), ampelopis (bai lian), pinellia (ban xia), fritillaria (bei
mu), and trichosanthes fruit (gua wei) (Dong et al., 1998).

Side Effects and Toxicity

Aconite herb is toxic, and has been so recorded in classical Chinese

materia medica. The fresh or unprocessed aconite is toxic for internal use
but used for external application (Wang, 1994). After extensive cooking
(more than sixty minutes), the toxic chemical constituents of the herb,
aconitine and its related alkaloids, are destroyed. After their evaporation,
the decoction is less or nontoxic (Wang, 1994).
The alkaloid aconitine is extremely toxic and as little as 2 mg has caused
death from paralysis of the respiratory center (Leung and Foster, 1996).
Unprocessed aconite causes toxic reactions to the CNS and circulatory
system. The symptoms start with numbness of the lips, tongue, and arms,
nausea, vomiting, and anxiety, followed by coma, neck muscle cramps,
convulsion, respiratory difficulties, cold arms, arrythmia, cardiac arrest,
and sudden death (Dong et al., 1998).
Reportedly, an oral dose of aconite may be closely associated with aller-
gic reactions or wrong combinations of herbs in a recipe. Also, alcohol can
greatly increase the toxicity of aconite (Dong et al., 1998).
Modern Research Findings

Chemical Constituents

Aconite contains total titerpene alkaloids 0.2 2.0 percent consisting

mainly of hypaconitine, mesaconitine, aconitine, picraconitine, aconine,
talatisamine, and nepelline. Its active principle ingredients are the alka-
loids, which include 12-epidehydronapelline and 12-epiacetyldehydronap-
elline. Other ingredients include aconitic acid, itaconic acid, succinic acid,
malonic acid, itaconic acid, maltore, fructore, melibiose, mannitol, starch,
fat, and resin (Leung and Foster, 1996; Ling, 1995; Zhu, 1998). Further-
more, 14-acetyltalatisamine, senbustines A, B, and chrysanthemum were
also isolated from the root (Zhu, 1998).

Pharmacological Findings

1. Cardiotonic. Aconite stimulates the CNS, increases heart rhythm and

the contraction of the heart muscle, lowers blood pressure, and in-
creases coronary blood circulation and oxygen consumption in the
heart (Wang, 1994).
2. The aconite alkaloid is analgesic and anesthetic.
3. The aconitine alkaloid hs been anti-inflammatory and analgesic in an-
imals (Dong et al., 1998).
4. Excitation of the pituitary-adrenocortical system. The action is simi-
lar to the adrenocortical hormone in patients with adrenocortical in-
sufficiency (Dong et al., 1998).
5. Gonadotrophic (Dong et al., 1998).
6. Aconite extract demonstrated cold-temperature resistance in labora-
tory animals (Dong et al., 1998).
7. Antimicrobial, antitumor, and hyperlipidemia properties were also re-
ported (Dong et al., 1998).

REFERENCES

Dong, K. S., Wang, X. Q., and Dong, Y. F. (1998). Xian Dai Lin Chuang Zhong Yao
Xue [Contemporary Clinical Chinese Materia Medica]. Beijing: Zhong Guo
Zhong Yi Yao Press.
Leung, A. and Foster, S. (1996). Encyclopedia of Common Natural Ingredients.
New York: John Wiley and Sons, Inc.
Ling, Y. (1995). A New Compendium of Materia Medica. Beijing: Science Press.
Smith, F. P. and Stuart, G. A. (1973). Chinese Medicinal Herbs. San Francisco:
Georgetown Press.
Wang, J. H. (Ed.) (1994). Xin Bian Chang Rong Zhong Yao Shou Ce [Manual of
Commonly Used Chinese Medicinal Herbs]. Beijing: Jin Dun Press.
Zhang, E. (Ed.) (1988). Zhong Yao Xue [The Chinese Materia Medica]. Shanghai:
Publishing House of Shanghai TCM University.
Zhu, Y. (1998). Chinese Materia Medica—Chemistry, Pharmacology and Applica-
tions. Amsterdam: Harwood Academic Publishers.
 Mentha or Peppermint;
This herb Herba Menthae;
is the aboveground portion of
Mentha haplocalyx Bo he or M. piperita of
Briq.
European origin and other species of the fam-
ily Labiatae or Lamiaceae. It is grown mainly
in the Jiangsu, Jiangxi, and Zhejiang prov-
inces of China, and other parts of the world
(Jiang Su New Medical College, 1977). Idaho,
Wisconsin, and Oregon are the major produc-
ers of peppermint and spearmint, and their es-
sential oils (Leung and Foster, 1996). The plant is collected in summer,
dried, and cut into pieces for use unprocessed.
Peppermint is cultivated in home gardens and cooked with other vegeta-
bles to add flavor. Carminative, antispasmodic, astringent, and sudorific are
qualities ascribed to the plant. Traditionally, peppermint was used for fe-
vers, colds, nervous disorders of children, nosebleeds, fluxes, insect bites,
and diseases of the nose, teeth, and throat (Smith and Stuart, 1973).
Peppermint is one of the most commonly used herbs for treating Wind-
Heat-type colds and influenza at an early stage (Wang, 1994).

TCM Properties

Pungent in taste and cool, it acts on the lung and liver meridians.

Effects, Medicinal Uses, and Combinations

1. Disperses Wind-Heat exopathogens:

• For symptoms of fever, headaches, a slight aversion to cold with a
little sweating, conjunctival congestion, sore throat, and red eyes
due to Wind-Heat colds, peppermint is commonly used with schi-
zonepeta, forsythia fruit, and lonicera, as in Yin Qiao San or Yin
Qiao Jie Du Pian (R-46) (Wang, 1994).
• For the common cold with a swollen and sore throat, peppermint is
combined with chrysanthemum, arctium fruit, platycodon root,
and schizonepeta (Wang, 1994).
 2. Relieves measles: for treating measles, German measles in the early
stages, and pruritus, mentha is blended with forsythia fruit, cicada
slough (chan yi), and arctium fruit (Wang, 1994).
3. Invigorates stagnant Liver-Qi marked by chest pain and distending
costal pain. Peppermint can also be used with white peony root,
bupleurum root, and other herbs, as in Xiao Yao Wan (R-41) (Wang,
1994).

Dosage

In a decoction of 3 to 6 g. When making a decoction, avoid boiling the

herb too long.

Precautions

Peppermint should not be used by those who have an Exterior deficiency

with excessive or spontaneous sweating.

Side Effects and Toxicity

Peppermint tea does not have any side effects even when consumed for a
long period (Schulz et al., 2001). Peppermint oil should not be applied to
the noses of children as it may provoke glottic spasms and respiratory arrest.
The ingestion of excessive peppermint oil has been associated with intersti-
tial nephritis and acute renal failure. The estimated lethal dose of menthol
for humans is about 2 to 9 g. No mutagenic or carcinogenic effects of pep-
permint oil have been reported (Schulz et al., 2001).

Modern Research Findings

Chemical Constituents

The leaves and stems of the peppermint plant contain about 0.1 to 1.0
percent of volatile oil that is composed mainly of menthol (29 to 48 per-
cent), methone (20 to 30 percent), and methyl acetate (3 to 10 percent), with
smaller amounts of menthofuran and limonene (Dong et al., 1998; Leung
and Foster, 1996; Schulz et al., 2001). To date, eighty-five chemicals have
been isolated from peppermint oil. Peppermint oil is a colorless to pale
green liquid with a pungent odor and burning taste, and cool aftertaste.
Menthol can be crystallized at low temperatures (Schulz et al., 2001). Other
ingredients present in peppermint oil include viridiflorol, pulegone, 1,8-
cineole, and pipperitone (Leung and Foster, 1996). Other constituents
include flavonoids, phytol, tocopherols, carotenoids, betaine, choline,
azulenes, rosmarinic acid, and tannin (Zhu, 1998).

Pharmacological Findings

1. Peppermint is a CNS stimulant when taken orally in a small dose, and

induces skin blood vessel dilation and sweating. It has sweating and
antipyretic properties (Wang, 1994).
2. Peppermint extracts have antiviral action against Newcastle disease,
herpes simplex, vaccinia, Semliki Forest, and West Nile virus in egg
and cell cultures (Dong et al., 1998).
3. Peppermint oil has an antispasmodic action on the isolated segments
of ileum of rabbits and cats (Dong et al., 1998).
4. Menthol has analgesic, anti-iflammatory, antiallergenic, and expecto-
rant properties (Dong et al., 1998).
5. Menthol and/or menthone compounds act on the nerve endings of the
sensory nerves, treat numbness, and relieve pain and itching (Dong
et al., 1998).

REFERENCES

Dong, K. S, Wang, X. Q., and Dong, Y. F. (1998). Xian Dai Lin Chuang Zhong Yao
Xue [Contemporary Clinical Chinese Materia Medica]. Beijing: Zhong Guo
Zhong Yi Yao Press.
Jiang Su New Medical College (1977). Zhong Yao Da Ce Dian [Encyclopedia of
Chinese Materia Medica]. Shanghai: Shanghai Science and Technology Press.
Leung, A. and Foster, S. (1996). Encyclopedia of Common Natural Ingredients.
New York: John Wiley and Sons, Inc.
Schulz V., Hansel, R., and Tyler, V. (2001). Rational Phytotherapy. Heidelberg,
Germany: Springer-Verlag.
Smith, F. P. and Stuart, G. A. (1973). Chinese Medicinal Herbs. San Francisco:
Georgetown Press.
Wang, J. H. (Ed.) (1994). Xin Bian Chang Rong Zhong Yao Shou Ce [Manual of
Commonly Used Chinese Medicinal Herbs]. Beijing: Jin Dun Press.
Zhu, Y. (1998). Chinese Materia Medica—Chemistry, Pharmacology and Applica-
tions. Amsterdam: Harwood Academic Publishers.
 Morus or Mulberry
This herb Leaf;
is the dried Folium
leaves Mori;
of the mul-
Sangknown
berry tree, botanically ye as Morus alba
L. of the family Moraceae. It is grown through-
out China but mostly in the Jiangsu and Zhe-
jiang provinces in southeastern China. It is
collected during the frost season, dried, and
used unprocessed.
According to ancient tradition, Si-ling, the
empress of Huang-ti (the Yellow Emperor from 2697 B.C.), taught her peo-
ple how to rear silkworms using mulberry leaves (Smith and Stuart, 1973).
Mulberry leaf is an antifebrile, and antiphlogistic agent. It is commonly
used as a diaphoretic in Cold and Exterior afflictions due to Wind and Heat
exopathogens (Dong et al., 1998).

TCM Properties

Sweet and bitter taste, and cold, it acts on the lung and liver meridians.

Effects, Medicinal Uses, and Combinations

1. Disperses Wind-Heat exopathogens and induces diaphoresis: mulberry

leaf is used with chrysanthemum, peppermint, forsythia fruit, and
platycodon root, as in Sang Ju Yin, to treat the early stages of influenza,
epidemic febrile disease, bronchitis, headaches, dizziness, coughs, and
a swollen and sore throat (Dong et al., 1998; Wang, 1994).
2. Expels pathogenic Heat and relieves coughs: for lung impairment
with signs of thick sputum, dryness in the throat and nose, and a dry
cough, morus is prescribed with bitter apricot kernel, fritillaria, and
ophiopogon root, as in Sang Xing Tang (Wang, 1994).
3. Relieves Heat in the liver: for conjunctival congestion with dryness,
aches and pain, and excessive tears, morus is blended with chrysan-
themum and cassia seed (Wang, 1994).

Dosage

In a decoction of 3 to 10 g.
Precautions

People with Cold symptoms or Lung-Qi deficiency should avoid this

herb or use with caution.

Side Effects and Toxicity

The suggested therapeutic dose does not cause side effects. Some pa-
tients may develop chills, fever, and dizziness at a large dose. Intra-
peritoneal administration of the 10 percent injection solution to mice, at a
dose sixty times that of the human dose for twenty-one days did not cause
damage to the liver, kidneys, and lungs. A higher dose caused degeneration
and hemorrhaging in these organs (Wang, 1983; Zhu, 1998).

Modern Research Findings

Chemical Constituents

The leaf yields adenine, choline, folic acid, and inokosterone (Ling,
1995), and the steroids ecdysterone, inokosterone, lupeol, beta-sitosterol,
campesterol, and beta-sitosterolglycoside. The flavon derivatives include
rutin, moracetin, quercetin, isoquercitin, scopoletin, and scopolin (Ling,
1995; Tang and Eisenbrand, 1992; Zhu, 1998).
The volatile oil contains isobutanol, isoamyl alcohol, isoamy acetate,
and acetophenone, along with acetic acid, propionic acid, butyric acid, phe-
nols, and phenylacetaldehyde (Tang and Eisenbrand, 1992).
Other ingredients include vitamins B1, B2, sugars, tannins, protein, and
amino acids (Dong et al., 1998; Jiang Su New Medical College, 1977).

Pharmacological Findings

1. Hypoglycemic. The mulberry leaf and ecdysterone showed hypo-

glycemic activity in rats with alloxan-induced diabetes and in mice
with hyperglycemia elicited by epinephrine, glucagon, or insulin anti-
serum. Ecdysterone promoted glycogenesis from glucose without al-
tering the blood glucose levels in normal animals (Wang, 1983; Zhu,
1998).
2. Hypotensive and diuretic. Morus leaf extract injected into anesthe-
tized dogs demonstrated hypotensive and diuretic actions (Dong
et al., 1998).
 3. Antimicrobial. The decoction of the morus leaf has been shown to be
inhibitory against S. aureus, beta-Streptococcus hemolyticus, Cory-
nebacterium diphtheriae, and B. anthracis (Dong et al., 1998; Zhu,
1998).
4. The morus leaf decoction inhibited rodent intestinal muscles and
stimulated the uterus (Dong et al., 1998).
5. Prevents hyperlipidemia and lowers blood cholesterol levels (Dong
et al., 1998).

REFERENCES

Dong, K. S., Wang, X. Q., and Dong, Y. F. (1998). Xian Dai Lin Chuang Zhong Yao
Xue [Contemporary Clinical Chinese Materia Medica)]. Beijing: Zhong Guo
Zhong Yi Yao Press.
Jiang Su New Medical College (1977). Encyclopedia of Chinese Materia Medica.
Shanghai: Shanghai Science and Technology Press.
Ling, Y. (1995). A New Compendium of Materia Medica. Beijing: Science Press.
Smith, F. P. and Stuart, G. A. (1973). Chinese Medicinal Herbs. San Francisco:
Georgetown Press.
Tang, W. and Eisenbrand, G. (1992). Chinese Drugs of Plant Origin: Chemistry,
Pharmacology and Use in Chinese Traditional and Modern Medicine. Berlin/
Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag.
Wang, J. H. (Ed.) (1994). Xin Bian Chang Rong Zhong Yao Shou Ce [Manual of
Commonly Used Chinese Medicinal Herbs]. Beijing: Jin Dun Press.
Wang, Y. S. (1983). Pharmacology and Applications of Chinese Materia Medica.
Beijing: People’s Health Publisher.
Zhu, Y. (1998). Chinese Materia Medica—Chemistry, Pharmacology and Applica-
tions. Amsterdam: Harwood Academic Publishers.
 Chrysanthemum; Flosflower
This herb is the dried Chrysanthemi; Ju
head of Chrys-
anthemum morifolium huaRamat. of the family
Compositae. It is grown chiefly in the prov-
inces of Anhui, Henan, Sichunan, and Zhe-
jiang of China, where it is collected when the
flower is in full bloom and then dried. Chrys-
anthemum is generally divided into two types
(white and yellow) but there is a third vari-
ety—the wild chrysanthemum (see Chapter
14) (Jiang Su New Medical College, 1977).
Traditionally, the flowers were prescribed for colds, headaches, and in-
flamed eyes. The white variety is considered to be especially useful for pre-
venting hair loss and greying. The white flowers are soaked in wine, pro-
ducing a “chrysanthemum wine,” which is good for nervous conditions
(Smith and Stuart, 1973).
The yellow chrysanthemum is usually used for expelling pathogenic
Wind-Heat. The white species is prescribed for calming the liver (sedation)
and improving eyesight, and the wild chrysanthemum is mostly dispensed
to treat febrile diseases (Dong et al., 1998; Wang, 1994).

TCM Properties

Sweet and bitter taste, and cool, it acts on the lung and liver meridians.

Effects, Medicinal Uses, and Combinations

1. Disperses Wind-Heat exopathogens and induces sweating: for treat-

ing Wind-Heat and epidemic febrile disease at its early stages, chry-
santhemum is blended with mulberry leaf, peppermint, and forsythia
fruit (lian qiao), as in Sang Ju Yin (Dong et al., 1998).
2. Reduces hyperactivity of liver yang: for headache, hypertension, diz-
ziness, and a feeling of fullness in the heart due to hyperactivity of the
liver yang, it is prescribed with antelope’s horn, gambir stem (gou
teng), and dried rehmannia root, as in Ling Jiao Gou Teng Tang; or it
is combined with prepared rehmannia, lycium fruit, schisandra fruit,
and other herbs, as in Qi Ju Di Huang Wan (R-25), to treat blurred vi-
sion caused by kidney yin or liver yin deficiency (Wang, 1994).
 3. Extinguishes Liver-Fire: chrysanthemum flower is mixed with mul-
berry leaf, cicada slough (chan yi), and prunella spike (xia ku cao) for
conjunctival congestion accompanied by swelling (Wang, 1994).
4. Relieves coronary heart disease and angina. The aqueous decoction or
concentrated extract of chrysanthemum relieved symptoms related to
coronary heart disease, dizziness, shortness of breath, chest pain, and
angina. It is also hypotensive in hypertensive patients (Dong et al.,
1998).

Dosage

In a decoction or pills of 6 to 15 g, or as needed for external use.

Precautions

People with diarrhea, gastrointestinal problems or Qi deficiency should

avoid chrysanthemum. Long-term use or a high dosage may lead to diges-
tive system disorders (Wang, 1994).

Side Effects and Toxicity

The flower has a very low toxicity at the suggested therapeutic dose.
With a large dose, patients complained of epigastralgia or diarrhea. In an
acute toxicity test, most animals survived after an oral dose of 100 g/kg of
the decoction and no mice died at the same dosage of the fluid extract
(Wang, 1983).

Modern Research Findings

Chemical Constituents

The flower contains about 0.13 percent of essential oil. The oil’s main in-
gredients are borneol, camphor, and chrysanthenone, (Ozawa et al., 1971;
Zhu, 1998). Chrysantamins A and B, chlorochrymorin, chrysandiol (Ari-
sawa et al., 1969; Ozawa et al., 1971; Ozawa, Suzuki, and Tamura, 1974;
Ozawa et al., 1973, 1974), flavonglycosides acacii, uteolin 7-0-beta-d-
glucopyranoside, and the alkaloid stachydrine were also identified (Zhu,
1998).
Pharmacological Findings

1. Antipyretic. The aqueous decoction injected into the stomach of a

rabbit with artificially induced fever was antipyretic and inhibited the
CNS (Dong et al., 1998; Zhu, 1998).
2. Antimicrobial. The aqueous extract or decoction of the flower inhib-
ited S. aureus, beta-hemolytic streptococcus, S. bacillus, B. proteus,
B. typhosus, B. paratyphosus, P. aeruginosa, and V. comma, and sev-
eral dermatophytes in vitro (Zhu, 1998).
3. Cardiovascular. An alcoholic extract was shown to dilate markedly
the coronary vessels and increase the blood flow in isolated rabbits
(Dong et al., 1998; Zhu, 1998).
4. Hypotensive. The flower’s extract and glycoside showed blood vessel
dilation followed by lower blood pressure (Dong et al., 1998).

REFERENCES

Arisawa, M, Ishiwari, Y., Kakaoki, T., Sekino, S., and Takakuwa, T. (1969). Uti-
lized resources III. Components of Juncus genus plants, the leaves of Aesculus
turbinata and the petals of Chrysanthemum morifolium. Shoyakugaku Zashi 23:
49-52.
Dong, K. S., Wang, X. Q., and Dong, Y. F. (1998). Xian Dai Lin Chuang Zhong Yao
Xue [Contemporary Clinical Chinese Materia Medica]. Beijing: Zhong Guo
Zhong Yi Yao Press.
Jiang Su New Medical College (1977). Encyclopedia of Chinese Materia Medica.
Shanghai: Shanghai Science and Technology Press.
Ozawa, T., Suzuki A., and Tamura, S. (1971). Isolation of chrysartemins A and B as
rooting cofactor in Chrysanthemum morifolium. Agricultural and Biological
Chemistry 35: 1966-1972.
Ozawa, T., Suzuki A., and Tamura, S. (1974). Structure of Chrysandiol, a Novel
Sesquiterpene diol from Chrysanthemum morifolium. Agricultural and Biologi-
cal Chemistry, 38: 685-686
Ozawa, T., Suzuki, A., Tamura, S., Ohashi, Y., and Sasada, Y. (1973). Structure of
chlorochrymorin, a novel sesquiterpene lactone from Chrysanthemum mori-
folium. Tetrahedron Letters: 5135-5138.
Ozawa, T., Suzuki, A., Tamura, S., Ohashi, Y., and Sasada, Y. (1974). Molecular
structure and stereochemistry of chysandiol. Novel sesquiterpene diol from
Chrysanthemum morifolium. Tetrahedron Letters: 1569-1572.
Smith, F. P. and Stuart, G. A. (1973). Chinese Medicinal Herbs. San Francisco:
Georgetown Press.
Wang, J. H. (Ed.) (1994). Xin Bian Chang Yong Zhong Yao Shou Ce [Manual of
Commonly Used Chinese Medicinal Herbs]. Beijing: Jin Dun Press.
Wang, Y. S. (1983). Pharmacology and Applications of Chinese Materia Medica.
Beijing: People’s Health Publisher.
Zhu, Y. (1998). Chinese Materia Medica—Chemistry, Pharmacology and Applica-
tions. Amsterdam: Harwood Academic Publishers.
Bupleurum
This herbRoot;
is theRadix
dried Bupleuri; Chai hu
root of Bupleurum
chinense DC. or B. scorzonerifolium Willd. of
the family Umbelliferae. The former is grown
in the Gansu, Hebei, and Liaoning provinces;
the latter is grown in the provinces of Hubei,
Jiangsu, and Sichuan of China. The root is dug
up in the spring or autumn, dried, sliced, and
used unprocessed, or stir baked with vinegar
or wine (Jiang Su New Medical College, 1977).
As a medicine, it is considered to be febrifuge, aperient, a mild laxative,
and carminative, and has been used for the treatment of flatulence, indiges-
tion, colds and coughs, muscular pain and cramps, and acute diarrhea
(Smith and Stuart, 1973). Today it is used to relieve stagnancy in the liver
and is a mediating herb that particularly benefits infectious febrile diseases
of the Shao-yang meridian (Dong et al., 1998; Wang, 1994).

TCM Properties

Bitter and pungent taste, and slightly cold, it acts on the liver and gall-
bladder meridians.

Effects, Medicinal Uses, and Combinations

1. Expels Exterior pathogens and reduces Heat: for a feeling of fullness

and discomfort in the chest, a bitter taste in the mouth, and dryness in
the throat, bupleurum is combined with scute, pinellia, and codo-
nopsis root, as in Xiao Chai Hu Tang (R-53) (Wang, 1994).
2. Invigorates Liver-Qi: for fullness and oppression in the chest and dia-
phragm region, with distending pain in the breasts and in the costal re-
gions, caused by stagnation of the Liver-Qi, bupleurum root is dis-
pensed with cyperus tubers (xiang fu), cnidium rhizome, tangerine
peel, bitter orange, Chinese angelica, atractylodes, and white peony,
as in Chai Hu Shu Gan San (R-50) (Wang, 1994).
3. This herb is blended with Chinese angelica and white peony root, as
in Xiao Yao Wan (R-41), for irregular menstruation caused by stagna-
tion of the Liver-Qi. It relieves prolapse of the anus and rectum, and
replenishes Qi. To treat proctoptosis, hysteroptosis, gastroptosis, short-
 ness of breath, fatigue, and lassitude due to a deficiency and Sinking
of Qi, bupleurum is blended with ginseng, astragalus root, and cimi-
cifuga, as in Bu Zhong Yi Qi Tang (R-9), to reinforce the Middle-Jiao.
To relieve pain in the costal region, bupleurum is mixed with 9 g each
of aurantium fruit, and white peony, and 6 g of licorice root in a decoc-
tion (Wang, 1994).

Dosage

In a decoction of 3 to 10 g.

Precautions

People with excessive Fire of the liver or deficiency of yin should avoid
this herb.

Side Effects and Toxicity

The therapeutic dose generates few side effects. With a large dose, pa-
tients have developed mild lassitude, poor appetite, drowsiness, and seda-
tion after taking the granulated form of the herb (Dong et al., 1998). Toxico-
logical studies show that the oral LD50 of the powdered herb in mice was 3
g/kg. The LD50 values of the saponin fraction of the herb were 4.7 g/kg by
oral administration, 1.9 g/kg by subcutaneous administration, and 70 mg/kg
by intravenous administration. Another species, B. longiradiatum, is highly
toxic (about six times more) and should not be used as a substitute for
B. chinense (chai hu) (Zhu, 1998).

Modern Research Findings

Chemical Constituents

The roots and fruits contain saikosaponins as the main components.

Other components include shaikosides, essential oil (bupleurmol, alpha-
spinasterol, and stigmasterol), pertoselic acid, petroseloidic acid, linolic
acid, angelicin, and kaempferitrin (Ling, 1995; Zhu, 1998).
The root of B. chinense D.C. (bei che hu) contains the volatile oil
bupleurumol, oleic acid, linolenic acid, palmitic acid, stearic acid, ligno-
ceric acid, saponins, and glucose (Jiang Su New Medical College, 1977).
The root of B. scorzoneraefolium contains volatile oil, fat, alkaloids, and
bupleurumol.
Bupleurumol, an essential oil, is the major active component of the herb.
Also, alpha-spinasterol, stigmasterol, 422-stigmasterol, and adonitol have been
isolated. The aboveground part of the herb yields flavones and saikosaponins
(Ling, 1995; Zhu, 1998).
In addition to those previously mentioned, several other bupleurum
plants produced in north China and northeast China. One particular variety,
called B. longiradiatum Turez. is highly toxic and should not be used for
medicinal purposes (Zhu, 1998).

Pharmacological Findings

1. Antipyretic. The decoction or the alcoholic extract of the herb was

shown to reduce fever in rabbits induced by triple vaccine, yeast, or
colibacillis.
2. Analgesic, sedative, antitussive, and anti-inflammatory.
3. Hepatoprotective. The decoction of the herb significantly alleviated
liver injury, degeneration, and cirrhosis caused by carbon tetrachlo-
ride (CCl4), and decreased serum glutamic-pyruvic transaminase lev-
els (Shimaoka et al., 1974).
4. Gastrointestinal. The sarkosaponin of the herb showed effectiveness
in preventing rat gastric and duodenal ulcer induced by acetic acid,
histamine, or by pylorus ligation (Wang, Y. S., 1983).
5. Antimicrobial. The herb’s decoction showed effectiveness in inhibit-
ing the growth of S. hemolyticus, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, and
Leptospira (Wang, J. M., 1983).

REFERENCES

Dong, K. S., Wang, X. Q., and Dong, Y. F. (1998). Xian Dai Lin Chuang Zhong Yao
Xue [Contemporary Clinical Chinese Materia Medica]. Beijing: Zhong Guo
Zhong Yi Yao Press.
Jiang Su New Medical College (1977). Encyclopedia of Chinese Materia Medica.
Shanghai: Shanghai Science and Technology Press.
Ling, Y. (1995). A New Compendium of Materia Medica. Beijing: Science Press.
Smith, F. P. and Stuart, G. A. (1973), Chinese Medicinal Herbs. San Francisco:
Georgetown Press.
Wang, J. H. (Ed.) (1994). Xin Bian Chang Rong Zhong Yao Shou Ce [Manual of
Commonly Used Chinese Medicinal Herbs]. Beijing: Jin Dun Press.
Wang, J. M. (1983). Chinese Herbal Phamacology. Shanghai: Shanghai Science
and Technology Press.
Wang, Y. S. (1983). Pharmacology and Applications of Chinese Materia Medica.
Beijing: People’s Health Publisher.
Zhu, Y. (1998). Chinese Materia Medica—Chemistry, Pharmacology and Applica-
tions. Amsterdam: Harwood Academic Publishers.
 Pueraria Root; Radix
This medicinal herb Puerariae;
is the driedGeroot
genof
Pueraria lobata (Willd.) Ohwi or P. thomsonii
Benth of the family Leguminosae. It is a fast-
growing, high-climbing and twining, hairy
perennial vine, found mostly in the Henan,
Hubei, Zhejiang, Xizang, and Qinghai prov-
inces of China. Collected in the spring and au-
tumn, it is sliced, dried, and used unprepared
(Dong et al., 1998).
Traditionally, it was used for colds, fevers, influenza, dysentery, insect
and serpent bites, and to counteract the effects of croton oil and other poi-
sonous drugs (Smith and Stuart, 1973). Pueraria root, leaves, and flowers
are used as antifebrile agents, alcohol- and drug-detoxifying phytomed-
icines, and for hypertensive headaches, and coronary heart diseases (Wang,
1994).

TCM Properties

Sweet and pungent to taste, and cool, it acts on the spleen and stomach
meridians.

Effects, Medicinal Uses, and Combinations

1. Relieves fever and induces sweating: to treat headaches, fever, anhi-

drosis, muscle stiffness, cramps, and excessive pain in the neck and
upper back, pueraria root is combined with ephedra, cinnamon twig,
and white peony, as in Ge Gen Tang, for Wind-Cold-type colds. It is
blended with scute, talc, and bupleurum root, as in Ge Gen Jie Ji Tang
(Wang, 1994).
2. Alleviates excessive thirst and symptoms of diabetes: pueraria root is
commonly used alone in a decoction to treat severe thirst in febrile
disease or excessive thirst in diabetes. It is also dispensed with
ophiopogon root, trichosanthes root, and rehmannia root, as in the
antidiabetic recipe, Yu Quan Wan (R-12) (Wang, 1994).
3. Dispels pathogenic Damp-Heat: for dysentery, it is often mixed with
coptis root and scutellaria root, as in Ge Gen Qin Lian Tang.
 4. This root has been used to treat migraines, hypertension, coronary
heart disease, sudden deafness, shingles, and intestinal dysentery
(Dong et al., 1998).

Dosage

In a decoction of 6 to 12 g.

Precautions

People with a Cold sensation in the stomach and who sweat excessively
should avoid this herb.

Side Effects and Toxicity

The therapeutic dose produces few side effects. With a large dose, some
patients may develop a feeling of stuffiness in the head and stomach. A very
low daily oral dose of 50 to 100 g in humans has not produced any adverse
effects (Zhu, 1998). The LD50 in mice is 1.6 to 2.1 g/kg (IV) for total kudzu
flavonoids and 1 g/kg (IV) for puerarin; daidzein 0.8 g/kg (IP) administered
to mice produced no toxic symptoms (Zhu, 1998).

Modern Research Findings

Chemical Constituents

The root contains isoflavones daidzein, and 4,7-diglucoside, isoflavon-

glycosides, daidzin, puerarin, puerarin-7-xyloside, pueraric glycosides (PG-
1 to PG-6), flavonoids, coumarins, allantoin, sterols, 5-methyldantoin,
lupenone, arachic acid, and a large amount of starch (Chen and Zhang,
1985; Leung and Foster, 1996; Ling, 1995). Puerarin is the plant’s major ac-
tive component.

Pharmacological Findings

1. The cardiovascular properties of pueraria root extract have been well

documented in laboratory animals; the isoflavonoids are the active
principles. Effects include:
• Dilation of coronary and cerebral vessels; increased cerebral blood
flow; decreased vascular resistance; decreased oxygen consump-
 tion of the myocardium; increased blood oxygen supply; and de-
pressed production of lactic acid (Dong et al., 1998).
• Hypotensiveness and decreased heart rate, which may be due to its
adrenergic-receptor blocking action (Dong et al., 1998).
• Inhibition of ADP-induced platelet aggregation and release of
5-hydroxytryptamine (seratonin) from blood platelets induced by
thrombin (Dong et al., 1998).
2. Anti-inflammatory and analgesic. The starch content of pueraria root
is an irritant. Internally, it relieves intestinal inflammation (Dong
et al., 1998).
3. Mildly hypoglycemic in rabbits.
4. Relaxes smooth muscles.
5. Antipyretic against artificially induced fever in rabbits.

Clinical Findings

In a clinical investigation in the United States, both the fresh root and
daidzen in doses of 150 mg/kg per day suppressed the free choice of ethanol
in Syrian hamsters. Daidzen and daizein may offer therapeutic uses in the
prevention and treatment of alcohol abuse (Leung and Foster, 1996). The
root, as well as the flower, have been used in China for alcohol detoxifica-
tion as recorded in Qian Jin Fang by Sun Jimiao about 2,000 years ago
(Jiang Su New Medical College, 1977).

REFERENCES

Chen, M. H. and Zhang, Y. Z. (1985). Studies on the chemical constituents of

Pueraria lobota. Zhong Yao Tonghao [Chinese Pharm. Bulletin] 10: 274-276.
Dong, K. S., Wang, X, Q., and Dong, Y. F. (1998). Xian Dai Lin Chuang Zhong Yao
Xue [Contemporary Clinical Chinese Materia Medica]. Beijing: Zhong Guo
Zhong Yi Yao Press.
Jiang Su New Medical College (1977). Encyclopedia of Chinese Materia Medica,
Shanghai: Shanghai Science and Technology Press.
Leung, A. and Foster, S. (1996). Encyclopedia of Common Natural Ingredients.
New York: John Wiley and Sons, Inc.
Ling, Y. (1995). A New Compendium of Materia Medica. Beijing: Science Press.
Smith, F. P. and Stuart, G. A. (1973). Chinese Medicinal Herbs. San Francisco:
Georgetown Press.
Wang, J. H. (Ed.) (1994). Xin Bian Chang Yong Zhong Yao Shou Ce [Manual of
Commonly Used Chinese Medicinal Herbs]. Beijing: Jin Dun Press.
Zhu, Y. (2001). Chinese Materia Medica—Chemistry, Pharmacology and Applica-
tions. Amsterdam: Harwood Academic Publishers.
 ThisCimicifuga
herb is the Rhizome; Rhizoma
dried rhizome of the large
Cimicifugae;
tri-leaf Cimicifuga Sheng ma
heracleifolia Kom., C. da-
hurica (Turez.) Maxim., or C. foetida L. of the
family Ranunculaceae. It is mainly grown in
the Heilongjiang, Hebei, Shaanxi, Sichuan,
Qinghai, Yunnan, and other northern prov-
inces in China. It is collected in autumn, dried
in the sun, and used unprocessed (Dong et al.,
1998). Traditionally, it was used for mias-
matic and infectious disorders, nervous crying of children, skin diseases,
and malignant tumors (Smith and Stuart, 1973). Cimicifuga rhizome is an
antipyretic agent commonly used to treat fever, sore throat, stomatitis, and
measles.

TCM Properties

Slightly sweet and pungent taste, and slightly cool, it acts on the lung,
spleen, stomach, and large intestine meridians.

Effects, Medicinal Uses, and Combinations

1. Relieves fever and detoxifies: for sore throats, painful gums and teeth,
and stomatitis, cimicifuga is often used in combination with coptis
root, scute root, and isatis root, as in Pu Ji Xiao Du Yin (Dong et al.,
1998).
2. Promotes eruption in the treatment of measles: for the relief of Exte-
rior syndrome and the symptoms of the early stages of measles, this
herb is often prescribed with licorice root, pueraria root, and white pe-
ony root (Dong et al., 1998).

Dosage

In a decoction of 3 to 6 g.

Precautions

People with hyperactive symptoms, asthenia, or yin deficiency should

avoid this herb.
Side Effects and Toxicity

The rhizome often causes vomiting due to gastric irritation. An overdose

may cause acratia, vertigo, tremor, headaches, slow pulse, and collapse. A
toxic dose results in heart inhibition, hypotension, or death from respiratory
paralysis (Zhu, 1998).

Modern Research Findings

Chemical Constituents

The rhizome yields mainly triterpens and triterpene glycosides. Cimi-

genol, cimigenol 3-0-beta-d-oxytopyranoside, and dahurinol were isolated
from C. dahurica (Kimura et al., 1983; Ling, 1995; Zhu, 1998). Some phe-
nolic carboxylic acid, including caffeic acid, ferulic acid, and isoferulic
acid, other components of visamminol, visnagin, norvisnagin, and yellow
pigments were also isolated. The alkaloid cimicfugin was identified in the
rhizome C. fostida. More recently, cyclolanostanol xylosides, cimicifugo-
sides H-1, H-2, and H-5 were isolated (Kaeda et al., 1995).

Pharmacological Findings

1. Antipyretic: the decoction of the herb is antipyretic. Cimicifugoside is

also antipyretic (Wang, 1994).
2. Inhibits cardiovascular system, sedative, and hypotensive. Oral ad-
ministration of the decoction inhibits the heart by decreasing heart
rate and blood pressure (Wang, 1994).
3. Hepatoprotective: the methanol extract of the rhizome and cimigenol
3-beta-d-xylopyranoside was effective in preventing carbon tetra-
chloride-induced liver disorders in mice (Yamahara et al., 1985).
4. Antimicrobial. The extract of the rhizome inhibited bacteria M. tuber-
culosis, S. aureus, S. albus, P. aeruginosa, and fungi Achorion scho-
enleini, Microsporum audouinii, and Epidermophyton rubrum (Zhu,
1998).
5. Analgesic and sedative. The extract of the herb and visamminol
showed analgesic activity in mice (Zhu, 1998).
6. Antispasmodic. Inhibitory action was produced by visamminol against
intestinal smooth muscle spasms caused by acetycholine chloride,
histamine hydrochloride or barium chloride. The spasmolytic activity
of visamminol and visnagin in isolated guinea pig jejunum was 30
percent and 10 percent that of papaverine, respectively (Zhu, 1998).
 REFERENCES

Dong, K. S., Wang, X. Q., and Dong, Y. F. (1998). Xian Dai Lin Chuang Zhong Yao
Xue [Contemporary Clinical Chinese Materia Medica]. Beijing: Zhong Guo
Zhong Yi Yao Press.
Kaeda, M., Aoki, Y., Sakurai, N., and Nagai, M. (1995). Studies on the Chinese
crude drug shoma IX, three novel cyclolanostanol xyloxides, cimicifugosides
H-1, H-2 and H-5, from cimicifuga rhizome. Pharmaceutical Bulletin 43: 721-
726.
Kimura, O., Sakurai, N., and Inoue, T. (1983). Studies on the Chinese crude drug
shoma VII. Isolation and determination of genuine natural products, acetyl-
chengmanol xyloxide 24-O-acetylhydroshengmanol xyloxide and shengmanol
xyloxide in Cimicifuga dahurica and other cimicifuga plants. Yakugaku Zasshi
103: 293-299.
Ling, Y. (1995). A New Compendium of Materia Medica. Beijing: Science Press.
Smith, F. P. and Stuart, G. A. (1973). Chinese Medicinal Herbs. San Francisco:
Georgetown Press.
Wang, Y. S. (1983). Pharmacology and Applications of Chinese Materia Medica.
Beijing: People’s Health Publishers.
Yamahara, J., Kobayashi, M., Kimura, H., Miki, K., Kozuka, M., Sawada, K., et al.
(1985). Biologically active principles of crude drugs. The effect of cimicifuga
rhizome and its constituents in preventive action of the carbon tetrachloride-
induced disorder in mice. Shoyakugaku Zasshi 39: 80-84.
Zhu, Y. (1998). Chinese Materia Medica—Chemistry, Pharmacology and Applica-
tions. Amsterdam: Harwood Academic Publishers.
 Chapter 10

Herbal
Herbal Expectorants,
Expectorants, Antitussives,Antitussives,
and Antiasthmatics
and Antiasthmatics: Resolution
of Respiratory System Ailments

The most common respiratory system ailments are coughs, colds, and
dyspnea and these often occur at the same time and are interrelated. The
medicinal herbs discussed in this chapter are used to alleviate coughs,
wheezing, dyspnea, bronchial asthma, and other related respiratory disor-
ders (Dong et al., 1998).
Herbs that suppress coughing and wheezing are called antitussives, those
that discharge phlegm are called expectorants, and those that relieve asthma
are called antiasthmatics. In TCM, these herbs are generally grouped to-
gether and are known collectively as herbs that alleviate phlegm, coughs,
and asthma (Zhang, 1988).
Phlegm refers to the pathological accumulation of thick fluid in the re-
spiratory and digestive tracts, as well as in muscles and other body tissues.
Phlegm in TCM is the substance expectorated from the lungs and this ex-
pectoration is a physiological reflex action. Phlegm in the lungs produces a
cough and abundant expectorations. TCM also recognizes phlegm in other
parts of the body. For example, in the heart it causes unconsciousness and a
manic or depressive psychosis. In the stomach it causes nausea, vomiting,
and poor digestion. In the upper body, it causes dizziness and nausea. In the
meridians, it causes scrofula, goiter, and subcutaneous nodules (Chen and
Chen, 1992).
There are two kinds of phlegm: Cold and Heat. Cold phlegm is marked
by the expectoration of watery and thin phlegm, profuse phlegm from the
lungs, or a cough accompanied with nausea and vomiting when an exces-
sive amount of phlegm accumulates in the stomach. Heat phlegm is marked
by the expectoration of yellow, thick phlegm, with or without the symptoms
of fever, and a yellow, coated tongue (Dong et al., 1998).
 Coughing can be caused by an attack of external (Wind-Cold) pathogens
on the lungs or it can be the result of a functional imbalance of the internal
organs.
Commonly used antitussive herbs that suppress coughing and wheezing,
and lessen excessive phlegm include pinella, fritillaria bulb, loquat leaf,
stemona root, rhododendron, brassica, and lily bulb.
Specific expectorants or herbs are used for resolving either Cold phlegm
or Heat phlegm.

1. Herbs that are acrid with warming properties relieve Cold phlegm.
This group of expectorants includes pinella tuber, arisaema, brassica
(white mustard seed), typhonium, inula flower, and polygala root.
2. Herbs that are acrid with cooling properties are commonly used to re-
lieve Heat phlegm. This group of expectorants includes platycodon
root, trichosanthes fruit, fritillaria bulb, loquat leaf, laminaria, poly-
gala root, sargassum, peucedanum, and aristolochia.

Table 10.1 lists the symptoms of respiratory system ailments and com-
monly used herbal expectorants, antitussives, and antiasthmatics. Table
10.2 lists the common and individual actions of the most frequently used
herbal expectorants, antitussives, and antiasthmatics.
Herbs that control or relieve asthma (antiasthmatics) include ginkgo
biloba seed, perilla leaf, ephedra, bitter apricot kernel, lepidium seed,
lemon grass (Herba cymbopogon distans), and datura flower (flos daturae
yangjinhua).
Nine antitussive, expectorant, and antiasthmatic herbs are introduced
and further discussed in the following section.

REFERENCES

Chen, Z. L. and Chen, M. I. (1992). A Comprehensive Guide to Chinese Herbal

Medicine. Long Beach, California: Oriental Health Arts Institute Press.
Dong, K. S., Wang, X. Q. and Dong, Y. F. (1998). Xian Dai Lin Chuang Zhong Yao
Xue [Contemporary Clinical Chinese Materia Medica]. Beijing: Zhong Guo
Zhong Yi Yao Press.
Zhang, E. (1988). Zhong Yao Xue [The Chinese Materia Medica]. Shanghai: Pub-
lishing House of Shanghai TCM University.
TABLE 10.1. Herbal Expectorants, Antitussives, and Antiasthmatics for Respira-
tory System Ailments

Etiology Symptoms Herbal Remedies

Pathogenic exterior Wind- Cough with abundant Herbs
Cold invasion, phlegm watery, thin sputum; pinella tuber, white mus-
and fluid retention adverse upward flow of tard seed, inula flower,
Lung-Qi; profuse phlegm arisaema, siler,
in the respiratory tract; schizonepeta
cough accompanied by
nausea and vomiting. Patent Medicines
Er Chen Tang,
Qing Qi Hua Tan Wan,
Mai Men Dong Tang,
Xiao Qing Long Tang
Pathogenic exterior Wind- Cough with thick or yel- Herbs
Heat invasion low phlegm, pathogenic platycodon root,
Heat in the lungs, hoarse- trichosanthes fruit,
ness, phlegm difficult to fritillary bulb, loquat leaf,
expectorate, thirst, sore polygala root, prunella
throat, yellow nasal dis- spike, morus, chrysan-
charge themum
Patent Medicine
Sang Ju Yin,
Ji Geng Tang,
Qing Qi Hua Tan Wan
Pathogenic profuse Cough with white Herbs
phlegm phlegm, a feeling of perilla, pinellia, fritillary
oppression in the chest bulb, rhododendron,
loquat leaf, stemona root,
brassica, lily bulb
Patent Medicines
Su Zi Jiang Qi Tang,
Er Chen Tang
Ban Xia Hou Bo Tang
Asthma, bronchial Asthmatic dyspnea, Herbs
asthma, asthmatic shortness of breath, perilla leaf, perilla seeds,
bronchitis bronchial wheezing, ephedra, bitter apricot
difficulty in lying down kernel, lepidium seed,
sargassum, ginkgo biloba
seed, lemon grass,
datura flower
Patent Medicines
Xiao Qing Long Tang,
Ding Chuan Tang,
Xiao Ke Chuan,
Ma Xing Shi Gan Tang
TABLE 10.2. The Actions of Herbal Expectorants, Antitussives, and Antiasth-
matics

Dosage Common
Name of Herb (grams) Individual Actions Actions
Stemona root 3-15 Moistens the lungs, Antitussive
(bai bu) stops cough, treats skin and
diseases antiasthmatic
Bitter apricot 3-10 Moistens the intestines, effects
kernel relieves constipation
(ku xing ren)
Lepidium seed 3-10 Relieves cough and
(ting li zi) asthma, removes Heat
from the lungs, diuretic,
relieves fluid retention
Ginkgo biloba seed 3-10 Relieves cough and Antiasthmatic
(bai guo) asthma, resolves Hot
phlegm, helps
spermatorrhea and
leukorrhagia
Rhododendron 3-10 Relieves cough and helps
(man shan hong) (15-30 resolve phelgm, bronchi-
fresh herb) tis, and bronchial asthma
Ephedra 1.5-10 Diaphoretic, allays
(ma huang) asthma, promotes the
flow of Lung-Qi
Pinellia tuber 3-9 Eliminates Dampness, Resolves
(ban xia) resolves lumps and white, thin,
masses, stops nausea Cold phlegm
and vomiting
Arisaema 5-9 Eliminates Dampness,
(tian nan xing) resolves phlegm, dispels
Wind, relieves convul-
sions
Sargassum 9-15 Relieves scrofula, Resolves
(hai zao) edema, metastatic yellow, thick,
abscesses, and testical Heat phlegm
disorders
Platycodon root 3-10 Ventilates the lungs,
(jie geng) promotes pus discharge,
subdues carbuncles,
antitussive, relieves
asthma
Fritillary bulb 3-15 Moistens the lungs,
(bei mu) relieves cough and
bronchitis
Trichosanthes fruit 10-20 Resolves Hot sputum,
(gua lou) promotes the flow of
Lung-Qi, moistens the
bowels
Pinellia Tuber;
This herb Rhizoma
is the Pinelliae;
dried stem tuber of Ban xia
Pinellia
ternata (Thunb.) of the family Araceae. It is
grown in most parts of China. The tuber is har-
vested in summer and autumn, washed clean,
and dried in the sun. In common practice,
pinellia tuber is pharmaceutically processed
with fresh ginger juice and alum. The pro-
cessed herb is called Zhi ban xia (Dong et al.,
1998). The processed herb is antifebrile, anti-
tussive, a antiemetic, ecbolic, antimalarial, astringent, and a mild laxative
(Smith and Stuart, 1973).
Pinellia tuber is warm and is used to resolve Cold phlegm and it helps ex-
pectorate thin phlegm.

TCM Properties

Pungent in taste and warm, and slightly toxic (the fresh herb), it acts on
the spleen, stomach, and lung meridians.

Effects, Medicinal Uses, and Combinations

1. Eliminates Dampness and resolves Cold phlegm:

• For treating profuse phlegm accumulation, coughs, and the adverse
upward flow of Qi and vertigo due to malfunction of the spleen and
Dampness, pinellia tuber is commonly prescribed with tangerine
peel and poria, as in Er Chen Tang (Wang, 1994).
• For resolving Cold phlegm, it is customarily used with dry ginger
and asarum herb (xi xin) (Wang, 1994).
• For resolving yellow phlegm of Heat nature, fever, and infections
of the lungs, scute root and trichosanthes are used (Wang, 1994).
2. Relieves stuffiness and distension in the chest, and resolves masses:
for treating globus hystericus, manifested clinically as a feeling of a
foreign body remaining in the throat that seems neither able to be
swallowed nor spat out, pinellia tuber is used with magnolia bark,
poria, ginger, and perilla leaf, as in Ban Xia Hou Po Tang (R-37)
(Wang, 1994).
 3. Eliminates nausea and vomiting during pregnancy: pinellia tuber nor-
malizes the adverse upward movement of Stomach-Qi. It is used with
amomum fruit and perilla stem to reduce nausea and vomiting during
pregnancy (Wang, 1994).

Dosage

In a decoction of 3 to 9 g.

Precautions

People who are yin deficient or with any kind of blood disorder or dry
cough should avoid this herb. Long-term use of this herb is not recom-
mended. Do not take the fresh herb. It must be properly processed according
to TCM methods.

Side Effects and Toxicity

The crude herb causes severe irritation of the mucous membranes in the
mouth, pharynx, and digestive tract, which causes aphasia, salivation,
spasms, dyspnea, asphyxia and, with an overdose, even death (Dong et al.,
1998; Zhu, 1998).

Modern Research Findings

Chemical Constituents

The tuber contains irritable substances including beta-sitosterol-d-

glucoside, 3,4-dihydroxybenzaldehyde, cholin, and homogentisic acid.
Other ingredients include glutamic acid, arginines, aspartic acid and alka-
loids, essential oil, beta-ephedrine, arginine, and beta-aminobutyric acid
(Ling, 1995; Zhu, 1998).

Pharmacological Findings

1. Antitussive. The processed tuber demonstrated a significant anti-

tussive effect against coughs induced by intrapleural injection of io-
dine or by electrostimulation of the sperior laryngeal nerve (Wang,
1994).
 2. Antiemetic effect. The processed pinellia tuber showed antiemetic ac-
tion against vomiting induced by apomorphine digitalis or copper sul-
fate. The mechanism may be due to CNS sedation (Maki et al., 1987).
3. Detoxification. The extract of processed pinellia tuber neutralized the
toxicity caused by strychnine or acetylcholine (Dong et al., 1998).
4. Analgesic. Increases the pain threshold. It is good for toothaches
(Zhu, 1998).
5. Lowers intraocular pressure. The pinellia tuber decoction decreases
ocular pressure. It may be helpful in treating glaucoma (Dong et al.,
1998).

REFERENCES

Dong, K. S., Wang, X. Q., and Dong, Y. F. (1998). Xian Dai Lin Chuang Zhong Yao
Xue [Contemporary Clinical Chinese Materia Medica]. Beijing: Zhong Guo
Zhong Yi Yao Press.
Ling Y. (1995). A New Compendium of Materia Medica. Beijing: Science Press.
Maki, T., Takashi, K., and Shibata, S. (1987). An anitemetic principle of Pinellia
ternata. Planta Medica 53: 410-414.
Smith, F. P. and Stuart, G. A. (1973). Chinese Medicinal Herbs. San Francisco:
Georgetown Press.
Wang, J. H. (Ed.) (1994). Xin Bian Chang Yong Zhong Yao Shou Ce [Manual of
Commonly used Chinese Medicinal Herbs]. Beijing: Jin Dun Press.
Zhu, Y. (1998). Chinese Materia Medica—Chemistry, Pharmacology and Applica-
tions. Amsterdam: Harwood Academic Publishers.
 Platycodon
This herb isRoot; Radix
the dried Platycodi;
root Jie
of Platycodon
grandiflorum (Jacq.)geng A. DC. of the family
Campanulaceae. It is mainly grown in the
Anhui, Jiangsu, and Shendong provinces of
China, where it is collected in spring and au-
tumn, dried, sliced, and used unprocessed.
Platycodon root is an excellent expectorant and antitussive agent (Dong
et al., 1998). The root traditionally was used as a tonic, astringent, sedative,
stomachic, and anthelmintic medicine. It is also valuable for blood fluxes
from the bowels (Smith and Stuart, 1973). Today, it is commonly used for
coughs with thick and yellow phlegm, difficulty in expectoration, infection
in the respiratory tract, pulmonary abscesses, and inflammation of the
throat (Dong et al., 1998).

TCM Properties

Bitter and pungent in taste, and cold or neutral, it acts on the lung meridian.

Effects, Medicinal Uses, and Combinations

1. Promotes the lungs for better ventilation and dispels phlegm:

• For coughs, pulmonary infection, respiratory tract inflammation,
sore throat, bronchial hoarseness, and difficulty in expectoration of
sputum, platycodon root is commonly used with mulberry leaves
and chrysanthemum flower, as in Sang Ju Yin.
• For the treatment of affliction by Wind-Cold exopathogens marked
by thin phlegm, a cough, stuffy nose, and headache, it is used with
ephedra, perilla leaf, bitter almond, pinellia rhizome, and poria, as
in Tong Xuan Li Fei Pian (R-47) (Dong et al., 1998; Wang, 1994).
2. Promotes pus discharge and heals carbuncles: for the treatment of pul-
monary abscesses with chest pain, accompanied by purulent expecto-
ration of yellowish, filthy sputum, platycodon root is commonly used
with licorice root, fritillary, houttuynia, morus bark, and coix, as in Jie
Geng Tang (Dong et al., 1998; Wang, 1994).
Dosage

In a decoction of 3 to 10 g.

Precautions

People who are yin deficient, have a long-term cough, or are vomiting
blood (hematemesis) with stomach ulcer should avoid platycodon or use
with care (Wang, 1994).

Side Effects and Toxicity

The saponine of the root has a hemolytic effect.

Modern Research Findings

Chemical Constituents

The root of platycodon contains a large amount of triterpene saponins in-

cluding platycodins A, C, D1, D2, and D3 (Zhu, 1998), polygolacic acid,
platycogenic acid A, B, and C, platycodonin, betulin, and alpha-spinasterol
glucoside (Ling, 1995).

Pharmacological Findings

1. Expectorant and antitussive. Oral administration of 19 kg of a decoc-

tion of the root in anesthetized dogs increased respiratory mucosal se-
cretion threefold (Zhu, 1998).
2. Hypoglycemic. Oral administration of 200mg/kg of the acqueous or
alcoholic extract of the root to rabbits decreased blood glucose levels.
The hypoglycemic effect was similar to that of an oral dose of 25-50
mg/kg of tolbutamide (Wang, 1983).
3. Analgesic, sedative and antipyretic (Wang, 1994).
4. Gastric, antisecretory, and antiulcerative. The saponin of the root in-
hibited gastric secretion and prevented ulcers in rats (Zhu, 1998).
5. Anti-inflammatory. The saponin fraction of the root inhibited paw
edema in rats induced by carrageenin or acetic acid (Wang, 1983).
 REFERENCES

Dong, K. S., Wang, X. Q., and Dong, Y. F. (1998). Xian Dai Lin Chuang Zhong Yao
Xue [Contemporary Clinical Chinese Materia Medica]. Beijing: Zhong Guo
Zhong Yi Yao Press.
Ling, Y. (1995). A New Compendium of Materia Medica. Beijing: Science Press.
Smith, F. P. and Stuart, G. A. (1973). Chinese Medicinal Herbs. San Francisco:
Georgetown Press.
Wang, J. H. (Ed.) (1994). Xin Bian Chang Yong Zhong Yao Shou Ce [Manual of
Commonly Used Chinese Medicinal Herbs]. Beijing: Jin Dun Press.
Wang, Y. S. (1983). Pharmacology and Applications of Chinese Materia Medica.
Beijing: People’s Health Publishers.
Zhu, Y. (2001). Chinese Materia Medica—Chemistry, Pharmacology and Applica-
tions. Amsterdam: Harwood Academic Publishers.
Fritillary Bulb;
This herb Bulbus
is the driedFritillariae; Bei mu
bulb of Fritillaria
or Chuan
cirrhosa D. Don,bei F.
muunibracteata
and Zhe bei Hsiao
mu et
K.C., F. przewalskii Maxim., or F. delavayi
Franch. of the family Liliaceae. It is grown
mainly in the provinces of Gansu, Sichuan,
Tibet, and Yunnan of China and is usually referred to as chuan bei mu
(Dong et al., 1998).
Another similar fritillary bulb, F. thunbergii of the family Liliaceae, is
mainly grown in the Zhejiang province of China and is commonly called
zhe bei mu (Dong et al., 1998).
Both species are harvested in summer, washed, and dried in the sun.
Traditionally, these plants were used for fevers, coughs, dysuria, hemor-
rhages, deficiency of milk in nursing mothers, threatened mammary ab-
scess, lingering labor, rheumatism, and diseases of the eye. They were re-
garded as having an especially favorable action on the viscera and the bone
marrow (Smith and Stuart, 1973).
Today, chuan bei mu is used for long-term coughs and chronic bronchi-
tis, while zhe bei mu is mostly used for acute bronchitis and a cough with
thick phlegm (Dong et al., 1998).

TCM Properties

Bitter and sweet in taste, and cool, it acts on the lung and heart meridians.

Effects, Medicinal Uses, and Combinations

1. Helps to reduce phlegm and relieves coughs: Sichuan fritillary bulb

(chuan bei mu) is sweet and cool, and resolves phlegm and moistens the
lungs. This facilitates expectoration of sputum and relieves chronic
cough with scanty sputum and a dry throat. It is commonly prescribed
with ophiopogon root and glehnia in a decoction (Wang, 1994).
To relieve the symptoms of depression or depressed Liver-Qi and
abdominal distension, chuan bei mu is used alone or with magnolia
bark in a decoction. It is also used in a combination with curcuma
root, Chinese angelica, and biota seed in a decoction to soothe the
liver (Wang, 1994).
 Zhejiang fritillary bulb (zhe bei mu) is bitter and cold, has much
stronger therapeutic properties to relieve Heat from the lungs, and is
effective as an expectorant for coughs and colds caused by Wind-Heat
exopathogens. Zhe bei mu is commonly combined with mulberry
leaves and arctium fruit in a decoction (Wang, 1994).
2. Helps in treating scrofula, sores, and abscesses: for these conditions
and detoxification, Zhejiang fritillary bulb (zhe bei mu) is preferred,
combined with scrophularia root, prunella spike, sorgassum, and oys-
ter shell, as in Xiao Luo Wan (Wang, 1994).
3. Treats breast carbuncles, acute mastitis, or abscesses of the breast:
Zhejiang fritillary bulb is used with dandelion, trichosanthes root, red
peony, and forsythia fruit with good results (Wang, 1994).
4. For treating lung abscesses: Zhejiang fritillary bulb is mixed with
houttuynia and coix seed in a decoction (Dong et al., 1998).
5. For treating prostate gland enlargement, chuan bei mu is dispensed
with 25 g each of sophora root (Sophora flavescens), and codonopsis
in a decoction (Dong et al., 1998).

Dosage

In a decoction of 3 to 10 g.

Precautions

People who are lung-yin deficient should avoid this herb. Do not mix
with aconite root.

Side Effects and Toxicity

Both plants are rather safe at recommended doses. The alkaloidal ingre-
dients are potent. The MLD value of fritimine by IV administration was 40
mg/kg in mice and 12 to 15 mg/kg in rats for chuan bei mu; MLD was 10 to
12 mg/kg in rabbits and 8 to 10 mg/kg in cats for zhe bei mu (Zhu, 1998).

Modern Research Findings

Chemical Constituents

The bulb of the fritillary species contains steroidal alkaloids as active

constituents. Chuan bei mu contains eight steroidal alkaloids: songbeinone,
songbeinine, delavine, delavinone, harepeimine, chuanbeinone, isoverticin,
and imperialine were isolated (Zhou, 1993). Zhe bei mu bulb contains
steroidal alkaloids with a cevane skeleton, mainly peimine, peiminine,
peimidine, peimiphine, peimisine, peimitidine, peiminoside, and
propeimin (Ling, 1995).

Pharmacological Findings

Chuan Bei Mu
1. Antitussive and expectorant.
2. The alkaloids lowered blood pressure at higher doses (Zhu, 1998).
3. Antispasmodic for intestinal smooth muscles (Wang, 1994).
4. Antimicrobial (Wang, 1994).
Zhe Bei Mu
1. Antitussive and sedative.
2. This herb is a bronchodilator and inhibits mucosal and salivary secre-
tion (Zhu, 1998).
3. Lowers blood pressure (Wang, 1994).
4. Hyperglycemic (Wang, 1994).
5. Promotes uterine contraction in rabbits. The uterine contraction effect
of 0.5 mg of peimine was comparable to one unit of pituitrin or
0.04 mg of ergostetrine.

REFERENCES

Dong, K. S., Wang, X. Q., and Dong, Y. F. (1998). Xian Dai Lin Chuang Zhong Yao
Xue [Contemporary Clinical Chinese Materia Medica]. Beijing: Zhong Guo
Zhong Yi Yao Press.
Ling, Y. (1995). A New Compendium of Materia Medica. Beijing: Science Press.
Smith, F. P. and Stuart, G. A. (1973). Chinese Medicinal Herbs. San Francisco:
Georgetown Press.
Wang, J. H. (Ed.) (1994). Xin Bian Chang Rong Zhong Yao Shou Ce [Manual of
Commonly Used Chinese Medicinal Herbs]. Beijing: Jin Dun Press.
Wang, Y. S. (1983). Pharmacology and Applications of Chinese Materia Medica.
Beijing: People’s Health Publishers.
Zhou, R. H. (1993). Resource Science of Chinese Materia Medica. Beijing: China
Medical and Pharmaceutical Science Press.
Zhu, Y. (1998). Chinese Materia Medica—Chemistry, Pharmacology and Applica-
tions. Amsterdam: Harwood Academic Publishers.
 Bitter
This Apricot
herb is Kernel;
the driedSemen
kernelArmeniacae
of Prunus
armeniaca amarum; Ku xing
L., P. sibirica L., orren
P. mandshur-
ica (Maxim.) Koehne of the family Rosaceae.
The plant is cultivated mainly in the Hebei,
Shaanxi, Shandong, and Shanxi provinces of China, as well as Inner Mon-
golia, where it is collected in summer, dried, and used unprocessed. Bitter
apricot kernel relieves coughs and asthma, treats acute or chronic bronchi-
tis, and relieves constipation (Dong et al., 1998).

TCM Properties

Bitter in taste and slightly warm, and slightly toxic, it acts on the lung
and large intestine meridians.

Effects, Medicinal Uses, and Combinations

1. Relieves coughs and asthma: for coughs without sputum or coughs

with thin phlegm, and dyspnea, bitter apricot kernel is prescribed with
mulberry leaf and chrysanthemum, as in Sang Ju Yin, or it is combined
with licorice root and ephedra (Wang, 1994).
2. Helps to moisten the intestines and relieves constipation: for dryness
of the intestines with constipation and for better bowel movements,
this herb is used with hemp seed and peach kernel, as in Run Chang
Wan (Wang, 1994).

Dosage

In a decoction of 3 to 10 g.

Precautions

People with yin deficiency, long-term coughing, or diarrhea should

avoid this herb or use with caution. The very small amount of hydrocyanic
acid and aldehyde after hydrolysis of the seed is toxic to the respiratory
system.
Side Effects and Toxicity

An oral overdose can cause intoxication, especially in children. Toxicity

symptoms usually appear between 0.5 and five hours after ingestion. These
include dizziness, nausea, and vomiting. Amygdalin has a very low toxicity
when administered orally. The LD50 values were 25 g/kg in mice and rats
(Zhu, 1998).

Modern Research Findings

Chemical Constituents

Bitter apricot kernel contains amygdalin, emulsin, and several enzymes

including amygdalase, prunase, alpha-L-fucosidase, and amadase. It also
contains apricot oils, cholesterol, protein, and amino acids (Zhu, 1998).

Pharmacological Findings

1. Antitussive and antiasthmatic. The antitussive effect of amygdalin

was observed in animals (Dong et al., 1998; Wang, 1994).
2. Laxative. The fat of the seed can lubricate and produce a laxative ef-
fect (Wang, 1994).
3. Analgesic. Subcutaneous administration of amygdalin produced an
analgesic effect in mice (Zhu, 1998).

Clinical Findings

1. Intravenous administration of amygdalin acted as a pain reliever in

patients with advanced liver cancer (Xue, 1984).
2. The addition of an oral dose of the seed in the treatment regimen of
two cases of cloramphenicol-induced aplastic anemia markedly in-
creased the therapeutic effect. It is assumed that the hydrocyanic acid
content contributes to tissue anoxia, thereby stimulating the kidneys,
and promotes hematopoiesis (Zhu, 1998).
3. The aqueous decoction of bitter apricot kernel has an antitumor effect
and the oil of bitter apricot kernel is anthelmintic and antimicrobial.
4. Bitter apricot seed oil has been demonstrated to be anthelmintic to-
ward ascariasis, enterobiasis, and ancylostomiasis (Wang, 1994).

The very small amount of hydracyanic acid and aldehyde remaining af-
ter hydrolysis of the apricot kernel is toxic to the respiratory system, partic-
ularly for children.
 REFERENCES

Dong, K. S., Wang, X. Q., and Dong, Y. F. (1998). Xian Dai Lin Chuang Zhong Yao
Xue (Contemporary Clinical Chinese Materia Medica). Beijing: Zhong Guo
Zhong Yi Yao Press.
Wang, J. H. (Ed.) (1994). Xin Bian Chang Rong Zhong Yao Shou Ce [Manual of
Commonly Used Chinese Medicinal Herbs]. Beijing: Jin Dun Press.
Xue, W. C. (1984). Pain relieving effect of amygdalin in advanced cancer patient.
Tumor (Shanghai) 4: 273-274.
Zhu, Y. (1998). Chinese Materia Medica—Chemistry, Pharmacology and Applica-
tions. Amsterdam: Harwood Academic Publishers.
 Trichosanthes
This herb is the Fruit;
dried Fructus
ripe fruit of
Trichosanthis;
Mongolian GuaTrichosanthes
snake gourd, lou shi
kirilowii Maxim., T. japonica Regel
(Japanese snake gourd), or T. rosthor-
nii Harms of the family Cucurbit-
aceae. It grows throughout China,
mostly in the provinces of Hebei, Shaanxi, Shandong, and Shanxi, where it
is harvested in autumn and the whole fruit is dried in the shade. The dried
fruit (gua lou shi or gua wei), peel (gua lou pi), and seed (gua lou ren) have
similar uses. The dried root (gua lou gen), also known as tian hua fen, has
additional medicinal uses (Jiang Su New Medical College, 1977).
Traditionally, both the fruit and seeds are regarded as nutritious, anti-
tussive, thirst relieving, tonic, and astringent in fluxes. They are also admin-
istered for jaundice, suppression of urine, relaxation of the mucous mem-
branes, retained placenta, agalactia, and syphilitic ulcers (Smith and Stuart,
1973). The root is cooling and is recommended for polyurea, diabetes, and
abscesses (Smith and Stuart, 1973).
Today, trichosanthes fruit and root are prescribed to resolve sputum, re-
lieve thirst, clear away Heat, moisten the lungs, relieve constipation, and
lower blood lipid levels.

TCM Properties

Bitter and slightly sweet in taste, and cold, it acts on the lung and stom-
ach meridians.

Effects, Medicinal Uses, and Combinations

1. Helps moisten the lungs, dispel phlegm, and relieve coughs: for a
cough with thick sputum caused by pathogenic Heat in the Lungs,
trichosanthes fruit is often used in combination with fritillary, ophio-
pogon, and morus bark. Trichosanthes fruit is used with scute root,
poria, bitter apricot kernel, tangerine peel, pinellia tuber, and ari-
saema (tian nan xing), as in Qing Qi Hua Tan Wan, for coughs with
yellow, thick phlegm and fullness in the chest (Dong et al., 1998;
Wang, 1994).
 2. Helps diabetes and promotes production of body fluids: for the treat-
ment of Qi and yin deficiency, thirst and symptoms of diabetes, tri-
chosanthes fruit is used along with astragalus, pueraria, schisandra
fruit, and anemarrhena in a decoction, as in Yu Ye Tang (Zhang, 1988).
3. Treats carbuncles of the breast: for burning pain due to an abscess of
the breast or acute mastitis, the herb is blended with dandelion,
lonicera flower, myrrh, and mastic in a decoction (Wang, 1994).
4. Relieves chest pain and coronary heart conditions: for chest pain and
angina pectoris due to obstruction of Lung-Qi, trichosanthes fruit is
prescribed with macrostem onion, pinellia tuber, and white wine, as in
Gua Lou Xie Bai Ban Xia Tang (Wang, 1994).

Dosage

In a decoction of 10 to 20 g of the fruit or 6 to 15 g of the root.

Precautions

People with spleen deficiency, cough with Cold phlegm, with no symp-
toms of Heat, or with diarrhea should use this herb with caution. Tricho-
santhes root should not be used with aconite or prepared aconite.

Side Effects and Toxicity

No undesirable side effects or toxicity were reported at the therapeutic

dose in classical Chinese materia medica. An overdose of the seeds may
cause gastric discomfort, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, and diarrhea.
The LD50 values of the injection solution of the peel were 363 33 g/kg by
intraperitoneal administration and 306 22 g/kg by intravenous administra-
tion in mice (Ling, 1995; Wang, 1983).

Modern Research Findings

Chemical Constituents

Trichosanthes fruit contains triterpenes, organic acids, resins, saccha-

rides, pigments, and saponins (Wang, 1983). The root contains gamma-
aminobutyric acid, cistrulline, arginine, glutamic acid, aspartic acid, serine,
glycine, threonine, and alanine. The seed contains fatty oil and sterols
(Ling, 1995).
Pharmacological Findings

The aqueous extract of trichosanthes fruit is an antitussive, expectorant,

and laxative, and lowers blood sugar and blood lipids. An aqueous extract
of trichosanthes root raised the serum glucose level in rabbits while the al-
coholic extractions did not have any effect on serum glucose levels. The
protein content of trichosanthes root induces abortion and is used in incom-
plete abortions. The decoction of the herb is antimicrobial (Dong et al.,
1998). The decoction of the fruit peel produced an optimal expectorant ef-
fect in animals (Zhu, 1998). The complex formula of the trichosanthes fruit,
Yu Ye Tang, lowered blood sugar levels in mice (Bai and Xiao, 1994).

REFERENCES

Bai, G. and Xiao, H. B. (Eds.) (1994). Zhong Yao Fang Ji Yan Jiu Yu Yingyung Da
Quan [Encyclopedia of Chinese Medicine Formulas, Studies and Applications].
Beijing: China Science and Technology Press.
Dong, K. S., Wang, X. Q., and Dong, Y. F. (1998). Xian Dai Lin Chuang Zhong Yao
Xue [Contemporary Clinical Chinese Materia Medica]. Beijing: Zhong Guo
Zhong Yi Yao Press.
Jiang Su New Medical College (1977). Encyclopedia of Chinese Materia Medica.
Shanghai: Shanghai Science and Technology Press.
Ling, Y. (1995). A New Compendium of Materia Medica. Beijing: Science Press.
Smith, F. P. and Stuart, G. A. (1973). Chinese Medicinal Herbs. San Francisco:
Georgetown Press.
Wang, J. H. (Ed.) (1994). Xin Bian Chang Yong Zhong Yao Shou Ce [Manual of
Commonly Used Chinese Medicinal Herbs]. Beijing: Jin Dun Press.
Wang, Y. S. (1983). Pharmacology and Applications of Chinese Materia Medica.
Beijing: People’s Health Publishers.
Zhang, E. (1988). Zhong Yao Xue [The Chinese Materia Medica]. Shanghai: Pub-
lishing House of Shanghai TCM University.
Zhu, Y. (1998). Chinese Materia Medica—Chemistry, Pharmacology and Applica-
tions. Amsterdam: Harwood Academic Publishers.
 Stemona
This herbRoot;
is theRadix Stemonae;
dried root Bai bu
of Stemona ses-
silifolia (Miq.), S. japonica Miq., or S. tuber-
osa Lour. of the family Stemonaceae. It is
mainly grown in the Anhui, Hubei, Jiangsu,
Shandong, and Zheziang provinces of China,
where it is collected in the autumn. The root-
lets are removed, sliced, and dried, and the re-
sult is known as dried stemona root. If the root
is briefly steamed, dried, and sliced, it is called
processed stemona root (Jiang Su New Medical College, 1977). The plant is
related to A. lucidus and is sometimes called wild asparagus.
Traditionally, stemona root was used as a carminative, anthelmintic, and
as an insecticide (Smith and Stuart, 1973). Today, stemona root is used to
relieve coughs due to acute or chronic bronchitis, bronchial asthma, and
used externally as an anthelmintic and as an insecticide for enterobiasis and
lice (Dong et al., 1998).
For external application, the decoction is used as an enema or applied on
the affected area of the skin in a paste form with wine (Wang, 1994).

TCM Properties

Bitter in taste, slightly warm, and slightly toxic, it acts on the lung meridian.

Effects, Medicinal Uses, and Combinations

1. Helps relieve coughs from acute or chronic bronchitis with dyspnea:

stemona root is combined with platycodon, schizonepeta, and tanger-
ine peel, or with ephedra and apricot kernel, as in Bai Bu Wan (Wang,
1994).
2. Relieves chronic cough, whooping cough, tuberculosis, dry cough:
stemona root is used with ophiopogon, fritillary bulb (chuan bei mu),
dried rehmannia, and notoginseng (Wang, 1994).
3. Used or applied externally as an anthelmintic agent for dermatol-
ogical problems: for the skin diseases of neurodermatitis, chronic ec-
zema, and psoriasis, the aqueous or alcoholic extract of stemona root
can be an effective anthelmintic for commonly encountered skin dis-
eases. Ointment herbal recipes, such as Bai Bu Gao, can also be used
(Wang, 1994).
Dosage

In a decoction of 3 to 15 g.

Precautions

People with asthenia, and those with deficiency of the spleen and stom-
ach with diarrhea should avoid this herb or use with caution.

Side Effects and Toxicity

Avoid an overdose because of the slightly toxic effect of the herb. Oral
administration of this herbal decoction in large amounts or an overdose
causes heartburn, dryness of the mouth, nose, and pharynx, dizziness, chest
discomfort, shortness of breath, anorexia (Wang, 1983), and paralysis of the
respiratory center (Wang, 1994).

Modern Research Findings

Chemical Constituents

The root of the herb contains biologically active alkaloids. The root of
S. sessilifolia contains tuberostemonine and oxotuberostemonine (Edwards
and Feniak, 1962; Edwards et al., 1962). From the root of S. japonica,
protostemonine, stemonamine, and isostemonamine were isolated (Irie et al.,
1973). Also, tuberostemonine, stenine, oxotuberostemonine, stemonine, stem-
otinine, and isostemotinine were isolated from S. tuberosa (Uyco et al.,
1967; Xu et al., 1982).

Pharmacological Findings

1. Antitussive and expectorative. The stemona extract or alkaloid can re-

duce the excitation action on the respiratory center of an animal and
inhibit the cough reflex. It can relax the trachea spasms caused by
histamin (Dong et al., 1998).
2. Insecticide. The aqueous and the 70 percent alcoholic extract of the
herb were lethal to Pediculus capitis and P. vestimenti. It was also able
to kill lice ova. The alcoholic extract killed Pediculus pubis in a few
minutes after contact (Dong et al., 1998; Wang, 1983).
 3. Antimicrobial, antiviral, and antifungal. The herb’s decoction was in-
hibitory against multiple species of bacteria and fungi, and effective
in mice infected with the influenza virus (Wang, 1983).

REFERENCES

Dong, K. S., Wang, X. Q., and Dong, Y. F. (1998). Xian Dai Lin Chuang Zhong Yao
Xue [Contemporary Clinical Chinese Materia Medica]. Beijing: Zhong Guo
Zhong Yi Yao Press.
Edwards, O. E. and Feniak, G. (1962). The structure of tuberostemonine. Canadian
Journal of Chemistry 40: 2416-2418.
Edwards, O. E., Feniak, G., and Hanka, K. L. (1962). The alkaloids of Stemona
sessifolia. Canadian Journal of Chemistry 40: 455-462.
Irie, H., Ohno, K., Osaki, K., Taga, T., and Uyco, S. (1973). X-ray crystallographic
determination of the structure of the alkaloid prostostemonine. Chemical and
Pharmaceutical Bulletin 21: 451-452.
Jiang Su New Medical College (1977), Encyclopedia of Chinese Materia Medica
Shanghai: Shanghai Science and Technology Press.
Smith, F. P. and Stuart, G. A. (1973). Chinese Medicinal Herbs. San Francisco:
Georgetown Press.
Uyco, S., Irie, H., and Harada, H. (1967). The structure of stenine, a new alkaloid
occurring in Stemona tuberosa. Chemical and Pharmaceutical Journal 15: 768-
770.
Wang, J. H. (Ed.) (1994). Xin Bian Chang Rong Zhong Yao Shou Ce [Manual of
Commonly Used Chinese Medicinal Herbs]. Beijing: Jin Dun Press.
Wang, Y. S. (1983). Pharmacology and Applications of Chinese Materia Medica.
Beijing: People’s Health Publisher.
Xu, R. S., Lu, Y. J., Chu, J. H., Iwashita, T., Naoki, H., Naya, Y., et al. (1982). Stud-
ies on some new Stemona alkaloids. Tertrahedron 38: 2667-2670.
Sargassum
This herborisSeaweed;
the dried Herba
seaweedSargassum;
of Sargas-
sum pallidum (Turn.) HaiC.
zao
Ag., or S. fusiforme
(Harv.) Setch. of the family Sargassaceae. It is
harvested along the coast of the Zheziang,
Fujian, Shandong, and Liaoning provinces of
China, where it is gathered in summer, washed
clean, cut into sections, and dried in the sun
(Jiang Su New Medical College, 1977).
Seaweed was used to treat goiters, dropsies of all kinds, menstrual disor-
ders, and difficult labors (Smith and Stuart, 1973).
This herb is used as an expectorant for chronic bronchitis, hypertension,
and, more frequently, for edema, goiter, and tuberculosis of lymph nodes
(Wang, 1994).

TCM Properties

Bitter and salty in taste, and cool, it acts on the liver, stomach, and kidney
meridians.

Effects, Medicinal Uses, and Combinations

1. Resolves phlegm: sargassum is used as an expectorant for chronic

bronchitis but is used more frequently for goiter, tuberculosis of the
lymph nodes, hyperlipidemia, and hypertension (Dong et al., 1998;
Wang, 1994).
2. To relieve testicle swelling and pain: sargassum is blended with citrus
seeds, peach kernel, and melia, as in Ju He Wan (Wang, 1994).
3. Diuresis: for dysuria, edema, and swollen feet, sargassum is com-
bined with poria, alisma, and polyporus in a decoction (Wang, 1994).

Dosage

In a decoction of 9 to 15 g.
Precautions

People with symptoms of Cold and Dampness caused by spleen and

stomach asthenia should not use this herb. Do not combine with licorice
root (Wang, 1994).

Side Effects and Toxicity

No side effects or toxicity were noted by the in classical Chinese materia

medica.

Modern Research Findings

Chemical Constituents

Sargassum contains alginic acid, mannitol, sargassan, leminine, muci-

lages, glucose, protein, potassium, and iodine (Jiang Su New Medical Col-
lege, 1977; Ling, 1995).

Pharmacological Findings

1. Antigoiter. The iodine content of sargassum can treat hypothyroidism

caused by iodine deficiency and goiter (Jiang Su New Medical Col-
lege, 1977).
2. Its hemostatic and anticoagulant effects are similar to hirudin and
heparin (Wang, 1994).
3. Lowers blood cholesterol. Studies of the herb showed a decrease in
lipemia and atherosclerosis (Wang, 1994).
4. Antispastic. Inhibits the growth of the larvae and adult form of
schistosoma. Has a therapeutic effect on the pathological changes of
the liver tissues damaged by schistosomiasis (Dong et al., 1998).
5. Antihypertensive (Dong et al., 1998).
6. Commercially prepared products containing seaweed are useful for
weight control (Wang, 1994).

REFERENCES

Dong, K. S., Wang, X. Q., and Dong, Y. F. (1998). Xian Dai Lin Chuang Zhong Yao
Xue [Contemporary Clinical Chinese Materia Medica]. Beijing: Zhong Guo
Zhong Yi Yao Press.
Jiang Su New Medical College (1977). Encyclopedia of Chinese Materia Medica.
Shanghai: Shanghai Science and Technology Press.
Ling, Y. (1995). A New Compendium of Materia Medica. Beijing: Science Press.
Smith, F. P. and Stuart, G. A. (1973). Chinese Medicinal Herbs. San Francisco:
Georgetown Press.
Wang, J. H. (Ed.) (1994). Xin Bian Chang Rong Zhong Yao Shou Ce [Manual of
Commonly Used Chinese Medicinal Herbs]. Beijing: Jin Dun Press.
 Lepidium
This Seed;
herb is the Semen
dried Lepidii
ripe seed seu
of Lepidium
Descurainiae;
apetalum Willd., Ting li zisophia (L.)
or Descurainia
of the family Cruciferae. The former is called
northern lepidium seed and is mostly pro-
duced in the Hebei and Liaoning provinces of
China. The latter, called southern lepidium
seed, is produced mainly in the Jiangsu and
Shandong provinces. A third variety, Lepidi-
um virginicum is found in North America. The
dried seeds can be used without further processing or slightly stir baked be-
fore use (Jiang Su New Medical College, 1977). Traditionally, the seeds
were used as a demulcent, laxative, and aperient drug (Smith and Stuart,
1973). In modern times, the seeds are used for coughs, asthma with exces-
sive phlegm, as a diuretic for chest and abdominal fluid accumulation, and
as a cardiotonic (Wang, 1994).

TCM Properties

Pungent and bitter in taste, and very cold, it acts on the lungs and urinary
bladder meridians.

Effects, Medicinal Uses, and Combinations

1. Relieves asthma and eliminates sputum: for fullness in the lungs,

chest discomfort, cough with dyspnea and profuse sputum, asthma,
the inability to lie flat, and generalized edema, lepidium seed is either
prescribed with Chinese dates or with perilla seed, pinellia, cyn-
anchum, and apricot kernel (Wang, 1994).
2. Promotes diuresis and reduces edema. This herb is usually used with
stephania root and rhubarb rhizome for treating the disorders of pleu-
ral effusion, ascites, edema, scanty urination, water retention in the
abdomen, fullness in the abdomen, and dry mouth and tongue. It is
also blended with bitter apricot kernel, mirabilite, and rhubarb rhi-
zome for pleural effusion and oliguria (Wang, 1994).
3. Treats pulmonary heart disease, cardiac failure, edema, and dyspnea.
Lepidium seed is combined with ginseng, ephedra, bitter apricot,
mulberry bark, and other herbs in a decoction, or 30 to 50 g lepidium
 seed, 10 to 15 g salvia, and 10 to 15 g immature orange in a decoction
for good results (Wang, 1994).

Dosage

In a decoction of 3 to 10 g.

Precautions

People with cough and asthma due to asthenia of the lung or abdominal
fullness caused by asthenia of the spleen should avoid this herb. Do not take
this herb for a long period (Wang, 1994).

Side Effects and Toxicity

The therapeutic dose is safe. Side effects or toxicity were not noted in
classical Chinese materia medica. Reports show that some patients have ex-
perienced an allergic shock reaction after oral administration of this herb
(Wang, 1994).

Modern Research Findings

Chemical Constituents

Lepidium seed contains volatile oils (benzyl isothiocyanate, allyl iso-

thiocyanate, and allyl disulfide), glucosides, linolic acid, linoleic acid,
stearic acid, oleic acid, erucic acid, palmitic acid, sugars, protein sub-
stances, and helveticoside (Jiang Su New Medical College, 1977).

Pharmacological Findings

A small dose of lepidium seed has been demonstrated to be cardiotonic,

contract heart muscles, and reduce the heart rate in various animals (Wang,
1994). A large dose causes tachycardia and ventricular vibration (Wang,
1994). It is a positive cardiotonic glycoside effect that increases cardiac out-
put and reduces venous pressure in subjects with weak hearts (Dong et al.,
1998). This herb has also been shown to be diuretic and antiasthmatic
(Dong et al., 1998).
 REFERENCE

Dong, K. S., Wang, X. Q., and Dong, Y. F. (1998). Xian Dai Lin Chuang Zhong Yao
Xue [Contemporary Clinical Chinese Materia Medica]. Beijing: Zhong Guo
Zhong Yi Yao Press.
Jiang Su New Medical College (1977). Encyclopedia of Chinese Materia Medica.
Shanghai: Shanghai Science and Technology Press.
Smith, F. P. and Stuart, G. A. (1973). Chinese Medicinal Herbs. San Francisco:
Georgetown Press.
Wang, J. H. (Ed.) (1994). Xin Bian Chang Yong Zhong Yao Shou Ce [Manual of
Commonly Used Chinese Medicinal Herbs]. Beijing: Jin Dun Press.
 Rhododendron;
This Folium
herb is the dried Rhododendri
leaves and flowers of
daurici;
Rhododendron Man shan
dauricum L. ofhong
the family Eri-
caceae. It is widely grown in the Jilin and
Heilongjiang provinces, and Inner Mongolia
of China, where it is harvested in summer and
dried in the sun (Dong et al., 1998).
There are many rhododendrons found in
China. The flowers were used as a sedative,
for rheumatism, neuralgias, contractions, and
bronchitis. (Smith and Stuart, 1973). The herb is used as an antitussive and
expectorant for chronic bronchitis and relieves asthma (Jiang Su New Med-
ical College, 1977).

TCM Properties

Acrid, bitter in taste, and slightly cold, it acts on the lung and spleen me-
ridians.

Effects, Medicinal Uses, and Combinations

1. Helps to relieve coughs and bronchitis: the herb is used as an effective

antitussive and as an expectorant for chronic bronchitis (Dong et al.,
1998).
2. Relieves asthma and is also useful for treating acute and chronic bron-
chial asthma in a decoction (Dong et al., 1998).

Dosage

In a decoction of 3 to 10 g, or 15 to 30 g if fresh rhododendron is used.

Precautions

People with a history of liver and heart ailments should not use this herb
or use with caution, and avoid long-term use.
Side Effects and Toxicity

The Chinese materia medica reports that this plant is slightly toxic and it
may cause symptoms of nausea, vomiting, dizziness, angina, sweating, and
asthenia. After removing the volatile oil constituent, the plant does not
cause these side effects. Long-term use or an overdose may cause liver dam-
age (Dong et al., 1998).

Modern Research Findings

Chemical Constituents

The leaves of the plant R. dauricum contain 0.3 to 0.5 percent of volatile
oil. The chief ingredients responsible for antitussive and expectorant ac-
tions are hyperoside and isobyperin. From the leaf, active ingredients of
hyperin, avicularin, azaleatin, and poriol have been identified. Seven other
flavone compounds (kaempferol, quercetin, myricetin, ferrerol, periol,
hyperoside, and isohyperoside) were isolated. Germaerone, juniper cam-
phor, menthol, alpha-eudesmol, beta-eudesmol, and gamma-eudesmol
have been isolated from the oil portion (Song et al., 1995).

Pharmacological Findings

1. A rhododendron decoction demonstrated noticeable antitussive ac-

tion. The chief ingredient for the action is the flavone compound
ferrerol. The antitussive properties of 160 mg of ferrerol were equiva-
lent to 60 mg codeine in animal tests (Dong et al., 1998).
2. Expectorant action: the 1:1 rhododendron aqueous extract was given
to rabbits and was a noticeable expectorant (Dong et al., 1998).
3. Other effects: rhododendron is also antiasthmatic, cardiotonic, hypo-
tensive, and antimicrobial.

REFERENCES

Dong, K. S., Wang, X. Q., and Dong, Y. F. (1998). Xian Dai Lin Chuang Zhong Yao
Xue [Contemporary Clinical Chinese Materia Medica]. Beijing: Zhong Guo
Zhong Yi Yao Press.
Jiang Su New Medical College (1977). Encyclopedia of Chinese Materia Medica.
Shanghai: Shanghai Science and Technology Press.
Smith, F. P. and Stuart, G. A. (1973). Chinese Medicinal Herbs. San Francisco:
Georgetown Press.
Song, Z. (1995). Zhong Cao Yao Xian Dai Yan Jio [Modern Studies on Chinese Me-
dicinal Herbs]. Beijing: Beijing Medical University and Union Medical Univer-
sity Joint Publication Press.
 Chapter 11

Herbal
HerbalPain Killers:
Pain Killers
Relief of Lingering Arthritic Pain
and Rheumatism

The medicinal herbs covered in this chapter are used to dispel Wind,
Cold, and Damp pathogens from the body, invigorate the circulation of Qi
and blood, and relieve inflammation and pain. In TCM, these herbs are
commonly referred to as antirheumatics. Antirheumatic herbs possess no-
ticeable and effective antirheumatic, anti-inflammatory, blood-activating,
and analgesic actions (Dong et al., 1998).
Rheumatism is a general term for acute and chronic conditions charac-
terized by inflammation, soreness, stiffness of muscles, and pain in joints,
tendons, bones, fibrous tissues, and associated structures.
In Western medicine, rheumatism includes arthritis, rheumatoid arthri-
tis, osteoarthritis, gout, myositis, fibrositis, fibromyositis, rheumatic sciat-
ica, and many other painful, inflammatory conditions of the joints and mus-
cles. Rheumatism is a complicated, rather difficult, and debilitating chronic
ailment. Conventional medicine uses steroid and nonsteroid anti-inflamma-
tory medicines and pain killers to treat joint inflammation and pain but the
outcome is often not satisfactory (Berkow, 1997).
In TCM, rheumatism is called Bi syndrome. Bi means blockages or ob-
structions of the circulation of Qi and blood, caused by the invasion of the
meridians (channels and collaterals) and the body with pathogenic Wind,
Cold, or Dampness, or a combination of these pathogenic factors.
There are four types of Bi syndromes, namely Wandering-Bi, Painful-Bi,
Fixed-Bi, and Febrile-Bi. The Bi syndromes induced by different patho-
genic factors lead to different clinical symptoms. For example, Wandering-
Bi, in which pathogenic Wind predominates, presents as stiffness and wide-
spread pain, with the pain moving from one part of the body to another.
Painful-Bi, in which pathogenic Cold predominates, presents as severe pain
and cold limbs, with worse pain when the patient is in cold weather, and di-
minished pain when the patient is warm. Fixed-Bi, in which pathogenic
Damp predominates, is characterized by fixed and localized pain, numb-
ness of limbs, and swollen joints. Febrile-Bi, in which pathogenic Wind-
Cold-Damp may all be involved, presents with symptoms of redness, ten-
derness, swelling, a feeling of heat or burning, and severe pain in the joints.
Western medicine calls this condition rheumatic fever (Dong et al., 1998).
This condition, if not entirely controlled, may affect the heart and the brain.
Effective management of Bi syndromes in TCM aims to dispel Wind, re-
move Dampness, warm the meridians, strengthen the kidney and liver, and
invigorate the circulation of Qi and blood. This is accomplished by proper
initial diagnosis and differentiation of the Bi symptoms, and choosing
proper herbs to correct the problems.
Antirheumatic herbs have distinct characteristics. For example, some
antirheumatic herbs are more effective in relieving pain, while others are
more effective for spasms, numbness, and hypoesthesia, or more effective
in reducing swelling (Dong et al., 1998; Zhang, 1988). For example, when
treating Wandering-Bi syndrome, cynanchum root and climatis root are ef-
fective. For Painful-Bi, notopterygium root and loranthuis are effective. For
Fixed-Bi, stephania, chaenomeles, siegesbechia, lycopodium, notopteryg-
ium, and Chinese star jasmine are preferred. For Febrile-Bi, stephania,
notopterygium, and Chinese star jasmine are effective (Dong et al., 1998).
In terms of modern medicine, these antirheumatic herbs have anti-
inflammatory, analgesic, antipyretic, diuretic, and detoxification actions.
Complementary therapies for treating rheumatic fever, rheumatoid arthritis,
and osteoarthritis are acupuncture, acupressure manipulation, moxibustion
therapy, appropriate diet, and proper exercise. This comprehensive arthritis
management is usually more effective than only phytomedicinal therapy
(Chen and Li, 1993).
Table 11.1 lists the Bi syndromes and the commonly prescribed herbal
antirheumatic phytomedicines. Table 11.2 shows the common and individual
characteristic actions of the most frequently used herbal antirheumatics.
Herbal antirheumatics include pubescent angelica root, notopterygium
root, clematis root, stephania, large-leaf gentian root, cynanchum root, Chi-
nese star jasmine, chaenomeles, lycopodium (buck grass), siegesbeckia,
acanthopanax bark, loranthus, and atractylodes.
In the following section, twelve antirheumatic herbs are introduced and
further discussed.
 TABLE 11.1. The Bi Syndromes and Herbal Antirheumatics

Etiology Symptoms Herbal Remedies

I. Wandering-Bi Migratory pain of joints Herbs
(migratory and extremities, stiffness clematis root,
arthralgia) with chills and fever, thin- notopterygium root,
and sticky-coated tongue, cynanchium root,
superficial and rapid gastrodia, siler, asarum,
pulse prepared aconite, coix,
Arthralgia with severe loranthus, pubescent an-
II. Painful-Bi
(aching arthralgia) pain without local inflam- gelica root, lycopodium,
mation aggravated by acanthopanax bark,
coldness and relieved by atractylodes, stephania,
warmth; thin, white, Chinese star jasmine,
coated tongue; deep wiry large-leaf gentian root,
pulse lycopodium, ephedra,
hoelen, atractylodes
III. Fixed-Bi Numbness and fixed pain
(fixed and swelling of muscles and joints;
arthralgia) swelling of extremities;
arthralgia with fixed and Patent Medicines
localized pain aggravated Du Huo Ji Sheng Tang,
by coldness and damp- Xiao Huo Luo Dan,
ness; white, sticky Tian Ma Wan,
tongue; deep slow pulse Qiang Huo Sheng Shi
Tang,
IV. Febrile-Bi Arthralgia, severe pain Huo Xue Shu Jin Pian,
(heat and swelling with local redness, ten- Wu Jia Pi Jiu,
arthralgia) derness and swollen Juan Bi Tang,
joints with fever or inflam- San Miao San,
mation, thirst, tongue with Jiao Wei Qiang Huo Tang
yellow coating, rapid
pulse

REFERENCES

Berkow, R. (Ed.) (1997). Merck Manual of Medical Information. West Point, PA:
Merck and Co.
Chen, S. Y. and Li, F. (1993). A Clinical Chinese Herbs and Formulae. Edenburgh:
Churchill Livingston Press.
Dong, K. S., Wang, X.Q., and Dong, Y. F. (1998). Xian Dai Lin Chuang Zhong Yao
Xue [Contemporary Clinical Chinese Materia Medica]. Beijing: Zhong Guo
Zhong Yi Yao Press.
Zhang, E. (1988). Zhong Yao Xue [The Chinese Materia Medica]. Shanghai: Pub-
lishing House of Shanghai TCM University.
 TABLE 11.2. The Actions of Herbal Antirheumatics

Dosage
Name of Herb (grams) Individual Actions Common Actions
Pubescent 3-10 Relieves arthralgia of Eliminates pathogenic
angelica root lower limbs, lower back, Wind-Cold and Damp-
(du huo) and feet, relieves aching ness with remarkable
joints, and headache ability to relieve
Notopterygium 3-10 Disperses Cold as a dia- arthralgia
root phoretic, expels Wind and
(qiang huo) Dampness, relieves pain
in upper part of the body
Clematis root 5-10 Invigorates meridians,
(wei ling xian) relieves menstrual disor-
ders and paralysis
Stephania 5-10 Induces diuresis, relieves
(han fang ji) dampness of Lower-Jiao
Large-leaf 3-9 Treats rheumatic condi-
gentian root tions, relieves Heat in the
(qin jiao) blood and jaundice and
hepatitis, treats paralysis
after stroke
Cynanchum 3-10 Invigorates circulation of Invigorates Qi and
root Qi, relieves pain, detoxi- blood circulation,
(xui chang qing) fies, treats skin ailments relieves arthralgia,
Chinese star 6-15 Invigorates the meridians, relaxes muscles and
jasmine removes Heat from the tendons.
(luo shi teng) blood, relieves inflamma-
tion
Chaenomeles 5-10 Relieves Wind-Damp Bi
(mu gua) arthralgia, invigorates the
meridians, and stomach
Lycopodium 9-15 Expels Wind-Damp
(shen jin cao) arthralgia, treats
rheumatism, and shingles
pain
Siegesbeckia 6-12 Expels Wind-Damp
(xi xian cao) arthralgia, invigorates me-
ridians, calms the liver
yang
Loranthus 10-20 Dispels Wind-Damp Nourishes the liver
(sang ji sheng) arthralgia; nourishes and kidneys, relieves
blood, kidneys, and liver arthralgia, strengthens
yin; prevents headache muscles and bones
and miscarriage
Acanthopanax 9-15 Strengthens the muscles
bark and bones, induces
(wu jia pi) diuresis
Pubescent
This herbAngelica
is the dryRoot;
root ofRadix Angelicae
Angelica pubes-
cens Maxim.pubescens; DuUmbelliferae.
of the family huo It is
mainly grown in the Hubei and Sichuan prov-
inces of China, where the root is harvested in
spring or autumn, dried in the sun, and sliced
(Jiang Su New Medical College, 1977).
Traditionally, this herb was prescribed as a
stimulant, arthritic, antispasmodic, and deriv-
ative remedy for colds, rheumatism, apoplexy, leprosy, postpartum difficul-
ties, dropsy of pregnancy, and headaches (Smith and Stuart, 1973). Today,
pubescent angelica is commonly dispensed as an antirheumatic and analge-
sic remedy for eliminating Wind and Dampness, and relieving pain, espe-
cially in the lower parts of the body. Pubescent angelica is also used for re-
lieving cancer pain, along with other cancer treatment herbs (Dong et al.,
1998).

TCM Properties

Pungent and bitter taste, and slightly warm, it acts on the kidney and uri-
nary bladder meridians.

Effects, Medicinal Uses, and Combinations

1. Dispels pathogenic Wind-Dampness factors and relieves pain: this

herb is the first choice for those who are unable to walk due to lower
back pain, sciatica, pain in the lower limbs, and arthralgia of the feet.
Pubescent angelica is combined with loranthus, Chinese angelica,
cnidium, siler, cinnamon bark, dry rehmannia, and achyranthes root,
as in Du Huo Ji Sheng Tang (R-58) (Dong et al., 1998).
2. Expels exogenous Wind-Cold pathogens and endogenous Dampness
from the body:
• Pubescent angelica is mixed with notopterygium root, ligustrum
fruit, siler root, and cnidium, as in Qiang Huo Sheng Shi Tang
(R-57), to relieve aching joints, pain in the whole body, and head-
aches (Wang, 1994).
 • Pubescent angelica is blended with stephania, cyathula root, and
chaenomeles (9 g each), and 15 g coix seed in a decoction to treat
arthralgia of febrositis in the lower limbs (Dong et al., 1998).
3. Treats migraines. Pubescent angelica combined with asarum in a de-
coction showed good results against migraines (Dong et al., 1998).

Dosage

In a decoction of 3 to 10 g. Avoid overdose.

Precautions

People with yin deficiency and excessive Heat or Fire symptoms should
avoid this herb.

Side Effects and Toxicity

No undersirable effects or toxicity at the suggested therapeutic dose has

ever been recorded in classical Chinese materia medica. A large dose of the
herb may cause nausea, vomiting, and stomach discomfort in some cases.
The active principle of the herb, xanthotoxin, at large doses of 200 to 300
mg/kg caused swelling, fatty degeneration, acute hemorrhagic necrosis of
the liver, severe venal congestion, and hematuria in guinea pigs. The dose of
400 mg/kg of xanthotoxin resulted in the death of the animals (Zhu, 1998).

Modern Research Findings

Chemical Constituents

Pubescent angelica root contains flavonoids, angelols A-H, angelicone,

bergapten, umbelliferone, scopoletin, angelic acid, tiglic acid, and melmitic
acid. In addition, psoralen, xanthotoxin, isopimpinellin, sterols, sugars, and
essential oils have been isolated (Baba et al., 1982; Kozawa et al., 1980; Su
and Oiao, 1989a,b).

Pharmacological Findings

1. Anti-inflammatory, analgesic, sedative, and hypnotic. An intraper-

toneal administration of 2 g/kg of a decoction was analgesic in mice,
as tested by the hot plate method (Wang, 1983). The ethanolic and
 ethyl acetate extracts of the root were anti-inflammatory on rat hind
paw edema induced by carrageenin. Oral and intrapertoneal adminis-
tration of the liquid extract, or decocted administration sedated mice or
rats (Wang, 1983).
2. Antispasmodic. The chemical components of the root (bergapten,
xanthotoxin, and isopimpinellin) showed significant antispasmodic
activity on rabbit ileum. Isopimpinellin and pimpinellin significantly
antagonized the spasm of a rat’s duodenal segment caused by barium
chloride. Scopoletin inhibited uterine spasm induced by estrin or bar-
ium chloride, either isolated or in situ. The ED50 value was 0.09
mg/kg (Wang, 1983).
3. The decoction and alcoholic extract of the root is hypotensive, stimu-
lates respiration, protects stomach ulcer, and is an antihistamine
(Dong et al., 1998).

REFERENCES

Baba, K., Matsuyama, Y., and Kozawa, M. (1982). Studies on coumarins from the
root of Angelica pubescens Maxim. IV. Stuctures of angelol-type prenylcou-
marins. Chemical Pharmaceutical Bulletin 30: 2025-2035.
Dong, K. S., Wang, X. Q., and Dong, Y. F. (1998). Xian Dai Lin Chuang Zhong Yao
Xue [Contemporary Clinical Chinese Materia Medica]. Beijing: Zhong Guo
Zhong Yi Yao Press.
Kozawa, M., Baba, K., Matsuyama, Y., and Hata, K. (1980). Studies on coumarins
from the root of Angelica pubescens Maxim. III. Structures of various coumarins
including angelin, a new prenylcoumarin. Chemical Pharmaceutical Bulletin
28: 1782-1787.
Jiang Su New Medical College. (1977). Encyclopedia of Chinese Materia Medica.
Shanghai: Shanghai Science and Technology Press.
Smith, F. P. and Stuart, G. A. (1973). Chinese Medicinal Herbs. San Francisco:
Georgetown Press.
Su, Z. W. and Oiao, C. Z. (1989a). Pharmacognosy. Shanghai: Shanghai Medical
University Press.
Su, Z. W. and Oiao, C. Z. (1989b). Pharmacology and Applications of Chinese
Materia Medica. Beijing: People’s Health Publisher.
Wang, Y. S. (1983). Pharmacology and Applications of Chinese Materia Medica.
Beijing: People’s Health Publisher.
Wang, J. H. (Ed.) (1994). Xin Bian Chang Yong Zhong Yao Shou Ce [Manual of
Commonly Used Chinese Medicinal Herbs]. Beijing: Jin Dun Press.
Zhu, Y. (1998). Chinese Materia Medica—Chemistry, Pharmacology and Applica-
tions. Amsterdam: Harwood Academic Publishers.
 Notopterygium;
This Rhizoma
herb is the dry seuand
rhizome Radix
root of
Notopterygii;
Notopterygium Qiangexhuo
incisum Ting H. T. Chang
or N. forbesii Boiss. of the Umbelliferae fam-
ily. It is grown mainly in the Gansu, Sichuan,
and Yunnan provinces of China, harvested in
autumn, cleaned, dried in the sun, and sliced
(Dong et al., 1998). Notopterygium root is
similar to pubescent angelica root in action
and applications (Smith and Stuart, 1973).
Notopterygium root is commonly used as an antirheumatic, analgesic, and
antipyretic agent for the treatment of rheumatism pains, especially those of
the upper parts of the body. As a diaphoretic, notopterygium root is used for
Wind-Cold colds. It is also used to relieve cancer pain, along with other can-
cer treatment herbs (Dong et al., 1998).

TCM Properties

Pungent and bitter in taste, and warm, it acts on the urinary bladder and
kidney meridians.

Effects, Medicinal Uses, and Combinations

1. Disperses Wind-Cold-Dampness pathogens from the body, induces

sweating, and relieves pain: notopterygium root is blended with pu-
bescent angelica root (du huo), cnidium, ledebouriella root, large-leaf
gentian root, licorice root, and vitex fruit, as in Qiang Huo Sheng Shi
Tang (R-57), which is an effective recipe for the treatment of arth-
ralgia and joint pain in the upper limbs of the body (Zhu, 1998).
2. Induces diaphoresis and relieves pain: to treat influenza, common
colds, stuffy nose, weakness, high fever, headache, and general aches
and pains, this herb is combined with siler, cnidium, atractylodes,
dried rehmannia, scute root, angelica root, and asarum, as in Jiu Wei
Qiang Huo Tang (Dong et al., 1998; Smith and Stuart, 1973; Zhu,
1998).
3. To treat a chronic and intractable headache caused by Wind-Cold,
notopterygium root is prescribed with cnidium, asarum, schizone-
 peta, siler, dahurian angelica root, mentha, and green tea in a decoc-
tion (Dong et al., 1998).
4. Treats facial paralysis. Notopterygium decoction or extract with wine
provides relief when applied on the affected area of the face (Dong
et al., 1998).

Dosage

In a decoction of 3 to 10 g. Avoid an overdose.

Precautions

People with arthralgia caused by blood deficiency or headache caused by

yin deficiency should use this herb with caution.

Side Effects and Toxicity

No adverse effects or toxicity at the suggested dose were reported in

classical Chinese materia medica. Oral administration of 7.5 g/kg of the es-
sential oil produced no toxic reaction in rats (Okuyama et al., 1993). An oral
overdose causes nausea (Zhu, 1998).

Modern Research Findings

Chemical Constituents

The rhizome and the root of N. incisum contains 1 to 6.8 percent of es-
sential oil. The main ingredients of the oil are limonene, terpineol 1-4,
bornylacetate, alpha-terpinolene, alpha-copene, and alpha-terpinen.
The main components of the essential oil of the root N. forbesii are
alpha- and beta-pinene, limonene, and sabinene (Hu et al., 1989). Its other
components are organic acids and alkaloids (Dong et al., 1998).

Pharmacological Findings

1. Antipyretic and analgesic. The root and its volatile oil were shown to
be analgesic, antipyretic, and anti-inflammatory (Hu et al., 1989;
Okuyama et al., 1993).
2. Notopterygium root has been shown to be antifungal and anti-
microbial (Dong et al., 1998).
3. Antispasmodic (Dong et al., 1998).
 4. Oral administration of the methanolic extract of the root appreciably
suppressed the formation of CCl4-induced lipid peroxidation in the
liver (Zhu, 1998).

REFERENCES

Dong, K. S., Wang, X. Q., and Dong, Y. F. (1998). Xian Dai Lin Chuang Zhong Yao
Xue [Contemporary Clinical Chinese Materia Medica]. Beijing: Zhong Guo
Zhong Yi Yao Press.
Hu, S. L., Chi, O., and Zhang, Z. Z. (1989). The Indigenous and Superior Chinese
Herbal Drugs. Harbin: Heilongjing Science and Technology Press.
Okuyama, E., Nishimura, S., Ohmori, S., Ozaka, Y., Satake, M., and Yamazuki, M.
(1993). Analgesic component of Notopterygium incisum Ting. Chemical Phar-
maceutical Bulletin 41: 926-929.
Smith, F. P. and Stuart, G. A. (1973). Chinese Medicinal Herbs. San Francisco:
Georgetown Press.
Zhu, Y. (1998). Chinese Materia Medica—Chemistry, Pharmacology and Applica-
tions. Amsterdam: Harwood Academic Publishers.
 Loranthus;
This herb isRamulus
the driedLoranthis;
foliaceous Sang
stem jiand
sheng chinensis (DC)
branches of the Taxillus
Danser [Loranthus parasiticus (L.) Merr.] of
the family Loranthaceae. It is grown mainly in
the Hebei, Henan, Shandong, Guangxi, and
Guangdong provinces of China, where it is
collected in the early spring, cut into pieces,
dried, and used unprocessed or stir baked with
wine (Jiang Su New Medical College, 1977).
In earlier times, loranthus was regarded as an anodyne and the herb was
used to calm the uterus of a pregnant woman (to prevent miscarriage)
(Smith and Stuart, 1973). Today, it is employed for menorrhagia, insuffi-
cient secretion of milk after giving birth, stiffness of muscles and bones, and
aches and pains of the joints (Dong et al., 1998). Loranthus is also used to
relieve cancer pain, along with other cancer treatment herbs (Wang, 1994).

TCM Properties

Bitter and sweet taste, and neutral, it acts on the liver and kidney meridians.

Effects, Medicinal Uses, and Combinations

1. Disperses Wind-Cold-Dampness exopathogens, invigorates the kid-

neys and liver, and strengthens the muscles and bones: for treating
arthralgia, rheumatic sciatica, and aches and pain in the loins and legs,
loranthus is often combined with pubescent angelica (du huo), achyr-
anthes root (huai niu xi), and other herbs as in Du Huo Ji Sheng Tang
(R-58) (Dong et al., 1998). It is also combined with Chinese angelica,
pubescent angelica root, and large-leaf gentian root (9 g each) in a de-
coction (Dong et al., 1998).
2. Nourishes the blood and invigorates the Chong-Ren meridian: lor-
anthus is prescribed with Chinese angelica (dang gui), donkey-hide
gelatin, and dipsacus root (xu duan), as in Sang Ji Sheng San, for the
prevention and treatment of threatened abortion, miscarriage, and
vaginal bleeding during pregnancy (Dong et al., 1998; Wang, 1994).
3. Invigorates the liver yin, kidney yin, and nourishes the blood: to treat
hypertension-induced headaches, dizziness, and ringing in the ears,
 loranthus is often used with polygonum, dried rehmannia, chrysan-
themum, tribulas, and siegesbeckia in a decoction (Wang, 1994).

Precautions

People with a history of heart ailments should use this herb with caution.

Side Effects and Toxicity

At the suggested therapeutic dose, this herb is safe. However, reports in-
dicate that a few patients have developed dizziness, vertigo, poor appetite,
liver-function disorders, abdominal distension, slight diarrhea, and dry
mouth. The intraperitoneal LD50 of avicularin was 1.17 g/kg in mice. Death
was caused by paroxysmal convulsion followed by respiratory inhibition
(Dong et al., 1998; Wang, 1983).

Dosage

In a decoction of 10 to 20 g. For severe conditions, up to 60 g may be

used.

Modern Research Findings

Chemical Constituents

Loranthus contains flavonon compounds, avicularin, quercetin, quer-

cetrin, hyperin, oleanolic acid, beta-amyrin, mesoinositol, lupeol, myristic
acid, flavonas, d-catechol, and arobinose (Yin, 1995).

Pharmacological Findings

1. Antihypertensive. The root decoction inhibits the excitatory activities

of the sympathetic nervous system, dilates coronary blood vessels,
lowers blood pressure, and reduces myocardial ischemic symptoms
(Zhu, 1998).
2. Sedative and tranquilizing.
3. Diuretic in rats and dogs (Wang, 1983).
4. Antimicrobial and antiviral.
Clinical Findings

Used in fifty-four cases of angina pectoris for four weeks to five months.
A decoction (300 g per day) prepared from the herb twice daily was effec-
tive in subjective improvement of ECG in 44 percent of the cases. The anti-
angina result usually appeared after two weeks of medication (Dong et al.,
1998).
An injection from the herb used in patients with arrhythmia showed ef-
fectiveness against ventricular premature beats, paroxysmal fibrillation,
and atrial premature beat but had no effect in chronic atrial fibrillation
(Dong et al., 1998).

REFERENCES

Dong, K. S., Wang, X. Q., and Dong, Y. F. (1998). Xian Dai Lin Chuang Zhong Yao
Xue [Contemporary Clinical Chinese Materia Medica]. Beijing: Zhong Guo
Zhong Yi Yao Press.
Jiang Su New Medical College (1977). Encyclopedia of Chinese Materia Medica.
Shanghai: Shanghai Science and Technology Press.
Smith, F. P. and Stuart, G. A. (1973). Chinese Medicinal Herbs. San Francisco:
Georgetown Press.
Wang, J. H. (Ed.) (1994). Xin Bian Chang Yong Zhong Yao Shou Ce [Manual of
Commonly Used Chinese Medicinal Herbs]. Beijing: Jin Dun Press.
Wang, Y. S. (1983). Pharmacology and Applications of Chinese Materia Medica.
Beijing: People’s Health Publisher.
Yin, J. (1995). Modern Research and Clinical Applications of Chinese Materia
Medica (Volume 2). Beijing: Chinese Medical Classics Press.
Zhu, Y. (1998). Chinese Materia Medica—Chemistry, Pharmacology and Applica-
tions. Amsterdam: Harwood Academic Publishers.
Clematis Root;
This herb Radix
is the driedClematidis; Wei ling
root and rhizome of
xian C. hexapetala Pall.,
Clematis chinensis Osbeck,
or C. mandshurica Rupr. of the family Ranun-
culaceae. It is mainly grown in the Anhui,
Guizhou, Henan, Shaanxi, Sichuan, Yunnan,
and Zhejiang provinces of China, collected in
autumn or early winter, cleaned, dried, and
sliced or stir baked with wine (Jiang Su New
Medical College, 1977).
Traditionally, clematis root was used as an antimalarial, diuretic, and
antirheumatic herb, and was prescribed for all sorts of muscular rheuma-
tism, constipation, and colds (Smith and Stuart, 1973). Today, the root is
used as an antirheumatic and analgesic agent for treating arthralgia, and
pain in the limbs and the whole body (Dong et al., 1998). Clematis root also
relieves cancer pain along with other cancer treatment herbs (Dong et al.,
1998).

TCM Properties

Pungent and salty taste, and warm, it acts on the urinary bladder meridian.

Effects, Medicinal Uses, and Combinations

1. Expels Wind-Dampness exopathogens and relieves rheumatic pain:

for Wandering-Bi syndrome caused by Wind, clematis is particularly
effective. Clematis root is soaked in wine alone or combined with siler
for an oral decoction. Also, the root is combined with atractylodes for
Fixed-Bi syndrome or with cinnamon twig for Painful-Bi syndrome. It
is used with notopterygium (qiang huo) for arthralgia located in the
upper part of the body, with pubescent angelica root (du huo) for
aches and pains in the lower limbs, or with astragalus root and chae-
nomeles for chronic, lingering arthritis pain (Wang, 1994).
2. Invigorates stagnant meridians and relieves muscular pain: for exter-
nal application, powdered clematis root is mixed with vinegar to make
a paste. It is applied and bandaged in place to relieve heel pain. The
heel is kept warm during treatment. If the affected heel is soaked in
hot water for ten to fifteen minutes before the clematis paste is ap-
 plied, the results are better. Several treatments are necessary (Wang,
1994).
3. Invigorates Chong and Ren meridians, and relieves menstrual pain:
clematis root is used with cnidium, Chinese angelica, and cinnamon
bark for irregular menstruation, menstrual pain, dysmenorrhea, and
amenorrhea (Wang, 1994).

Dosage

In a decoction of 5 to 10 g per day.

Precautions

People with blood or Qi deficiency, weakness, and spasms should take

this herb with caution. Do not take tea with the herb. People with arthralgia
caused by blood deficiency should avoid this herb.

Side Effects and Toxicity

The suggested therapeutic dose does not produce side effects or toxicity.

Modern Research Findings

Chemical Constituents

The root contains saponins. The crude saponins obtained from a metha-
nol extract are prosapogenins CP-0 to CP-10. Other ingredients isolated
from the root are anemonin, anemonol, inositol, phenols, amino acids, and
protoanemonin (Ling, 1995; Wang, 1983).

Pharmacological Findings

1. Clematis root has been shown to be analgesic and antipyretic in ani-

mal studies (Dong et al., 1998).
2. Oral administration of the decoction to anesthetized dogs intensified
esophageal peristalsis, and increased frequency and amplitude. The
herb relaxed pharyngeal spasms or upper esophageal spasms caused
by a fish bone lodged in the dogs’ throats. On the isolated smooth
muscle of rabbit intestines, the herb was antihistaminic (Wang, 1983).
3. Hypotensive in dogs (Dong et al., 1998).
4. Diuretic action was shown in mice and rats.
5. Antimicrobial against S. aureus and Shigella shigae.
Clinical Findings

1. Injection of 1 ml of the steam distillate preparation of the herb into

each of the two to four acupoints close to the hypertrophic para-
vertebral area daily, or on alternative days, was effective in 83 to 93
percent of 100 cases. In thirty-two cases of lumbar muscular strain,
this treatment produced prompt effects in fourteen cases and moder-
ate effects in eighteen others (Zhu, 1998).
2. Clematis root (90 g in a 1,000 ml decoction) was used to treat patients
with psoriasis. Twice a day, 50 ml of the decoction was taken for ten
days. The treatment showed satisfactory results (Dong et al., 1998).

REFERENCES

Dong, K. S., Wang, X. Q., and Dong, Y. F. (1998). Xian Dai Lin Chuang Zhong Yao
Xue [Contemporary Clinical Chinese Materia Medica]. Beijing: Zhong Guo
Zhong Yi Yao Press.
Jiang Su New Medical College (1977). Encyclopedia of Chinese Materia Medica.
Shanghai: Shanghai Science and Technology Press.
Ling, Y. (1995). A New Compendium of Materia Medica. Beijing: Science Press.
Smith, F. P. and Stuart, G. A. (1973). Chinese Medicinal Herbs. San Francisco:
Georgetown Press.
Wang, J. H. (Ed.) (1994). Xin Bian Chang Yong Zhong Yao Shou Ce [Manual of
Commonly Used Chinese Medicinal Herbs]. Beijing: Jin Dun Press.
Wang, Y. S. (1983). Pharmacology and Applications of Chinese Materia Medica.
Beijing: People’s Health Publisher.
Zhu, Y. (1998). Chinese Materia Medica—Chemistry, Pharmacology and Applica-
tions. Amsterdam: Harwood Academic Publishers.
 Stephania;
This herb Radix
is theStephaniae
dried root tetrandrae;
of Stephania
tetrandra S. MooreHan fang ji
or Cocculus trilobus
(Thunb) of the family Menispermaceae. A
third variety is Aristolochia fangchi of the
family Aristolochiaceae. The first two herbs
are mainly produced in the Anhui, Hunan,
Hubei, and Zhejiang provinces of China, and
the third is mainly produced in the Guang-
dong and Guangxi provinces. These plants are
harvested in autumn, sliced, and dried for use unprocessed (Jiang Su New
Medical College, 1977).
These medicinal plants are used as antirheumatics, analgesics, and di-
uretics. Particularly, both S. tetrandra and C. trilobus, commonly known as
han (fen) fang ji, are good for edema, neurosis, trigeminal neuralgia, and
limb numbness. Aristolochia fangchi, also known as mu (guang) fang ji, is
preferred in treating a Bi-syndromes and alleviating rheumatic joint pain,
and can be a substitute for stephania. Today, these herbs are also used as
complementary agents in treating cancer-related pain, along with other can-
cer-pain treatment herbs (Dong et al., 1998).

TCM Properties

Bitter and pungent in taste, and cold, they act on the urinary bladder, kid-
ney, and spleen meridians.

Effects, Medicinal Uses, and Combinations

1. Relieves rheumatic pain: for treating pain in the joints, myocarditis,

and arthralgia caused by Wind-Cold, stephania is used with white
atractylodes rhizome, prepared aconite, and cinnamon bark. Steph-
ania is also blended with achyranthes and phellodendron bark, or with
forsythia fruit and gardenia to treat swelling and joint pain of the
lower limbs due to Damp-Heat (Wang, 1994).
2. Induces diuresis and alleviates edema. To treat swelling and the accu-
mulation of fluid in the peritoneal cavity, difficult urination, general-
ized edema, renal edema, ascites due to cirrhosis, and a heavy sensa-
tion in the body, stephania is combined with astragalus root, white
 atractylodes, licorice root, and ginger, as in Fang Ji Huang Qi Tang
(R-66) (Dong et al., 1998). For severe chronic edema, particularly
edema in the limbs caused by hypofunction of the spleen, and difficult
urination, stephania is blended with poria, cinnamon twig, and astra-
galus root, as in Fang Ji Fu Ling Tang (Wang, 1994; Zhang, 1988).

Dosage

In a decoction of 5 to 10 g.

Precautions

People with yin deficiency, weakness, pain not due to Cold-Damp-Heat,

and poor appetite should take this herb with caution.

Side Effects and Toxicity

Stephania is extremely Cold and bitter, and slightly toxic (Jiang Su New
Medical College, 1977). The alkaloid is more toxic. An intravenous injec-
tion of 300 mg of tetrandrine to rats caused local pain and phlebitis. A treat-
ment dose of 240 to 300 mg was dispensed and no toxic effect on the
hemogram, routine uronoscopy, the liver and kidney functions, and ECG
were observed. The LD50 values of total alkaloids of the root S. tetrandra
and tetrandrine were 3,700 mg/kg and 2,230 mg/kg, respectively, with oral
administration in rats (Zhu, 1998).

Modern Research Findings

Chemical Constituents

Stephania tetrandra (han fang ji) contains alkaloids, d-tetrandrine, fan-

gehinoline, menisine, hanfangechins A and C, menisidine, cyclanoline,
fanchinin, and berbamine, oxyfangchirine, stephananthrine, 1,3,4-tride-
hydro-fanchinolum hydroxide, fengangjines A,B, C, and D, and demethyl-
tetrandrine (Zhu, 1998).
Aristolochia fangchi (mu fang ji) contains trilobine, isotrilobine, homo-
trilobine, magnoflorine, trilobamine, coelobine, menisarine, normenisarine,
and other alkaloids (Jiang Su New Medical College, 1977).
Pharmacological Findings

Stephania root is antipyretic, analgesic, antiallergenic, and antiarrhyth-

mic; it inhibits cardiac infarction, inhibits CNS activity, regulates the small
intestine, and is antimicrobial and anticarcinogenic (Dong et al., 1998).

Clinical Findings

An aggregate effective rate of 84.1 percent has been reported in 270

cases of hypertensive patients treated with alkaloid tetrandrine. An oral
dose of 100 mg, twice daily, decreased blood pressure within one week and,
after three weeks, blood pressure was stabilized at lower levels. It was effec-
tive in all stages of hypertension regardless of the length of history. Intrave-
nous doses of 120 to 150 mg, twice daily for two weeks, were also
hypotensive (Zhu, 1998).
Research shows that tetrandrine is effective in treating neuralgia, such as
acute and subacute lumbosacral radiculitis and prosopalgia, in a dosage of
400 mg three times a day, or an intramuscular administration of 2 ml of the
1.5 percent tetrandrine solution for 20 days (Zhu, 1998).
Stephania combined with astragalus, white atractylodes, licorice root,
ginger, and jujube causes weight loss and increases fat metabolism (Zhang,
1988).

REFERENCES

Dong, K. S., Wang, X. Q., and Dong, Y. F. (1998). Xian Dai Lin Chuang Zhong Yao
Xue [Contemporary Clinical Chinese Materia Medica]. Beijing: Zhong Guo
Zhong Yi Yao Press.
Jiang Su New Medical College. (1977). Encyclopedia of Chinese Materia Medica.
Shanghai: Shanghai Science and Technology Press.
Wang, J. H. (Ed.) (1994). Xin Bian Chang Rong Zhong Yao Shou Ce [Manual of
Commonly Used Chinese Medicinal Herbs]. Beijing: Jin Dun Press.
Zhang, E. (1988). Zhong Yao Xue [The Chinese Materia Medica]. Shanghai: Pub-
lishing House of Shanghai TCM University.
Zhu, Y. (1997). Chinese Materia Medica—Chemistry, Pharmacology and Applica-
tions. Amsterdam: Harwood Academic Publishers.
 This Chinese
herb is Star
the Jasmine; Caulis stem
dried foliaceous
Trachelospermi;
and leaves Luo shi teng
of Trachelospermum jasminoides
(Lindl.) Lem. of the family Apocynaceae. It is
grown in all parts of China, collected in the
late autumn, cleaned, dried in the sun, and cut
into small sections (Jiang Su New Medical
College, 1977). This is an evergreen, tropical,
apocynaceous, climbing plant.
The herb was traditionally used as a restor-
ative, tonic, and as a medicine especially appropriate for the elderly (Smith
and Stuart, 1973). Chinese star jasmine is now used as an antirheumatic and
antiarthritic agent to treat rheumatalgia in joints and muscles, and difficulty
with bending or stretching of limbs. This herb is also used to dissipate
pathogenic Heat in blood and to relieve swelling (Wang, 1994).

TCM Properties

Bitter in taste, and slightly cold, it acts on the heart, kidney, and liver me-
ridians.

Effects, Medicinal Uses, and Combinations

1. Dispels pathogenic Wind and invigorates the meridians: for the treat-
ment of arthralgia, Chinese star jasmine is used with mulberry twig,
siler, red peony, gentiana root, large-leaf gentian root, lonicera stem,
and earthworms. It is combined with chaenomeles (mu gua), atractyl-
odes, pubescent angelica root, and cooked coix seed for arthralgia of
muscles, tendons, and bones, and difficulty stretching the arms and
legs (Wang, 1994).
2. Removes pathogenic Heat from the blood and relieves inflammation:
• For the treatment of fever, a swollen and sore throat, and hoarse-
ness, Chinese star jasmine is combined with platycodon root,
belamcanda (she gan), licorice root, and gardenia.
• To treat sores, carbuncles, furuncles, swelling, and general infec-
tions, it is used with lonicera flower, dandelion, and wild chrysan-
themum (Wang, 1994).
3. Treats acute laryngitis. A decoction is used for gargling and oral ad-
ministration (Dong et al., 1998).
Dosage

In a decoction of 6 to 15 g, or 30 g if the fresh herb is used.

Precautions

People with diarrhea should not use this herb.

Side Effects and Toxicity

No undesirable effects or toxicity at the suggested therapeutic dose were

reported in classical Chinese materia medica.

Modern Research Findings

Chemical Constituents

Chinese star jasmine contains aretiin, tracheloside, matairesinoside,

nortracheloside, dambonilol, beta-sitosteryl glucoside, and cymarose (Jiang
Su New Medical College, 1977).

Pharmacological Findings

Chinese star jasmine is anti-inflammatory, antiallergenic, antimicrobial,

cardiotonic, and hypotenisive (Dong et al., 1998).

REFERENCES

Dong, K. S., Wang, X. Q., and Dong, Y. F. (1998). Xian Dai Lin Chuang Zhong Yao
Xue [Contemporary Clinical Chinese Materia Medica]. Beijing: Zhong Guo
Zhong Yi Yao Press.
Jiang Su New Medical College. (1977). Encyclopedia of Chinese Materia Medica.
Shanghai: Shanghai Science and Technology Press.
Smith, F. P. and Stuart, G. A. (1973). Chinese Medicinal Herbs. San Francisco:
Georgetown Press.
Wang, J. H. (Ed.) (1994). Xin Bian Chang Yong Zhong Yao Shou Ce [Manual of
Commonly Used Chinese Medicinal Herbs]). Beijing: Jin Dun Press.
 Large-Leaf Gentian
This herb is Root;
the dried root Radix Gentiana
of Gentiana mac-
Macrophyllae;
rophylla Pall., G. dahuricaQin jiaoor G. stra-
Fisch.,
minea Maxim. of the family Gentianaceae.
It is mainly grown in the provinces of Hei-
longjiang, Liaoning, and Hebei, and in Inner
Mongolia of China, where it is collected in the
late autumn, the side roots are removed, and it
is cleaned, sliced, and dried (Jiang Su New
Medical College, 1977).
Traditionally, this herb was used for rheumatism, dysuria, fever, carbun-
cles, jaundice, and diarrhea (Smith and Stuart, 1973). Today, large-leaf gen-
tian root is used to treat rheumatic and rheumatoid arthritis, fever, and pain
in the entire body (Wang, 1994).

TCM Properties

Bitter and acrid taste, and neutral, it acts on the stomach, liver, and gall-
bladder meridians.

Effects, Medicinal Uses, and Combinations

1. Relieves rheumatism:
• To relieve rheumatic and rheumatoid arthritis, rheumatic sciatica,
inflammation and swollen joints throughout the body, large-leaf
gentian root is used alone as a decoction or prescribed with steph-
ania, lonicera stem, and phellodendron bark, a formula particularly
effective for Febrile-Bi syndromes.
• For treating Painful-Bi syndromes, large-leaf gentian root is mixed
with prepared aconite, pubescent angelica, cinnamon twig, and
notopterygium root.
• For arthralgia in the lower limbs, large-leaf gentian root is com-
bined with pubescent angelica, loranthus, ginseng, achyranthes,
poria, Chinese angelica, cnidium rhizome, siler, and eucommia
bark, as in Du Huo Ji Sheng Tang (R-58) (Dong et al, 1998).
• To treat chronic rheumatic arthritis (Fixed-Bi), large-leaf gentian
root is blended with chaenomeles and stephania in a decoction.
 2. Eliminates Dampness and Heat, and treats jaundice: large-leaf gen-
tian root is prescribed with scute root, capillaris, and poria, as in Qin
Jiao San, to treat jaundice or hepatitis caused by Damp-Heat patho-
gens (Wang, 1994).
3. Relieves paralysis and the symptoms caused by stroke: to treat facial
palsy, paralysis, and hemiplegia after a stroke, large-leaf gentian root
is combined with astragalus root, licorice root, Chinese angelica, pro-
cessed rehmannia, notopterygium root, pubescent angelica, siler, as-
arum, white atractylodes, poria, dry rehmannia, cnidium, angelica
root, and white peony root, as in Da Qin Jiou Tang (Dong et al., 1998).

Dosage

In a decoction of 3 to 9 g.

Precautions

People with polyurea, diarrhea, and those with weak constitutions should
avoid this herb or use with caution.

Side Effects and Toxicity

No undesirable side effects or toxicity at the recommended dose were re-

ported in classical Chinese materia medica. The content of the root, 100 mg
of gentianine, orally administered three times daily for four to thirteen days
resulted in severe nausea and vomiting. The LD50 values of gentianine in
mice by intraperitoneal administration was 400 mg/kg (Natarajan et al.,
1974).

Modern Research Findings

Chemical Constituents

Large-leaf gentian root contains glycosides, gentiopicroside, sugars,

volatile oil, and swertiamarin. The alkaloids are gentianine, gentianidine,
alkaloids, and gentiopicroside (Zhou, 1993).

Pharmacological Findings

Large-leaf gentian root is a sedative, antihistamine, and analgesic, and is

antimicrobial, antipyretic, anti-inflammatory, and antihypertensive (Wang,
1994).
 REFERENCES

Dong, K. S., Wang, X. Q., and Dong, Y. F. (1998). Xian Dai Lin Chuang Zhong Yao
Xue [Contemporary Clinical Chinese Materia Medica]. Beijing: Zhong Guo
Zhong Yi Yao Press.
Jiang Su New Medical College. (1977). Encyclopedia of Chinese Materia Medica.
Shanghai: Shanghai Science and Technology Press.
Natarajan, P. N., Wan, A. S. C., and Zaman, Y. (1974). Antimalarial, antiamebic
and toxicity tests on gentianine. Planta Medica, 25: 258-260.
Smith, F. P. and Stuart, G. A. (1973). Chinese Medicinal Herbs. San Francisco:
Georgetown Press.
Wang, J. H. (Ed.) (1994). Xin Bian Chang Rong Zhong Yao Shou Ce [Manual of
Commonly Used Chinese Medicinal Herbs]. Beijing: Jin Dun Press.
Zhou, R. H. (1993). Resource Science of Chinese Materia Medica. Beijing: China
Medical and Pharmaceutical Science Press.
 Cynanchum
This herb is theRoot;
driedRadix Cynanchi
root and rhizome of
paniculati;paniculatum
Cynanchum Xu chang qing or Kitag.
(Bge.) Liao diao
of the
family Asclepiadaceae.zhu Cynanchum is also
known as swallowwort root. It is grown in
the Anhui, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hebei, Hunan,
Jiangsu, Shandong, Sichuan, and Zhejiang prov-
inces of China, harvested in summer, cleaned,
and dried in the sun (Jiang Su New Medical
College, 1977).
Traditionally, cynanchum root was used as an anodyne, sedative, anti-
tussive, and diuretic medicine, and commonly used alone or in combination
with other antirheumatic herbs for treating arthralgia (Jiang Su New Medi-
cal College, 1977). Today, cynanchum root is used for treating pain after
surgery, nerve pain, abdominal pain, tooth pain, and various types of cancer
pain, along with other cancer-treatment herbs (Dong et al., 1998; Wang,
1994).

TCM Properties

Pungent taste, and warm, it acts on the liver, spleen, and stomach meridi-
ans.

Effects, Medicinal Uses, and Combinations

1. Expels pathogenic Wind, promotes the flow of Qi, and relieves pain:
• To treat arthralgia, sore and painful muscles, and painful joints,
cynanchum root can be used alone or with pubescent angelica root
(du huo) or stephania root (fang ji) (Dong et al., 1998).
• For treating lower abdominal pain it is used with aucklandia root,
corydalis tuber (yan hu suo), and cyperus tuber (xiang fu); or it is
used with Chinese angelica root, cnidium (chuan xiong), and mas-
tic (ru xiang) for the treatment of difficult and painful menstruation
(Dong et al., 1998).
• To treat menstrual pain this herb is combined with cnidium, Chi-
nese angelica, myrrh, and others in a decoction (Wang, 1994).
 • For tooth pain the herb is dispensed in a decoction for gargling and
oral administration (Dong et al., 1998).
2. Detoxifies and relieves skin disorders: Cynanchum can also be taken
for detoxification, to invigorate blood circulation, and for treating in-
flammation caused by insect and snake bites. For skin disorders, it ef-
fectively relieves itching from various causes, including allergic der-
matitis and psoriasis (Dong et al., 1998).

Dosage

In a decoction of 3 to 10 g, or 1.5 to 3 g in powdered form to be taken

orally or applied externally.

Precautions

People with weak constitutions should use this herb with caution. Do not
overcook this herb.

Side Effects and Toxicity

No undesirable side effects or toxicity at the suggested dose were re-

ported in classical Chinese materia medica.

Modern Research Findings

Chemical Constituents

Cynanchum contains sugar, amino acids, glycosides, paeonol, sarcostin,

deacylcynanchogenin, tumentogenin, and deacylnetaplexigenin (Jiang Su
New Medical College, 1977).

Pharmacological Findings

Cynanchum root is a sedative and hypnotic. It is an anticonvulsive agent,

analgesic, antipyretic, antihypertensive, and antimicrobial against S. aureus
and several types of bacillary bacteria (Wang, 1994). The herb is noticeably
analgesic in mice. The herb decoction also showed corticotropic hormone-
like anti-inflammatory action against rheumatic inflammation (Dong et al.,
1998).
Clinical Findings

Cynanchum decoction and injections were used to treat chronic bronchi-

tis, mastitis, menstrual pain, abdominal pain, toothache, colitis, cystitis,
pain after surgery, and skin ailments of urticaria, psoriasis, neurodermatitis,
and shingles. All were effective (Dong et al., 1998).

REFERENCES

Dong, K. S., Wang, X. Q., and Dong, Y. F . (1998). Xian Dai Lin Chuang Zhong Yao
Xue [Contemporary Clinical Chinese Materia Medica]. Beijing: Zhong Guo
Zhong Yi Yao Press.
Jiang Su New Medical College (1977). Encyclopedia of Chinese Materia Medica.
Shanghai: Shanghai Science and Technology Press.
Wang, J. H. (Ed.) (1994). Xin Bian Chang Yong Zhong Yao Shou Ce [Manual of
Commonly Used Chinese Medicinal Herbs]. Beijing: Jin Dun Press.
 Chaenomeles; Fructus
This herb is the driedChaenomeles; Mu
ripe fruit of Chae-
gua Nakai of the family
nomeles speciosa (Sweet)
Rosaceae. The tree, which is native to Central
America, has been introduced and cultured in
South China. It is grown in the Anhui, Hainan,
Hupei, Shandong, Sichuan, and Taiwan prov-
inces of China, where the fruit is harvested in
August, cleaned, sliced, dried in the sun, and
used without further processing (Jiang Su New
Medical College, 1977). Chaenomeles is an antirheumatic herb that effec-
tively relieves numbness and pain in muscles and joints (Jiang Su New
Medical College, 1977; Smith and Stuart, 1973). Also used to relieve can-
cer pain, along with other cancer-treatment herbs (Dong et al., 1998).

TCM Properties

Pungent in taste, and warm, it acts on the liver, spleen, and stomach me-
ridians.

Effects, Medicinal Uses, and Combinations

1. Expels Dampness from the body, invigorates the circulation of merid-

ians, soothes the muscles and tendons, and relieves rheumatic pain
and muscle spasm: chaenomeles is commonly used with acantho-
panax, clematis root, and achyranthes for the treatment of rheumatic
pain, spasms in the calf muscles, soreness and pain in the limbs,
numbness, and heaviness or swelling of the lower extremities. It is
combined with atractylodes and white atractylodes for arthralgia
caused by Wind-Dampness (Dong et al., 1998) or with notoptery-
gium, pubescent angelica, and siler for arthralgia caused by patho-
genic Wind (Wandering-Bi) (Wang, 1994).
2. Relieves stomach cramps and diarrhea: to treat vomiting and diarrhea
caused by Cold-Dampness of the gastrointestinal tract, chaenomeles
is mixed with fresh ginger, evodia, and perilla leaf in a decoction
(Wang, 1994).
3. Indigestion: chaenomeles is a good medicine for bloating and indi-
gestion (Dong et al., 1998).
Dosage

In a decoction of 5 to 10 g.

Precautions

People with pain due to yin deficiency should use this herb with caution.

Side Effects and Toxicity

No undersirable side effects or toxicity were reported at the therapeutic

dose in classical Chinese materia medica.

Modern Research Findings

Chemical Constituents

Chaenomeles has saponins, flavonoids, enzymes (peroxidase, phenol

oxidase, oxidase), and fructose, flavone, malic acid, tartaric acid, citric
acid, fumaric acid, oleanolic acid, vitamin C, and tannin (Ling, 1995; Zhu,
1998).

Pharmacological Findings

1. Chaenomeles is anti-inflammatory, antirheumatic, antispasmodic, and

antiemetic, and is a stomachic (Dong et al., 1998).
2. Immunologic: oral administration of 25 g/kg of the decoction of the
herb for eight days significantly inhibited spleen index in mice. At
intraperitoneal dose of 85 mg/kg, an extract of chaenomeles markedly
decreased the phagocytosis of peritoneal macrophages of mice (Zhu,
1998).
3. Antitumor. The 25 percent aqueous extract of the herb given intra-
peritoneally at 0.5 ml per mouse produced marked inhibition on the
growth of Ehrlich ascites carcinoma, lymphosarcoma, and sarcoma
180 in mice (Yin, 1995).
 REFERENCES

Dong, K. S., Wang, X. Q., and Dong, Y. F. (1998). Xian Dai Lin Chuang Zhong Yao
Xue [Contemporary Clinical Chinese Materia Medica]. Beijing: Zhong Guo
Zhong Yi Yao Press.
Jiang Su New Medical College. (1977). Encyclopedia of Chinese Materia Medica.
Shanghai: Shanghai Science and Technology Press.
Ling, Y. (1995). A New Compendium of Materia Medica. Beijing: Science Press.
Smith, F. P. and Stuart, G. A. (1973). Chinese Medicinal Herbs. San Francisco:
Georgetown Press.
Wang, J. H. (Ed.) (1994). Xin Bian Chang Yong Zhong Yao Shou Ce [Manual of
Commonly Used Chinese Medicinal Herbs]. Beijing: Jin Dun Press.
Yin, J. (1995). Modern Research and Clinical Applications of Chinese Materia
Medica (Volume 2). Beijing: Chinese Medical Classics Press.
Zhu, Y. (1998). Chinese Materia Medica—Chemistry, Pharmacology and Applica-
tions. Amsterdam: Harwood Academic Publishers.
 Acanthopanax
This herb is the driedBark;
cortexCortex
of the root of
Acanthopanacis;
Acanthopanax gracilistylusWuW.jia
W.piSmith of
the family Araliaceae. It is mainly grown in
the Henan, Hebei, Guangdong, and Sichuan
provinces of China, where the root is harvested
in winter and cleaned. The bark is stripped
and dried in the sun (Jiang Su New Medical
College, 1977). Traditionally, the bark was
used for rheumatism, general debility, and for
the cure of tertiary syphilitic manifestations. It is commonly used as a tinc-
ture or wine (Smith and Stuart, 1973).
Acanthopanax bark resembles that of loranthus and is an anodyne for
arthralgia, but is more effective for treating pain in muscles and joints.

TCM Properties

Pungent and bitter taste, and warm, it acts on the liver and kidney meridi-
ans.

Effects, Medicinal Uses, and Combinations

1. Eliminates arthralgia from the body and strengthens the tendons and
bones: for treating Wind-Cold-Damp Bi syndromes, arthritis, sore-
ness and pain in the loins and feet, and swelling and pain in the joints,
acanthopanax bark is often prepared as a medicated wine. The most
common patent medicine of acanthopanax bark wine is Wu Jia Pi Jiu
(Wang, 1994).
2. Relieves rheumatism: for pain in muscles, joints, and fibrocitis,
acanthopanax bark can be combined with pubescent angelica, clema-
tis root, achyranthes, and atractylodes in a decoction (Wang, 1994).
Acanthopanax bark is also mixed with carthamus, processed cyperus
tuber, loranthus, and lycopodium for the treatment of arthralgia, and
soreness in bones and muscles.
3. Induces diuresis and relieves edema. Acanthopanax can be combined
with poria, orange peel, ginger peel, and areca husk, as in Wu Jia Pi
Yin, for treating edema, edema of limbs, and oliguria (Wang, 1994).
Dosage

In a decoction of 6 to 12 g.

Precautions

People with yin deficiency should take the herb with caution.

Side Effects and Toxicity

No adverse effects or toxicity at the suggested dose of the herb were re-
corded in classical Chinese materia medica.

Modern Research Findings

Chemical Constituents

The root bark contains sesamin, isofraxidin, beta-sitosterol, syringin,

beta-sitosterolglucoside, eleutheroside B1, kaurenoic acid, 16-alpha-
hydroxy-kauran-18-oic acid, and stearic acid (Song et al., 1983; Xiang and
Xu, 1983). Other constituents are tannin, palmitic acid, linoleic acid, and
vitamins A and B (Ling, 1995).

Pharmacological Findings

Acanthopanax bark is analgesic, anti-inflammatory, antifatigue, and

antimicrobial (Su and Qiao, 1989). It also increases the immunological
functions, and increases and regulates endocrine secretion, particularly in
the thyroid glands and gonads (Wang, 1994). The root bark also protects the
liver and increases the activity of bone marrow in the production of blood
cells (Wang, 1994).

REFERENCES

Jiang Su New Medical College (1977). Encyclopedia of Chinese Materia Medica.

Shanghai: Shanghai Science and Technology Press.
Ling, Y. (1995). A New Compendium of Materia Medica. Beijing: Science Press.
Smith, F. P. and Stuart, G. A. (1973). Chinese Medicinal Herbs. San Francisco:
Georgetown Press.
Song, X. H., Xu, G. J., Jin, R. L., and Xu, L. S. (1983). Studies on the identification
of Chinese wu jia pi. Journal of Nanjing College of Pharmacy 16: 15-24.
Su, Z. W. and Qiao, C. Z. (1989). Pharmacognosy. Shanghai: Shanghai Medical
University Press.
Wang, J. H. (Ed.) (1994). Xin Bian Chang Yong Zhong Yao Shou Ce [Manual of
Commonly Used Chinese Medicinal Herbs]. Beijing: Jin Dun Press.
Xiang, R. D. and Xu, R. S. (1983). Studies on chemical constituents of the root bark
of Acanthopanax gracilistylus W.W. Smith. Acta Botanica Sinica, 25: 356-362.
 Lycopodium; Herba
This herb is the entireLycopodii; Shen jin
plant of Lycopodium
cao Lycopodiaceae. It is
clavatum L. of the family
grown in the provinces of northern, central,
and southwestern China, and Inner Mongolia.
It is harvested in the summer, cleaned, dried,
cut into sections, and either used without fur-
ther processing or slightly stir baked (Jiang Su
New Medical College, 1977).
Lycopodium is a popular herb for arthral-
gia in the muscles, tendons, and joints, and is used to relieve cancer pain,
along with other cancer-treatment herbs (Wang, 1994).

TCM Properties

Bitter in taste, and warm, it acts on the liver, spleen, and kidney meridi-
ans.

Effects, Medicinal Uses, and Combinations

1. Expels Wind-Cold exopathogens and relieves rheumatism:

• For treating rheumatism, muscle and tendon pain, muscle numb-
ness, leg stiffness, and difficulty in flexion and extension of limbs
or hemiplegia, lycopodium is used with pubescent angelica, chae-
nomeles, white peony root, carthamus, clematis root, and cinna-
mon twig (Wang, 1994).
• It is blended with chaenomeles and alangium (ba jiao feng) for
treating leg muscle cramps (charley horse) (Wang, 1994).
• For treating chronic rheumatic disorders, painful joints, or muscu-
lar numbness, lycopodium can be combined with prepared rehman-
nia root, dipsacus, loranthus, Chinese angelica, acanthopanax,
millettia, and homalomena rhizome (qian nian jian) in a decoction
for effective pain relief (Wang, 1994).
2. Relieves the severe pain of shingles (herpes zoster): The powdered
form of stir-baked lycopodium can be mixed into a paste with sesame
oil or another suitable oil that can be applied externally to treat shin-
gles (Dong et al., 1998; Wang, 1994).
Dosage

In a decoction of 9 to 15 g, or 30 g for severe symptoms.

Precautions

People with anemia, excessive bleeding, and pregnant women should

use this herb with caution.

Side Effects and Toxicity

No adverse side effects or toxicity have been observed.

Modern Research Findings

Chemical Constituents

Lycopodium contains lycopodine, clavatine, beta-sitosterol, clavolo-

nine, fewettine, clavoloxin, lycoclavanine, dehydrolycopodine, lycodoline,
vanillic acid, ferulic acid, alpha-onocerin, azelaicacid, clavatol, nicotine,
and lycoclavanol (Jiang Su New Medical College, 1977; Ling, 1995).

Pharmacological Findings

Lycopodium is antipyretic, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and diuretic.

It has been shown to increase the contraction of the uterus and small intes-
tine in lab animals (Dong et al., 1998).

REFERENCES

Dong, K. S., Wang, X. Q., and Dong, Y. F. (1998). Xian Dai Lin Chuang Zhong Yao
Xue [Contemporary Clinical Chinese Materia Medica)]. Beijing: Zhong Guo
Zhong Yi Yao Press.
Jiang Su New Medical College. (1977). Encyclopedia of Chinese Materia Medica.
Shanghai: Shanghai Science and Technology Press.
Ling, Y. (1995). A New Compendium of Materia Medica. Beijing: Science Press.
Wang, J. H. (Ed.) (1994). Xin Bian Chang Yong Zhong Yao Shou Ce [Manual of
Commonly Used Chinese Medicinal Herbs]. Beijing: Jin Dun Press.
 Siegesbeckia;
This medicinalHerba
herb Siegesbeckiae; Xi
is the dried aerial
(aboveground) xian cao of
parts or Xi xian
Siegesbeckia orien-
talis L., S. pubescens Makino, or S. glabre-
scens Makino of the family Compositae. It is
mainly grown in the Jiangsu, Sichuan, and
Zhejiang provinces of China where it is har-
vested in the summer, cleaned, dried, and used
unprocessed or stir baked with wine (Jiang Su
New Medical College, 1977). Traditionally,
the herb was used to improve appetite, in wounds to relieve pain, for insect
bites, and for numbness in the extremities (Smith and Stuart, 1973). The
root and fruit of siegesbeckia are also used for similar purposes. Sieges-
beckia is good for treating symptoms of arthralgia (Wind-Cold-Damp) Bi
syndromes, and chronic back pain (Dong et al., 1998; Wang, 1994).

TCM Properties

Bitter in taste, and cold, it acts on the liver, spleen, and kidney meridians.
It is also slightly toxic.

Effects, Medicinal Uses, and Combinations

1. Relieves symptoms of rheumatism, particularly Febrile-Bi syndrome:

for arthritis, lassitude, numbness in limbs, pain in the legs and waist,
or flaccidity, siegesbeckia is used alone in a decoction or combined
with achyranthes, pubescent angelica root, loranthus, and acantho-
panax (Wang, 1994).
2. Treats hypertension: this herb can also be prescribed (as a daily tea of
15 g) (Dong et al., 1998) alone or with chrysanthemum, prunella, and
clerodendron trichotomi (chou wu tong) to relieve dizziness and hy-
pertension due to hyperactivity of the liver yang (Wang, 1994).
3. Detoxification: to counteract pyretic toxicity, urticaria, eczema, sup-
purative infections in the body, and swelling, it is combined with wild
chrysanthemum, dandelion, viola, and mastic in a decoction (Dong et
al., 1998).
4. Treats neurasthenia and insomnia. It can be used alone in tea or with
other sedative herbs in a decoction (Dong et al., 1998).
 5. Treats cerebral apoplexy and cerebral vascular disease: siegesbeckia
herb is combined with carthamus (3 g), acanthopanax and siler (9 g
each) in a decoction to treat hemiplegia and after-stroke syndrome
(Dong et al., 1998). It can also be combined with pubescent angelica,
loranthus, acanthopanax, and achyranthes in a decoction (Wang,
1994).

Dosage

In a decoction of 6 to 12 g or its juice can be used to relieve skin infec-

tions, carbuncles, abscesses, and inflammation.

Precautions

People with yin and blood deficiency and anemia should use this herb
with caution.

Side Effects and Toxicity

This herb is slightly toxic as recorded in classical Chinese materia

medica (Jiang Su New Medical College, 1977). No adverse effects were re-
ported after prolonged oral administration at the suggested dose (Wang,
1983; Zhu, 1998). The LD50 of injection solution of the herb in mice was
45.54 1.44 g/kg by intravenous administration (Yin and Gao, 1993).

Modern Research Findings

Chemical Constituents

Siegesbeckia contains alkaloids, darutosids, darutogenol, isodaruto-

genols B and C, orientin, orientalide, stigmasterol, phenol, amino acids, or-
ganic acids, sugars, and darutin-bitter (Ling, 1995; Yin and Gao, 1993).

Pharmacological Findings

Siegesbeckia is anti-inflammatory, antihypertensive, antipruritic, anti-

rheumatic, and detoxifying (Dong et al., 1998).
Clinical Findings

In sixty-seven cases of hypertension, a daily dose of the decoction of

30 g and 10 g of di gu pi (Cortex lycii) decreased diastolic pressure by more
than 20 mmHg in thirty-five cases and by more than 10 mmHg in another
twenty-two cases. The neurotic symptoms were also improved (Wang,
1983).

REFERENCES

Dong, K. S., Wang, X. Q., and Dong, Y. F. (1998). Xian Dai Lin Chuang Zhong Yao
Xue [Contemporary Clinical Chinese Materia Medica)]. Beijing: Zhong Guo
Zhong Yi Yao Press.
Jiang Su New Medical College. (1977). Encyclopedia of Chinese Materia Medica.
Shanghai: Shanghai Science and Technology Press.
Ling, Y. (1995). A New Compendium of Materia Medica. Beijing: Science Press.
Smith, F. P. and Stuart, G. A. (1973). Chinese Medicinal Herbs. San Francisco:
Georgetown Press.
Wang, J. H. (Ed.) (1994). Xin Bian Chang Yong Zhong Yao Shou Ce [Manual of
Commonly Used Chinese Medicinal Herbs ]. Beijing: Jin Dun Press.
Wang, Y. S. (1983). Pharmacology and Applications of Chinese Materia Medica.
Beijing: People’s Health Publisher.
Yin, J. and Gao, L. G. (1993). Modern Research and Clinical Applications of Chi-
nese Materia Medica. Beijing: Academic Press.
Zhu, Y. (1998). Chinese Materia Medica—Chemistry, Pharmacology and Applica-
tions. Amsterdam: Harwood Academic Publishers.
 Chapter 12

Herbs
Herbs ThatThat Regulate
Regulate Digestion
Digestion and Elimination
and Elimination: Relief of Common
Gastrointestinal Ailments

The medicinal herbs discussed in this chapter aid appetite, food diges-
tion, the normal functions of the stomach and spleen, and relieve common
gastrointestinal tract disorders. The gastrointestinal tract has been marvel-
ously designed with glands and organs that secrete specialized fluids and
enzymes, and perform intricate digestive actions that transform food into
desired nutrients. It is also one of the most abused systems, resulting in
common digestive disorders such as indigestion, abdominal gas, heartburn,
burping, bloating, abdominal cramps, constipation, diarrhea, belching, acid
regurgitation, stomach pain, nausea, vomiting, an accumulation of toxins,
along with fluid retention, and weight gain or obesity (Dong et al., 1998).
Poor digestion, metabolism, and absorption also cause fatigue, hypo-
glycemia, anemia, arteirosclerosis, even hypertension and a state of low-
ered immune function of the body (Dong et al., 1998).
TCM believes that these medical disorders may come from dysfunction
of the stomach and spleen, emotional imbalance, consumption of unhealthy
foods or drinks, ingestion of spoiled food or food contaminated by micro-
organisms, overeating, or an unhealthy lifestyle. Dysfunction of the stom-
ach and spleen can be caused by the invasion of External pathogenic Cold-
Heat-Damp factors, internal Dampness accumulation, or excessive internal
Cold that can lead to deficiency of Qi and yang, resulting in dysfunction of
the spleen and stomach (Dong et al., 1998).
Food digestion is the process by which food is broken down mechani-
cally and chemically in the digestive tract, and converted into absorbable
forms of nutrients (Golan, 1995).
The food we eat contains many simple organic and inorganic substances
such as glucose, water, or sodium chloride, which do not need digestion.
Carbohydrates, proteins, and fats must be properly digested by mechanical
and chemical processes. Digestion and absorption requires proper function-
ing of the stomach and small intestines. Chemical digestion involves hydro-
lysis of food, caused by a variety of digestive juices, enzymes, and certain
vitamins and minerals (Golan, 1995).
The digestive organs include teeth, tongue, esophagus, stomach, small
intestines, large intestines, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, and spleen.
In Western medicine, the spleen is not considered a part of the digestive
system; its functions are making and metabolizing blood cells, fighting in-
fections, and as an important organ of the immune system (Golan, 1995).
In TCM, the spleen plays an important part in digestion and metabolism.
In addition to the immune function of the Spleen, Chinese medicine recog-
nizes that its main physiological function is to dominate transformation and
transportation of nutrients together with the stomach and small intestines.
The joint effort is responsible for digestion, metabolism, assimilation, and
distribution of nutrients throughout the body (Long, 1998). Only with suffi-
cient availability of nourishment can the immune system work.
The importance of Pi (TCM spleen) in Chinese medicine is unique. Dys-
function of the spleen may involve many other systems and functions of the
body. For example, in a state of Pi deficiency, many pathological changes
are revealed, such as low activity of digestive enzymes, hypofunction of ab-
sorption, disorder of gastrointestinal motility, metabolic disturbance, de-
rangement of autonomic nervous system activity, and hypoactivity of cellu-
lar immunity (Zhou and Liu, 1993).
Five groups of phytomedicines are traditionally used to treat the disor-
ders of the digestive system, which in turn correct the disorders related to
digestion and elimination (Dong et al., 1998). These herbs are called stom-
achics and include:
1. Qi-tonic stomachics, such as ginseng, codonopsis, astragalus root,
Chinese yam, and white atractylodes (see Chapter 5).
2. Qi-invigorating stomachics, such as orange peel, immature orange,
magnolia bark, and radish seed (see Chapter 7).
3. Internal Damp-eliminating stomachics, such as atractylodes, aga-
stache, and amomum fruit.
4. Interior-warming stomachics, such as ginger, cinnamon bark, and
evodia (see Chapter 9).
5. Digestion-promoting stomachics, such as hawthorn and germinated
barley.
Other herbs are complementary for food digestion and elimination in-
cluding antiulcer herbs (cuttlebone), emetic, antiemetic, and spasmolytic
herbs (white peony), purgatives (rhubarb), and anthelmintics (areca seed).
This section discusses internal Damp-eliminating, digestive-invigorat-
ing, and laxative herbs. Table 12.1 lists common gastrointestinal disorders
and herbal remedies.
 TABLE 12.1. Herbal Stomachics for Gastrointestinal Disorders

Etiology Symptoms Herbal Remedies

Indigestion Abdominal pain and disten- Herbs
and food sion, gas, poor appetite, hawthorn fruit, germinated
accumulation food retention, belching, barley, raphanus seed, mag-
nausea, vomiting, acid nolia bark, evodia fruit
regurgitation, irritable bow-
els, masses, constipation Patent Medicines
or diarrhea, accumulation Bao He Wan,
of toxins Zhi Shi Dao Zhi Wan,
Yue Ju Wan
Internal Dampness Abdominal distension, nau- Herbs
of Middle-Jiao sea, anorexia, lassitude, atractylodes, agastache,
weariness, fullness in the amomum fruit
chest, heavy sensation,
epigastric distension, acid
regurgitation, loose stool, Patent Medicines
sweet taste in mouth, Ping Wei San,
tongue with whitish greasy Huo Xiang Zheng Qi Wan,
coating Xiang Sha Liu Jun Zi Tang
Constipation Dry stool, constipation, food Herbs
and stagnation stagnation, fluid retention, rhubarb, senna leaf,
of Qi interior Heat and toxins ac- areca seed
cumulation, edema, weight
gain Patent Medicines
Hou Po San Wu Tang,
Da Cheng Qi Tang,
Ma Zi Ren Tang (Wan)

Table 12.2 lists the common and individual actions of herbs that regulate
digestion and elimination.
On the following pages, ten medicinal herbs, which are used treat gastro-
intestinal disorders, are introduced and further discussed.

REFERENCES

Dong, K. S., Wang, X. Q., and Dong, Y. F. (1998). Xian Dai Lin Chuang Zhong Yao
Xue [Contemporary Clinical Chinese Materia Medica)]. Beijing: Zhong Guo
Zhong Yi Yao Press.
Golan, R. (1995). Optimal Wellness. New York: Ballantine Books.
Long, Z. X. (Ed.) (1998). Basic Theories of Traditional Chinese Medicine. Beijing:
Academic Press.
Zhou, J. H. and Liu, G. (1993). Recent Advances in Chinese Herbal Drugs. Beijing:
Science Press.
 TABLE 12.2. The Actions of Herbs That Regulate Digestion and Elimination

Name Dosage
of Herb (grams) Individual Actions Common Actions
Hawthorn 10-15 Improves digestion, Improves appetite; invig-
(shan zha) removes retention of orates digestion, metab-
food, promotes blood olism, and absorption;
circulation, resolves removes food stagnation.
stasis
Germinated 10-15 Improves digestion,
barley relieves stagnation
(mai ya) of the liver and breast
disorders
Raphanus 3-9 Improves digestion,
(lai fu zi) resolves excess phlegm
and food stagnation
Agastache 5-10 Relieves Exterior syn- Resolves pathogenic
(huo xiang) dromes and Summer Dampness, invigorates
Heat, improves appetite, stomach and spleen,
stops nausea and vomit- regulates Qi
ing
Amomum fruit 3-6 Relieves diarrhea, acti-
(sha ren) vates stomach and
spleen, treats vomiting
during pregnancy, pre-
vents miscarriage
Atractylodes 5-10 Strengthens the spleen
(cang zhu) by eliminating Damp-
ness, removes Wind-
Cold-Damp exopatho-
gens, and relieves
arthralgia
Magnolia bark 3-10 Promotes the flow of Qi,
(hou po) eliminates Dampness,
removes food stagnation,
relieves cough and
asthma
Rhubarb 5-10 Removes Heat from the Moistens the bowels, dis-
(da huang) blood, relieves constipa- pels retained waste,
tion, clears away toxins, eliminates metabolic tox-
removes blood stagna- ins
tion
Senna leaf 1.5-3 Relieves food retention,
(fan xie ye) purgative
Areca seed 6-15 Relieves stagnation of Anthelmintic, stomachic
(bing lang) food, relieves constipa-
tion, anthelmintic action
Evodia fruit 1.5-5 Soothes the liver, Interior Warming, dispels
(wu zhu yu) relieves stomach pain, pathogenic Cold and
stops vomiting and Dampness
regurgitation
 Hawthorn;
This herb is Fructus Crataegi;
the dried Shan
ripe fruit ofzha
Cra-
taegus pinnatifida Bge. and C. cuneata. Sieb.
of the family Rosaceae. It is widely grown
throughout the mountainous regions of north
and south China. After harvesting in autumn,
the fruit is cleaned, sliced, dried, and used un-
processed. The fruit, when ripe, has a sour and
sweet taste (Jiang Su New Medical College,
1977). Hawthorn is a digestion-improving sto-
machic.
In classical Chinese materia medica, the fruit was described as anti-
scorbutic, laxative, stomachic, deobstruant, and alterative. It was adminis-
tered to assist digestion and to promote the circulation of the blood (Smith
and Stuart, 1973).
Today hawthorn is used to improve digestion and elimination, treat dys-
pepsia and stagnation of fatty food, invigorate blood circulation, improve
blood pressure, and lower blood cholesterol levels (Dong et al., 1998).

TCM Properties

Sour and sweet taste, and slightly warm, it acts on the spleen, stomach,
and liver meridians.

Effects, Medicinal Uses, and Combinations

1. Improves digestion and eliminates retention of food: for abdominal

distention, anorexia, abdominal pain, dyspepsia, and diarrhea caused
by enteritis, hawthorn is taken alone in a decoction, or in combination
with medicated leaven and germinated barley in a decoction (Dong
et al., 1998), or with aucklandia root (mu xiang), white atractylodes,
dolichos nut (bai bian dou), myristica, and bitter orange in a decoc-
tion (Wang, 1994).
2. Invigorates blood circulation and resolves blood stasis:
• For the treatment of hypertension, angina, and coronary heart dis-
ease, hawthorn is made into a decoction, or combined with pru-
nella, chrysanthemum, and scute to make a daily tea if hyperten-
 sion is caused by hyperactivity of the liver yang (Dong et al.,
1998).
• Hawthorn is also blended with acronychia (dalbergia), codonopsis,
carthamus, salvia root, and red peony root in a decoction for chest
pain, dyspnea, and to prevent coronary blood clots (Wang, 1994).
3. For postpartum abdominal pain or gastralgia, hawthorn is mixed with
Chinese angelica, cnidium, leonurus, corydalis tuber, and pollen typhae
(pu huang) (Wang, 1994). It can be combined with leonurus, cyperus
tuber, and cinnamon twig to treat dysmenorrhea and amenorrhea
caused by stagnation of blood circulation (Wang, 1994).
4. Treats hyperlipemia: hawthorn is blended with salvia, chrysanthe-
mum, germinated barley, and lonicera in a decoction.

Dosage

In a decoction of 10 to 15 g per day. For hypertension and hyperlipemia,

30 to 60 g can be taken in three doses after meals.

Precautions

People with hyperchlorhydria or stomach ulcers, and pregnant women

should not use this herb or use with extra caution.

Side Effects and Toxicity

The therapeutic dose rarely causes undesirable side effects or toxicity.

Long-term administration did not produce any side effects (Zhu, 1998).
Some patients may experience an upset stomach or light diarrhea (Dong
et al., 1998). Female mice receiving a daily dose of 100 mg/kg of the fla-
vones of the fruit for one month had normal pregnancies. The offspring had
normal blood profiles and other clinical indices. The intravenous LD50 of
the flavones was 1650 mg/kg (Wang, 1983).

Modern Research Findings

Chemical Constituents

Hawthorn leaves and berries contain flavonoid compounds, quercetin,

vitexin, hypecrin, hyperoxide, cyanin, quercitrin, catechin, anthocyanidins,
and proanthocyanidins. Its triterpenic acids include crataegoic acid, chloro-
genic acid, oleanolic acid, ursolicacid, and caffeic acid; citric, succinic, and
malic acid (Hu et al., 1989; Su and Qiao, 1989). The berries also contain
cardiotonic amines, cholins, acetycholine, vitamins B1, B2, and C, fructose,
amygdalin, pectins, and essential oils (Leung and Foster, 1966).

Pharmacological Findings

1. The fruit increases the secretion of digestive enzymes and promotes

digestion. It also increases the actions of lipase and protease (Wang,
1983).
2. Hawthorn lowers serum cholesterol levels. The serum cholesterol and
triglyceride levels of rabbits receiving an oral dose of 9.5 g of the
fruit’s extract were significantly lower than that of the control group.
Experimental hyperlipidemia in rabbits could be abated by oral ad-
ministration of 10 g/kg of the fruit’s alcohol extract. In twenty-five-
day-old rats, an oral dose of 0.25 mg/g of the 30 percent extract of the
fruit decreased hyperlipidemia by 45 12 percent after ten days of
medication (Wang, 1983).
3. The flavones of the herb perfused into a rabbit’s heart produced a
marked increase in coronary blood flow (Wang, 1983).
4. The fruit was shown to strengthen contractions of the heart muscle,
increase cardiac output, and decrease the heart rate (Wu, 1983).
5. Other effects: hawthorn extract showed antimicrobial, antiarrhythmia,
sedative, analgesic, uterine muscle-contraction, and body tempera-
ture-lowering properties (Dong et al., 1998; Zhu, 1998).

Clinical Findings

The alcohol extract of the fruit was used in sixteen cases of coronary dis-
ease with angina pectoris, with four weeks being one treatment course.
Marked effects were observed in one case at the end of one course, and
marked effects in six cases and improvement in nine cases were obtained at
the end of three courses. Improvement was also observed in twelve cases of
atypical angina pectoris (Zhu, 1998).
The tablets of the fruit extract (each tablet was equivalent to 3.1 g of the
fruit) were used in 104 cases of hypercholesterolemia, at a protocol of five
tablets, three times daily for fifteen months. Serum cholesterol was normal-
ized in seventy-seven cases, reduced by 20 percent in fifteen cases, and
elevated in one case. Using the same dosage in twenty-one cases of hyper-
triglyceridemia, seventeen cases resulted in normalization of serum tri-
glyceride levels (Zhu, 1998).
 REFERENCES

Dong, K. S., Wang, X. Q., and Dong, Y. F. (1998). Xian Dai Lin Chuang Zhong Yao
Xue [Contemporary Clinical Chinese Materia Medica]. Beijing: Zhong Guo
Zhong Yi Yao Press.
Hu, S. L., Chi, Q., and Zhao, Z. Z. (1989). The Indigenous and Superior Chinese
Herbal Drugs. Harbin: Heilongjiang Science and Technology Press.
Jiang Su New Medical College. (1977). Encyclopedia of Chinese Materia Medica.
Shanghai: Shanghai Science and Technology Press.
Leung, A. and Foster, S. (1966). Encyclopedia of Common Natural Ingredients.
New York: John Wiley and Sons, Inc.
Smith, F. P. and Stuart, G. A. (1973). Chinese Medicinal Herbs. San Francisco:
Georgetown Press.
Su, Z. W. and Qiao, C. Z. (1989). Pharmacognosy. Shanghai: Shanghai Medical
University Press.
Wang, J. H. (Ed.) (1994). Xin Bian Chang Yong Zhong Yao Shou Ce [Manual of
Commonly Used Chinese Medicinal Herbs]. Beijing: Jin Dun Press.
Wang, Y. S. (1983). Pharmacology and Applications of Chinese Materia Medica.
Beijing: People’s Health Publisher.
Wu, B. J. (1983). Pharmacology of Chinese Herbal Medicine. Beijing: People’s
Health Publisher.
Zhu, Y. (1998). Chinese Materia Medica—Chemistry, Pharmacology and Applica-
tions. Amsterdam: Harwood Academic Publishers.
 Agastache;
This herb is theHerba Agastaches
dried aerial seu
parts (branches
and leaves)Pogostemi;
of AgastacheHuorugosus
xiang (Fisch. et
May) O. Ktze or Pogostemon cablin (Blanco)
Benth of the family Labiatae (Jiang Su New
Medical College, 1977). It is chiefly grown in
the Guangdong province of China and har-
vested in summer. This plant is not indigenous
to China, having been introduced from India
and other parts of Southeastern Asia (Smith
and Stuart, 1973). Agastache is either cut into pieces, dried, and used unpro-
cessed, or the fresh herb is used. This herb is a Damp-resolving stomachic.
Its principle uses are as a carminative and stomachic. Nausea and preg-
nancy (morning sickness) is another difficulty for which this plant was rec-
ommended (Smith and Stuart, 1973).
In TCM, the aromatic herb was used for resolving Dampness. Today, it is
commonly used to dispel Summer Heat and Dampness, Cold in the gastro-
intestinal tract, poor appetite, dyspepsia, nausea, and vomiting (Dong et al.,
1998).

TCM Properties

Pungent in taste and slightly warm, it acts on the spleen, stomach, and
lung meridians.

Effects, Medicinal Uses, and Combinations

1. Improves digestion, and stops nausea and vomiting:

• Agastache is used with codonopsis root and licorice root to invigo-

rate digestion.
• For the treatment of a disturbance of Middle-Jiao, with an accumu-
lation of Dampness, epigastric fullness, abdominal distension, an-
orexia, fatigue, nausea, and vomiting, and acute gastroenteritis,
agastache is combined with atractylodes rhizome, ginger, licorice
root, pinellia, orange peel, and magnolia bark, as in Bu Huan Jin
Zheng Qi San, in a decoction (Dong et al., 1998).
 2. Relieves the afflictions caused by exopathogenic Summer Heat, Cold,
or impairment of the viscera. These conditions occur when spoiled or
unhealthy foods are eaten in the summer months, or during summer
travel. Symptoms include manifestations of flu, fever, headache,
chest oppression, abdominal distension, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea,
fatigue, and poor appetite. Agastache blended with perilla seeds,
white atractylodes, dahurica angelica root, pinellia tuber, magnolia
bark, and other herbs as in Huo Xiang Zheng Qi San capsules (R-48),
is an excellent remedy (Dong et al., 1998; Wang, 1994).
3. Stops vomiting: agastache is prescribed with codonopsis, clove, gin-
ger, tangerine peel, and pinellia to treat vomiting after eating, and lack
of appetite caused by pathogenic Dampness in the spleen and stom-
ach. It is also used with amomum fruit and pinellia tuber to alleviate
vomiting caused by morning sickness (Dong et al., 1998; Wang,
1994).

Dosage

In a decoction of 5 to 10 g.

Precautions

People with yin deficiency and hyperactivity of Middle-Jiao should not

take this herb or take with great caution. In making a decoction, do not over-
cook this herb.

Side Effects and Toxicity

No undesirable side effects or toxicity were reported at the therapeutic

dose in classical Chinese materia medica.

Modern Research Findings

Chemical Constituents

Agastache rugosus contains 0.28 percent of volatile oil. The oil’s

main ingredients are methylchavicol, anethole, anisaldehyde, d-limonene,
p-methoxycinnamaldehyde, a-pinene, 3-octanone, p-cymene, linalool,
beta-humulene, and beta-farnesene, tannin, and bitter substance (Jiang Su
New Medical College, 1977).
 Another species, P. cablin, contains 1.5 percent volatile oil. The main
components in the oil are patchouli alcohol. Other ingredients include
pogostol, alpha- and beta-patchoulene, eugenol, cinnamic aldehyde, patch-
oulipyridine, epiguipyyidine, pyridines, and tannins (Jiang Su New Medi-
cal College, 1977; Su and Qiao, 1989).

Pharmacological Findings

1. Agastache decoction and alcohol extract, and the active ingredients’

alcohol are strongly antimicrobial. They inhibit the growth of S. aureus,
Beta-hemolytic streptococci, pneumococci, pseudomonas, E. coli, S.
hemolyticus, and fungi C. albicans and C. neoformans (Dong et al.,
1998; Su and Qiao, 1989).
2. Stimulates the gastric mucous membranes, increases the secretion of
gastric juices, and inhibits the excessive peristalsis of the gastrointes-
tinal tract (Dong et al., 1998).
3. Antiemetic. The effect is even stronger when combined with ginger
(Dong et al., 1998).
4. Antifungal and antispirochetic (Dong et al., 1998).
5. Antidiarrhetic (Dong et al., 1998).
6. The volatile oil of agastache is diaphoretic (Dong et al., 1998).

REFERENCES

Dong, K. S., Wang, X. Q., and Dong, Y. F. (1998). Xian Dai Lin Chuang Zhong Yao
Xue [Contemporary Clinical Chinese Materia Medica]. Beijing: Zhong Guo
Zhong Yi Yao Press.
Jiang Su New Medical College (1977). Encyclopedia of Chinese Materia Medica.
Shanghai: Shanghai Science and Technology Press.
Smith, F. P. and Stuart, G. A. (1973). Chinese Medicinal Herbs. San Francisco:
Georgetown Press.
Su, Z. W. and Qiao, C. Z. (1989). Pharmacognosy. Shanghai: Shanghai Medical
University Press.
Wang, J. H. (Ed.) (1994). Xin Bian Chang Yong Zhong Yao Shou Ce [Manual of
Commonly Used Chinese Medicinal Herbs]. Beijing: Jin Dun Press.
 Amomum
This herbFruit;
is theFructus Amomi;
dried, ripe fruit Sha ren
of Amo-
mum villosum Lour or A. longiligulare T. L.
Wu of the family Zingiberaceae. The former is
mainly grown in the Guangdong province of
China, and the latter is grown in the Hainan
province. The herb is harvested in summer or
early autumn, cleaned, dried, and used unpro-
cessed (Jiang Su New Medical College, 1977).
This herb is a Damp-resolving stomachic.
Amomum fruit has stomachic, tonic, astringent, carminative, sedative,
and antitussive properties that are similar to those of cardamoms in general
(Smith and Stuart, 1973.
Amomum fruit, an aromatic herb, is used for treating ulcers, as a diar-
rhea-averting agent for chronic diarrhea, for the treatment of pregnancy-
related vomiting, and the prevention of miscarriage (Dong et al., 1998).

TCM Properties

Pungent in taste and warm, it acts on the spleen and stomach meridians.

Effects, Medicinal Uses, and Combinations

1. Resolves Dampness and activates the stomach and spleen:

• To treat epigastric fullness, abdominal distension, indigestion, an-
orexia, vomiting, or diarrhea caused by an accumulation of Damp-
ness in the Middle-Jiao, amomum fruit is used with magnolia bark,
aucklandia root, and atractylodes (Wang, 1994).
• For stagnation of food and indigestion, amomum fruit can be com-
bined with aucklandia root, immature bitter orange, and white
atractylodes rhizome (Wang, 1994).
• For anorexia, a feeling of fullness, and diarrhea caused by stagna-
tion of Qi and spleen deficiency, amomum fruit is prescribed with
codonopsis, atractylodes, poria, and white atractylodes, as in Xiang
Sha Liu Jun Zi Tang (Dong et al., 1998; Wang, 1994).
2. Relieves diarrhea: for diarrhea caused by a deficiency of the Spleen-
Qi and an accumulation of Cold-Dampness in the abdomen, amomum
 fruit can be taken alone in the powdered form, or with dried ginger,
prepared aconite, and nutmeg in a decoction (Wang, 1994).
3. Amomum is used as an antiabortive and stabilizes the fetus, reducing
threatened abortion:
• Eliminates pernicious vomiting and prevents miscarriage. Amo-
mum fruit can be taken with loranthus, white atractylodes, dipsa-
cus, and perilla stem, or it can be dispensed with eucommia bark,
loranthus, and dipsacus in a decoction to stop pernicious vomiting
during pregnancy, threatened abortion, and to prevent miscarriage
(Wang, 1994).
• To stabilize excessive fetal movement, amomum is combined with
eucommia, dipsacus, and loranthus in a decoction (Wang, 1994).

Dosage

In a decoction of 3 to 6 g.

Precautions

People with yin deficiency and endogenous Heat should not use the herb
(Wang, 1994).

Side Effects and Toxicity

No undesirable effects or toxicity were reported at the therapeutic dose

in classical Chinese materia medica.

Modern Research Findings

Chemical Constituents

Amomum fruit contains essential oil. The essential oil of A. villosum and
A. longiligulare have bornyl acetate and camphor as its major components.
Nerolidol and linalool have also been found in the oil (Gu and Yang, 1985;
Yang et al., 1985).

Pharmacological Findings

1. An amomum fruit decoction dilates gastrointestinal smooth muscle in

rabbits.
2. Alcohol detoxifier (Yang et al., 1985).
3. Antiemetic.
 REFERENCES

Dong, K. S., Wang, X. Q., and Dong Y. F. (1998). Xian Dai Lin Chuang Zhong Yao
Xue [Contemporary Clinical Chinese Materia Medica]. Beijing: Zhong Guo
Zhong Yi Yao Press.
Gu, M. X. and Yang, Y. (1985). Gas chromotographic determination of bornyl ace-
tate and camphor in essential oil of amomum species. Chinese Journal of Phar-
maceutical Analysis 5: 359-360.
Jiang Su New Medical College. (1977). Encyclopedia of Chinese Materia Medica.
Shanghai: Shanghai Science and Technology Press.
Smith, F. P. and Stuart, G. A. (1973). Chinese Medicinal Herbs. San Francisco:
Georgetown Press.
Wang, J. H. (Ed.) (1994). Xin Bian Chang Yong Zhong Yao Shou Ce [Manual of
Commonly Used Chinese Medicinal Herbs]. Beijing: Jin Dun Press.
Yang, Z. Q., Zhang, J., Zhang, B. L., and Qin, X. L. (1985). Investigation on the
Quality of Sha Ren (A. villosum). Chinese Journal of Pharmaceutical Analysis 5:
351-358.
 Germinated
This herb is theBarley; Fructus Hordei
dried, germinated ripe fruit
of HordeumGerminatus;
vulgare L. ofMai
the ya
family Gram-
ineae, available in every province of China.
Like hawthorn, this medicinal agent is a sto-
machic that improves digestion. It is used un-
processed or stir baked to a dark brown (Jiang
Su New Medical College, 1977).
The Chinese consider barley to be very
nourishing. It prevents fever and provides vigor
and strength to the body. Continued consumption of it is said to prevent hair
from turning grey. Germinated barley is considered to be stomachic, peptic,
lenitive, demulcent, expectorant, and abortifacient (Smith and Stuart, 1973).
Germinated barley (unprocessed) is a stomachic, and improves the appe-
tite. Processed barley improves digestion and dyspepsia. Germinated rice
and millet produce similar results.

TCM Properties

Sweet in taste and neutral, it acts on the spleen, stomach, and liver meridi-
ans.

Effects, Medicinal Uses, and Combinations

1. Improves digestion: for indigestion, lack of appetite, dyspepsia, full-

ness in the stomach, and abdominal distension, germinated barley is
often combined with hawthorn fruit and medicated leaven (Dong
et al., 1998).
2. Relieves stagnation and pain of the breasts (mastalgia), delactation
(cessation of lactation), and distending pain in the breasts: for this
condition, unprocessed germinated barley, or equal amounts of un-
processed germinated barley and stir-baked germinated barley are
made into a decoction in water for tea, and are taken daily to relieve a
distended feeling and pain in the breasts. Germinated barley is also
used for masses in the breasts in a decoction with bupleurum, tanger-
ine peel, and cyperus or germinated barley (50 g) combined with 15 g
each of hawthorn and schisandra. This is divided into two doses and
taken for seven to eight days to treat hyperplasia of mammary glands
(Dong et al., 1998).
Precautions

To be used with caution by those who are breast-feeding.

Dosage

In a decoction of 10 to 15 g; large dose can be 30 to 120 g.

Side Effects and Toxicity

The therapeutic dose does not cause adverse effects or toxicity. An ex-
tremely large dose caused headache and constipation in some patients
(Dong et al., 1998).

Modern Research Findings

Chemical Constituents

Germinated barley contains several enzymes, diastase, peptidase prote-

ase, lipase, choline, hordenine, (amylace, invertase), and dextrin, phos-
pholipids, maltose, glucose, and vitamins A, B, C, and D (Jiang Su New
Medical College, 1977).

Pharmacological Findings

1. Germinated barley is a stomachic and is effective in helping digestion.

Because of its digestive enzymes, the herb is able to digest carbohy-
drates and proteins (Wang, 1994).
2. Oral administration of the decoction decreased blood glucose in rab-
bits and nondiabetic rabbits (Dong et al., 1998).
3. Hypoglycemic (Wang, 1994).

REFERENCES

Dong, K. S., Want, X. Q., and Dong, Y. F. (1998). Xian Dai Lin Chuang Zhong Yao
Xue [Contemporary Clinical Chinese Materia Medica]. Beijing: Zhong Guo
Zhong Yi Yao Press.
Jiang Su New Medical College. (1977). Encyclopedia of Chinese Materia Medica.
Shanghai: Shanghai Science and Technology Press.
Smith, F. P. and Stuart, G. A. (1973). Chinese Medicinal Herbs. San Francisco:
Georgetown Press.
Wang, J. H. (Ed.) (1994). Xin Bian Chang Yong Zhong Yao Shou Ce [Manual of
Commonly Used Chinese Medicinal Herbs]. Beijing: Jin Dun Press.
 Evodia Fruit;
This herb is Fructus
the fruit Evodiae;
of Evodia Wu zhu yu
rutaecarpa
(Juss.) Benth. of the family Rutaceae. It is
mainly grown in the Guangxi, Guizhou, Hunan,
Hubei, Saanxi, Sichuan, and Yunnan prov-
inces of China. It is harvested in autumn when
the fruit is nearly ripe, dried in the sun, used
unprocessed or decocted and processed in lic-
orice root juice (Jiang Su New Medical College, 1977). This herb is an inte-
rior-warming stomachic.
The herb was used as a stimulant, carminative, stomachic, deobstruant,
astringent, and anthelmintic remedy. It was even recommended for sterility
and barrenness (Smith and Stuart, 1973). Evodia fruit’s stomachic action is
good for dispelling internal Coldness, lowering the adverse flow of Qi, re-
lieving diarrhea, soothing the liver, and relieving pain (Dong et al., 1998). It
is used commonly for acute and chronic gastritis, colitis, and enteritis
(Wang, 1994).

TCM Properties

Pungent and bitter taste; warm and slightly toxic, it acts on the liver,
spleen, and stomach meridians.

Effects, Medicinal Uses, and Combinations

1. Dispels pathogenic Cold: to treat abdominal coldness with pain,

evodia fruit is used with dried ginger root and aucklandia. It is also
combined with fresh ginger, ginseng, and jujube, as in Wu Zhu Yu
Tang (R-71), to treat coldness in the Middle-Jiao, headaches, and ad-
verse flow of Liver-Qi (Dong et al., 1998). It is often used with
psoralea fruit, nutmeg, magnolia fruit, schisandra, fresh ginger, ju-
jube, and psoralia fruit, as in Si Shen Wan (R-28), to treat diarrhea be-
fore dawn, anorexia, loose stools with undigested food, abdominal
pain, and coldness of the limbs caused by spleen-yang and kidney-
yang deficiencies (Dong et al., 1998).
2. Relieves vomiting and acid regurgitation: for the treatment of cold-
ness in the stomach and acid regurgitation, evodia fruit is prescribed
with dried ginger root and pinellia tuber.
 3. Stops vomiting during pregnancy: to treat nausea and vomiting in
general, as well as during pregnancy, evodia fruit is used alone or
combined with ginseng, jujube, and fresh ginger in a decoction
(Wang, 1994).

Dosage

In a decoction of 2 to 5 g.

Precautions

People with yin deficiency and excessive internal Heat in the blood
should avoid this herb. Pregnant women should avoid this herb or use with
caution.

Side Effects and Toxicity

This herb is slightly toxic as recorded in classical Chinese materia

medica (Dong et al., 1998; Jiang Su New Medical College, 1977). It should
not be overdosed or used for a long period of time. Long-term use may
cause vision difficulties (Wang, 1994).

Modern Research Findings

Chemical Constituents

Evodia fruit contains a number of alkaloids, including an indole alka-

loid, evodiamide, dihydrorutaecarpine, ocimenc, evodin, evodol, gushuy-
nic acid, evodiamine, rutaecarpine, evocarpine, isoevodiamie, evodinone,
evogin, and rutaevin. Its volatile oil contains bitter principles, evodol, evo-
dinon, obacunone, jangomolide, rutavin acetate, graucin A, and other ele-
ments (Sugimoto, Miyasa, et al., 1988; Sugimoto, Ueno, et al., 1988; Wang,
1983).

Pharmacological Findings

1. Evodia fruit is a bitter stomachic. The volatile oil or the alkaloids of

the fruit showed significant stomachic action. Also, the volatile oil of
the herb prevents abnormal fermentation in the intestines. An oral ad-
ministration of an evodia fruit decoction showed antiemetic activity.
The antiemetic effect was synergistic with ginger (Wang, 1983).
 2. Intravenous administration of the decoction or distillate of the herb
was significantly hypotensive in normal dogs and dogs with artifi-
cially induced unilateral renovascular hypertension. In dogs receiving
the decoction, blood pressure was lowered to 62 percent of the origi-
nal level. This action lasted for more than three hours. The decoction
taken orally also showed hypotensive activity, although to a lesser ex-
tent. The hypotensive effect was believed to be due to dilation of the
peripheral blood vessels and the diuretic action of the herb (Wang,
1983).
3. The active ingredient of the herb, dehydroevodiamine, inhibited ace-
tylcholinesterase activity in a dose-dependent and noncompetitive
manner. A single dose of 6.25 mg/kg of dehydroevodiamine to rats
significantly reversed the scoplamine-induced memory impairment in
a passive avoidance test. The antiamnestic effect of dehydroevodia-
mine was more potent than that of tacrine (the FDA-approved drug).
This potent antiamnestic action of dehydroevodiamine is thought to
be caused by the combined effects of acetylcholinesterase inhibition
and the cerebral blood flow enhancement of the herb (Park et al.,
1996).
4. An analgesic reaction was observed in rabbits given an intravenous
dose of 1 percent evodiamine hydrochloride (Wang, 1983).
5. The herb’s alkaloid, rutaecarpine, showed uterotonic activity on rat
uterus in vitro.
6. The decoction of evodia fruit inhibited Vibrio cholerae, P. aeruginosa,
S. aureus, and some pathogenic fungi in vitro (Wang, 1983).

REFERENCES

Dong, K. S., Wang, X. Q., and Dong, Y. F. (1998). Xian Dai Lin Chuang Zhong Yao
Xue [Contemporary Clinical Chinese Materia Medica]. Beijing: Zhong Guo
Zhong Yi Yao Press.
Jiang Su New Medical College (1977). Encyclopedia of Chinese Materia Medica.
Shanghai: Shanghai Science and Technology Press.
Park, C. H., Kim, S. H., Choi, W., Lee, Y. J., Kim, J. S., and Kang, S. S. (1996).
Novel anticholinesterase and antiamnesic activities of dehydroevodiamine, a
constituent of Evodia rutaecarpa. Planta Medica 62: 405-409.
Smith, F. P. and Stuart, G. A. (1973). Chinese Medicinal Herbs. San Francisco:
Georgetown Press.
Sugimoto, T., Miyasa, T., Kuroyanagi, M., and Ueno, A. (1988). Limonoid and
qinolone alkaloids from Evodia rutaecarpa Bentham. Chemical Pharmaceutical
Bulletin 36: 4453-4461.
Sugimoto, T., Ueno, A., Kadota, S., Cut, C. B., and Kikachi, T. (1988). New 5-B-H
limooside from Evodia rutaecarpa Bentham. Chemical Pharmaceutical Bulletin
36: 1237-1240.
Wang, J. H. (Ed.) (1994). Xin Bian Chang Yong Zhong Yao Shou Ce [Manual of
Commonly Used Chinese Medicinal Herbs]. Beijing: Jin Dun Press.
Wang, Y. S. (1983). Pharmacology and Applications of Chinese Materia Medica.
Beijing: People’s Health Publisher.
Atractylodes;
This herb isRhizoma
the driedAtractylodes; Cang
rhizome of Atrac-
zhu
tylodes lancea (Thunb.) DC., A. chinensis (DC.)
Koidz, or A. japonica Koidz of the family
Compositae. The first is mainly grown in the
Hubei and Jiangsu provinces, and the second
and third are grown in Jilin, Liaoning, Shan-
dong, Inner Mongolia of China, and Korea. It
is dug in the spring, cleaned, sliced, and stir
baked to a yellow-brown color (Jiang Su New
Medical College, 1977).
Atractylodes is recorded as a stomachic, stimulant, arthritic, and tonic
remedy used for fever, catarrh, chronic dysentery, general dropsy, rheuma-
tism, profuse sweating, and apoplexy (Smith and Stuart, 1973). Atrac-
tylodes rhizome is an aromatic internal Dampness-resolving stomachic
herb. It is an effective herb for eliminating Wind-Cold-Damp exopatho-
gens, and for treating arthralgia and gastrointestinal ailments (Dong et al.,
1998).

TCM Properties

Pungent and bitter in taste, and warm, it acts on the spleen and stomach
meridians.

Effects, Medicinal Uses, and Combinations

1. Strengthens the spleen, eliminates Dampness, and improves diges-

tion: for the treatment of indigestion, dyspepsia, weariness, exhaus-
tion, epigastric distress, abdominal distension, anorexia, nausea, acute
and chronic gastritis, gastrointestinal neurosis and vomiting, atrac-
tylodes is often used with magnolia bark and tangerine peel, as in
Ping Wei San (R-59) (Dong et al., 1998; Wang, 1994).
2. Removes Wind-Cold-Damp exopathogens and relieves arthralgia: to
treat swollen knees and foot pain, atractylodes is combined with cin-
namon twig and notopterygium root. It can also be blended with phel-
lodendron and achyranthes root, as in San Miao San, for the treatment
of Fixed-Bi syndrome with pain in the joints and extremities (Zhang,
1988).
 3. Relieves night blindness: for night blindness, oculopathy, and optic
atrophy, atractylodes is taken alone or with black sesame seed, liver,
processed rehmannia, and haliotis (shi ju ming) in a decoction (Wang,
1994).
4. Relieves symptoms caused by Damp-Heat: symptoms such as swell-
ing in the knees and feet, lower-limb eczema, or leukorrhagia, actrac-
tylodes combined with phellodendron bark, as in Er Miao San, gives
good results (Wang, 1994).
5. Reduces stress and relieves depression: atractylodes relieves stagnant
Liver-Qi and restores the normal function of the depressed liver (due
to depression), as in Yue Ju Wan (Dong et al., 1998).

Precautions

People with yin deficiency, deficiency of essence, and external asthenia

and sweating should not use this herb or use with caution.

Side Effects and Toxicity

No undesirable side effects or toxicity were reported at the therapeutic

dose in classical Chinese materia medica.

Dosage

In a decoction of 5 to 10 g.

Modern Research Findings

Chemical Constituents

Atractylodes lanceae contains about 3 to 5 percent of volatile oil, while

A. chinensis contains only 1 percent oil. The main principles of the oil are
atractylodin, hinesol, beta-eudesmol, atractylol, and atractybon. Cymol,
alpha-isovetivene, beta-selinene, curcumene, beta-bisabolene, and alpha-
bisabolol were also found in the oil (Yoshida and Kimura, 1969; Zhou,
1993).

Pharmacological Findings

1. Atractylodes possess aromatic Damp-eliminating, stomachic properties.

2. Hypoglycemic. The decoction increased blood-sugar levels in normal
rabbits but lowered the blood-sugar levels in alloxan-diabetic rabbits.
Atractyloside, a glycoside from A. gumnifera, decreased blood-sugar
 levels in rats, mice, rabbits, and dogs, and lowered muscle glycogen
and hepatic glycogen. It suppressed the synthesis of glycogen and
also decreased oxygen consumption (Wang, 1983).
3. Atractylodes apparently eliminates Na and K ions but is not a diuretic
(Dong et al., 1998).
4. An atractylodes decoction showed no antimicrobial activity. How-
ever, its incense or fumigant is lethal to various viruses (Dong et al.,
1998; Wang, 1983).
5. The essential oil of the herb had a sedative effect in frogs with concur-
rent exaggeration of the spinal reflexes. At a higher dose, it caused in-
hibition and finally death from respiratory paralysis (Zhu, 1998).

Clinical Findings

After three years of observation, burning one coil of antiseptic atrac-

tylodes incense for every 45 m3 of space significantly decreased the inci-
dence of varicella, mumps, and scarlet fever in kindergartens and nurseries
(Wang, 1994). The study also showed that fumigation for two hours was
significantly antiseptic against a number of microbes. The effect is similar
to formalin solution or ultraviolet sterilization of the air (Jiang Su New
Medical College, 1977).

REFERENCES

Dong, K. S., Wang, X. Q., and Dong, Y. F. (1998). Xian Dai Lin Chuang Zhong Yao
Xue [Contemporary Clinical Chinese Materia Medica]. Beijing: Zhong Guo
Zhong Yi Yao Press.
Jiang Su New Medical College (1977). Encyclopedia of Chinese Materia Medica.
Shanghai: Shanghai Science and Technology Press.
Smith, F. P. and Stuart, G. A. (1973). Chinese Medicinal Herbs. San Francisco:
Georgetown Press.
Wang, J. H. (Ed.) (1994). Xin Bian Chang Yong Zhong Yao Shou Ce [Manual of
Commonly Used Chinese Medicinal Herbs]. Beijing: Jin Dun Press.
Wang, Y. S. (1983). Pharmacology and Applications of Chinese Materia Medica.
Beijing: People’s Health Publisher.
Yoshida, I. and Kimura, T. (1969). Constituents of atractylodes XI. Structure and
absolute configuration of hinseol. Chemical Pharmaceutical Bulletin 117: 856-
857.
Zhang, E. (1988). Zhong Yao Xue [The Chinese Materia Medica]. Shanghai: Pub-
lishing House of Shanghai TCM University.
Zhou, R. H. (1993). Resource Science of Chinese Materia Medica. Beijing: China
Medical and Pharmaceutical Science Press.
Zhu, Y. (1998). Chinese Materia Medica—Chemistry, Pharmacology and Applica-
tions. Amsterdam: Harwood Academic Publishers.
 Raphanus
This herb isor the
Radish Seeds;
dried, ripeSemen
seeds of
Raphani;
Raphanus sativus Lai family
L. of the fu zi Cruciferae,
which is grown in all parts of China. It is
collected in summer, dried, and used unpro-
cessed or stir baked as roasted radish seed.
Raphanus is used to improve digestion, as a
carminative and corrective agent for food stag-
nation, and for gastrointestinal distension (Jiang
Su New Medical College, 1977). The seeds are peptic, diuretic, carmina-
tive, corrective, and expectorant (Smith and Stuart, 1973).

TCM Properties

Pungent in taste, and neutral, it acts on the spleen, stomach, and the lung
meridians.

Effects, Medicinal Uses, and Combinations

1. Improves digestion and removes food stagnation: for abdominal dis-

tension, impaired digestion, belching, acid regurgitation, and abdomi-
nal pain due to retention of undigested food and gas, raphanus is com-
bined with hawthorn fruit, medicated leaven, and tangerine peel, as in
Bao He Wan (Wang, 1994).
2. Depresses the abnormal flow of Lung-Qi and resolves excess phlegm:
for excessive phlegm, cough, and dyspnea, raphanus is used with
white mustard seed and perilla seed (Dong et al., 1998).
3. Treats primary hypertension: the decocted raphanus seed preparation
used in China showed effectiveness in treating primary hypertension
and hyperlipemia (Dong et al., 1998).
4. Treats hyperosteogenesis: for conditions of cervical spondylosis,
spondilitis, bone spur and hyperosteogenesis, raphanus (9 g) is com-
bined with processed rehmannia (45 g), epimedium (15 g), paederia
(30 g), drynaria (30 g), pyrolae (lu han cao), and cistanche (15 g each)
in a decoction or in a honey pill, as in Gu Zhi Zeng Sheng Wan (Dong
et al., 1998).
Dosage

In a decoction of 3 to 9 g.

Precautions

People with Qi deficiency and those not suffering from food stagnation
should use this herb with caution (Wang, 1994).

Side Effects and Toxicity

The stir-fried or processed raphanus is safe and nontoxic. The raw seed is
slightly toxic to the heart and causes nausea. The LD50 of the aqueous ex-
tract of the herb was administered 127.4 g/kg to mice by intreperitoneal ad-
ministration and most died of seizures within one hour (Zhu, 1998). An oral
administration of 100, 200, and 400 g/kg to rats for three weeks did not pro-
duce significant change in blood profiles or liver and kidney functions
(Wang, 1983).

Modern Research Findings

Chemical Constituents

Raphanus contains fatty oil and a small amount of volatile oil. The main
components in the oil are erucic acid, linoleic acid, lenolenic acid, glycerol
sinapate, sinapine, and raphanin. The components of the essential oil in-
clude methyl mercaptan, and alpha- and beta-hexanal (Jiang Su New Medi-
cal College, 1977; Wang, 1983).

Pharmacological Findings

1. Raphanus significantly inhibits bacteria, such as S. aureus, S. pneu-

moniae, and E. coli.
2. Raphanus is antifungal and a decoction lowers blood pressure. Intra-
venous administration of the aqueous extract of the herb produced
hypotension in anesthetized rabbits, cats, and dogs (Wang, 1983). The
action was slow but prolonged.
3. Raphanus demonstrated anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and detoxifi-
cation properties (Dong et al., 1998).
Clinical Findings

In a clinical investigation on the efficacy of the herb in treating patients

with primary hypertension, the herb was made into 0.3 g tablets, with each
tablet containing a 6 g equivalent of the herb. The oral dose was five tablets
at a time, three times a day (with no mention for how long). In fifty-six cases
it was very effective, in fifty-two cases it was effective, and there was no dif-
ference in twelve cases. The total effective rate was 90 percent in compari-
son with the control group.
Prior to treatment, the study group had a blood pressure reading of
174.2/108 mmHg. After treatment, readings were 148/94 mmHg. The
blood pressure lowering was 26.1 ± 2.58 / 14 1.007 SD. Blood cholesterol
levels showed a significant lowering, as well as improvement in the cardio-
grams of the patients (Wang, 1994).

REFERENCES

Dong, K. S., Wang, X. Q., and Dong, Y. F. (1998). Xian Dai Lin Chuang Zhong Yao
Xue [Contemporary Clinical Chinese Materia Medica]. Beijing: Zhong Guo
Zhong Yi Yao Press.
Jiang Su New Medical College (1977). Encyclopedia of Chinese Materia Medica.
Shanghai: Shanghai Science and Technology Press.
Smith, F. P. and Stuart, G. A. (1973). Chinese Medicinal Herbs. San Francisco:
Georgetown Press.
Wang, J. H. (Ed.) (1994). Xin Bian Chang Rong Zhong Yao Shou Ce [Manual of
Commonly Used Chinese Medicinal Herbs]. Beijing: Jin Dun Press.
Wang, Y. S. (1983). Pharmacology and Applications of Chinese Materia Medica.
Beijing: People’s Health Publisher.
Zhu, Y. (1998). Chinese Materia Medica—Chemistry, Pharmacology and Applica-
tions. Amsterdam: Harwood Academic Publishers.
 Magnolia
This herb Bark; Cortex
is the dried Magnoliae
bark of the root
or trunk ofOfficinalis; Hou po Rehd. et
Magnolia officinalis
Wils. of the family Magnoliaceae. It is
mainly grown in the Hubei, Sichuan, and
Zhejiang provinces of China. Collected
in the spring, it is boiled in ginger juice,
cut into sections, and dried. Magnolia
bark is an aromatic, Qi-invigorating sto-
machic agent. The taste of the bark is aromatic and bitter. Medicinally, it re-
duces food stagnation, it is tonic, stomachic, quieting, and anthelmintic. It
was prescribed for diarrhea, flatulence, amenorrhea, pyrosis, and a variety
of gastrointestinal difficulties (Smith and Stuart, 1973). Today, magnolia
bark is commonly used for gastrointestinal distension with pain caused by
food stagnation, and to treat coughs and asthma caused by an accumulation
of phlegm in the lungs (Wang, 1994).

TCM Properties

Bitter and pungent in taste, and warm, it acts on the spleen, stomach, and
large intestine meridians.

Effects, Medicinal Uses, and Combinations

1. Promotes the flow of Qi and eliminates Dampness in Middle-Jiao: to

treat food stagnation and indigestion, magnolia bark is combined with
orange peel and atractylodes, as in Ping Wei San (R-59). It can be pre-
scribed with rhubarb and bitter orange, as in Hou Po San Wu Tang, to
treat gastrointestinal distention, constipation, nausea, and vomiting
(Wang, 1994).
2. Promotes circulation of Qi, and relieves coughs and asthma: for an ex-
cessive cough, phlegm accumulation in the lungs, and asthma, mag-
nolia bark is used with ephedra, pinellia tuber, and bitter apricot ker-
nel, as in Hou Po Ma Huang Tang (Wang, 1994). For stagnancy of
phlegm, pharyngitis, and pharyngoneurosis, magnolia is combined
with pinellia, poria, and perilla leaf, as in Ban Xia Hou Po Tang (Dong
et al., 1998).
 3. Invigorates the circulation of Liver-Qi: for pain in the epigastric re-
gion, depression, belching, and lack of appetite, magnolia bark is pre-
scribed with curcuma, aquilaria, and bupleurum, as in Shu Gan Tang
(Wan) (R-52) (Jiang Su New Medical College, 1977).

Dosage

In a decoction of 3 to 10 g.

Precautions

People with spleen and stomachic asthenia, and pregnant women should
use this herb with caution.

Side Effects and Toxicity

The therapeutic dose does not cause side effects or toxicity. Toxicologi-
cal studies in mice showed that an oral dose of 60 mg/kg decoction did not
generate any fatalities within three days. The intraperitoneal LD50 of the de-
coction in mice was 6.12 0.04 g/kg and that of magnocurarin was 45
mg/kg (Wang, 1983; Zhu, 1998).

Modern Research Findings

Chemical Constituents

Magnolia bark contains phenol compounds of magnolol, isomagnolol,

honokiol, and essential oils. Other ingredients are machilol, endesmol,
magnocurasine, magnoflavoine, and salicifoline (Jiang Su New Medical
College, 1977; Zhu, 1998).

Pharmacological Findings

1. Stomachic. Magnolia bark and its volatile oil stimulate the secretion
of saliva, gastric juices, and gastrointestinal peristalsis, and improve
digestion (Dong et al., 1998).
2. Antiulcerative. Magnolol inhibited the formation of gastric ulcers in-
duced by Shay’s pylorus ligation and water-immersion stress. It also
inhibited histamine-induced duodenal spasms. Magnolia inhibited
the increase of gastric-acid secretion in the perfused stomachs of an-
esthetized rats (Wang, 1983).
 3. Magnolia bark is antimicrobial, antifungal, and antiamebic. Its decoc-
tion showed antimicrobial activities in vitro against many bacteria, in-
cluding S. aureus, S. hemolyticus, B. diphtheriae, B. subtilis, and
B. dysenteriae, and some skin fungi (Clark et al., 1981; Zhu, 1998).
4. Lowers blood pressure, increases heart rate, and relaxes muscles
(Dong et al., 1998).

Clinical Findings

The powdered, decoction, or injection solution of the herb used in acute

enteritis, and bacillary or anemic dysentery showed effectiveness in clinical
investigations (Zhu, 1998).

REFERENCES

Clark, A. M., El-Feraly, F. S., and Li, W. S. (1981). Antimicro activity of phenolic
constituents of Magnolia grandiflorra. Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 70:
951-952.
Dong, K. S., Wang, X. Q., and Dong, Y. F. (1998). Xian Dai Lin Chuang Zhong Yao
Xue [Contemporary Clinical Chinese Materia Medica]. Beijing: Zhong Guo
Zhong Yi Yao Press.
Jiang Su New Medical College. (1977). Encyclopedia of Chinese Materia Medica.
Shanghai: Shanghai Science and Technology Press.
Smith, F. P. and Stuart, G. A. (1973). Chinese Medicinal Herbs. San Francisco:
Georgetown Press.
Wang, J. H. (Ed.) (1994). Xin Bian Chang Yong Zhong Yao Shou Ce [Manual of
Commonly Used Chinese Medicinal Herbs]. Beijing: Jin Dun Press.
Wang, Y. S. (1983). Pharmacology and Applications of Chinese Materia Medica.
Beijing: People’s Health Publisher.
Zhu, Y. (1998). Chinese Materia Medica—Chemistry, Pharmacology and Applica-
tions. Amsterdam: Harwood Academic Publishers.
 Rhubarb;
This Radix
herb is et Rhizoma
the dried root andRhei; Da of
rhizome
Rheum palmatum L., huang
R. tanguticum Maxim.
ex Balf, or R. officinale Baill of the family
Polygonaceae. It is mainly grown in the Qing-
hai, Gansu, Sichuan, and Yunnan provinces of
China. Collected in the late autumn when the
stem and leaves begin to wither, it is dried and
sliced for use unprepared or stir baked with
wine (Jiang Su New Medical College, 1977).
Rhubarb is used as a purgative and detoxicant for treating intestinal ob-
struction, food stasis, and distension, and has been known in China since
the time of the Five Rulers (circa 2852-2205 B.C.). It is beneficial to the
stomach and spleen, invigorates blood circulation, eliminates toxins from
the bowels, and prevents senility. It is regarded more as a general eliminant
and tonic for the digestive tract. It was recommended in women’s diseases,
especially those attended by congestion of the pelvic organs, such as
dysuria and dyspareunia. It was also used in malarial fever and the fevers of
children. The purgative properties of rhubarb are not as highly regarded by
the Chinese as they are in the West (Smith and Stuart, 1973). Today, rhubarb
is known as a good gastrointestinal detoxicant, laxative, blood-inactivating,
and Heat-purging drug (Wang, 1994).

TCM Properties

Bitter in taste, and cold, it acts on the spleen, large intestine, liver, and
heart meridians.

Effects, Medicinal Uses, and Combinations

1. Loosens the bowels and treats bloat: for intestinal food stagnation and
constipation, and to relieve pathogenic Heat or toxins in the intes-
tines, rhubarb is an excellent herb. It is often used with mirabilite, im-
mature orange, and magnolia bark, as in Da Cheng Qi Tang (R-73),
for abdominal pain, constipation, and a feeling of fullness in the abdo-
men (Wang, 1994).
 2. Invigorates blood circulation: for acute postpartum pain, tenderness
in the lower abdomen, mass formation, traumatic injuries, and other
syndromes due to blood stagnation, rhubarb is combined with peach
kernel and ground beetle (Wang, 1994).
3. Detoxifies and removes Heat in the blood: for hematemesis, nose-
bleed, bloodshot eyes, sore throat, and swelling of the gums, as well
as other pains due to inflammation and excessive Heat in the blood,
rhubarb is used with coptis rhizome, scutellaria root, platycodon, lic-
orice root, and cow-bezoare (Calculus bovis), as in Niu Huang Jie Du
Wan.
4. For accumulation of Heat, dry stools, constipation, epidemic febrile
diseases with high fever, unconsciousness, delirium, madness, head-
aches, bloodshot eyes, and gum swelling with pain, rhubarb is com-
bined with gardenia, scute, forsythia, and licorice root, as in Liang Ge
San (Wang, 1994).
5. Removes Damp Heat and has choleretic action to relieve jaundice and
strangury: rhubarb is mixed with capillaris and gardenia, as in Yin
Chen Hao Tang, to treat jaundice (Zhang, 1988), or with akebia caulis
(mu tong), plantago leaves, and gardenia, as in Ba Zheng San, to treat
strangury (Wang, 1994).

Dosage

In a decoction of 3 to 12 g.

Precautions

It is not recommended during pregnancy, menstruation, or breast-feeding.

Side Effects and Toxicity

The therapeutic dose of rhubarb does not generate side effects or toxic-
ity. However, an overdose may cause nausea, vomiting, vertigo, or stomach-
ache. Long-term use resulted in liver damage, and hypertrophy of the thy-
roid and stomach tissues. Anthraquinone causes diarrhea. The LD50 value
of the anthraquinones via oral dose in mice was 0.56 g/kg for emodin, 1.15
g/kg for physcin, and 10 g/kg for chrysophanol (Wang, 1985; Zhu, 1998).
Modern Research Findings

Chemical Constituents

Rhubarb contains about 4.6 percent anthraquinone derivatives, which

can be divided into free anthraquinones, anthraquinone glycosides, and
bianthrones. More than thirty-three ingredients have been isolated. Some of
the important ingredients are tannins, organic acids, pectins, minerals, and
mucilage (Jiang Su New Medical College, 1977; Zhu, 1998).

Pharmacological Findings

1. Purgative. Rhubarb is a well-known purgative. Anthraquinone deriva-

tives cause the purgative action (Jiang Su New Medical College,
1977; Wang, 1985).
2. Hemostatic. The hemostatic action has been proven experimentally
and clinically for both external and internal hemorrhage (Liang et al.,
1986; Weng et al., 1986).
3. Choleretic. Rhubarb stimulates constriction of the gallbladder and re-
laxes Oddi’s sphincter, thus promoting bile secretion. It also increases
the contents of bilirubin and bile acid (Wang, 1985).
4. Lowers blood density and blood cholesterol levels in rabbits (Wang,
1994).
5. Lowers blood pressure, and is diuretic and a stomachic (Dong et al.,
1998).
6. Antidiarrheal. Rhubarb contains astringent tannins. Rhubarb taken in
a small dose (0.1 to 0.3 g) has an astringent and an antidiarrheal action
in mild forms of diarrhea. A high dose (100 to 400 g) produces a mild
laxative effect. Since the contents of emodins and tannins are vari-
able, the laxative action is somewhat uncertain. The German pharma-
copeia describes a rhubarb root extract that is made with 70 percent
ethanol. This extract is adjusted with lactose as needed to obtain a 4 to
6 percent anthranoid content (Schulz et al., 2001).
7. Immunosuppressive. Emodin suppressed the responses of human
mononuclear cells to phytohemagglutinin and mixed lymphocyte
reaction. It may be a new hope for the development of better immuno-
suppressive agents for use against transplantation rejection and auto-
immune diseases (Huang et al., 1991).
 8. Antineoplastic and antimutagenic. Intraperitoneal administration of
emodin produced an inhibition against mammary carcinoma in mice.
It also inhibited Ehrlich ascites carcinoma (Kubo et al., 1992).
9. Other effects: rhubarb was also demonstrated to be diuretic, anti-
spasmodic, antimicrobial, antiparasitic, and anti-inflammatory (Wang,
1994).

REFERENCES

Dong, K. S., Wang, X. Q., and Dong, Y. F. (1998). Xian Dai Lin Chuang Zhong Yao
Xue [Contemporary Clinical Chinese Materia Medica]. Beijing: Zhong Guo
Zhong Yi Yao Press.
Huang, H. C., Chu, S. H., and Chao, P. D. I. (1991). Vasorelaxants from Chinese
herbs, emodin and scoparone, possess immunosuppressive properties. European
Journal of Pharmacology 198: 211-214.
Jiang Su New Medical College. (1977). Encyclopedia of Chinese Materia Medica.
Shanghai: Shanghai Science and Technology Press.
Kubo, I., Murai, Y., Soediro, I., Soetarno, S., and Sastrodihardjo, S. (1992). Cyto-
toxic anthraquinone from Rheum palmatum. Phytochemistry 31: 1063-1065.
Liang, Z. J., Chen, Y. J., Shao, Y. D., Jiao, D. H., and Liu, X. C. (1986). Effect of
Rheum palmatum on the hemorheology of rabbits. Chinese Journal of Inte-
grated-Traditional and Western Medicine 6: 294-296.
Schulz, V., Hansel R., and Tyler, V. (2001). Rational Phytotherapy. Heidelberg,
Germany: Springer-Verlag.
Smith, F. P. and Stuart, G. A. (1973). Chinese Medicinal Herbs. San Francisco:
Georgetown Press.
Wang, J. H. (Ed.) (1994). Xin Bian Chang Yong Zhong Yao Shou Ce [Manual of
Commonly Used Chinese Medicinal Herbs]. Beijing: Jin Dun Press.
Wang, J. M. (1985). Chinese Herbal Pharmacology. Shanghai: Shanghai Science
and Technology Press.
Weng, W. L., Cui, J., Chen, Y. C., and Wang, J. C. (1986). Effects of da huang on
platelet aggregation and thrombus formation in vitro. Chinese Traditional and
Herbal Drugs 17: 507-508.
Zhang, E. (1988). Zhong Yao Xue [The Chinese Materia Medica]. Shanghai: Pub-
lishing House of Shanghai TCM University.
Zhu, Y. (1998). Chinese Materia Medica—Chemistry, Pharmacology and Applica-
tions. Amsterdam: Harwood Academic Publishers.
 Areca
This Seed;
herb isSemen Arecae;
the dried, ripe Bing lang
seed of or
Areca
catechu L. of theBin langPalmae.
family zi It is mainly
grown in the Fujian, Hainan, Taiwan, and Yun-
nan provinces of China. Harvested in summer,
it is peeled, dried, sliced after maceration, and
used unprocessed (Jiang Su New Medical
College, 1977).
The seed was formerly used in a tea as a
tonic, stomachic, astringent, antiperiodic, de-
tergent, and anthelmintic (Smith and Stuart, 1973). Areca seed is mainly
used as an anthelmintic for the treatment of taeniasis, ascariasis, and
fasciolopsiasis. It is also used as a purgative to treat abdominal distension
(Wang, 1994).

TCM Properties

Pungent and bitter in taste, and warm, it acts on the stomach, spleen, and
large intestine meridians.

Effects, Medicinal Uses, and Combinations

1. Invigorates digestion, and relieves food stagnation: as a stomachic,

areca seed can be used along with aucklandia root, rhubarb, cyperus,
blue citras, phellodendron bark, coptis, zedoaria, and other herbs, as
in Mu Xiang Bing Lang Wan (R-62) (Wang, 1994).
2. Induces diuresis: to treat edema, areca seed is blended with chae-
nomeles fruit, evodia fruit, and perilla seed, as in Ji Ming San (Wang,
1994).
3. Induces anthelmintic action: areca seed is used to treat worms in the
intestinal tract or bile duct. Different worms can be treated with areca
combined with other specific herbs to increase the efficiency of the
treatment. For example, areca with pumpkin seed is used for tape-
worms, and chinaberry bark and omphalia is used for ascariasis and
ancylostomiasis. Stemona root is combined with areca for the treat-
ment of enterobiases (Wang, 1994).
Dosage

For use as an anthelmintic 6 to 15 g is used. For severe conditions, up to

50 or 60 g can be administered in a decoction for treating cestodiasis and
fasciolopsiasis.

Precautions

People with asthenia, spleen deficiency, and downward sinking of Mid-

dle-Jiao Qi should avoid this herb.

Side Effects and Toxicity

The therapeutic dose does not produce side effects or toxicity. However,
the alkaloid of the plant, arecoline, is slightly toxic. This is the active ingre-
dient in its anthelmintic action (Jiang Su New Medical College, 1977).

Modern Research Findings

Chemical Constituents

Areca seed’s main ingredients are alkaloids of arecolin. Others are

arecailine, arecolidine, guvacine, guvacoline, homoarecolin, catechin, fat,
tannin, and areca red pigment (Jiang Su New Medical College, 1977).

Pharmacological Findings

Areca seed is antifungal, antiviral, and antiparasitic. It is effective in

treating tapeworms, pinworms, host worms, and roundworms. Areca seed
also has a parasympathetic nerve-mimicking effect. It stimulates the gastro-
intestinal smooth muscles, increases peristalsis, increases the secretion of
digestive juices, decreases the cardiac rate, and is hypotensive (Wang,
1994).

REFERENCES

Dong, K. S., Wang, X. Q., and Dong, Y. F. (1998). Xian Dai Lin Chuang Zhong Yao
Xue [Contemporary Clinical Chinese Materia Medica]. Beijing: Zhong Guo
Zhong Yi Yao Press.
Jiang Su New Medical College. (1977). Encyclopedia of Chinese Materia Medica.
Shanghai: Shanghai Science and Technology Press.
Smith, F. P. and Stuart, G. A. (1973). Chinese Medicinal Herbs. San Francisco:
Georgetown Press.
Wang, J. H. (Ed.) (1994). Xin Bian Chang Yong Zhong Yao Shou Ce [Manual of
Commonly Used Chinese Medicinal Herbs]. Beijing: Jin Dun Press.
 Chapter 13

Dampness-Eliminating Herbs:
Dampness-Eliminating Herbs
Treating Urinary Tract Disorders

The medicinal herbs covered in this chapter are diuretics. Diuretic medi-
cine helps eliminate edema (TCM calls it Dampness elimination) and treats
disorders of the urinary tract system (Dong et al., 1998).
Dampness is one of the six pernicious environmental factors that play a
part in health and disease. Based on Chinese medicine, summer, particu-
larly the late summer, is the dampest period of the year. The wet weather,
rain, and high humidity in the air are exogenous factors that cause illness. If
the body is attacked by exogenous Damp evil, the spleen becomes dis-
tressed and fails to perform its functions, which, in turn, leads to endoge-
nous Damp syndrome. If the spleen yang is deficient or impaired, the fluid
and metabolite cannot be dispersed or eliminated, causing edema and other
illnesses (Long, 1998).
When the Dampness becomes predominant or accumulated in the Mid-
dle-Jiao of the body (the stomach and intestinal areas), it gives rise to
polydipsia, lassitude, gastrointestinal ailments, such as vomiting, diarrhea
with sticky stool, epigastric fullness, anorexia, and edema (Long, 1998;
Berkow, 1997) (see Chapter 12).
If the Dampness becomes predominant or accumulated in the Lower-
Jiao (the urinary bladder area) of the body, it causes a number of disorders
and gives rise to common symptoms such as difficulty urinating, strangury,
scanty dark urine, dribbling, painful urination, dysuria, leukorrhea, diar-
rhea, dysentery, leg swelling, and edema (Long, 1998). In severe cases, the
urinary bladder and even the gallbladder are affected. Urinary tract infec-
tions are usually caused by Damp-Heat invasion of the Lower-Jiao (see
Chapter 14). Herbs inducing diuresis and excreting fluids are particularly
useful in treating edema of the Lower-Jiao and in the lower extremities.
These effects are similar to those of diuretics in modern medicine.
 When administering an herbal diuretic, it is important to select proper
and supporting herbs to treat edema and associated different diseases. For
example, for treating cardiac-related swelling, diuretic herbs should be
combined with certain cardiac tonic herbs. To treat liver-related swelling,
diuretic herbs should be used with liver-protecting herbs. For spleen-related
swelling, diuretics should be prescribed with spleen tonic herbs. For gen-
eral edema with exogenous afflictions, diuretic herbs should be combined
with diaphoretic herbs (Dong et al., 1998).
In traditional Chinese medicine, two groups of herbal remedies are com-
monly used to treat urinary tract ailments:

1. Herbal diuretics that eliminate Internal Dampness and relieve edema.

This is accomplished by invigorating and regulating fluid metabo-
lism, inducing diuresis, and relieving painful urination. Herbs in this
group include alisma, hoelen, polyporus, coix seed, lobellia, phase-
olus, and morus bark (Dong et al., 1998).
2. Herbal diuretics that eliminate Internal Damp-Heat and relieve Lin
syndrome (strangury) relieve fluid retention. In addition, this group of
herbs is also capable of treating urinary tract infections, dysuria,
phlegm retention, and turbid urine; they remove lithiasis, relieve jaun-
dice, and leukorrhagia. Commonly used herbal diuretics for Lin syn-
drome include plantain herb, plantain seed, akebia, tokoro, sophora,
polygonum herb (knoteweed), abutilon seed, and lysimachia (glech-
oma) (Dong et al., 1998).

Edema is often associated with diseases of the heart, kidneys, liver, and
the endocrine system. Some herbal diuretic drugs are useful supplements
when treating these ailments or conditions, such as edema caused by preg-
nancy poisoning (edema in pregnancy is due to lack of nutrition, particu-
larly protein). Supporting herbs are useful in treating associated conditions
of hypertension, ulcers, jaundice, or diarrhea, and to help speed up the elim-
ination of metabolic toxins and fluid from the body (Dong et al., 1998).
Table 13.1 lists symptoms of pathogenic Dampness or pathogenic
Damp-Heat invasion of the Lower-Jiao, enuresis, and the commonly pre-
scribed herbal diuretic remedies.
Table 13.2 lists the same and individual actions of the medicinal herbs
most frequently used for urinary tract disorders.
Seven herbal diuretics are further discussed in the following section.
 TABLE 13.1. Herbal Diuretics and Astringents for Urinary Tract Disorders

Etiology Symptoms Herbal Remedies

Pathogenic Damp Dampness in the urinary Herbs
invasion of the bladder or kidneys, fluid hoelen, polyporus, coix
Lower-Jiao retention, dysuria, edema, seed, alisma, lobelia
phlegm retention
Patent Medicine
Wu Ling San,
Fang Ji Huang Qi Tang,
Ling Gui Zhu Gan Tang
Pathogenic Heat Lin syndrome (fluid reten- Herbs
and Damp invasion tion, edema, painful urina- plantain herb, plantain seed,
of Lower-Jiao tion, strangury, dysuria, akebia, sophora, polygonum
phlegm retention, jaundice) herb, abutilon seed,
lysimachia
Patent Medicine
Ba Zheng San,
Yin Chen Hao Tang,
Dan Dao Pai Shi Tang
Urinary bladder Frequent urination, continu- Herbs
disorder, deficiency ous dripping of urine, rubus (raspberry fruit),
of Kidney-Qi enuresis, seminal emission, alpinia fruit, cornus fruit
leukorrhea
Patent Medicines
Suo Quan Wan,
Liu Wei Di Huang Wan

REFERENCES

Berkow, R. (Ed.) (1997). Merck Manual of Medicinal Information. Westpoint, PA:

Merck and Co.
Dong, K. S., Wang, X Q., and Dong, Y. F. (1998). Xian Dai Lin Chuang Zhong Yao
Xue [Contemporary Clinical Chinese Materia Medica]. Beijing: Zhong Guo
Zhong Yi Yao Press.
Long, Z. X. et al. (Ed.) (1998). Basic Theories of Traditional Chinese Medicine.
Beijing: Academy Press.
 TABLE 13.2. The Actions of Herbs for Urinary Tract Disorders

Name Dosage
of Herb (grams) Individual Actions Common Actions
Alisma 5-10 Expels pathogenic Heat Induces diuresis, ex-
(ze xie) in the kidneys and uri- cretes Dampness
nary bladder, relieves
edema, reduces blood
cholesterol levels
Poria 10-15 Invigorates the spleen,
(fu ling) replenishes the Middle-
Jiao, tranquilizes the
mind, diuretic
Polyporus 5-10 Diuretic effect (stronger
(zhu ling) than poria)
Plantain herb 10-15 Antimicrobial effect, Induces diuresis,
(che qian cao) induces diuresis, treats excretes Damp-Heat,
bloodshot eyes relieves strangury (Lin
Plantain seed 5-10 Relieves diarrhea, syndrome)
(che qian zi) relieves Heat from the
liver, improves the acuity
of vision, lowers blood
pressure
Lysimachia 30-60 Treats lithiasis formation
(jin qian cao) in the urinary tract,
relieves jaundice
Akebia 3-10 Promotes lactation,
(mu tong) relieves strangury
Capillaris 10-30 Treats hepatitis, jaundice,
(yin chen hao) cholecystitis
Rubus 3-10 Nourishes the liver and Herbal astringent,
(fu pen zi) kidneys, resolves male relieves frequent urina-
and female infertility, tion and enuresis
increases acuity of vision
Cornus fruit 5-10 Nourishes the liver and
(shan zhu yu) kidney, induces astrin-
gency, treats inconti-
nence
 Alisma;
This herb Rhizoma Alismatis;
is the dried tuber Ze
of xie
Alisma
orientalis (Sam.) Juzep. of the family Alisma-
taceae. It grows plentifully in ditches and ponds
in the Fujian, Jiangxi, and Sichuan provinces
of China, and is collected in the winter, sliced,
and dried or stir baked with saltwater (Jiang
Su New Medical College, 1977). Alisma is
also called water plantain tuber (Smith and
Stuart, 1973).
Alisma is an excellent diuretic agent, used widely for dysuria, edema,
and different urological disorders, such as nephritis. It has been used in
modern times to reduce arteriosclerosis and hyperlipemia, to improve the
metabolism of fat in the liver, and to treat fatty liver, acute nephritis, swell-
ing during pregnancy, and obesity. Alisma is a good fat-reducing and
antiaging medicinal herb (Dong et al., 1998).

TCM Properties

Sweet in taste, and cold, it acts on the kidney and urinary bladder meridi-
ans.

Effects, Medicinal Uses, and Combinations

1. Induces diuresis: for dysuria, oliguria, strangury with turbid urine,

edema, and female leukorrhagia disorders, alisma is prescribed with
poria, polyporus, atractylodes, and cinnamon twig, as in Wu Ling San
(R-68) (Wang, 1994).
2. Relieves acute diarrhea: for the treatment of acute diarrhea caused by
acute gastroenteritis, alisma is used with poria and white atractylodes
(Wang, 1994).
3. Reduces vertigo and dizziness: alisma is commonly prescribed with
white atractylodes, as in Ze Xie Tang, for the treatment of vertigo
caused by retention of phlegm (Wang, 1994).
4. Reduces blood cholesterol level and hyperlipedemia: alisma is used in
a decoction to lower blood cholesterol levels and triglycerides, reduce
a stuffy chest and fatty liver (Dong et al., 1998), and prevent arterio-
sclerosis (Wang, 1994).
 5. Reduces pregnancy-related edema: alisma is combined with poria,
white atractylodes, morus bark, and bitter orange in a decoction
(Dong et al., 1998).

Dosage

In a decoction of 5 to 10 g.

Precautions

People with asthenia of the kidneys or seminal emission should use this
herb with caution.

Side Effects and Toxicity

The therapeutic dose of this herb is safe to use. One case of an allergic
skin rash was reported in more than 200 cases of hyperlipedemia patients
using the herb. Discomforting digestive disorders were also reported in a
few cases of long-term use (Wang, 1994). The intravenous and intra-
peritoneal LD50 values of the methanolic extract of the rhizome in mice
were 0.98 g/kg and 1.27 g/kg, respectively. No deaths occurred at an oral
dose of 4 g/kg. No toxic effects were observed in rats fed with a diet con-
taining 1 percent of the herb for two and a half months (Zhu, 1998).

Modern Research Findings

Chemical Constituents

Alisma contains tetracyclic triterpene, alisols A-C and their mono-

acetates, and epi-alisol A (Murata, Shinohara, Hirata, Kamiya, et al., 1968;
Murata, Shinohara, Hirata, and Miyamoto, 1968). Two sesquiterpenes,
alismol and alismoside, have also been isolated (Murata and Miyamoto,
1970; Murata, Shinohara, and Miyamoto, 1970; Murata, Shinohara, Hirata
and Miyamoto, 1968; Murata, Shinohara, Hirata, Kamiya, et al., 1968;
Yamahura et al., 1986). Other components are essential oil, alkaloids,
choline, lecithin, methionine, starch, fatty acids, resin, amino acids, sugars,
and vitamin B12, biotin, and stigmastole (Yamahura et al., 1986; Wang,
1983).
Pharmacological Findings

Alisma is a strong diuretic and an agent for lowering blood cholesterol.

Diuretic activities of the herb were reported to increase urine volume (so-
dium ions and urea excretion) by 63 percent in healthy people but it was less
active or not active in rabbits or dogs when orally administered (Wang,
1983). Alisols A and B produced a significant increase in sodium ion excre-
tion in rats when given orally at a dose of 30 mg/kg (Wang, 1983; Hikino
et al., 1982).
The lipophilic fraction of the rhizome significantly decreased the choles-
terol levels in hypercholesteromlic rabbits and also showed an antiarterio-
sclerosis activity (Wang, 1983). Oral administration of 1 g/kg of acetic ace-
tate extract of the rhizome also decreased cholesterol levels in normal rats
(Wang, 1985).
The rhizome reduced the fatty levels in the livers of rabbits fed choles-
terol and high lipids. It also showed lipotropic activity in low-protein-fed
rats and protected animals against carbon tetrachloride-induced liver damage
(Wang, 1983).
The extract of alisma was also shown to be antihypertensive, and anti-
microbial, to dilate heart arteries, and increase coronary circulation (Dong
et al., 1998).

Clinical Findings

In human subjects, the rhizome reduced serum triglyceride levels and

cholesterol levels. It increased high density lipoprotein (HDL) levels and
the ratio of HDL cholesterol/total cholesterol (Wang, 1983). The absorption
of cholesterol in the intestines and esterization of cholesterol were inhibited
by the extract of the rhizome (Wang, 1985).

REFERENCES

Dong, K. S., Wang, X. Q., and Dong, Y. F. (1998). Xian Dai Lin Chuang Zhong Yao
Xue [Contemporary Clinical Chinese Materia Medica]. Beijing: Zhong Guo
Zhong Yi Yao Press.
Hikino, H., Iwakawa, T., Oshima, Y., Nishikawa, K., and Murata, T. (1982). Effi-
cacy of oriental drugs. XXXIV. Diuretic principles of Alisma plantago-aquatica
var. oriental rhizomes. Shoyakugaku Zasshi 36: 150-153.
Jiang Su New Medical College (1977). Encyclopedia of Chinese Materia Medica.
Shanghai: Shanghai Science and Technology Press.
Murata, T. and Miyamoto, M. (1970). Biologically active triterpenes of alismatis
rhixoma. II. Structures of alisol A and alisol A monoacetate. Chemical Pharma-
ceutical Bulletin 18: 1354-1361.
Murata, T., Shinohara, M., Hirata, T., Kamiya, K., Nishikawa, M., and Miyamoto, M.
(1968). New triterpenes of Alisma plantago-aquatica L. var. orientale Samuels.
Tetrahedron Letters: 103-108.
Murata, T., Shinohara, M., Hirata, T., and Miyamoto, M. (1968). The structures of
alisol B and alisol A monoacetate—Occurrence of a Facile acyl migration. Tet-
rahedron Letters: 849-854.
Murata, T., Shinohara, M., and Miyamoto, M. (1970). Biologically active triter-
penes of alismatis rhizoma. IV. Structures of alisol B, alisol B monoacetate and
arisol chrysanthemum monoacetate. Reactions of the -hydroxy epoxide of the
alisol B derivatives. Chemical Pharmaceutical Bulletin 18: 1369-1384.
Smith, F. P. and Stuart, G. A. (1973). Chinese Medicinal Herbs. San Francisco:
Georgetown Press.
Wang, J. H. (Ed.) (1994). Xin Bian Chang Yong Zhong Yao Shou Ce [Manual of
Commonly Used Chinese Medicinal Herbs]. Beijing: Jin Dun Press.
Wang, J. M. (1985). Chinese Herbal Pharmacology. Shanghai: Shanghai Science
and Technology Press.
Wang, Y. S. (1983). Pharmacology and Applications of Chinese Materia Medica.
Beijing: People’s Health Publisher.
Yamahara, J., Matsuda, H., Murakami, H., and Fujimura, H. (1986). The active
principle of alismatis rhizoma which inhibits contractile responses in aorta.
Chemical Pharmaceutical Bulletin 34: 4422-4424.
Zhu, Y. (1998). Chinese Materia Medica—Chemistry, Pharmacology and Applica-
tions. Amsterdam: Harwood Academic Publishers.
 Poria or Hoelen;
This herb Poria Cocos;
is the sclerotium Fu fungus
of the ling
Poria cocos (Schow.) Wolf. of the family Poly-
poraceae, produced mainly in the Anhui and
Yunnan provinces of China. Poria with a red-
dish inner surface are called red poria; those
with a white inner side are called white poria.
In the United States, P. cocos in America is
called Indian bread. It is collected in autumn,
dried, sliced, and used unprocessed (Jiang Su New Medical College, 1977).
The herb was medicinally considered to be peptic, nutrient, diuretic, and
quieting, especially for the nervous disorders of children. It has been pre-
scribed for wasting diseases. The red variety was especially recommended
for diarrhea and disorders of the bladder (Smith and Stuart, 1973).
In modern times, poria is prescribed as a diuretic for dropsy and oliguria,
a sedative for palpitations and insomnia, a stomachic to eliminate food stag-
nation, and an anti-inflammatory medicine for ulcers (Dong et al., 1998). It
is also an antiaging medicinal herb.

TCM Properties

Sweet in taste, and neutral, it acts on the heart, spleen, and kidney meridians.

Effects, Medicinal Uses, and Combinations

1. Invigorates the spleen and replenishes the Middle-Jiao: to treat lassi-

tude, anorexia, and loose stools, poria is prescribed with codonopsis,
white atractylodes, and licorice, as in Si Jun Zi Tang (R-2) (Wang,
1994). It is also used with licorice root, siler, schizonepeta, cnidium,
white peony, ephedra, white atractylodes, cinnamon twig, rhubarb,
and other herbs, as in Fang Feng Tong Sheng San (R-65), to treat food
stagnation and constipation caused by slow metabolism.
2. Replenishes deficiency of the spleen and the heart: to treat fright, pal-
pitations, and insomnia, poria is combined with codonopsis, longan
aril, and wild jujube seed, as in Gui Pi Tang (R-6) (Zhang, 1988).
3. Induces diuresis: to treat dysuria, edema, phlegm retention, and other
symptoms caused by fluid retention, poria is mixed with alisma,
polyporus, white atractylodes, and cinnamon twig, as in Wu Ling San
(R-68) (Wang, 1994).
 4. Relieves palpitations and promotes sleep: poria is blended with poly-
gala root and acorus, as in An Shen Ding Zhi Wan, to treat imbalance
in the functions of the heart and the kidneys (Zhang, 1988).
5. Tranquilizing and sedative: to treat anxiety and insomnia, poria is dis-
pensed with zizyphus, cnidium, licorice, and anemarrhena, as in Suan
Zao Ren Tang (R-40) (Wang, 1994).
6. Replenishes deficiency of the spleen and expels Dampness: poria is
combined with codonopsis and white atractylodes in a decoction to
treat gastric and duodenal ulcers, indigestion, full stomach, and diar-
rhea (Dong et al., 1998).

Dosage

In a decoction of 10 to 15 g.

Precautions

Those with yin deficiency, polyuria caused by kidney deficiency, sper-

matorrhea, or prolapse of urogenital organs should avoid this herb or use
with caution (Wang, 1994).

Side Effects and Toxicity

No undesirable side effects or toxicity were reported at the therapeutic

dose in classical Chinese materia medica.

Modern Research Findings

Chemical Constituents

Poria contains a large amount of polysaccharides-B-pachman and sev-

eral triterpene acids, including tetracyclic triterpenic acid, tumulosic acid,
eburicoic acid, pachymic acid, and pinicolic acid. It also contains ergo-
sterin, choline histidine, adenine, lecithin, alenine, ergosterol, choline, fat,
glucose, lipase, and protease (Huang, 1993; Yin and Guo, 1993; Zhou,
1993).

Pharmacological Findings

Poria is a sedative, diuretic, and a cardiac tonic. It has shown antitumor

properties in mice.
 1. Intraperitoneal administration of 0.5 g/kg of the 25 percent alcoholic
extract of the herb for five days was significantly diuretic in rabbits.
The diuretic activity was comparable to that of 0.1 mg/kg of salyrgan
by intramuscular administration (Wang, 1983).
2. Intraperitoneal administration of the decoction decreased the activity of
mice and reduced overexcitation induced by caffeine (Wang, 1983).
3. Poria extract exerted a direct relaxant action on isolated rabbit intes-
tines. It inhibited gastric ulcers in rats by polorus-ligation, and de-
creased gastric secretion and free acidity. The herb also protected rats
against carbon tretrachloride-induced hepatotoxicity, reduced GPT
activity, and prevented necrosis of hepatocytes (Wang, 1983).
4. Topical application of the methanol extract of poria significantly
reduced the percentage of tumor-bearing mice and the number of tu-
mors per mouse induced by DMBA plus 12-0-tetradecanoylphorbol-
13-acetate (TPA). The triterpene isolated from the herb significantly
produced inhibition on TPA-induced inflammatory ear edema in mice
(Kaminaga et al., 1996).

REFERENCES

Dong, K. S., Wang, X. Q., and Dong, Y. F. (1998). Xian Dai Lin Chuang Zhong Yao
Xue [Contemporary Clinical Chinese Materia Medica]. Beijing: Zhong Guo
Zhong Yi Yao Press.
Huang, K. C. (1993). The Pharmacology of Chinese Herbs. Boca Raton, FL: CRC
Press.
Jiang Su New Medical College (1977). Encyclopedia of Chinese Materia Medica.
Shanghai: Shanghai Science and Technology Press.
Kaminaga, T., Yasukawa, K., Takido, M., Tai, T., and Numoura, Y. (1996). Inhibi-
tory effect of Poria cocus on 12-0-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate-induced ear
edema and tumor promotion in mouse skin. Phytotherapy Research 10: 581-584.
Smith, F. P. and Stuart, G. A. (1973). Chinese Medicinal Herbs. San Francisco:
Georgetown Press.
Wang, J. H. (Ed.) (1994). Xin Bian Chang Rong Zhong Yao Shou Ce [Manual of
Commonly Used Chinese Medicinal Herbs]. Beijing: Jin Dun Press.
Wang, Y. S. (1983). Pharmacology and Applications of Chinese Materia Medica.
Beijing: People’s Health Publisher.
Zhang, E. (1988). Zhong Yao Xue [The Chinese Materia Medica]. Shanghai: Pub-
lishing House of Shanghai TCM University.
Yin, J. and Guo, L. G. (1993). Modern Research and Clinical Applications of Chi-
nese Materia Medica (Volume 1). Beijing: Academic Press.
Zhou, R. H. (1993). Resource Science of Chinese Materia Medica. Beijing: China
Medical and Pharmaceutical Science Press.
 Polyporus;
This herb isPolyporus Umbellatus;
the dried sclerotium Zhu
of the fun-
ling (Pers.) of the fam-
gus Polyporus umbellatus
ily Polyporaceae. It is produced mainly in the
Hebei, Henan, and Shaanxi provinces of China,
and collected in spring or autumn, sliced, and
dried (Jiang Su New Medical College, 1977).
Polyporus is a tuberiform fungus that grows on liquid amber roots above-
ground. Its medicinal virtues are regarded more highly than those of amber
or Poria cocos (Smith and Stuart, 1973).
Polyporus is used to induce diuresis, excrete Dampness, and relieve
edema.

TCM Properties

Sweet in taste, and neutral, it acts on the kidney and urinary bladder me-
ridians.

Effects, Medicinal Uses, and Combinations

1. Promotes diuresis and excretes Dampness: for the treatment of dysuria,

edema, oliguria, painful urination with turbid urine, and female leu-
korrhagia, polyporus is used alone in a decoction or with hoelen and
alisma, as in Si Ling San, to increase the diuretic effect (Dong et al.,
1998; Wang, 1994).
2. Treats acute infections of the urinary system: polyporus is blended
with polygonum herb, plantain seed, and akebia in a decoction to treat
urinary tract infections (Wang, 1994).
3. Relieves Cold-Dampness in the abdomen: polyporus is combined
with phellodendron and myristica (nutmeg), as in Zhu Ling Tang, to
warm up the Middle-Jiao, and induce diuresis or relieve diarrhea
(Dong et al., 1998).

Dosage

In a decoction of 5 to 10 g.
Precautions

People with no accumulation of fluid or Dampness should not use this

herb.

Side Effects and Toxicity

No undesirable side effects or toxicity were reported at the therapeutic

dose in classical Chinese materia medica.

Modern Research Findings

Chemical Constituents

Polyporus contains ergosterol, alpha-hydroxy-tetracosanoic acid, pro-

tein, biotin, and polysaccharides I (GU-I) (Hu et al., 1989).

Pharmacological Findings

Polyporus is antimicrobial, a strong diuretic, and lowers blood sugar.

The extract of polyporus has been found to increase cellular immunity and
is being clinically explored for treating tumors (Dong et al., 1998).
Subjects taking the decoction of 8 g of the herb were shown to have a 62
percent increase in urinary output and a 54 percent increase in chloride ex-
cretion above normal (Wang, 1983).
The extract and the alcohol extract of the herb enhanced reticuloendo-
thelial phagocytosis in mice. A hemolytic plaque test found that the extract
increased the antibody-forming cells in the spleens of tumor-bearing mice
(Wang, 1983).

REFERENCES

Dong, K. S., Wang, X. Q., and Dong, Y. F. (1998). Xian Dai Lin Chuang Zhong Yao
Xue [Contemporary Clinical Chinese Materia Medica]. Beijing: Zhong Guo
Zhong Yi Yao Press.
Hu, S. L., Chi, Q., and Zhao, Z. Z. (1989). The Indigenous and Superior Chinese
Herbal Drugs. Harbin: Heilongjing Science and Technology Press.
Jiang Su New Medical College (1977). Encyclopedia of Chinese Materia Medica.
Shanghai: Shanghai Science and Technology Press.
Smith, F. P. and Stuart, G. A. (1973). Chinese Medicinal Herbs. San Francisco:
Georgetown Press.
Wang, J. H. (Ed.) (1994). Xin Bian Chang Yong Zhong Yao Shou Ce [Manual of
Commonly Used Chinese Medicinal Herbs]. Beijing: Jin Dun Press.
Wang, Y. S. (1983). Pharmacology and Applications of Chinese Materia Medica.
Beijing: People’s Health Publisher.
 Rubus; Fructus
This herb is theRubus Chingii;
dried fruit Fu pen
of Rubus zi
chingii
Hu. of the family Rosaceae. It is grown chiefly
in the eastern part of China and collected in
early summer. The fruit is dipped in boiling
water, and then dried in the shade (Jiang Su
New Medical College, 1977). The Chinese
name of the fruit means “a turned over bowl,”
referring to the shape of the fruit. The dried
fruit was used to give vigor to the body and
prevent the hair from turning grey. Tonic, restorative, and aphrodisiac prop-
erties are ascribed to it, and it was recommended in phthisis, wasting, diabe-
tes, impotence in males, and sterility in females (Smith and Stuart, 1973).
Today, rubus is used as an astringent herb to treat polyuria and frequent
urination, and to reduce the secretion of urine, particularly in the elderly
(Dong et al., 1998; Wang, 1994).

TCM Properties

Sweet and sour in taste, and slightly warm, it acts on the liver and kidney
meridians.

Effects, Medicinal Uses, and Combinations

1. Nourishes the liver and kidney: to treat frequent urination, seminal

emission, enuresis, and dribbling urination, rubus is prescribed with
alpinia fruit, mantis egg case, and Cherokee rose hip (jin ying zi)
(Wang, 1994).
2. Infertility: for male or female infertility, rubus is combined with
pilose antler powder, cistanche, dragon bone, polygala, dry ginger,
schisandra fruit, and morinda root (Wang, 1994).
3. Increases visual acuity: to treat blurred vision and loss of clear eye-
sight, rubus is frequently mixed with lycium fruit, processed rehman-
nia, cuscuta seed, ligastrum fruit, and mulberry leaf in a decoction
(Dong et al., 1998; Wang, 1994).
4. Treats impotence: rubus is combined with lycium fruit (9 g each),
schisandra fruit (6 g), and cuscuta (12 g) in a decoction (Dong et al.,
1998).
Dosage

In a decoction of 3 to 5 g.

Precautions

People with kidney deficiency with Heat should use this herb with cau-
tion.

Side Effects and Toxicity

No undesirable side effects or toxicity were reported at the therapeutic

dose in classical Chinese materia medica.

Modern Research Findings

Chemical Constituents

Rubus contains organic acids, citric acid, beta-sitosterol, glucose, and vi-
tamin A.

Pharmacological Findings

Rubus is astringent and antimicrobial against S. aureus and V. cholerae

in vitro.

REFERENCES

Dong, K. S., Wang, X. Q., and Dong, Y. F. (1998). Xian Dai Lin Chuang Zhong Yao
Xue [Contemporary Clinical Chinese Materia Medica]. Beijing: Zhong Guo
Zhong Yi Yao Press.
Jiang Su New Medical College (1977). Encyclopedia of Chinese Materia Medica.
Shanghai: Shanghai Science and Technology Press.
Smith, F. P. and Stuart, G. A. (1973). Chinese Medicinal Herbs. San Francisco:
Georgetown Press.
Wang, J. H. (Ed.) (1994). Xin Bian Chang Rong Zhong Yao Shou Ce [Manual of
Commonly Used Chinese Medicinal Herbs]. Beijing: Jin Dun Press.
 Plantain
This herbSeed;
is the Semen Plantaginis;
dried, ripe Che
seed of Plantago
qian ziWilld. of the family
asiatica L. or P. depressa
Plantaginaceae. The former is produced in all
parts of China, the latter in the Heilongjiang
and Liaoning provinces. The seeds are col-
lected in the summer, dried, and used unpro-
cessed or stir baked with saltwater. Plantain
herb is the entire plant dried, which is also
used in medicine (Jiang Su New Medical Col-
lege, 1977). The seeds are eaten and considered to be quieting, diuretic,
antirheumatic, and tonic. They are good for wasting diseases in men and
women, and promote the secretion of semen and, therefore, are conducive
to fertility (Smith and Stuart, 1973).
Today, both the plantain seed and the herb are used as diuretics to treat
strangury and as anti-inflammatory agents for urinary tract infections
(Wang, 1994). To induce diuresis and arrest diarrhea, the seed should be stir
baked. To resolve phlegm, the unprocessed seed is used.

TCM Properties

Sweet in taste, and cold, it acts on the kidney, urinary, and bladder merid-
ians (Wang, 1994).

Effects, Medicinal Uses, and Combinations

1. Induces diuresis and relieves painful strangury: plantain seed is pre-

scribed with akebia, gardenia, and talc, as in Ba Zheng San, to treat
strangury, edema, dysuria, acute nephritis, cystitis, pyelitis, and gen-
eral infections of the urinary tract system (Wang, 1994).
2. Eliminates Summer Heat and Dampness pathogens from the body: to
treat chronic watery diarrhea in the summer months, it is used with
poria, white atractylodes, and elshotzia (xiang ru), as in Che Qian Zi
San (Wang, 1994).
3. Removes Dampness and Heat from the liver, and improves acuity of
vision. Plantain seed is used with chrysanthemum, gentiana root,
coptis root, and cassia seed to treat cataracts, blurred vision, and
bloodshot, swollen, and painful eyes caused by an accumulation of
 pathogenic Heat and Dampness in the liver (Wang, 1994). Dizziness
associated with headache, and hypertension, due to Heat in the liver,
can be treated with plantain seed combined with chrysanthemum
flower and prunella spike in a decoction (Wang, 1994).
4. Rids the body of Heat and resolves phlegm in the lungs: plantain seed
can be prescribed with platycodon root and bitter apricot kernels to
treat profuse sputum.
5. Treats hypertension: plantain seed is an antihypertensive herb. The
herb alone in a decoction is particularly helpful in lowering diastolic
pressure, or it can be used in combination with salvia, gentiana root,
leonurus, cnidium, and cassia seed for a more effective therapy (Dong
et al., 1998; Wang, 1994).
6. Treats infertility in males: plantain seed is mixed with lycium fruit,
schisandra fruit, cuscuta, rubus, epimedium, and pilose antler, as in
Wu Zi Yan Zong Wan (five seeds for nourishing kidney yang for sperm
production) (Wang, 1994).
7. Relieves acute enteritis and prostatitis: plantain seed can be used in a
decoction or used with Ba Zheng San (Dong et al., 1998).

Dosage

Plantain seed: 5 to 10 g in a decoction. Plantain herb: 10 to15 g in a de-

coction. The seed has to be wrapped in gauze and decocted in water.

Precautions

People with kidney deficiency should use this herb with caution.

Side Effects and Toxicity

No undesirable side effects or toxicity were reported at the therapeutic

dose in classical Chinese materia medica.

Modern Research Findings

Chemical Constituents

Plantain seed contains mucilage polysaccharides, phantasan comprised

of xylose, acabinose, galacturonic acid, and rhamnose. Other isolated
chemical components include phenylpropyl glucoside, iridoids, acecibin,
adenine, and choline. Isolated organic acids include arachicumic acid,
palmitic acid, stearic acid, and oleic acid. Other components include fatty
oil and vitamins A and B. Plantain herb contains baicalin, baicalein,
plantagin, aucubin, ursolic acid, and beta-sitosterol (Jiang Su New Medical
College, 1977; Zhu, 1998).

Pharmacological Findings

Plantain seed is a diuretic, antitussive, expectorant, and antihypertensive

phytomedicine. Plantain herb has diuretic, antimicrobial, antispasmodic,
anti-inflammatory, and antitumor properties (Dong et al., 1998).
The herb, at a dose of 3 to 10 g, has also been used with other diuretic
herbs to treat renal edema, chronic pyelonephritis, dysuria, and mephro-
lithiasis (Wang, 1983).

REFERENCES

Dong, K. S., Wang, X. Q., and Dong, Y. F. (1998). Xian Dai Lin Chuang Zhong Yao
Xue [Contemporary Clinical Chinese Materia Medica]. Beijing: Zhong Guo
Zhong Yi Yao Press.
Jiang Su New Medical College (1977). Encyclopedia of Chinese Materia Medica.
Shanghai: Shanghai Science and Technology Press.
Smith, F. P. and Stuart, G. A. (1973). Chinese Medicinal Herbs. San Francisco:
Georgetown Press.
Wang, J. H. (Ed.) (1994). Xin Bian Chang Yong Zhong Yao Shou Ce [Manual of
Commonly Used Chinese Medicinal Herbs]. Beijing: Jin Dun Press.
Wang, Y. S. (1983). Pharmacology and Applications of Chinese Materia Medica.
Beijing: People’s Health Publisher.
Zhu, Y. (1998). Chinese Materia Medica—Chemistry, Pharmacology and Applica-
tions. Amsterdam: Harwood Academic Publishers.
 Lysimachia;
This herb isHerba Lysimachiae;
the dried whole plantJin of qian
Lysi-
cao of the family Primu-
machia christinae Hance
laceae. It is grown mainly in the areas of
Sichuan, Zhejiang, and other provinces of
southern China. The plant produced in the
Sichuan province is considered to be the best.
The plant is collected in the summer, dried,
cut into pieces, and used unprocessed (Jiang
Su New Medical College, 1977).
Lysimachia is an antipyretic and diuretic herb. It invigorates the func-
tions of the gallbladder and is useful for the treatment of strangury, jaun-
dice, acute icteric hepatitis, calculi of the biliary, and urinary tract disorders
(Dong et al., 1998; Wang, 1994).

TCM Properties

Slightly sweet in taste, cold and neutral, it acts on the liver, gallbladder,
kidney, and urinary bladder meridians.

Effects, Medicinal Uses, and Combinations

1. Induces diuresis and removes lithiasis: lysimachia is useful in treating

strangury and lithiasis (formation of calculus) in the kidneys, urinary
bladder, ureter, gallbladder, and liver. It can be used alone in a tea,
which is drunk daily for a few months, or mixed with chicken gizzard
membrane and lygodium (hai jin sha) in a decoction for an intensified
effect (Wang, 1994).
2. Removes Heat and Dampness in the liver and gallbladder, and relieves
jaundice:
• To treat acute icteric hepatitis, lysimachia is combined with capil-
laris, gardenia, and polygoni (hu zhang).
• Lysimachia is blended with capillaris, rhubarb, scute root, cur-
cuma, aucklandia root, and bitter orange for gallbladder or liver
stones, obstructive pain in the gallbladder, and jaundice (Wang,
1994; Zhang, 1988).
 3. Disperses Heat and detoxifies: fresh lysimachia is used alone as a
fresh juice or combined with dandelion, wild chrysanthemum, and
lonicera in a decoction to treat boils, furuncles, and other pyogenic in-
fections on the surface of the body. The preparation can be taken inter-
nally, applied externally, or used both ways (Wang, 1994).

Dosage

In a decoction of 30 to 60 g.

Precautions

People with jaundice not due to internal Heat and Dampness should use
this herb with caution.

Side Effects and Toxicity

No side effects were observed in ten cases of cholethiasis treated with the
herb at a daily dose of 150 to 200 g for over six months. No toxic reaction
was observed in one case treated for 318 days. Another case given 100 g of
the herb daily for seven days for ureteral calcali reported no adverse reac-
tions (Zhu, 1998). Long-term use of the herb may cause dizziness or palpi-
tations due to the excretion of large amounts of salts (Dong et al., 1998).

Modern Research Findings

Chemical Constituents

Lysimachia contains flavones, glycosides, phenol, flavanone, amino

acid, tannin, essential oil, lactones, choline, and potassium salt (Wang,
1983).

Pharmacological Findings

Lysimachia is a diuretic, increases the secretion of bile by the liver cells,

removes stones in the urinary tract and gallbladder, and treats urinary infec-
tions (Dong et al., 1998).

1. Choleretic lithigogic effects: daily oral administration of 5 ml of the

1:1 decoction of the herb for six weeks significantly promoted bile se-
cretion and excretion in rats (Wang, 1983). Drainage of the human du-
odenum showed that it had a choleretic action. Experiments showed
 flow of bile from the gallbladder was greatly increased in dogs given
the decoction of the herb. Bile secretion was increased by three to
twenty times and the concretion components in the bile were de-
creased in six out of seven anesthetized dogs ten to twenty minutes af-
ter administration of the decoction (Zhu, 1998).
2. Injection of the decoction of 120 g of the herb into the duodenum of
anesthetized dogs increased the ureteral peristalsis and concurrently
the urine output, similar to the responses elicited by hydrochlor-
thiazide. An oral administration of the herb’s decoction rendered the
urine acidic, promoting the dissolution of stones formed under alka-
line conditions (Wang, 1983).

Clinical Findings

Three varieties of lysimachiae have been identified. They are L. chris-

tinae (jin qian cao), Desmodium styracifolium (guang dong jin qian cao),
and Glechoma longituba (lian qian cao). Based on clinical trials, all three
varieties are diuretic, effective in the treatment of strangury and calculi of
the urinary tract and gallbladder, antipyretic, detoxifying, and antimicrobial.
However, studies indicate that jin qian cao is more effective in treating gall-
bladder and liver calculus. Guang dong jin qian cao and lian qian cao are
more effective in treating urinary calculus, and jin qian cao is more effec-
tive at detoxification and as an antipyretic (Dong et al., 1998).
In China, food poisoning, drug poisoning, lead poisoning, and mercury
poisoning were treated with the lysimachia decoction (Dong et al., 1998).

REFERENCES

Dong, K. S., Wang, X. Q., and Dong, Y. F. (1998). Xian Dai Lin Chuang Zhong Yao
Xue [Contemporary Clinical Chinese Materia Medica]. Beijing: Zhong Guo
Zhong Yi Yao Press.
Jiang Su New Medical College (1977). Encyclopedia of Chinese Materia Medica.
Shanghai: Shanghai Science and Technology Press.
Wang, J. H. (Ed.) (1994). Xin Bian Chang Rong Zhong Yao Shou Ce [Manual of
Commonly Used Chinese Medicinal Herbs]. Beijing: Jin Dun Press.
Wang, Y. S. (1983). Pharmacology and Applications of Chinese Materia Medica.
Beijing: People’s Health Publisher.
Zhang, E. (1988). Zhong Yao Xue [The Chinese Materia Medica]. Shanghai: Pub-
lishing House of Shanghai TCM University.
Zhu, Y. (1998). Chinese Materia Medica—Chemistry, Pharmacology and Applica-
tions. Amsterdam: Harwood Academic Publishers.
 Capillaris;
This herb Herba Artemisiae
is the dried capillaris;
plant of Artemisia
scoparia Waldst.Yin chen
et Kit. orhao
A. capillaris Thunb.
of the family Compostiae. It is mainly grown
in the Shaanxi, Anhui, and Shanxi provinces
of China. It is collected in the spring or au-
tumn, dried, and used unprocessed (Jiang Su
New Medical College, 1977).
Traditionally, the herb was used as a febri-
fuge, diuretic, antispasmodic, and antiperio-
dic, and for jaundice, dysmenorrhea, ague, and ephemeral fevers (Smith
and Stuart, 1973). Today, capillaris is used to eliminate Heat-Dampness in
the liver and gallbladder and to treat hepatitis, jaundice, cholecystitis, and
calculus in the gallbladder (Wang, 1994).

TCM Properties

Bitter in taste, and slightly cold, it acts on the spleen, stomach, liver, and
gallbladder meridians.

Effects, Medicinal Uses, and Combinations

1. Eliminates internal Heat and Dampness: to treat acute hepatitis, jaun-

dice, yellow discoloration of the eyes and skin, fever, and scanty, dark
urine due to Heat and Dampness accumulation in the liver and gall-
bladder, capillaris is prescribed with rhubarb and gardenia, as in Yin
Chen Hao Tang (R-67) (Dong et al., 1998; Zhang, 1988).
2. Treats inflammation of the gallbladder and gallstones: capillaris is
combined with scute root, curcuma, lysimachia, and bupleurum to
treat these conditions (Wang, 1994).
3. Eliminates parasites: to treat ascariasis and enterobiasis in the gall-
bladder, capillaris can be used with chrysanthemum and coptis root in
a decoction (Wang, 1994).
4. Lowers blood cholesterol levels: capillaris can be consumed as a tea
or in a decoction to be drunk daily for one to three months to reduce
blood cholesterol levels (Dong et al., 1998).
Dosage

In a decoction of 9 to 15 g.

Precautions

People with jaundice not caused by Heat and Dampness should use this
herb with caution.

Side Effects and Toxicity

No undesirable side effects or toxicity were reported at the therapeutic

dose in classical Chinese materia medica. A daily dose of 24 g for thirty
days caused dizziness, nausea, upper abdominal distension, and heartburn
in seven out of seventy-one patients. These symptoms usually appeared in
the first day of medication and gradually disappeared. Two other cases had
mild diarrhea and one patient complained of transient palpitations (Tang
and Eisenbrand, 1992).

Modern Research Findings

Chemical Constituents

Capillaris contains essential oils, coumarins, and flavones.

1. Artemisia scoparia: from the essential oil, alpha- and beta-pinene,

myrcene, cineol, p-cymol, carvone, thujone, apiole, and isoeugenol
were isolated. From the flavones, 7-methylaromadendrin, rhamno-
citrin, eupalitin, cirsimaritin, and eupatolin were isolated (Hu, Chi,
and Zhao, 1989; Tang and Eisenbrand, 1992).
2. Artemisia capillaris: in the volatile oil, capillene, capillone, capillin,
capillarisin, dehydrofalcarinone, scoparone, and norcapillene were
isolated. In the flavones, cirsilineol, cirsimarine, genkwanin, rhamno-
citrin, capillarisin, arcapillin, and eupatolitin were isolated. In the
coumarins, scoparone, and two stereo isomers constituents, capil-
lartemisins A and B, were isolated (Harada and Iwasaki, 1982; Kita-
gawa et al., 1983; Miyazawa and Kameoda, 1976; Yamahura et al.,
1982).
Pharmacological Findings

Capillaris increases the secretion of bile, bile salt, and bilirubin. It is

antihypertensive, diuretic, antipyretic, analgesic, hypotensive, anti-inflam-
matory, and antimicrobial, and lowers blood cholesterol (Dong et al., 1998;
Tang and Eisenbrand, 1992). A decoction, aqueous extract, essential oil,
and alcoholic extract of A. capillaris and its active principle, scoparone, in-
creased bile secretion. An intravenous injection of 0.25 g/kg of the aqueous
extract to dogs with acute gallbladder intubation or administration of 1 g/kg
of a refined extract of the herb to dogs with chronic gallbladder fistulae pro-
duced a cholagogic effect no matter whether the animals were healthy or
had liver damage caused by carbon tetrachloride (Wang, 1983). Scoparone
was found to be one of the choloretic principles.
The methanol extract of A. capillaris protected mice from carbon tetra-
chloride-induced hepatoxicity and inhibited elevation of serum glutamine
oxalactic transaminase (GOT) and glutamine pyruvic transaminase (GPT).
The active principles of the plant were flavone eupatolitin and arcapillin
(Kimura et al., 1985; Kiso et al., 1982).

REFERENCES

Dong, K. S., Wang, X. Q., and Dong, Y. F. (1998). Xian Dai Lin Chuang Zhong Yao
Xue [Contemporary Clinical Chinese Materia Medica]. Beijing: Zhong Guo
Zhong Yi Yao Press.
Harada, R. and Iwasaki, M. (1982). Volatile components of Artemisia capillaris.
Phytochemistry 21: 2009-2011.
Hu, S. L., Chi, Q., and Zhao, Z. Z. (1989). The Indigenous and Superior Chinese
Herbal Drugs. Harbin: Heilongjing Science and Technology Press.
Jiang Su New Medical College (1977). Encyclopedia of Chinese Materia Medica.
Shanghai: Shanghai Science and Technology Press.
Kimura, Y., Okuda, H., Okuda, T., Hatano, T., Agata, I., and Arichi, S. (1985).
Studies on the activities of tannins and related compounds from medicinal plants
and drugs VII. Effects of extracts of leaves of Artemisia species, and caffeic acid
and chlorogenic acid on lipid metabolic injury in rats fed peroxidized oil. Chemi-
cal Pharmaceutical Bulletin, 33: 2028-2034.
Kiso, Y., Sasaki, K., Oshima, Y., and Hikino, H. (1982). Liver-protective drugs V.
Validity of the oriental medicines. 42. Structure of arcapillin, an antihepatoxic
principle of Artemisia capillaris herba. Heterocycles 19: 1615-1617.
Kitagawa, I., Fukuda, Y., Yoshihara, M., Yamahara, J., and Yoshikawa, M. (1983).
Cappillartemisin A and B, two new choleretic principles from Artemisia capil-
laris herba. Chemical Pharmaceutical Bulletin 31: 352-355.
Miyazawa, M. and Kameoda, H. (1976). Norcapillene, a new acetylenic hydro-
carbone from the essential oil of Artemisia capillaris. Phytochemistry 15: 223-
224.
Smith, F. P. and Stuart, G. A. (1973). Chinese Medicinal Herbs. San Francisco:
Georgetown Press.
Tang, W. and Eisenbrand, G. (1992). Chinese Drugs of Plant Origin: Chemistry,
Pharmacology and Use in Traditional and Modern Medicine. Berlin/Heidel-
berg: Springer-Verlag.
Wang, J. H. (Ed.) (1994). Xin Bian Chang Yong Zhong Yao Shou Ce [Manual of
Commonly Used Chinese Medicinal Herbs]. Beijing: Jin Dun Press.
Wang, Y. S. (1983). Pharmacology and Applications of Chinese Materia Medica.
Beijing: People’s Health Publisher.
Yamahara, T., Matsuda, H., Sawada, T., Mibu, H., and Fujimira, H. (1982). Biologi-
cally active principles of crude drugs. Pharmacological evaluation of Artmeisia
capillaris flos. Yakugaku Zasshi 102: 185-291.
Zhang, E. (1988). Zhong Yao Xue [The Chinese Materia Medica]. Shanghai: Pub-
lishing House of Shanghai TCM University.
 Chaper 14

Herbal
Herbal Antipyretics,
Antipyretics, Antimicrobials,
Antimicrobials, and Detoxicants
and Detoxicants: The Last Line
of Defense Against Infections

The medicinal herbs covered in this chapter aid in the treatment of inter-
nal febrile or infectious diseases. These herbs are mostly bitter, Cool, or
Cold and have broad-spectrum antimicrobial actions. TCM classifies these
herbs as antipyretic, antimicrobial, and detoxifying agents. Classical Chi-
nese materia medica classifies this group of herbs as Heat-clearing drugs
(Wang, 1994).
The diaphoretic and antipyretic herbs covered in Chapter 9, are mainly
used to treat Exterior syndromes or superficial disorders. These herbs also
possess anti-inflammatory activities. The Heat-clearing herbs discussed in
this chapter are used for treating interior Heat syndromes or internal febrile
ailments. Some of these herbs are broad-spectrum antimicrobial agents as
well.
These antipyretic phytomedicines are classified into the following five
categories: (1) herbs that reduce or clear intense internal Heat; (2) herbs that
reduce or clear intense Heat in the ying and blood systems; (3) herbs that re-
duce or dry internal Dampness and Heat in the viscera or bowels; (4) herbs
that reduce or clear internal noxious Heat and toxins; and (5) herbs that
clear interior Heat of the deficient type (Dong et al., 1998).

1. Herbs for reducing or clearing intense internal Heat: commonly used

herbs include prunella spike (to clear up internal Heat in the lungs and
stomach), apocynum (to reduce Heat in the liver), gypsum (to reduce
Heat in the lungs) and anemarrhena (zhi mu) (to treat acute hectic fe-
ver due to yin deficiency), cassia seed (for acute ophthalmological in-
flammations), and gardenia (for high fever, dysphoria, unconscious-
ness, and delirium).
2. Herbs for reducing or clearing intense Heat in the ying and blood sys-
tems are blood-cooling herbs. They are sweet or salty and cold, and
are commonly used to treat epidemic febrile diseases. Commonly
 used herbs are moutan bark, imperata (wooly grass), red peony root,
scrophularia root, rhinoceros horn, and dried rehmannia root.
3. Herbs for reducing or clearing intense internal Heat and dry Damp-
ness. These herbs are bitter and cold, with broad-spectrum antimi-
crobial activities. They are used to treat different infectious diseases,
painful joints, acute jaundice, acute dysentery, urinary infections, ec-
zema, boils, carbuncles, and other suppurative infections. Herbs listed
in this group are valuable and also are effective against certain micro-
organisms that have developed a resistance to penicillin, streptomy-
cin, chloramphenicol, and oxytetracycline HCl. Coptis root, phello-
dendron bark, scute root, sophora root, gentiana root, fraxinus bark,
and dittany bark belong to this group.
4. Herbs to reduce or clear intense internal noxious Heat and toxins.
These herbs are antipyretic, antimicrobial, or antiviral and detoxicants,
and are used to clear away pathogenic Heat and subdue pyogenic infec-
tions. Some of these herbs enhance the immune system. Commonly
used herbs are lonicera flower, isatis root, isatis leaf, dandelion, sub-
prostate sophora, pulsatilla root, paridis root, forsythia fruit, green
chiretta, oldenlandia, scandent hops, houttuynia, patrinia herb (thlaspi),
and wild chrysanthemum (Zhang, 1988).
5. Herbs that reduce or clear internal Heat in the blood and Heat of the
deficient type due to yin deficiency and summer Heat. Symptoms of
this type of Heat are tidal fever, feverish sensation in the palms and
soles, and chronic low fever. Commonly used herbs are sweet worm-
wood and wolfberry bark.

Table 14.1 lists the symptoms caused by pathogenic Heat and the fre-
quently prescribed antipyretic, antimicrobial, and detoxifying herbal reme-
dies. Table 14.2 lists the common and individual actions of the most fre-
quently used antipyretic, antimicrobial, and detoxifying phytomedicines.
Eighteen antipyretic medicinal herbs are introduced and discussed in the
following section.

REFERENCES

Dong, K. S., Wang, X. Q., and Dong, Y. F. (1998). Xian Dai Lin Chuang Zhong Yao
Xue [Contemporary Clinical Chinese Materia Medica)]. Beijing: Zhong Guo
Zhong Yi Yao Press.
Wang, J. H. (Ed.) (1994). Xin Bian Chang Rong Zhong Yao Shou Ce [Manual of
Commonly Used Chinese Medicinal Herbs]. Beijing: Jin Dun Press.
Zhang, E. (1988). Zhong Yao Xue [The Chinese Materia Medica]. Shanghai: Pub-
lishing House of Shanghai TCM University.
TABLE 14.1. Herbal Antipyretics, Antimicrobial, and Detoxication Remedies for
Infections

Etiology Symptoms Herbal Remedies

Group 1 Interior syndrome, Herbs
Intense internal Heat excessive Heat, high prunella spike, gypsum,
and fever in the Qi fever, sweating, thirst, anemarrhena, gardenia,
system (Lung-Qi dysphoria, delirium and apocynum, cassia seed
and Stomach-Qi) madness, scanty dark
urine, dry tongue with Patent Medicines
yellow coating, forceful Qing Wen Bai Du San,
pulse Ma Xing Shi Gan Tang,
Zhi Bai Di Huang Wan,
Yin Chen Hao Tang
Group 2 Unconsciousness, Herbs
Intense pathogenic delirium, restlessness, rhinoceros horn, moutan
Heat and fever in the bleeding, hematemesis, bark, dried rehammia
ying and blood systems epistaxis, hematuria, root, scrophularia root,
metrostaxis, deep red red peony root, lycium
tongue bark
Patent Medicines
Xi Jiao Di Huang Wan,
Xiao Luo Wan
Group 3 Dysphoria, dry and bitter Herbs (broad-spectrum
Internal Dampness taste in mouth, swollen herbal antimicrobials)
and Heat in the viscera and painful joints, ner-
vousness, acute jaundice, scute root, coptis root,
or bowels phellodendron bark,
urinary infection, insom-
nia, delirium, stuffy chest, gentiana root, sophora
diarrhea with fever, root, fraxinus bark
dysentery, pulmonary (qin pi), dittany bark
abscess, red tongue, (bai xian pi)
forceful pulse Patent Medicines
Huang Lian Jie Du Tang,
Ban Xia Xie Xin Tang,
Long Dan Xie Gan Tang
Group 4 Pyogenic infections, Herbs (herbal
Internal noxious Heat epidemic febrile dis- antimicrobials and
and Fire eases, sores and carbun- detoxicants)
(pyogenic infections) cles, furuncles, head-
ache, swellings, lonicera flower, forsythia
erysipelas, maculas and fruit, isatis root, isatis leaf,
eruption, sore throat, pulsatilla root, wild chry-
mumps, santhemum, dandelion,
dysentery with purulent houttuynia, subprostrate
bloody stool, red tongue, sophora, oldenlandia
rapid and forceful pulse Patent Medicines
Bai Tou Weng Tang,
Pu Ji Xiao Du Yin
 TABLE 14.2. The Actions of Antipyretics, Antimicrobials, and Detoxicants

Name Dosage
of Herb (grams) Individual Actions Common Actions
Gardenia 3-10 Relieves dysphoria, Clears intense internal
(zhi zi) stops bleeding, Heat in general
diuretic
Prunella spike 10-15 Relieves hyperactivity
(xia ku cao) of the liver, detoxicant
Moutan bark 6-12 Promotes circulation, Clears internal Heat
(mu dan) dissipates blood stasis from the ying and blood
Red peony root 6-15 Dissipates blood stasis, systems
(chi shao) relieves pain
Scrophularia root 9-30 Nourishes yin, kidneys,
(xuan shen) and lungs
Gentiana root 3-6 Removes Heat and Clears internal Heat
(long dan cao) Dampness in the liver and eliminates Damp-
and gallbladder ness in the viscera
Scute root 3-10 Relieves acute febrile
(huang qin) disease syndromes
and stops bleeding and
threatened abortion,
prevents miscarriage
Coptis root 2-10 Relieves acute febrile
(huang lian) disease syndromes,
dysentery, and suppu-
rative infections in the
skin
Phellodendron 2-10 Relieves acute febrile
bark disease syndromes,
(huang bai) dysentery, urinary tract
infections, night sweat-
ing
Wild chrysanthe- 9-15 Clears suppurative Clears internal noxious
mum infections, detoxifies, Heat and is a
(ye ju hua) reduces liver hyperac- detoxicant
tivity
Forsythia 5-8 Relieves suppurative
(lian qiao) infections, detoxifies,
reduces liver hyper-
activity
Lonicera 9-15 Treats dysentery and
(jin yin hua) various skin infections
Isatis root 10-15 Relieves exogenous
(ban lan gen) infections
Dandelion 10-30 Relieves Heat-Damp-
(pu gong ying) ness ailments, and
urinary difficulties
 Arctium or Burdock
This herb Fruit;
is the dried ripe Fructus Arctii;
fruit of Arctium
NiuCompositae.
lappa of the family bang zi It is mainly
produced in the Hebei, Heilongjiang, Jilin,
Liaoning, and Zhejiang provinces of China.
The ripe fruit is collected in the fall, dried in
the sun, and used unprocessed (Jiang Su New
Medical College, 1977). Arctium fruit is a di-
aphoretic, effective in treating Exterior syn-
dromes, and is also used for treating febrile disease and throat infections,
such as acute pharyngytis and tonsilitis (Dong et al., 1998).

TCM Properties

Acrid and bitter in taste, and cool, it acts on the lung and stomach meridians.

Effects, Medicinal Uses, and Combinations

1. Relieves flu and colds caused by exogenous Wind-Heat pathogens: to

treat inflammation of the throat, acute pharyngitis, and acute tonsilli-
tis, arctium fruit is mixed with lonicera, forsythia fruit, and pepper-
mint, as in Yin Qiao San (Wang, 1994).
2. Antimicrobial actions: arctium fruit is combined with isatis root (ban
lan gen), cimicifuga, and scute root (huang qin) in a decoction to treat
carbuncles, erythemas, mumps, and acute febrile maculopapular skin
rash (Dong et al., 1998).
3. Relieves rashes and measles: arctium fruit is blended with pueraria
and mentha for treating the early stages of measles (Wang, 1994). It is
also used for mumps, erysipelas, carbuncles, and sores (Zhu, 1998).

Dosage

In a decoction of 3 to 9 g.

Precautions

People with spleen deficiency, diarrhea, and Qi and blood deficiency

should avoid this herb.
Side Effects and Toxicity

No undesirable side effects or toxicity were reported at the therapeutic

dose in classical Chinese materia medica.

Modern Research Findings

Chemical Constituents

Arctium fruit contains several ingredients: lignans, thiophene deriva-

tives, sesquiterpenes, triterpenes, polyenic compounds, and polysaccha-
rides, as well as phytosterols. The most important lignans are arctiin,
lapaols A, B, C, and E arctigenin, beta-sitosterol, and isoarctigenin. The
fatty acids include arachidonic acid, stearic acid, oleic acid, linoleic acid,
and palmitic acid, as well as vitamins A, B, and C (Zhu, 1998).

Pharmacological Findings

Arctium fruit shows antifungal activity in vitro and is hypoglycemic, di-

uretic, antipyretic, and purgative, and also lowers blood pressure (Dong
et al., 1998).

REFERENCES

Dong, K. S., Wang, X. Q., and Dong, Y. F. (1998). Xian Dai Lin Chuang Zhong Yao
Xue [Contemporary Clinical Chinese Materia Medica)]. Beijing: Zhong Guo
Zhong Yi Yao Press.
Jiang Su New Medical College (1977). Encyclopedia of Chinese Materia Medica.
Shanghai: Shanghai Science and Technology Press.
Wang, J. H. (Ed.) (1994). Xin Bian Chang Yong Zhong Yao Shou Ce [Manual of
Commonly Used Chinese Medicinal Herbs]. Beijing: Jin Dun Press.
Zhu, Y. (1998). Chinese Materia Medica—Chemistry, Pharmacology and Applica-
tions. Amsterdam: Harwood Academic Publishers.
 Gardenia;
This herb isFructus
the ripe Gardeniae; Zhi zijas-
fruit of Gardenia
minoides Ellis of the family Rubiaceae. It is
mainly grown in the Hunan, Jiangxi, and Zhe-
jiang provinces of China. The fruit is dried af-
ter harvesting, and used unprocessed or stir
baked to a brown color (Smith and Stuart, 1973).
Traditionally, the fruit was used for dying purposes. It renders a beautiful
yellow color. Medicinally, it was used for fevers, fluxes, dropsy, lung dis-
eases, jaundice, and externally as a vulnerary remedy (Smith and Stuart,
1973). Gardenia is an antipyretic, sedative, and hemostatic agent for bleed-
ing in febrile diseases (Wang, 1994).

TCM Properties

Bitter in taste, and cold, it acts on the heart, lung, stomach, and liver me-
ridians.

Effects, Medicinal Uses, and Combinations

1. Relieves Heat and alleviates dysphoria: gardenia is an antipyretic and

a sedative, and is used with prepared soybean or with coptis root and
scute root, as in Qing Wen Bai Du Yin, to treat high fever, dysphoria,
melancholia, uneasiness, restlessness, anxiety, and unconsciousness
or delirium due to excessive internal Heat (Zhang, 1988).
2. Dispels stagnation of pathogenic Heat and Dampness: for high fever,
jaundice, scanty dark urine, and hepatitis due to an accumulation of
Damp-Heat in the liver and gallbladder, gardenia is prescribed with
capillaris, rhubarb, and phellodendron bark, as in Yin Chen Hao Tang
(R-67) (Zhang, 1988). Gardenia is used with plantain seed, akebia
caulis, polygonum stem (ye jiao teng), licorice root, and rhubarb, as in
Ba Zheng San, to treat urination disturbances, such as painful urina-
tion, frequent urination, dysuria, dripping of urine, cystitis, and acute
urethritis (Wang, 1994).
3. Relieves the stagnant Liver-Qi: to relieve headaches, dizziness, pain-
ful menstruation, costal pain, red and painful eyes, spontaneous per-
spiration, night sweating, and urinary difficulties due to stagnation of
the Liver-Qi, gardenia is combined with moutan, white peony root,
 Chinese angelica, bupleurum, and cyperus tuber, as in Dan Zhi Xiao
Yao Wan (R-42) (Zhu, 1998).

Dosage

In a decoction of 3 to 10 g.

Precautions

People with spleen deficiency, diarrhea, and Cold in the stomach should
avoid this herb.

Side Effects and Toxicity

No undesirable side effects or toxicity were reported at the therapeutic

dose in classical Chinese materia medica.

Modern Research Findings

Chemical Constituents

Gardenia contains iridoid glycoside including gardenoside, scanposide,

geniposide, gardoside, and shanzhiside. Other ingredients include pigment,
crocetin, crocin, gardenin, mannitol, beta-sitosterol, and nonacosane (Smith
and Stuart, 1973; Zhu, 1998).

Pharmacological Findings

Gardenia showed sedative, antipyretic, hypnotic, cholagogue, antipar-

asitic, and hypotensive activities (Zhu, 1998).

REFERENCES

Smith, F. P. and Stuart, G. A. (1973). Chinese Medicinal Herbs. San Francisco:

Georgetown Press.
Wang, J. H. (Ed.) (1994). Xin Bian Chang Yong Zhong Yao Shou Ce [Manual of
Commonly Used Chinese Medicinal Herbs]. Beijing: Jin Dun Press.
Zhang, E. (1988). Zhong Yao Xue [The Chinese Materia Medica]. Shanghai: Pub-
lishing House of Shanghai TCM University.
Zhu, Y. (1998). Chinese Materia Medica—Chemistry, Pharmacology and Applica-
tions. Amsterdam: Harwood Academic Publishers.
 ThisPhragmites
herb is the Rhizome; Rhizoma
dried rhizome of the com-
Phragmites;
mon reed Phragmites Lu gen Trin. of the
communis
family Graminea. It is grown in all parts of
China, collected in the spring, summer, or au-
tumn, cleaned after the side roots are removed,
dried, and cut into sections (Jiang Su New
Medical College, 1977).
Medicinally, the root is regarded as cooling
and diuretic. Traditionally, it was used for
nausea and vomiting, hiccups, and fluxes. The root is slightly bitter, a poi-
son antidote, and it was highly recommended for choleraic (a disease of the
bile) difficulties and various types of flesh and medicinal poisons. The
flowers are made into a strong decoction and administered as a very effica-
cious remedy for cholera, and fish and puffer poisoning. Its ashes are used
to stop hemorrhaging (Smith and Stuart, 1973).
Phragmites is an antipyretic herb. It is used today to reduce fever, and
promote secretion of body fluids as a diuretic, and as a detoxicant to coun-
teract fish, crab, and shrimp poisoning (Dong et al., 1998; Smith and Stuart,
1973).

TCM Properties

Sweet in taste, and cool, it acts on the lung and stomach meridians.

Effects, Medicinal Uses, and Combinations

1. Relieves Heat, promotes secretion of body fluids, and quenches thirst:

for the treatment of thirst, acute febrile disease, and excess Heat in the
stomach and lungs, phragmites rhizome is used with trichosanthes
root, ophiopogon, gypsum, and dendrobium (Wang, 1994).
2. Treats pulmonary abscess: it is mixed with coix seed (yi yi ren),
persica (peach kernel), and benincasa (dong gua zi) in a decoction
(Wang, 1994).
3. Induces diuresis: to treat acute urinary infection and painful urination,
phragmites rhizome can be used with imperata, akebia caulis, and
plantago herb (Wang, 1994).
Dosage

In a decoction of 15 to 30 g, or 30 to 60 g if fresh rhizome is used.

Precautions

People with spleen deficiency and diarrhea should not use this herb.

Side Effects and Toxicity

No undesirable side effects or toxicity were reported at the therapeutic

dose in classical Chinese materia medica.

Modern Research Findings

Chemical Constituents

Phragmites rhizome contains coixol, asparagine, protein, fat, glucose,

and vitamins B1, B2, and C (Dong et al., 1998).

Pharmacological Findings

Phragmites rhizome is diuretic, antiemetic, and effective in urinary tract

infections (Dong et al., 1998).

REFERENCES

Dong, K. S., Wang, X. Q., and Dong, Y. F. (1998). Xian Dai Lin Chuang Zhong Yao
Xue [Contemporary Clinical Chinese Materia Medica]. Beijing: Zhong Guo
Zhong Yi Yao Press.
Jiang Su New Medical College (1977). Encyclopedia of Chinese Materia Medica.
Shanghai: Shanghai Science and Technology Press.
Smith, F. P. and Stuart, G. A. (1973). Chinese Medicinal Herbs. San Francisco:
Georgetown Press.
Wang, J. H. (Ed.) (1994). Xin Bian Chang Yong Zhong Yao Shou Ce [Manual of
Commonly Used Chinese Medicinal Herbs]. Beijing: Jin Dun Press.
 Wild
ThisChrysanthemum;
medicinal herb isFlos Chrysanthemi
the dry flower head
Indici;indicum
of Chrysanthemum Ye ju hua
L. of the family
Compositae. It is mainly grown in the north-
ern, northwestern, and southwestern parts of
China, collected in the summer and autumn,
dried in shade, and used unprocessed (Jiang
Su New Medical College, 1977).
The medicinal values of chrysanthemum
are different depending on the varieties. The
white or yellow chrysanthemum was used for colds, headaches, and in-
flamed eyes (see Chapter 9). Pillows made of the white chrysanthemum
flowers are recommended to treat these difficulties (Smith and Stuart,
1973). The wild variety was made into a decoction to treat retained menses,
as a wash for infected and cancerous sores, and as a fomentation for en-
larged glands. Antivinous (alcohol detoxifying) properties were also as-
cribed to this plant (Smith and Stuart, 1973).
Today, wild chrysanthemum is used as an antipyretic and anti-inflamma-
tory herb, and is prescribed to clear away Heat, detoxicate, subdue swelling,
dissolve lumps, and treat respiratory infections (Dong et al., 1998).

TCM Properties

Bitter in taste, and cold, it acts on the lung and liver meridians.

Effects, Medicinal Uses, and Combinations

1. Helps reduce inflammation and detoxifies: wild chrysanthemum is

particularly useful against eye inflammations and external infections.
This herb can be used alone in a decoction or the squeezed juice of the
fresh flower can be applied to the skin for external infections. It is pre-
scribed with lonicera, forsythia fruit, dandelion, and viola in a decoc-
tion for oral administration and/or applied externally for various ex-
ternal infections of furuncles and boils on the skin or deep in the
tissues (Wang, 1994).
2. Dispels Wind-Heat pathogens: to treat high fever, coughs, and a sore
throat due to pathogenic Wind-Heat in the respiratory tract, this herb
 can be used with morus (mulberry) leaves, lonicera, forsythia fruit,
and arctium in a decoction (Dong et al., 1998)
3. Reduces liver-Fire: for dizziness, headaches, hypertension, fullness in
the head, and bloodshot, swollen, and painful eyes due to hyperactiv-
ity of the liver (liver- Fire), wild chrysanthemum is used alone in a de-
coction or combined with prunella spike, cassia seed, and morus
leaves in a decoction.

Dosage

In a decoction of 9 to 15 g. Fresh wild chrysanthemum juice can be ap-

plied externally on infected areas.

Precautions

People with spleen-stomach deficiency and Cold should avoid this herb.

Side Effects and Toxicity

The therapeutic dose is safe. With a large dose, a few patients com-
plained of gastric discomfort, poor appetite, borborygmus, and mushy stool
after taking the decoction or alcohol extract of the flower (Wang, 1983;
Zhu, 1998).

Modern Research Findings

Chemical Constituents

The flower C. indicum contains essential oil with camphor as the major
component. Other ingredients in the oil include alpha- and beta-pinene,
chrysanthenone, camphene, myrcene, and limonene (Wang, 1983). In addi-
tion to essential oil, some sesquiterpene lactones have been isolated from
the flower such as yejuhua lactone, chrysetunone, tunflin, and cumambrin
(Chien et al., 1963; Yu and Xie, 1987). Vitamins A and B have also been
identified (Jiang Su New Medical College, 1977).

Pharmacological Findings

Wild chrysanthemum is antimicrobial against S. aureus, Shigella dysen-

teriae, and some enterocytopathogenic human orphan (ECHO) viruses
(Dong et al., 1998). The 1:5 decoction of the herb inhibited S. dysenteriae
and several other pathogenic bacteria in vitro. High concentrations of the
decoction also inhibited many skin fungi. In the primary monolayer culture
of epithelial cells of human embryonic kidney or lung, the decoction of the
herb delayed the pathological alteration in the cells induced by ECHOII vi-
rus, herpes virus, and influenza virus JK68-1 strain (Wang, 1983). The de-
coction of the herb also enhanced the phagocytic function of human leuko-
cytes against S. aureus (Wang, 1983).
It lowers blood pressure in dogs and cats. In human subjects, it showed
hypolipemic and increased coronary circulation, and prevented colds and
respiratory diseases (Dong et al., 1998).

REFERENCES

Dong, K. S., Wang, X. Q., and Dong, Y. F. (1998). Xian Dai Lin Chuang Zhong Yao
Xue [Contemporary Clinical Chinese Materia Medica]. Beijing: Zhong Guo
Zhong Yi Yao Press.
Chien, M. K., Chen, C. H., and Tseng, K. F. (1963). The constituents of Yijuhua, the
flower of Chrysanthemum idicum II. The structure of Yejuhua lactone. Acta
Pharmaceutica Sinica 10: 129-134.
Jiang Su New Medical College (1977). Encyclopedia of Chinese Materia Medica.
Shanghai: Shanghai Science and Technology Press.
Smith, F. P. and Stuart, G. A. (1973). Chinese Medicinal Herbs. San Francisco:
Georgetown Press.
Yu, D. O. and Xie, F. Z. (1987). Chemical constituents of Chrysanthemum indicum
L. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica 22: 837-840.
Wang, J. H. (Ed.) (1994). Xin Bian Chang Yong Zhong Yao Shou Ce [Manual of
Commonly Used Chinese Medicinal Herbs]. Beijing: Jin Dun Press.
Wang, Y. S. (1983). Pharmacology and Applications of Chinese Materia Medica.
Beijing: People’s Health Publisher.
Zhu, Y. (1998). Chinese Materia Medica—Chemistry, Pharmacology and Applica-
tions. Amsterdam: Harwood Academic Publishers.
 Prunella
This herbSpike;
is theSpica
entirePrunellae; Xia kuthe
plant, including
caovulgaris L. of the fam-
dried spike, of Prunella
ily Labiatae. It is grown mainly in the Anhui,
Henan, Jiangsu, and Zhejiang provinces of
China, where it is collected in the summer and
dried in the sun (Jiang Su New Medical Col-
lege, 1977). Traditionally, this herb was used to
treat fevers and also as an antirheumatic, alter-
ative, and tonic remedy (Smith and Stuart,
1973).
Prunella spike is an antipyretic and detoxicant. Its actions resemble those
of the chrysanthemum and wild chrysanthemum. However, it is more effec-
tive than chrysanthemum for treating disorders of the eyes, such as conjunc-
tivitis (Dong et al., 1998). Prunella spike is also used for hypertension, in-
flammation of the lymph nodes, lymphoid tuberculosis, mastitis, scrofula,
and as an antimicrobial agent (Dong et al., 1998).

TCM Properties

Pungent and bitter in taste, and cold, it acts on the liver and gallbladder
meridians.

Effects, Medicinal Uses, and Combinations

1. Relieves hyperactivity of the liver: to treat dizziness, ringing in the

ears, blurred vision, hypertension, headache, and acute conjunctivitis
due to hyperactivity of the liver, prunella spike is used alone in a tea,
or with cassia seed (30 g each), or combined with chrysanthemum,
uncaria stem, and dandelion in a decoction (Wang, 1994).
2. Eliminates masses and detoxifies:
• Prunella spike can be mixed with scrophularia, (xuan shen), fritil-
lary bulb, seaweed, oyster shell, and other ingredients to treat
mumps, lymphoid masses, and goiter (Wang, 1994).
• For breast abscesses and acute mastitis, prunella spike can be used
alone or with wild chrysanthemum, dandelion, viola, and lonicera
stem in a decoction (Dong et al., 1998).
Dosage

In a decoction of 10 to 15 g.

Precautions

People with spleen and stomach deficiency should take this herb with
caution. Those with yang deficiency should avoid this herb.

Side Effects and Toxicity

No undesirable side effects or toxicity were reported at the therapeutic

dose in classical Chinese materia medica.

Modern Research Findings

Chemical Constituents

Prunella spike contains triterpenoids, flavonoids, sterol glycosides, and

coumarins. The triterpene compounds include ursolic acid and betulinic
acid. The flavonoids include delphinidine, cyanidin, and rosmarinic acid.
The sterol glycosides include beta-sitosterol-beta-D-glucoside. Other in-
gredients are alkaloids, oleanolic acid, rutin, hyperoside, caffeic acid, tan-
nin, volatile oil, and vitamins A, C, and K (Ling, 1995; Zhu, 2001).

Pharmacological Findings

1. Prunella spike flowers have rather broad antimicrobial properties,

especially against Shigella SPP., S. typhi, E. coli, P. aeruginosa, My-
cobacterium tuberculosis, and Streptococcus, as well as many patho-
genic fungi (Wang, 1994). The decoction of the herb inhibited B. dys-
entery, B. typhosus, B. proteus, M. tuberculosis, and Vibrio comma, in
vitro (Zhu, 1998).
2. The 50 percent decoction caused prominent and prolonged concentra-
tion of the isolated uterus of nonpregnant rabbits (Zhu, 1998).
3. The herb’s ethanolic extract was shown to be hypotensive (Dong
et al., 1998).
 REFERENCES

Dong, K. S., Wang, X. Q., and Dong, Y. F. (1998). Xian Dai Lin Chuang Zhong Yao
Xue [Contemporary Clinical Chinese Materia Medica]. Beijing: Zhong Guo
Zhong Yi Yao Press.
Jiang Su New Medical College (1977). Encyclopedia of Chinese Materia Medica.
Shanghai: Shanghai Science and Technology Press.
Ling, Y. (1995). A New Compendium of Materia Medica. Beijing: Science Press.
Smith, F. P. and Stuart, G. A. (1973). Chinese Medicinal Herbs. San Francisco:
Georgetown Press.
Wang, J. H. (Ed.) (1994). Xin Bian Chang Yong Zhong Yao Shou Ce [Manual of
Commonly Used Chinese Medicinal Herbs]. Beijing: Jin Dun Press.
Zhu, Y. (1998). Chinese Materia Medica—Chemistry, Pharmacology and Applica-
tions. Amsterdam: Harwood Academic Publishers.
 Gentiana
This herbRoot;
is theRadix Gentianae;
root and Long
rhizome of Gen-
tiana manshurica dan caoG. scabra Bge., G.
Kitag.,
triflora Pall., or G. rigescens Franch. of the
family Gentianaceae. It is mainly grown in the
northern and southern provinces of China. The
herb is collected in autumn, cleaned, dried,
cut into sections, and used unprocessed (Jiang
Su New Medical College, 1977).
The herb was prescribed for fever, rheuma-
tism, poisonous effluvia of the viscera, fluxes, and general debility. It was
used for localized skin diseases, ulcers, and afflictions of the throat. It was
especially recommended for nocturnal sweating, hematuria, and ophthal-
mia (Smith and Stuart, 1973).
Gentiana root is an antipyretic and a detoxicant, particularly useful for
eliminating Heat and Dampness in the liver and gallbladder. Today, gen-
tiana root is commonly used to treat acute hepatitis, cystitis, bacterial infec-
tions of the eyes, ears, and throat, urinary tract infections, conjunctivitis,
and hypertension (Dong et al., 1998).

TCM Properties

Bitter in taste, and cold, it acts on the liver and gallbladder meridians.

Effects, Medicinal Uses, and Combinations

1. Relieves Heat and Dampness: to treat jaundice, gentiana root is used

with capillaris and gardenia. It can also be combined with plantain
seed, phellodendron bark, atractylodes, and sophora root in a decoc-
tion administered orally or externally to treat scrotal swelling, peri-
neal pruritus, painful and sweating testes, and malodorous, yellowish,
thick leukorrhagia (Wang, 1994).
2. Relieves intense internal Damp and Heat in the liver and gallbladder:
gentiana root is used with fresh rehmannia, bupleurum, scute, and
gardenia, as in Long Dan Xie Gan Tang (R-78) (Dong et al., 1998) or
Jia Wei Long Dan Xie Gan Wan (R-83), to treat headaches, hyperten-
sion, stuffiness and fullness in the head, pain in the hypochondriac re-
gion, bitter taste in the mouth, deafness, pain in the ears, sore throat,
 and bloodshot, swollen and painful eyes caused by Dampness and in-
tense Heat in the liver (Wang, 1994).
3. To relieve acute infections, hepatitis, cholecystitis, hepatitis, and pain
in the costal regions, gentiana root is combined with capillaris and
gardenia in a decoction (Dong et al., 1998).

Dosage

In a decoction of 3 to 6 g.

Precautions

People with Cold and stomach-spleen deficiency should avoid this herb.
Avoid an overdose.

Side Effects and Toxicity

No undesirable side effects or toxicity were reported at the therapeutic

dose in classical Chinese materia medica. It may cause gastrointestinal dis-
comfort, impairment of the stomach, headache, and vertigo when a large
dose or overdose is taken (Zhu, 1998).

Modern Research Findings

Chemical Constituents

The root of G. manshurica contains bitter principles, mainly secoiridoid

compounds. The major bitter principle is gentiopicroside (gentiopicrin).
Sweroside, swertiamarin, amarogentin, and amaroswerin were also isolated
and identified (Zhoa, 1993; Zhu, 1998). Ingredients including gentianine
and swertiamarin were isolated form G. scabra plant (Ling, 1995).

Pharmacological Findings

Gentiana root is a broad-spectrum antimicrobial agent against many

common pathogenic bacteria. It is a stomachic, increases gastric secretions,
and increases appetite. It is hepatoprotective and choleretic. The alkaloid of
gentiana inhibits the central nervous system, is a sedative, muscle relaxant,
and antipyretic, and lowers the body temperature (Dong et al., 1998). The
decoction of the herb inhibited the in vitro growth of P. aeruginosa, Proteus
vulgaris, S. typhi, S. aureus, Trichophyton cypsum, and Nocardia asteroides
(Wang, 1983).
 REFERENCES

Dong, K. S., Wang, X. Q., and Dong, Y. F. (1998). Xian Dai Lin Chuang Zhong Yao
Xue [Contemporary Clinical Chinese Materia Medica]. Beijing: Zhong Guo
Zhong Yi Yao Press.
Jiang Su New Medical College (1977). Encyclopedia of Chinese Materia Medica.
Shanghai: Shanghai Science and Technology Press.
Ling, Y. (1995). A New Compendium of Materia Medica. Beijing: Science Press.
Smith, F. P. and Stuart, G. A. (1973). Chinese Medicinal Herbs. San Francisco:
Georgetown Press.
Wang, J. H. (Ed.) (1994). Xin Bian Chang Yong Zhong Yao Shou Ce [Manual of
Commonly Used Chinese Medicinal Herbs]. Beijing: Jin Dun Press.
Wang, Y. S. (1983). Pharmacology and Applications of Chinese Materia Medica.
Beijing: People’s Health Publisher.
Zhoa, R. H. (1993). Resource Science of Chinese Medicinal Materials. Beijing:
China Medical and Pharmaceutical Science Press.
Zhu, Y. (1998). Chinese Materia Medica—Chemistry, Pharmacology and Applica-
tions. Amsterdam: Harwood Academic Publishers.
 Forsythia
This herb Fruit; Fructus
is the dried Forsythiae; Lian
fruit of Forsythia
suspensa (Thunb.) Vahl qiao of the family Ole-
aceae. It is grown mainly in the Henan, Gansu,
Shaanxi, and Shanxi provinces of China. The
fruit is collected when it is starts to ripen, and
then is cleaned and dried for use (Jiang Su
New Medical College, 1977). The values of
the fruit are reputed to be antiphlogistic, anti-
scofulous, laxative, diuretic, and emmena-
gogue (Smith and Stuart, 1973). Forsythia fruit is a diaphoretic, antipyretic,
and antimicrobial agent, and is used to treat various internal disorders. It is
also used externally for conditions such as scrofula, boils, and carbuncles
(Dong et al., 1998).

TCM Properties

Bitter in taste, and slightly cool, it acts on the lung, heart, and gallbladder
meridians.

Effects, Medicinal Uses, and Combinations

1. Alleviates pathogenic Heat and detoxifies: Forsythia fruit is the most

commonly used herb to treat exogenous, Wind-Heat-type colds and
flu at early stages. It is used with lonicera, schizonepeta, and arctium,
as in Yin Qiao San or Yin Qiao Jie Du Pian (R-46) (Wang, 1994).
2. Relieves suppurative infections and detoxifies: forsythia fruit is one
of the most important herbs for external infections. It can be used
alone or combined with wild chrysanthemum, dandelion, and loni-
cera in a decoction for the treatment of various suppurative infections
on the surface of the body such as scrofula, boils, and carbuncles. This
herb is also mixed with viola, lonicera flower, wild chrysanthemum,
and trichosanthes root, as in the recipe Lian Qiao Bai Du San (Wang,
1994).

Dosage

In a decoction of 5 to 15 g, or 30 g for severe conditions.

Precautions

People with Cold in the spleen and stomach, diarrhea, or with an abscess
should avoid this herb.

Side Effects and Toxicity

No undesirable side effects or toxicity were reported at the therapeutic

dose in classical Chinese materia medica. Toxicological studies showed
that the LD50 of the seed was more than 30 g/kg in mice by intraperitoneal
administration (Wang, 1983).

Modern Research Findings

Chemical Constituents

Forsythia fruit contains lignans, phenolic glycosides, natural alcohols,

and triterpenes (Takizawa et al., 1981). The isolated lignans include phil-
lygenine, pinoresinol, and others. The isolated phenolic glycoside includes
forsythiasides A, B, C, and E. A number of alcohols and their isolated
glucosides include rengyol and its glycoside rengyosides (Zhu, 1998).
Other isolated ingredients include oleanolic acid, matairesinoside, matair-
esinoside, artigenin, arctin, 0-methyl acetigenen, saponin, and flavonoid
glycoside (Takizawa et al., 1981).

Pharmacological Findings

Forsythia fruit is a broad-spectrum antimicrobial. The extract of the herb

showed strong inhibition against S. aureus, S. hemolyticus, and Neisseria
catarrhalis.
It is anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, diuretic, immunostimulating, chol-
eretic, hepatoprotective, and antiemetic. It has been demonstrated to lower
blood pressure (Dong et al., 1998).

REFERENCES

Dong, K. S., Wang, X. Q., and Dong, Y. F. (1998). Xian Dai Lin Chuang Zhong Yao
Xue [Contemporary Clinical Chinese Materia Medica)]. Beijing: Zhong Guo
Zhong Yi Yao Press.
Jiang Su New Medical College (1977). Encyclopedia of Chinese Materia Medica.
Shanghai: Shanghai Science and Technology Press.
Smith, F. P. and Stuart, G. A. (1973). Chinese Medicinal Herbs. San Francisco:
Georgetown Press.
Takizawa, Y., Suzuki, E., and Mitsubashi, T. (1981). Naturally occurring anti-
oxidation (1). Isolation and determination of natural phenolic antioxidants from
Forsythia suspensa Vahl. Tokyo Gakugei Daigaku Kiyo 33: 119-123.
Wang, J. H. (Ed.) (1994). Xin Bian Chang Yong Zhong Yao Shou Ce [Manual of
Commonly Used Chinese Medicinal Herbs]. Beijing: Jin Dun Press.
Wang, Y. S. (1983). Pharmacology and Applications of Chinese Materia Medica.
Beijing: People’s Health Publisher.
Zhu, Y. (1998). Chinese Materia Medica—Chemistry, Pharmacology and Applica-
tions. Amsterdam: Harwood Academic Publishers.
 Lonicera;
This herb isFlos
the Lonicerae;
dried flowerJin yinofhua
buds Loni-
cera japonica Thunb., L. hypoglauca Miq.,
L. confusa DC., or L. dasystyla Rehd. of the
family Caprifoliaceae. It is mainly grown in
the Henan and Shandong provinces of China.
The flower buds are collected in early summer, dried in the shade, and used
unprocessed (Jiang Su New Medical College, 1977). Traditionally, the herb
was used to increase vitality and to lengthen life. Antifebrile, corrective,
and astringent properties were ascribed to it and it was used to treat all sorts
of infections and poisons (Smith and Stuart, 1973).
Lonicera is an antipyretic and detoxicant. It is a broad-spectrum anti-
microbial and is used both internally and externally. It is said that prolonged
use of lonicera increases vitality and longevity. Today, it is commonly used
for upper respiratory tract infections, common colds, acute laryngitis, pneu-
monia, gangrene, appendicitis, acute mastitis, and infections of the blood
(Dong et al., 1998).

TCM Properties

Bitter in taste and cold, it acts on the lung, stomach, and large intestine
meridians.

Effects, Medicinal Uses, and Combinations

1. Alleviates noxious Heat and detoxifies: to treat epidemic febrile dis-

ease, influenza, and Wind-Heat-type colds in the early stages, loni-
cera is often prescribed with forsythia fruit, mentha, and other herbs,
as in Yin Qiao San or Yin Qiao Jie Du Pian (R-46) (Wang, 1994).
2. Treats dysentery: lonicera is used alone in a decoction or with scute
root, coptis root, pulsatilla root, dried rehmannia, and moutan bark for
diarrhea and dysentery with purulent and bloody stool (Wang, 1994).
3. Relieves skin infections: lonicera is an important and effective herb
for the treatment of sores, carbuncles, furuncles, swelling, and inflam-
mation of the skin. It is usually prescribed in combination with viola
and dandelion, wild chrysanthemum, and semiaquilegia root (tian kui
zi), as in Wu Wei Xiao Du Yin (a decoction of five detoxicants) (Wang,
1994).
Dosage

In a decoction of 9 to 15 g.

Precautions

People with Cold and deficiency of the stomach and spleen should not
use this herb.

Side Effects and Toxicity

No adverse side effects or toxicity at the therapeutic dose were reported.

Oral administration of the aqueous extract of the herb to rabbits and dogs
produced no toxic reactions, nor any change in respiration, blood profile,
and urine output (Zhu, 1998). Toxicological studies found that the LD50 of
the extract of the herb was 53 g/kg in mice by subcutaneous administration
(Zhu, 1998).

Modern Research Findings

Chemical Constituents

The flower contains chlorogenic acid, isochlorogenic acid, inositol,

flavonone compounds, and essential oil. The main components in the es-
sential oil are 2,6,6-trimethyl-2-vinyl-5-hydroxytetra-hydropyran and lina-
lool (Wang, 1994).

Pharmacological Findings

Lonicera is a broad-spectrum antimicrobial. The extract of both the

flower and the vine inhibited the following bacteria in vitro: S. aureus,
S. hemolyticus, E. coli, S. dysenteriae, V. cholerae, S. typhi, S. paratyphi,
D. pneumoniae, Neisseria meningitidis, P. aeruginosa, and M. tuberculosis
(Zhu, 1998).
Chlorogenic acid and isochlorogenic acid are believed to be the chief an-
tibacterial components of the herb. Antifungal activity was observed with
its aqueous extract against Microsporum ferrugineum and Nocardia aster-
oides (Wang, 1983). It has been effective in lowering blood cholesterol lev-
els and is antispasmodic, anti-inflammatory, and has antitumor properties
(Dong et al., 1998).
 REFERENCES

Dong, K. S., Wang, X. Q., and Dong, Y. F. (1998). Xian Dai Lin Chuang Zhong Yao
Xue [Contemporary Clinical Chinese Materia Medica]. Beijing: Zhong Guo
Zhong Yi Yao Press.
Jiang Su New Medical College (1977). Encyclopedia of Chinese Materia Medica.
Shanghai: Shanghai Science and Technology Press.
Smith, F. P. and Stuart, G. A. (1973). Chinese Medicinal Herbs. San Francisco:
Georgetown Press.
Wang, J. H. (Ed.) (1994). Xin Bian Chang Yong Zhong Yao Shou Ce [Manual of
Commonly Used Chinese Medicinal Herbs]. Beijing: Jin Dun Press.
Wang, Y. S. (1983). Pharmacology and Applications of Chinese Materia Medica.
Beijing: People’s Health Publisher.
Zhu, Y. (1998). Chinese Materia Medica—Chemistry, Pharmacology and Applica-
tions. Amsterdam: Harwood Academic Publishers.
Scute
ThisRoot;
herb isRadix Scutellariae;
the dried root of the Huang qin
Scutellaria
baicalensis Georgi of the family Labiatae. It is
grown mainly in the Hebei and Shanxi prov-
inces, and Inner Mongolia of China. Collected
in the autumn, it is cleaned, sliced, and dried,
or stir baked with wine, or carbonized to char-
coal (Jiang Su New Medical College, 1977).
Scute root was prescribed for fevers, jaun-
dice, diarrhea, ulcers, colic, amenorrhea, fluxes,
boils, carbuncles, and breast cancer (Smith and Stuart, 1973).
Scute root is an important antipyretic and Dampness-dissipating agent. It
relieves symptoms such as acute enteritis, dysentery, and urinary tract in-
fections due to Heat-Dampness accumulation in the Lower-Jiao, and is
used to treat pyogenic skin infections (Dong et al., 1998).

TCM Properties

Bitter in taste and cold, it acts on the gallbladder, lung, stomach, and
large intestine meridians.

Effects, Medicinal Uses, and Combinations

1. Relieves various pathogenic Heat and Dampness syndromes:

• To treat fever or a feeling of fullness in the chest accompanied by a
greasy coating on the tongue, scute root is blended with talc and
tetrapanax (tong cao) (Wang, 1994).
• It is prescribed with gardenia, rhubarb root, and capillaris to treat
jaundice, or combined with dried rehmannia and akebia root for
difficult and painful urination (Zhang, 1988), or with trichosanthes
root and dahurian angelica root for suppurative infections on the
skin (Zhang, 1988).
2. Relieves acute febrile disease and detoxifies: to treat acute febrile dis-
eases with high fever, restlessness, yellow tongue coating, and rapid
pulse, scute root is combined with phellodendron, coptis root, and
 gardenia, as in Huang Lian Jie Du Tang (R-72). It is also used with
bupleurum root, as in Xiao Chai Hu Tang (R-53), for an alternation of
chills and fever (Wang, 1994).
3. Stabilizes the fetus and prevents miscarriage: scute root is dispensed
with Chinese angelica, dried rehmannia, processed rehmannia, white
atractylodes, ginseng root, and eucommia in a decoction to relieve the
Heat in the womb and prevent miscarriage (Wang, 1994).
4. Relieves Heat in the lungs: scute root is mixed with morus bark and
ophiopogon root, as in Qing Fei Tang, to clear the Heat in the lungs
and to treat a cough with yellow sputum. Scute root with stemona herb
is a useful combination in a decoction for bronchitis (Zhang, 1988).
5. Stops bleeding: carbonized scute root is used alone internally or with
dried rehmannia root and imperata (Imperata cylindrica) for epis-
taxis, hematuria, hemafecia, and metrorrhagia (Zhang, 1988).

Dosage

In a decoction of 3 to 10 g. Commercially, scute root tablet (0.26 g) is

available as an antimicrobial agent for bacillary dysentery, upper respira-
tory infections, and detoxification.

Precautions

People with Cold and deficiency of the stomach and spleen should not
use this herb.

Side Effects and Toxicity

No adverse side effects or toxicity at the therapeutic dose were recorded,

however, rare gastric discomfort and diarrhea were associated with the ad-
ministration of the decoction or the injection of the active ingredients
baicalin and baicalein (Zhu, 1998). A single oral dose of 12 to 15 g/kg of the
aqueous decoction elicited no abnormal reaction in dogs during forty-eight
hours of observation, except emesis in the high-dose group. Oral adminis-
tration of 4 or 5 g/kg dose, twice daily, for eight weeks did not produce any
significant abnormalities in routine blood profiles and histology of internal
organs (Zhu, 1998).
Modern Research Findings

Chemical Constituents

More than fifty flavone derivatives have been isolated and identified
from the root of S. baicalensis. Baicalin and wagonoside are two major
components found in the root. Other ingredients include flavone-O-glyco-
side (scutellarin), flavone-C-glycosides, and calcones (Zhu, 1998).

Pharmacological Findings

Scute root is antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, antiasthmatic, antialler-

genic, antispasmodic, antipyretic, hepatoprotective, choleretic, sedative, di-
uretic, and lowers blood pressure and blood cholesterol (Dong et al., 1998;
Zhu, 1998).
Antimicrobial activity: the herb is a broad-spectrum antimicrobial. Its
decoction showed inhibition against hemolytic streptococcus, pneumo-
coccus, meningococcus, S. aureus, B. diphtheriae, B. dysenteriae, B. an-
thracis, B. typhosus, B. paratyphus, B. proteus, E. coli, P. aeruginosa,
Bordetella pertussis, and Vibrio comma. Baicalin is the active bacterial-
inhibiting ingredient (Zhu, 1998).
The decoction of the herb in vitro was shown to be active against ten
types of skin fungi, including Trichophyton violaceum and Microsporum
audouini, and the decoction was active against nine types of fungi, includ-
ing T. violaceum and Microsporum canis (Wang, 1983, 1985).
The crude extract of the herb or baicalin was shown to inhibit HIV anti-
gen expression, and H-9 cell cultures, with 50 percent inhibitory doses of
0.6 ug/ml and 3.3 ug/ml, respectively (Zhu, 1998).

REFERENCES

Dong, K. S., Wang, X. Q., and Dong, Y. F. (1998). Xian Dai Lin Chuang Zhong Yao
Xue [Contemporary Clinical Chinese Materia Medica]. Beijing: Zhong Guo
Zhong Yi Yao Press.
Jiang Su New Medical College (1977). Encyclopedia of Chinese Materia Medica.
Shanghai: Shanghai Science and Technology Press.
Smith, F. P. and Stuart, G. A. (1973). Chinese Medicinal Herbs. San Francisco:
Georgetown Press.
Wang, J. H. (Ed.) (1994). Xin Bian Chang Yong Zhong Yao Shou Ce [Manual of
Commonly Used Chinese Medicinal Herbs]. Beijing: Jin Dun Press.
Wang, J. M. (1985). Chinese Herbal Pharmacology. Shanghai: Shanghai Science
and Technology Press.
Wang, Y. S. (1983). Pharmacology and Applications of Chinese Materia Medica.
Beijing: People’s Health Publisher.
Zhang, E. (1988). Zhong Yao Xue [The Chinese Materia Medica]. Shanghai: Pub-
lishing House of Shanghai TCM University.
Zhu, Y. (1998). Chinese Materia Medica—Chemistry, Pharmacology and Applica-
tions. Amsterdam: Harwood Academic Publishers.
 Coptis Root;
This herb is Rhizoma
the dried Coptidis;
rhizome of Huang
Coptis
chinensis Franch., C.lian
deltoidea C.Y. Cheng et
Hsiao, or C. teeta Wall. of the family Ranun-
culaceae. It is grown mainly in the Hubei and
Yunnan provinces of China, where it is col-
lected in autumn, cleaned, dried, and used un-
processed or stir baked with ginger juice
(Jiang Su New Medical College, 1977).
The root is yellow and its taste is intensely
bitter but aromatic. The more brittle the root is, the more highly regarded
are its reputed virtues. The root is reported to clear inflamed eyes, to benefit
the chest, to combat fever, and to act as an alternative or a lexipharmic (pan-
acea) drug. Traditionally, it was used for all forms of dysentery and diabe-
tes, and to treat cases of food poisoning, especially that of the croton bean
(Smith and Stuart, 1973). Its tincture is taken for indigestion.
Today, coptis root is used for infections of the digestive tract, respiratory
system, gynecological region, and sense organs, such as diarrhea, dysen-
tery, nausea, vomiting, high fever, dysphoria, and unconsciousness caused
by acute febrile conditions and skin ailments (Dong et al., 1998).

TCM Properties

Very bitter in taste and cold, it acts on the heart, stomach, liver, and large
intestine meridians.

Effects, Medicinal Uses, and Combinations

1. Relieves Heat and Dampness of the large intestines and detoxifies: to

treat infections of the large intestines, such as acute enteritis, diarrhea,
dysentery, and tenesmus, coptis root is prescribed with aucklandia
root or with pueraria root, scute root, and licorice root, as in Ge Gen
Qin Lian Tang (Wang, 1994). Coptis is used with scute root, pinellia,
dried ginger, ginseng, processed licorice root, and jujube, as in Ban
Xia Xie Xin Tang for a full feeling in the stomach and intestines, nau-
sea, and vomiting (Zhang, 1988).
2. Alleviates acute febrile disease syndrome:
 • To treat symptoms of high-fever-induced anguish, dysphoria, un-
consciousness, and delirium, coptis root is combined with scute
root, phellodendron, and gardenia, as in Huang Lian Jie Du Tang
(R-72) (Zhang, 1988).
• Coptis root is mixed with gardenia, chrysanthemum, and prunella
spike for a decoction to wash inflamed eyes (Dong et al., 1998).

3. Dissipates suppurative infections and detoxifies: to treat sores, car-

buncles, furuncles, and boils on the surface of the body, swelling and
pain in the ears and eyes, canker sores in the mouth, exudative skin in-
fections, and pruritus, coptis is taken orally in a decoction or com-
bined with dandelion, red peony, Chinese angelica, viola, and loni-
cera in a decoction. The herbs can be ground to a fine powder, mixed
with sesame oil and egg white, and applied externally on the affected
areas (Wang, 1994).

Dosage

In a decoction for oral use 2 to 10 g. The powdered coptis root is applied

for external application.

Precautions

People with Cold, stomach and spleen deficiency, and pregnant women
should not take this herb.

Side Effects and Toxicity

The therapeutic dose of the herb is safe. However, a large dose or long-
term use may cause diarrhea, abdominal distension, borborygmus, poly-
uria, loss of appetite, vomiting, nausea, and epigastric discomfort (Wang,
1983). The use of the herb in jaundiced neonates and pregnant women is
best avoided (Chen, 1993).
The bioactive ingredient, berberine, is potent. The LD50 values by intra-
peritoneal administration were 24.3 g/kg in mice and 205 mg/kg in rats
(Wang, 1983).
Modern Research Findings

Chemical Constituents

The rhizome yields 6.7 to 13.7 percent of alkaloids with 50 to 80 percent

being berberine, and small amounts of coptisine, palmatine, worenine, jat-
rorrhizine, and columbamine. Other ingredients include obakunone, obaku-
lactone, and organic acids (Wang, 1983).

Pharmacological Findings

Coptis root has broad-spectrum antimicrobial and antiviral properties.

Coptis root and its alkaloid, berberine, showed a strong inhibitory effect in
vitro against numerous bacteria, especially B. dysenteriae, S. aureus, Dip-
lococcus pneumoniae, hemolytic streptococcus, and meningococcus. Ber-
berine was shown to be bacteriastatic at low concentrations and bactericidal
at high concentrations (Wang, 1983). Berberine also markedly inhibited the
secretory response of E. coli-heat-stable enterotoxin in rabbits and mice,
and was dose-dependently effective in reducing water and electrolyte secre-
tions induced by E. coli-heat-stable enterotoxin (Sack and Frochlich, 1982).
In addition, the herb and berberine are antiviral against influenza virus and
antifungal against pathogenic dermatomyces. Berberine sulfate inhibited
the growth of numerous fungi, and completely inhibited the growth of
trophozoites of Entamoeba histolytica and was active against infections
with E. histolytica in hamsters and rats (Sabbiah and Amin, 1967).
It is antihypertensive, anti-inflammatory, choleretic, and diuretic. Coptis
root has been shown to be antipyretic and antiadrenaline. It lowers blood
cholesterol and is effective against bacillary dysentery (Dong et al., 1998).

Clinical Findings

In a multicenter, randomized, double-blind controlled trial involving 216

Type II diabetic patients who took the herb with astragalus root and lonicera
flower, blood glucose values were significantly decreased only two hours
after the test meal. The three herbs were well-tolerated and effective in Type
II diabetes (Vray and Attali, 1995).
 REFERENCES

Chen, E. (1993). Displacement of bikirubin from albumin by berberine. Biology of

the Neonate 63: 201-208.
Dong, K. S., Wang, X. Q., and Dong, Y. F. (1998). Xian Dai Lin Chuang Zhong Yao
Xue [Contemporary Clinical Chinese Materia Medica]. Beijing: Zhong Guo
Zhong Yi Yao Press.
Jiang Su New Medical College (1977). Encyclopedia of Chinese Materia Medica.
Shanghai: Shanghai Science and Technology Press.
Sabbiah, T. V. and Amin, A. H. (1967). Effect of berberine sulfate on Entamoeba
histolytica. Nature 215: 527-528.
Sack, R. B. and Frochlich, J. L. (1982). Berberine inhibits intestinal secretory re-
sponse of Vibrio cholerae and Escherichia coi enterotoxins. Infection and Immu-
nity 35: 471-475.
Smith, F. P. and Stuart, G. A. (1973). Chinese Medicinal Herbs. San Francisco:
Georgetown Press.
Vray, M. and Attali, J. R. (1995). Randomized study of glibenclamide versus tradi-
tional Chinese treatment in Type II diabetic patients. Diabetes and Metabolism
21: 433-439.
Wang, J. H. (Ed.) (1994). Xin Bian Chang Yong Zhong Yao Shou Ce [Manual of
Commonly Used Chinese Medicinal Herbs]. Beijing: Jin Dun Press.
Wang, Y. S. (1983). Pharmacology and Applications of Chinese Materia Medica.
Beijing: People’s Health Publisher.
Zhang, E. (1988). Zhong Yao Xue [The Chinese Materia Medica]. Shanghai: Pub-
lishing House of Shanghai TCM University.
 Phellodendron
This herb is Bark; Cortex
the bark of Phellodendri;
Phellodendron
chinense Schneid.Huang bai
or P. amurense Rupr. of the
family Rutaceae. It is mainly grown in the
Liaoning and Jilin provinces of China. The
bark is stripped off in the spring or summer,
cleaned, dried, sliced, and used unprocessed
or stir baked with saltwater (Jiang Su New
Medical College, 1977). Traditionally, the whit-
ish, bitter bark was regarded as a tonic, diuretic, alterative, aphrodisiac, and
antirheumatic. It was prescribed for jaundice, hemorrhoids, fluxes, men-
strual difficulties, chancre, sexual inadequacy, intestinal worms, nosebleed,
dysuria, and favus (Smith and Stuart, 1973).
Phellodendron bark is an antipyretic herb that treats Heat-Damp-related
syndromes, ailments of the gastrointestinal and urinary tracts, gynecological
infections (such as acute bacillary dysentery), jaundice, and leukorrhea, and
is used externally to treat boils and furuncles (Dong et al., 1998; Jiang Su
New Medical College, 1977).

TCM Properties

Bitter in taste and cold, it acts on the kidney, urinary bladder, and large
intestine meridians.

Effects, Medicinal Uses, and Combinations

1. Removes pathogenic Heat and Dampness in the Lower-Jiao:

• For dysentery, abdominal pain, diarrhea, and purulent and bloody
stools, phellodendron bark is prescribed with coptis root, fraxinus
bark, and pulsatilla root, as in the recipe Bai Tou Weng Tang (Wang,
1994).
• To treat urinary tract infections, and difficult and painful urination,
phellodendron is mixed with akebia stem and plantain seed (Zhang,
1988).
• For the treatment of leukorrhea or smelly, yellow, thick leukor-
rhagia, phellodendron bark can be used with plantain seed, ginkgo
nut, and euryale seed (Zhang, 1988).
 • For hepatitis and jaundice, phellodendron bark is blended with gar-
denia and capillaris (Wang, 1994).
• To treat swollen and painful inflammatory joints of the knees and
feet, phellodendron bark is combined with atractylodes rhizome
and achyranthes root, as in San Miao San (Wang, 1994).
2. Relieves excess fever and inflammation of deficiency type: Phello-
dendron bark combined with anemarrhena, processed rehmannia,
moutan, and alisma, as in Zhi Bai Di Huang Wan, is effective in treat-
ing night sweating, tidal fever, hectic fever, and nocturnal emission
due to severe yin deficiency (Wang, 1994).
3. Relieves suppurative external infections: to treat swelling, boils, sores,
ulcers, eczema, hemorrhoids, burns, scalds, and canker sores, phello-
dendron bark can be used alone either internally or applied externally
as a tea or a decoction (Zhang, 1988).
4. Hemostatic action: phellodendron bark is dispensed with scute root,
white peony, and ailanthus bark (chun gen pi) for metrorrhagia due to
Heat in the Chong-Ren meridians (Wang, 1994).

Dosage

In a decoction of 2 to 10 g.

Precautions

People with Cold, stomach and spleen deficiency, or diarrhea should

avoid this herb.

Side Effects and Toxicity

No adverse side effects and toxicity were reported except one case of
skin allergy after oral administration of the herb decoction. Oral administra-
tion of 14 mg/kg of the alkaloid of the bark and palmatine daily for ten
consecutive days did not significantly change the general physiological
conditions, food intake, body weight, hepatic and renal functions, and elec-
trocardiogram of rabbits (Zhu, 1998).

Modern Research Findings

Chemical Constituents

The bark contains isoquinoline alkaloids. Berberine is the major compo-

nent and there are small amounts of palmatine, magnoflorine, phelloden-
drine, jatrorrhizine, candicine, and menispermine (Zhou, 1993). Other
ingredients are triterene, phytosterol linolate, beta-sitosterol, 7-dehydro-
stigmasterol, and campesterol (Dong et al., 1998).

Pharmacological Findings

Phellodendron is a broad-spectrum antimicrobial herb. It has a strong in-

hibition against several bacteria in vitro. The decoction or extract of the
bark showed various degrees of inhibition against S. aureus, S. albus,
S. citreus, S. hemolyticus, Diplococcus pneumoniae, B. anthracis, B. subtilis,
V. cholerae, S. typhi, S. paratyphi, N. meningitidis, E. coli, P. aeruginosa,
and especially against S. flexneri, S. sonnei, S. shigae, and S. schmitzii (Zhu,
1998). The decoction of the herb was also antifungal against such patho-
genic skin fungi as Trichophyton violaceum, E. floccosum, M. canis, M. an-
douni, and E. inguinale (Wang, 1983). It lowers blood pressure and blood
sugar levels, and is antipyretic, choleretic, and diuretic (Dong et al., 1998).

REFERENCES

Dong, K. S., Wang, X. Q., and Dong, Y. F. (1998). Xian Dai Lin Chuang Zhong Yao
Xue [Contemporary Clinical Chinese Materia Medica]. Beijing: Zhong Guo
Zhong Yi Yao Press.
Jiang Su New Medical College (1977). Encyclopedia of Chinese Materia Medica.
Shanghai: Shanghai Science and Technology Press.
Smith, F. P. and Stuart, G. A. (1973). Chinese Medicinal Herbs. San Francisco:
Georgetown Press.
Wang, J. H. (Ed.) (1994). Xin Bian Chang Yong Zhong Yao Shou Ce [Manual of
Commonly Used Chinese Medicinal Herbs]. Beijing: Jin Dun Press.
Wang, Y. S. (1983). Pharmacology and Applications of Chinese Materia Medica.
Beijing: People’s Health Publisher.
Zhang, E. (1988). Zhong Yao Xue [The Chinese Materia Medica]. Shanghai: Pub-
lishing House of Shanghai TCM University.
Zhou, R. H. (1993). Resource Science of Chinese Materia Medica. Beijing: China
Medical and Pharmaceutical Science Press.
Zhu, Y. (1998). Chinese Materia Medica—Chemistry, Pharmacology and Applica-
tions. Amsterdam: Harwood Academic Publishers.
 ThisIsatis
herb Root;
is the Radix Isatidis
dried root seu indi-
of Isatis
Baphicacanthi;
gotica Fort. of the familyBanCruciferae.
lan gen It is
mainly grown in the Anhui, Fujian, Guangxi,
and Jiangsu provinces of China. Harvested in
autumn, it is cleaned, dried, and cut into sec-
tions (Jiang Su New Medical College, 1977).
Isatis root is effective in clearing pathogenic
Heat, febrile epidemics, typhoid fever, and ep-
idemic dysentery (Smith and Stuart, 1973). It
is an antiphlogestic and detoxifying drug for removing Heat and toxins
from the blood. It relieves sore throats, colds and influenza in the early
stages, infectious hepatitis, parotitis, mumps, and other viral infections.
The antimicrobial effect of isatis root is stronger than that of isatis leaf, and
for antiviral effects, the leaf is better than the root (Dong et al., 1998).

TCM Properties

Bitter in taste and cold, it acts on the heart and stomach meridians.

Effects, Medicinal Uses, and Combinations

1. Removes exogenous pathogenic Heat and detoxifies: to treat the

Wind-Heat-type of common colds and influenza, and virus infections
with symptoms of high fever, isatis root can be used alone or com-
bined with bupleurum, forsythia fruit, lonicera, and peppermint in a
decoction (Wang, 1994).
2. Relieves high fever and throat infections: isatis root is prescribed with
scute root, burdock fruit, scrophularia, forsythia fruit, bupleurum,
platycodon, licorice root, and tangerine peel, among other herbs, as in
Pu Ji Xiao Du Yin, for high fever, headache, epidemic febrile disease,
craniofacial infection characterized by a swollen head and flushed
swollen face, and infections, inflammation, and throat pain (Wang,
1994; Zhang, 1988).
3. Treats hepatitis: for infectious hepatitis, isatis root can be used with
patrinia and capillaris for better results (Wang, 1994).
Dosage

In a decoction of 10 to 15 g.

Precautions

People with Cold, stomach and spleen deficiency, or diarrhea should

take this herb with caution.

Side Effects and Toxicity

No undesirable side effects or toxicity were reported at the therapeutic

dose in classical Chinese materia medica.

Modern Research Findings

Chemical Constituents

The root and leaves contain sinalbin, indirubin, indican, beta-sitosterol,

sinigrin, stachyose, and hydroxy-5-ketogluconate (Ling, 1995). Other ingre-
dients isolated include indigo, isatin, kenetin, adenoside, gamma-sitosterol,
several amino acids, alkaloids, and two sulphur-containing compounds
(epigoitrin and 2-hydroxy-3-butenyl thiocyanate) (Zhu, 1998).

Pharmacological Findings

Isatis root is antimicrobial, antiviral, antiendotoxic, and antipyretic.

1. The injection of the root significantly inhibited the influenza virus

(Wang, 1983).
2. The decoction of aqueous extract of the root inhibited the growth of
S. aureus, D. pneumoniae, alpha-streptococcus, Hemophilus influ-
enzae, E. coli, S. typhi, and S. dysenteriae (Wang, 1983).
3. In the Limulus amebocyte lysate test (LAL), the root’s active ingredi-
ent was shown to be antiendotoxic (Wu et al., 1997).

REFERENCES

Dong, K. S., Wang, X. Q., and Dong, Y. F. (1998). Xian Dai Lin Chuang Zhong Yao
Xue [Contemporary Clinical Chinese Materia Medica]. Beijing: Zhong Guo
Zhong Yi Yao Press.
Jiang Su New Medical College (1977). Encyclopedia of Chinese Materia Medica.
Shanghai: Shanghai Science and Technology Press.
Ling, Y. (1995). A New Compendium of Materia Medica. Beijing: Science Press.
Smith, F. P. and Stuart, G. A. (1973). Chinese Medicinal Herbs. San Francisco:
Georgetown Press.
Wang, J. H. (Ed.) (1994). Xin Bian Chang Yong Zhong Yao Shou Ce [Manual of
Commonly Used Chinese Medicinal Herbs]. Beijing: Jin Dun Press.
Wang, Y. S. (1983). Pharmacology and Applications of Chinese Materia Medica.
Beijing: People’s Health Publisher.
Wu, X. Y., Liu, Y. H., Sheng, W. Y., Sun, J., and Qin, G. W. (1997). Chemical con-
stituents of Isatis indigotica. Planta Medica 63: 55-57.
Zhang, E. (1988). Zhong Yao Xue [The Chinese Materia Medica]. Shanghai: Pub-
lishing House of Shanghai TCM University, p. 130
Zhu, Y. (1998). Chinese Materia Medica—Chemistry, Pharmacology and Applica-
tions. Amsterdam: Harwood Academic Publishers.
 Isatis
This Leaf;
herb isFolium Isatidis;
the dried leaf Da
and qing
stemsyeof
Isatis indigotica Fort. of the family Cruci-
ferae. It is mainly grown in the Anhui, Fujian,
Guangxi, Hebei, and Jiangsu provinces of
China. Collected in the summer, it is cleaned
and used unprocessed either fresh or dried
(Jiang Su New Medical College, 1977).
Isatis leaf, similar to isatis root, is used for epidemic febrile disease. It
clears away pathogenic Heat and toxins from the blood, high fever, restless-
ness, unconsciousness, delirium, maculas, and skin eruptions (Wang, 1994).
Today, it is taken for common colds, influenza, upper-respiratory-system
infections, pneumonia, acute contagious hepatitis, and bacterial dysentery.
Isatis leaf is good for treating a number of viral infections and its effect is
stronger than isatis root (Dong et al., 1998).

TCM Properties

Bitter in taste and very cold, it acts on the heart, lung, and stomach me-
ridians.

Effects, Medicinal Uses, and Combinations

1. Removes noxious Heat and detoxifies: for febrile ailments and to re-
move pathogenic Heat from the blood, isatis leaf is mixed with rhi-
noceros horn, dried rehmannia, scrophularia root, and gardenia, as in
Xi Jiao Da Qing Tang. For the early stages of Wind-Heat-type colds, it
is blended with lonicera, arctium, and other herbs (Zhang, 1988).
2. Relieves throat infections: the juice of the fresh herb can be used as a
tea or as a mouthwash to treat canker sores, sore throat, and erysipe-
las. It is often combined with honeysuckle flower and scrophularia
root (Zhu, 1998).

Dosage

In a decoction of 10 to 15 g or prepared as a tea.

Precautions

People with Cold, stomach and spleen deficiency, or diarrhea should use
this herb with caution.

Side Effects and Toxicity

No undesirable side effects or toxicity were reported at the therapeutic

dose in classical Chinese materia medica.

Modern Research Findings

Chemical Constituents

Isatis leaf contains two main ingredients: indirubin and indigo. Pig-
ments, qingdainone, tryptanthrin, isatin, and n–nunacosan have also been
isolated (Zhu, 1998).

Pharmacological Findings

Isatis leaf is antimicrobial, antiviral, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic,

and increases the activity of phogocytosis of white blood cells. A decoction
of the leaves inhibited the growth of S. aureus, alpha-streptococcus,
N. meningitidis, N. catarrhalis, S. pneumoniae, S. typhi, E. coli, H. influ-
enza, C. diphtheria, and S. dysenteriae. The herb was also inhibitory
against encephalitis B virus, mumps virus, and influenza virus. It is lethal to
leptospirae (Wang, 1983).

REFERENCES

Dong, K. S., Wang, X. Q., and Dong, Y. F. (1998). Xian Dai Lin Chuang Zhong Yao
Xue [Contemporary Clinical Chinese Materia Medica]. Beijing: Zhong Guo
Zhong Yi Yao Press.
Jiang Su New Medical College (1977). Encyclopedia of Chinese Materia Medica.
Shanghai: Shanghai Science and Technology Press.
Wang, J. H. (Ed.) (1994). Xin Bian Chang Yong Zhong Yao Shou Ce [Manual of
Commonly Used Chinese Medicinal Herbs]. Beijing: Jin Dun Press.
Wang, Y. S. (1983). Pharmacology and Applications of Chinese Materia Medica.
Beijing: People’s Health Publisher.
Zhang, E. (1988). Zhong Yao Xue [The Chinese Materia Medica]. Shanghai: Pub-
lishing House of Shanghai TCM University.
Zhu, Y. (1998). Chinese Materia Medica—Chemistry, Pharmacology and Applica-
tions. Amsterdam: Harwood Academic Publishers.
Dandelion;
This herb Herba Taraxaci;
is the entire Pu gong
dried plant ying
of Tarax-
acum mongolicum Hand-Mazz., T. sinicum
Kitag., or T. heterolepis Nakai et Koidz of the
family Compositae. It is found in all parts of
China, harvested in summer, cleaned, dried,
cut into sections, and used unprocessed (Jiang
Su New Medical College, 1977).
The tender shoots were eaten as a pot herb
and tonic and alterative properties were ascribed for all sorts of abscesses
and swelling, carious teeth, and snakebites (Smith and Stuart, 1973). Dan-
delion is now used to dissipate pathogenic Heat, detoxify, subdue carbun-
cles, and dissolve lumps. It helps relieve urination disturbances. Today,
dandelion is used to relieve cancer pain, along with other cancer-treatment
herbs (Dong et al., 1998).

TCM Properties

Bitter in taste and cold, it acts on the liver and stomach meridians.

Effects, Medicinal Uses, and Combinations

1. Treats sores, carbuncles, furuncles, relieves pathogenic Heat, and de-

toxifies. External boils, furuncles, and other pyogenic infections are
treated with dandelion, either alone or with lonicera and wild chry-
santhemum in a decoction. Fresh dandelion is used with vaccaria seed
to make a concentrated herbal extract or to make a tincture with wine
to treat acute mastitis (Wang, 1994).
2. Eliminates internal Damp-Heat: dandelion is prescribed with bu-
pleurum, capillaris, turmeric, and gardenia for hepatitis and pain in
the epigastric region (Wang, 1994).
3. Relieves urinary difficulties: for the treatment of urinary tract infec-
tions, and painful, difficult urination, dandelion can be used with
lysimachia, imperata, capillaris, scute root, phellodendron bark, cop-
tis root, and gardenia (Wang, 1994).
Dosage

In a decoction of 10 to 30 g.

Precautions

People with yin syndromes should avoid this herb.

Side Effects and Toxicity

No adverse side effects and toxicity were reported at the therapeutic

doses except for occasional gastrointestinal discomfort, nausea, vomiting,
and mild diarrhea (Wang, 1983; Zhu, 1998).

Modern Research Findings

Chemical Constituents

The plant contains inulin, taraxasterol, taraxacerin, taraxicin, choline,

and pectin (Zhu, 1998).

Pharmacological Findings

Dandelion is antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic. Dande-

lion has been shown to be a mild laxative, stomachic, diuretic, and cho-
leretic. It also increases the secretion of milk from mammary glands (Dong
et al, 1998). The decoction of the herb significantly increased the human pe-
ripheral lymphoblast transformation rate in vitro, indicating that the herb is
immunologically stimulating (Wang, 1983).

REFERENCES

Dong, K. S., Wang, X. Q., and Dong, Y. F. (1998). Xian Dai Lin Chuang Zhong Yao
Xue [Contemporary Clinical Chinese Materia Medica]. Beijing: Zhong Guo
Zhong Yi Yao Press.
Jiang Su New Medical College (1977). Encyclopedia of Chinese Materia Medica.
Shanghai: Shanghai Science and Technology Press.
Smith, F. P. and Stuart, G. A. (1973). Chinese Medicinal Herbs. San Francisco:
Georgetown Press.
Wang, J. H. (Ed.) (1994). Xin Bian Chang Yong Zhong Yao Shou Ce [Manual of
Commonly Used Chinese Medicinal Herbs]. Beijing: Jin Dun Press.
Wang, Y. S. (1983). Pharmacology and Applications of Chinese Materia Medica.
Beijing: People’s Health Publisher.
Zhu, Y. (1998). Chinese Materia Medica—Chemistry, Pharmacology and Applica-
tions. Amsterdam: Harwood Academic Publishers.
 Pulsatilla
This herb Root; Radix
is the driedPulsatillae; Bai tou
root and flower of
Pulsatilla chinensis weng
(Bge.) Regel. of the fam-
ily Ranunculaceae. It is grown mainly in the
Liaoning province and Inner Mongolia of
China. Collected in the spring, it is dried and
used unprocessed (Jiang Su New Medical College, 1977).
Traditionally, this herb was a popular medicine. It was prescribed for fe-
vers, insanity, ague, obstruction of the bowels, swelling of the neck from an-
ger, poor circulation of the blood, abdominal pain, dysentery, toothache, all
sorts of rheumatic pain, scrofulous glands, all forms of miasmatic poison-
ing, hemorrhoids, and favus (fungal skin) (Smith and Stuart, 1973). Pul-
satilla root clears away pathogenic Heat, subdues pyogenic infections, and
detoxifies. It is used to treat diarrhea and dysentery (Dong et al., 1998).

TCM Properties

Bitter in taste and cold, it acts on the large intestine meridian.

Effects, Medicinal Uses, and Combinations

1. Removes pathogenic Heat and relieves dysentery: for bacterial and

amoebic dysentery, pulsatilla root is combined with coptis, phel-
lodendron bark, and fraxinus bark, as in Bai Tou Weng Tang (Zhang,
1988).
2. Detoxifies: to treat Trichomonas vaginalis, a fairly common condition
in women characterized by symptoms of persistent burning and itch-
ing of the vulvae tissue associated with a profuse frothy discharge,
pulsatilla root is made into a decoction with sophora root, which is ap-
plied externally on the affected areas. Pulsatilla root is also effective
in treating lymphnoditis (Wang, 1994). The decoction and ethanol ex-
tract of the root is antibacterial in vitro against S. aureus, P. aerugin-
osa, S. dysenteriae, and B. subutilis (Zhu, 1998).

Dosage

In a decoction of 6 to 15 g.
Side Effects and Toxicity

No undesirable side effects or toxicity were reported of the herb at thera-

peutic dose in classical Chinese materia medica.

Modern Research Findings

Chemical Constituents

Pulsatilla root contains saponin, protoanemonin, and glycoside ran-

unculin, anemonin, okinalin, okenalein, stigmasterol, hederagenin, and
oleanolic acid (Ling, 1995; Zhu, 1998).

Pharmacological Findings

Pulsatilla root is antimicrobial and antiamebic. It inhibits vaginal tricho-

monas in vitro (Dong et al., 1998).

REFERENCES

Dong, K. S., Wang, X. Q., and Dong, Y. F. (1998). Xian Dai Lin Chuang Zhong Yao
Xue [Contemporary Clinical Chinese Materia Medica]. Beijing: Zhong Guo
Zhong Yi Yao Press.
Jiang Su New Medical College (1977). Encyclopedia of Chinese Materia Medica.
Shanghai: Shanghai Science and Technology Press.
Ling, Y. (1995). A New Compendium of Materia Medica. Beijing: Science Press.
Smith, F. P. and Stuart, G. A. (1973). Chinese Medicinal Herbs. San Francisco:
Georgetown Press.
Wang, J. H. (Ed.) (1994). Xin Bian Chang Yong Zhong Yao Shou Ce [Manual of
Commonly Used Chinese Medicinal Herbs]. Beijing: Jin Dun Press.
Zhang, E. (1988). Zhong Yao Xue [The Chinese Materia Medica]. Shanghai: Pub-
lishing House of Shanghai TCM University.
Zhu, Y. (1998). Chinese Materia Medica—Chemistry, Pharmacology and Applica-
tions. Amsterdam: Harwood Academic Publishers.
 Patrinia Herb;
This herb is Herba Patriniae;
the entire plant ofBai jiang
Patrinia
scabiosaefolia Fisch.caoor P. villosa Juss. of the
family Valevianaceae. It is mainly grown in
the Fujian, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, and Sichuan
provinces of China. Collected in the summer,
it is cleaned, dried, cut into sections, and used
unprocessed (Jiang Su New Medical College,
1977).
The root was used as a poison antidote,
resolvent, amodyne, and astringent in abscesses, for postpartum pain and
other puerperal difficulties, and parasitic skin diseases (Smith and Stuart,
1973). Patrinia herb is antimicrobial, antipyretic, and a detoxificant used to
dissipate inflammations, eliminate pus, and treat carbuncles, chronic ap-
pendicitis, enteritis, and colitis (Dong et al., 1998).

TCM Properties

Pungent and bitter in taste, and cold, it acts on the large intestine, stom-
ach, and liver meridians.

Effects, Medicinal Uses, and Combinations

1. Removes inflammation and detoxifies: for intestinal abscess, patrinia

is prescribed with rhubarb, lonicera, and moutan bark. For lung ab-
scesses, it is used with dandelion, houttuynia, and platycodon. It is
blended with red peony, moutan bark, and coix seed for chronic ap-
pendicitis, or with dandelion and lonicera for detoxification of exter-
nal carbuncles and boils (Wang, 1994).
2. Invigorates blood circulation and relieves pain: to treat abdominal
pain, swelling, and mass formation in the abdomen due to blood sta-
sis, patrinia is mixed with cnidium, Chinese angelica, cyperus tuber,
and corydalis (Wang, 1994).
3. Treats bacterial dysentery and enteritis: patrinia herb is combined
with pulsatilla root (30 g each) in a decoction (Dong et al., 1998).
Dosage

In a decoction of 9 to 15 g.

Precautions

People with Cold, deficiency, abdominal pain, and pregnant women

should avoid this herb.

Side Effects and Toxicity

At the therapeutic dose, the herb is safe. No adverse reactions appeared

in mice that received an oral dose of 24 g/kg of the extract of the herb. Oral
administration of 30 g/kg of the ethanol extract caused mild respiratory de-
pression and diarrhea in mice (Zhu, 1998).

Modern Research Findings

Chemical Constituents

The root and rhizome of P. villosa contains patrinoside, scabioside,

villoside, loganin, morroniside, and essential oil (Dong et al., 1998; Zhu,
2001). The root of P. scabiosaefolia contains volatile oil; the main ingredi-
ents of the oil are patrinene and isopatrinene (Zhu, 1998).

Pharmacological Findings

Patrinia herb is antimicrobial and choleretic. The aqueous extract of the

herb showed a weak inhibition in vitro on S. aureus, S. albus, and Coryne-
bacterium paradiphtheriae. It was inactive against S. hemolyticus, Corynebac-
terium diphthereriae, Diplococcus pneumoniae, B. anthracis, and Clos-
tridium tetani (Zhu, 1998).
It promotes the regeneration of liver cells, prevents degeneration of the
liver cells, and invigorates blood circulation. The alcoholic extract of
patrinia herb has been shown to be markedly sedative and analgesic in mice
(Dong et al., 1998).
 REFERENCES

Dong, K. S., Wang, X. Q., and Dong, Y. F. (1998). Xian Dai Lin Chuang Zhong Yao
Xue [Contemporary Clinical Chinese Materia Medica]. Beijing: Zhong Guo
Zhong Yi Yao Press.
Jiang Su New Medical College (1977). Encyclopedia of Chinese Materia Medica.
Shanghai: Shanghai Science and Technology Press.
Smith, F. P. and Stuart, G. A. (1973). Chinese Medicinal Herbs. San Francisco:
Georgetown Press.
Wang, J. H. (Ed.) (1994). Xin Bian Chang Yong Zhong Yao Shou Ce [Manual of
Commonly Used Chinese Medicinal Herbs]. Beijing: Jin Dun Press.
Zhu, Y. (1998). Chinese Materia Medica—Chemistry, Pharmacology and Applica-
tions. Amsterdam: Harwood Academic Publishers.
 Scrophularia Root; Radix
This phytomedicine Scrophulariae;
is the root of Scro-
XuanHemsl.
phularia ningpoensis shen or S. buergeri-
ana Mig. of the family Scrophulariaceae. This
herb is grown chiefly in the Zhejiang and
Sichuan provinces of China, harvested in the
winter when the aboveground part of the plant
has withered. The roots are piled and dried in
the sun until the inside becomes black, and
then sliced for medicinal use (Jiang Su New
Medical College, 1977).
According to classical Chinese materia medica, scrophularia root is one
of the five shens and this particular root acts on the kidneys. It was regarded
as cooling, diuretic, tonic, and restorative, and used for fevers, malaria, ty-
phoid, galactorrhae, and leukorrhea (Smith and Stuart, 1973).
As with dried rehmannia or moutan bark, this herb removes Heat from
the blood and nourishes the yin. It treats affliction by exopathogenic Wind-
Heat, as well as epidemic febrile ailments with Heat, and invasion of the
ying-blood system. Today, this herb is used for respiratory diseases, thy-
roiditis, thyroid enlargement, hyperthyroidism, epistaxis, hematemesis, and
other blood ailments due to Heat in the blood (Dong et al., 1998).

TCM Properties

Bitter, salty, and slightly sweet in taste, and cold, it acts on the lung,
stomach, and kidney meridians.

Effects, Medicinal Uses, and Combinations

1. Removes Heat and toxins, and nourishes yin:

• For a swollen and sore throat due to affliction by exopathogenic
Wind-Heat, scrophularia root is combined with arctium fruit and
peppermint in a decoction (Zhang, 1988).
• It is mixed with ophiopogon root, platycodon root, and licorice for
a swollen and sore throat, and endogenous Heat (Wang, 1994).
• To treat flu and epidemic febrile disease with Heat invasion to the
ying-blood system marked by fever, thirst, restlessness, uncon-
 sciousness, and delirium, scrophularia root is blended with dried
rehmannia root, rhinoceros horn, lonicera flower, coptis, and for-
sythia fruit, as in Qing Ying Tang (Dong et al., 1998).
2. Nourishes the kidney and lung yin: for chronic bronchitis, sore throat,
coughs, dyspnea, afternoon fever, and dry mouth, scrophularia is pre-
scribed with dried rehmannia, white peony, ophiopogon root, Chinese
angelica, platycodon, fritillaria, and lily, as in Bai He Gu Jin Tang
(Dong et al., 1998).
3. Removes Heat in the blood: to treat hyperthyroidism, thyroiditis, and
thyroid enlargement, powdered scrophularia root is dispensed with
powdered processed oyster shell and Fritellaria thunbergii in a honey
pill. Take 9 g twice per day (Dong et al., 1998).

Dosage

In a decoction of 9 to 30 g.

Precautions

People with Cold, deficient syndrome in the stomach and spleen, diar-
rhea, or poor appetite should not use this herb.

Side Effects and Toxicity

No undesirable side effects or toxicity were reported at the therapeutic

dose in classical Chinese materia medica.

Modern Research Findings

Chemical Constituents

The root contains iridoid glycosides, including harpagosides, aucubin,

6-methylcatapol, ningpogosides A and B, ningpogenin, scopoliside, and
harpagid. Essential oil, alkaloids, and L-asparamide were also found (Yin,
1995).

Pharmacological Findings

1. The aqueous or ethanolic extract and the decoction of the root low-
ered blood pressure in anesthetized dogs, cats, and rabbits. Oral ad-
 ministration of 2 g/kg of the decoction twice a day produced a more
marked hypotension in dogs with renal hypertension than in healthy
dogs (Wang, 1983).
2. Subcutaneous or intraperitoneal administration of 2.5 to 6 g/kg of the
aqueous extract of the root inhibited the spontaneous activity of mice
and prolonged cyclobarbital-induced sleep (Wang, 1983).
3. Subcutaneous administration of 5 g/kg of the root’s extract caused a
slight decrease in blood glucose. Antipyretic and antifungal activities
of the extract were also reported (Wang, 1983).

REFERENCES

Dong, K. S., Wang, X. Q, and Dong, Y. F. (1998). Xian Dai Lin Chuang Zhong Yao
Xue [Contemporary Clinical Chinese Materia Medica]. Beijing: Zhong Guo
Zhong Yi Yao Press.
Jiang Su New Medical College (1977). Encyclopedia of Chinese Materia Medica.
Shanghai: Shanghai Science and Technology Press.
Smith, F. P. and Stuart, G. A. (1973). Chinese Medicinal Herbs. San Francisco:
Georgetown Press.
Wang, J. H. (Ed.) (1994). Xin Bian Chang Yong Zhong Yao Shou Ce [Manual of
Commonly Used Chinese Medicinal Herbs]. Beijing: Jin Dun Press.
Wang, Y. S. (1983). Pharmacology and Applications of Chinese Materia Medica.
Beijing: People’s Health Publisher.
Yin, J. (1995). Modern Research and Clinical Applications of Chinese Materia
Medica (Volume 2). Beijing: Chinese Medical Classics Press.
Zhang, E. (1988). Zhong Yao Xue [The Chinese Materia Medica]. Shanghai: Pub-
lishing House of Shanghai TCM University.
 Parisherb
This Rhizome; Rhizome
is the dried Paridis;
rhizome of Paris
polyphylla Smith,Chong lou
var. chinensis (Franch.)
Hara, or P. yunnanensis (Franch.) Hand of
the family Liliaceae. It is grown mainly in
the provinces of Guangxi and Sichuan
provinces of China.
The paris rhizome is an anti-inflamma-
tory herb (Dong et al., 1998). It was used
for acute pyrogenic inflammations, nervous afflictions, epilepsy, chorea,
mania, puerperal convulsion during childbirth, eclampsia, and ague (Smith
and Stuart, 1973). Today, paris rhizome is used as an anticonvulsive to treat
febrile conditions of children. Paris rhizome is also used for tumors and as a
detoxicant (Dong et al., 1998) and is combined with prunella spike and
other anticancer herbs to treat lung cancer (Wang, 1994).

TCM Properties

Bitter in taste and cool and slightly toxic, it acts on the liver meridian.

Effects, Medicinal Uses, and Combinations

1. Relieves inflammation and detoxifies: this herb is useful against ex-

ternal suppurative infections. It can be applied to the affected areas in
powdered form or mixed with vinegar to make a paste. It can be taken
internally with dandelion, lonicera, wild chrysanthemum flower, coptis,
red peony, and trichosanthes root in a decoction to treat abscesses and
boils (Wang, 1994).
2. Detoxifies poisonous snakebite: paris rhizome is used with rhubarb,
viola, and wild chrysanthemum flower in a decoction to neutralize
snake toxin in the blood. It can be combined with pubescent angelica,
musk, and Dysosma pleiantha (ba jiao lian) in a decoction to combat
snake nerve poison (Wang, 1994). For any ailment resulting from in-
fections, paris rhizome is more effective and potent than dandelion,
viola, or lonicera (Wang, 1994).
Dosage

In a decoction of 3 to 9 g.

Precautions

This herb is potent with a slight toxicity.

Side Effects and Toxicity

At low doses, this herb is safe. However, it causes nausea, vomiting,

headaches, and even convulsions at large doses or in overdose.

Modern Research Findings

Chemical Constituents

Paris rhizome contains dioscin, pariden, and parityhnin (Ling, 1995).

Pharmacological Findings

Paris rhizome is antimicrobial, antitussive, sedative and anodyne, it has

antitumor properties, and neutralizes snake toxins (Wang, 1994).

REFERENCES

Dong, K. S., Wang, X. Q., and Dong, Y. F. (1998). Xian Dai Lin Chuang Zhong Yao
Xue [Contemporary Clinical Chinese Materia Medica]. Beijing: Zhong Guo
Zhong Yi Yao Press.
Ling, Y. (1995). A New Compendium of Materia Medica. Beijing: Science Press.
Smith, F. P. and Stuart, G. A. (1973). Chinese Medicinal Herbs. San Francisco:
Georgetown Press.
Wang, J. H. (Ed.) (1994). Xin Bian Chang Yong Zhong Yao Shou Ce [Manual of
Commonly Used Chinese Medicinal Herbs]. Beijing: Jin Dun Press.
 Chapter 15

Natural Antitumor
Natural Herbs:
Antitumor Herbs
Complementary Therapy
to Aid the Fight for Survival

The medicinal herbs covered in this chapter help treat malignant tumors.
Most of these herbs are bitter and cool, cold and potent, or slightly toxic.
Because these herbs are potent, they are capable of subduing cancer pain
and shrinking or dissipating cancer cells, extending a better chance of sur-
vival time, and speeding recovery.
In the past twenty-five years, after extensive laboratory and clinical tests,
certain medicinal herbs been effective in inhibiting tumor growth and per-
mitted (by Chinese medical authorities) to be used to treat cancer patients.
In traditional Chinese medicine, the clinical anticancer therapies are based
on principles such as clearing away Heat and toxic materials, activating blood
to remove stasis, softening and resolving hard lumps, invigorating Qi, and
balancing the loss of the yin and yang of the body (Dong et al., 1998).
In accordance with these principles, TCM Longhua Hospital in Shang-
hai treated 300 cases of primary cancer simply with medicinal herbs. The
total effective rate was 51 percent, with the longest survival period being
eleven years. Judged by pathological classification and observation at dif-
ferent stages, squamous cancer had the highest effective rate—55.85 per-
cent. In addition, the hospital selected sixty patients with advanced squa-
mous cancer and randomly divided them into two groups of thirty patients.
One group was treated with traditional Chinese medicinal herbs and the
other group was treated with chemotherapy. The survival period of the
herbal group was 465 days while that of the chemotherapeutic group was
204 days. The survival rates after twelve and twenty-four months were 66.7
percent and 13.3 percent for the herbal group, and 33.3 percent and 3.3 per-
cent for the chemotherapeutic group, respectively (Chang, 1992).
In practice, these herbs are prescribed with other antipyretic and detox-
icant herbs, such as Qi and blood-activating herbs, yin-yang balancing
herbs, Qi and blood tonic herbs, or mass- and tumor-dissipating herbs in
complex recipes for a synergistic effect and for building up resistance
(Dong et al., 1998).
 Table 15.1 lists herbs used currently to treat different cancer cases in Chi-
nese hospitals or for reducing cancer pain.
Table 15.2 lists the common and individual actions of antitumor herbs.
Accepted antitumor herbs in China include oldenlandia (bai hua she she
cao), lobelia (ban bian lian), scute barbata (ban zhi lian), rabdosia (dong
ling cao), akebia quinata fruit (ba yue zha), black nightshade (long kui),
houttuynia (yu xing cao), subprostrate sophora (shan dou gen), zedoaria
(e zhu), semiaquilegia root (tian kui zi), duchesnea (she mei), sarcandra (jiu
jie cha), solanum (bai ying), mylabris (ban mao), coix seed (yi yi ren), cle-
matis root (wei ling xian), arisaema (tian nan xing), cirsium (da ji), strychni
seed (ma qian zi), prunella spike (xia ku cao), and crotalaria herb (nong ji
li).
On the following pages, twelve antitumor herbs are introduced and are
further discussed.
TABLE 15.1. Antitumor Herbs for Cancer and Relieving Cancer Pain

Etiology Herbal Remedies

Skin cancer Zedoaria, crotalaria herb, strychni seed
Breast cancer Prunella spike, semiaquilegia, asparagus tuber, akebia
quinata fruit, rabdosia, strychni seed, mylabris, black night-
shade
Lung cancer Subprostrate sophora, stephania, rhubarb, polyporus,
semiaquilegia, houttuynia, zedoaria, black nightshade, cro-
talaria, scute barbata, mylabris, strychni seed
Tracheal cancer Clematis, polyporus, alisma, oldenlandia, black nightshade,
sarcandra, crotalaria herb, mylabris, robdosia
Stomach cancer Coix seed, alisma, sarcandra, duchesnea, oldenlandia, cro-
talaria herb, strychni seed, scute barbata
Liver cancer Cirsium, zedoaria, crotalaria herb, black nightshade,
solanum, semiaquilegia, scute barbata, rabdosiae, strychni
seed, robdosia
Colon cancer Crotalaria herb, oldenlandia, sarcandra, lobelia
Cervical and Pinella, arisaema, coix seed, zedoaria, crotalaria herb,
vaginal cancer black nightshade, scute barbata, solanum, subprostrate
sophora
Bladder cancer Subprostrate sophora, black nightshade, solanum,
semiaquilegia root
Prostate gland Oldenlandia, duchesnea, sarcandra
cancer
Pancreatic cancer Sarcandra
Thyroid cancer Prunella spike, oldenlandia, robdosia
Lymphatic gland Catharanthus, prunella spike, semiaquilegia root
cancer
Cancer pain Scrophularia root, cynanchium, salvia root, borneol
 TABLE 15.2. The Actions of Antitumor Herbs

Name Dosage
of Herb (grams) Individual Actions Common Actions
Oldenlandia 15-60 Treats colon, stomach, Clears internal
(bai hua she esophageal, prostate noxious Heat,
she cao) gland, and tracheal detoxicating,
cancers antimicrobial effect,
antitumor effect
Lobelia 15-30 Treats cancer of the
(ban bian lian) digestive tract
Scute barbata 15-30 Treats lung, liver, stomach,
(ban zhi lian) esophageal, colon, and
cervical cancers
Rabdosia 30-60 Treats cancer of the
(dong ling cao) digestive tract, breast,
thyroid, and the liver, and
relieves rheumatic pain
Black nightshade 9-15 Treats esophageal, lung,
(long kui) bladder, intestinal, liver,
breast, and cervical can-
cers
Houttuynia 10-15 Treats lung cancer,
(yu xing cao) relieves urinary tract
infections and diuresis
Subprostrate 3-6 Treats throat, lung, nose,
sophora root and cervical cancers
(shan dou gen)
Semiaquilegia root 3-10 Treats liver, breast, lym-
(tian kui) phatic, and bladder can-
cers
Duchesnea 15-30 Treats stomach, nostril,
(she mei) and cervical cancers;
eliminates Damp-Heat
toxins and treats bleeding
Zedoaria 3-9 Treats liver, cervical, Blood-regulating,
(e zhu) uterus, and skin cancers dissipates stagna-
tion
Sarcandra 30-60 Treats prostate gland, Antirheumatic,
(jiu jie cha) colon, stomach, pancreas, antimicrobial,
and esophageal Qi-regulating
cancers
Akebia quinata fruit 9-15 Treats breast and
(ba yue zha) digestive tract cancers,
liver and spleen
enlargement, invigorates
flow of Qi and blood
 REFERENCES

Chang, M. Y. (1992). Anticancer Medicinal Herbs. Changsha, Hunan: Hunan Sci-

ence and Technology Press.
Dong, K. S., Wang, X. Q., and Dong, Y. F. (1998). Xian Dai Lin Chuang Zhong Yao
Xue [Contemporary Clinical Chinese Materia Medica]. Beijing: Zhong Guo
Zhong Yi Yao Press.
 Oldenlandia; Herba
This herb is the wholeOldenlandia diffusa;
plant of Oldenlandia
Bai Roxb.
diffusa (Willd.) hua she or she cao
O. corymbosa L. of
the family Rubiaceae. It is grown mainly in
the provinces of Fujian, Guangdong, and
Guangxi of China, collected in the summer or
autumn, cleaned, cut into pieces, dried, and
used unprocessed (Jiang Su New Medical
College, 1977). Oldenlandia is a febrifugal
and detoxicant herb, as well as antitumor
agent. It is used to relieve Damp-Heat, pyogenic infections, difficult urina-
tion, and to dispel toxins (Dong et al., 1998).

TCM Properties

Bitter in taste and cold, it acts on the heart, liver, and spleen meridians.

Effects, Medicinal Uses, and Combinations

1. Antitumorous: for colon, stomach, or esophageal cancers, olden-

landia is prescribed with sophora root in a decoction (Dong et al.,
1998).
2. Eliminates Heat toxins and detoxifies: oldenlandia is combined with
lonicera and scute root, scrophularia root, and belamcanda (she gan)
to treat coughs, sore throat, and tonsilitis (Wang, 1994).
3. Clears Heat and eliminates Dampness:
• For treating carbuncles and boils, it is used with lonicera, forsythia,
and viola in a decoction and/or put on affected areas of the skin
(Wang, 1994).
• For intestinal abscesses, it is blended with wild chrysanthemum,
viola, and patrinia (Wang, 1994).
• To treat jaundice, it is prescribed with lysimachia, gardenia, and
capillaris to eliminate Dampness and Heat (Wang, 1994).
• For urinary tract infections, edema, and strangury, it is mixed with
plantain seed, gardenia, alisma, akebia quinata fruit (ba yue zha),
and talc in a decoction (Dong et al., 1998).
Dosage

In a decoction of 15 to 60 g or as needed for external use.

Precautions

People with Cold, stomach and spleen deficiency, and pregnant women
should avoid this herb or use with caution.

Side Effects and Toxicity

According to some traditional Chinese Materia Medica, this herb is non-

toxic at suggested doses. Toxicity studies showed that the LD50 of the ex-
tract of the herb by intraperitoneal administration in mice was 104 g/kg
(Wang, 1983).

Modern Research Findings

Chemical Constituents

Oldenlandia contains iridoid glycoside and oldenlandosides A and B.

It also contains stigmasterol, oleanolic acid, beta-sitosterol, sitosterol-D-
glucoside, p-coumaric acid, flavonoic glycoside, and 5-glycoside (Jiang Su
New Medical College, 1977; Zhu, 1998).

Pharmacological Findings

1. Oldenlandia is an antitumor, antimicrobial, and anti-inflammatory

agent. It is also analgesic, sedative, and hypnotic.
2. Oral administration of the herb’s extract increased phagocytic capac-
ity of the peritoneal leukocytes against S. albus. The decoction given
orally to rabbits resulted in a threefold increase of phagocytic activity
of leukocytes. The herb also increased the phagocytosis of S. aureus
by human leukocytes in vitro. These results indicated that this herb
enhances nonspecific immunological activity (Wang, 1983).
 REFERENCES

Dong, K. S., Wang, X. Q., and Dong, Y. F. (1998). Xian Dai Lin Chuang Zhong Yao
Xue [Contemporary Clinical Chinese Materia Medica]. Beijing: Zhong Guo
Zhong Yi Yao Press.
Jiang Su New Medical College (1977). Encyclopedia of Chinese Materia Medica.
Shanghai: Shanghai Science and Technology Press.
Wang, J. H. (Ed.) (1994). Xin Bian Chang Yong Zhong Yao Shou Ce [Manual of
Commonly Used Chinese Medicinal Herbs]. Beijing: Jin Dun Press.
Wang, Y. S. (1983). Pharmacology and Applications of Chinese Materia Medica.
Beijing: People’s Health Publisher.
Zhu, Y. (1998). Chinese Materia Medica—Chemistry, Pharmacology and Applica-
tions. Amsterdam: Harwood Academic Publishers.
 Lobelia; Herba
This herb is theLobeliae; Ban bian
whole plant lian
of Lobelia
chinensis Lour. of the family Campanulaceae.
It is mainly distributed throughout the Anhui,
Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Hubei, Hunan,
Jiangxi, Jiangsu, Sichuan, and Tiawan prov-
inces of China. Collected in summer, it is
cleaned, dried, and cut into sections (Jiang Su
New Medical College, 1977).
Traditionally, this herb was used on snake
and insect bites, and to treat fever, asthma, and ague (Smith and Stuart,
1973). Today, lobelia is commonly used as anti-inflammatory, Damp-Heat
eliminating diuretic, as well as an antitumor agent (Dong et al., 1998).

TCM Properties

Acrid and sweet in taste, and slightly cool and neutral, it acts on the
heart, lung, and small intestine meridians.

Effects, Medicinal Uses, and Combinations

1. Exerts an antitumor effect: for stomach cancer, esophageal cancer,

cervical cancer, colon cancer, and other cancers of the digestive tract,
lobelia is combined with scute root, barbata, skull cap, and olden-
landia in a decoction (Wang, 1994).
2. Eliminates pathogenic Heat and detoxifies: lobelia in a decoction is
able to remove toxic Heat, and detoxify and neutralize toxins of poi-
sonous snakebites (Wang, 1994).
3. Removes pathogenic Heat and Dampness: to treat a swollen abdo-
men, it is mixed with verbena, bitter orange, plantain seed, and poly-
porus. Lobelia is used with phellodendron, bitter orange, and capil-
laris to treat jaundice. A concentrated decoction of lobelia can be
applied on the external affected areas for tinea (ringworm), on the
feet, and to treat eczema (Wang, 1994).

Dosage

In a decoction of 15 to 30 g. The fresh herb can be used externally for

snake and insect bites.
Precautions

People with deficiency-type edema should avoid this herb.

Side Effects and Toxicity

The classical Chinese materia medica recorded this herb as nontoxic.

However, certain people may experience salivation, nausea, vomiting, head-
ache, diarrhea, hypertension, tachycardia caused by overdose, and even
convulsions, paralysis of the respiratory system, and death (Jiang Su New
Medical College, 1977).

Modern Research Findings

Chemical Constituents

Lobelia contains lobeline, lobelanine, lobelanidine, isolobelanine, lobe-

linin, and polyfructosan.

Pharmacological Findings

Lobelia is a marked diuretic, antimicrobial, hypotensive, and antipyretic,

as well as an antifungal and antitumor agent. It lowers blood pressure and
increases production of bile (Dong et al., 1998).

REFERENCES

Dong, K. S., Wang, X. Q., and Dong, Y. F. (1998). Xian Dai Lin Chuang Zhong Yao
Xue [Contemporary Clinical Chinese Materia Medica]. Beijing: Zhong Guo
Zhong Yi Yao Press.
Jiang Su New Medical College (1977). Encyclopedia of Chinese Materia Medica.
Shanghai: Shanghai Science and Technology Press.
Smith, F. P. and Stuart, G. A. (1973). Chinese Medicinal Herbs, San Francisco:
Georgetown Press.
Wang, J. H. (Ed.) (1994). Xin Bian Chang Yong Zhong Yao Shou Ce [Manual of
Commonly Used Chinese Medicinal Herbs]. Beijing: Jin Dun Press.
 Scute
This herbBarbata; Herba
is the whole Scutellariae
plant of Scutellaria
barbata D.Barbatae;
Don of theBan zhi lian
family Labiatae. It is
grown in the Fujian, Guangdong, Guanxi,
Jiangsu, Sichuan, and Zhejiang provinces of
southern China. Harvested in June, it is cleaned,
cut into sections, and dried or the fresh herb is
used (Jiang Su New Medical College, 1977).
Scute barbata is an antipyretic, detoxicant, di-
uretic and Heat-Damp eliminator agent. The
herb has been used to treat chronic hepatitis, snakebites, hepatomegaly, and
cancers (Dong et al., 1998; Wang, 1994).

TCM Properties

Pungent, slightly bitter in taste, and cool, it acts on the lung, liver, and
kidney meridians.

Effects, Medicinal Uses, and Combinations

1. Antitumorous: to treat malignant tumors, including lung, liver, stom-

ach, esophageal, colon, and cervical cancers, a scute barbata decoc-
tion is used. Scute barbata is used with houttuynia and Solanum
lyratum (bai yeng) for the treatment of lung cancer (Dong et al., 1998;
Wang, 1994).
2. Eliminates Heat toxins and detoxifies: for the treatment of boils, car-
buncles, and snakebites, the juice of fresh scute barbata can be applied
on the affected area or the dried plant can be combined with dande-
lion, viola, and lobelia in a decoction to be taken orally (Wang, 1994).
3. Induces diuresis and relieves edema: for acute or chronic nephritis,
scute barbata combined with alisma, poria, and plantain seed can be
useful in relieving abdominal edema (Wang, 1994). Scute barbata is
mixed with forsythia, tokoro, anemarrhena, and phellodendron in a
decoction for chronic nephropyelitis (Dong et al., 1998).

Dosage

In a decoction of 15 to 10 g, or 30 to 45 g if the fresh herb is used.

Precautions

Pregnant women should use scute barbata cautiously or not at all.

Side Effects and Toxicity

At suggested therapeutic doses this herb is safe. No undesirable side ef-

fects or toxicity were reported at the therapeutic dose in classical Chinese
materia medica.

Modern Research Findings

Chemical Constituents

Scute barbata contains flavone compounds, scutelarein, scutelarin, car-

thamidin, isocarthamidin, and wogonin (Zhu, 1998).

Pharmacological Findings

Scute barbata is diuretic and antimicrobial, and has antitumor properties.

The polysaccharide of the herb was shown to stimulate the murine lympho-
cyte transformation induced by Con. A. Intraperitoneal administration of
the polysaccharide of the herb to mice increased the delayed type of hyper-
sensitivity reaction to dinitrochlorobenzene, suggesting that the herb stimu-
lates the immune system (Zhu, 1998).

REFERENCES

Dong, K. S., Wang, X. Q., and Dong, Y. F. (1998). Xian Dai Lin Chuang Zhong Yao
Xue [Contemporary Clinical Chinese Materia Medica]. Beijing: Zhong Guo
Zhong Yi Yao Press.
Jiang Su New Medical College (1977). Encyclopedia of Chinese Materia Medica.
Shanghai: Shanghai Science and Technology Press.
Wang, J. H. (Ed.) (1994). Xin Bian Chang Yong Zhong Yao Shou Ce [Manual of
Commonly Used Chinese Medicinal Herbs]. Beijing: Jin Dun Press.
Zhu, Y. (1998). Chinese Materia Medica—Chemistry, Pharmacology and Applica-
tions. Amsterdam: Harwood Academic Publishers.
 Rabdosia;
This herb Herba Rabdosiae;
is the dried Dongofling
whole plant Rab-
dosia rubescens (Hems) cao Hara of the family
Labiatae. It is grown in the northern provinces
of China. Rabdosia is an antipyretic, a de-
toxicant, a blood-circulation activating agent,
and an anodyne, as well as an antitumor agent.

TCM Properties

Bitter in taste and cool, it acts on the lung meridian.

Effects, Medicinal Uses, and Combinations

1. Antitumorous: rabdosia in a decoction is used in China for malignant

tumors, specifically esophageal, breast, liver, stomach, lung, and thy-
roid cancers. It can be used alone or with other anticancer herbs
(Wang, 1994).
2. Relieves Heat and detoxifies: for common colds, flu, fever, acute lar-
yngitis, pharyngitis, and bronchitis, rabdosia is used alone in a decoc-
tion (Wang, 1994).
3. Invigorates blood circulation and relieves pain: for arthralgia, swollen
joints, and pain, it is used in a decoction (Wang, 1994).

Dosage

In a decoction of 30 to 60 g or as a tincture.

Precautions

The herb is potent. Do not overdose.

Side Effects and Toxicity

As reported in classical Chinese materia medica, the herb may cause

nausea, stomach pain, a feeling of fullness in the stomach, and diarrhea af-
ter administering the herb to cancer patients (Wang, 1994).
Modern Research Findings

Pharmacological Findings

Rabdosia is antimicrobial and antitumor.

REFERENCES

Wang, J. H. (Ed.) (1994). Xin Bian Chang Yong Zhong Yao Shou Ce [Manual of
Commonly Used Chinese Medicinal Herbs]. Beijing: Jin Dun Press.
 Akebia Quinata
This herb is thefruit; Fructus
ripe fruit Akebiae;
of Akebia Ba
quinata
(Thunb.) Decne., A. yue zha (Thunb.) Koidz.,
trifolia
or A. trifoliata (Thunb.) Koidz. var. australis
(Diels) Relid. of the family Lardizabalaceae.
Akebia quinata fruit is also called bai mu
tong. It is mainly grown in the Anhui, Gansu,
Hebei, Henan, Shaanxi, Shandong, Shanxi,
and Zhejiang provinces of China, collected in
the late summer and dried for use (Jiang Su
New Medical College, 1977).
The fruit is three to four inches long, has a white pulp with black kernels,
is edible, and of an agreeable sweet taste. The fruit traditionally was used as
a tonic, stomachic, and diuretic. The dried stem of the herb is bitter and is
used as a stimulant, diaphoretic, laxative, diuretic, stomachic, and vulner-
ary drug; it quickens all of the senses and faculties (Smith and Stuart, 1973).
This species of plant is a Qi-regulating diuretic, and an antitumor agent. It is
used today as a potent diuretic for all sorts of edema, urinary tract infec-
tions, and amenorrhea (Dong et al., 1998).

TCM Properties

Bitter and slightly sweet in taste and cool, it acts on the stomach and liver
meridians.

Effects, Medicinal Uses, and Combinations

1. Antitumorous: for cancer, particularly breast cancer, and cancer of the

digestive tract, akebia quinata fruit is used alone in a decoction or with
other antitumor herbs, such as prunella, frittilaria, and patrinia in a de-
coction (Wang, 1994).
2. Regulates the circulation of Liver-Qi and relieves pain: for pain in the
chest, hypochondrium region, and the abdomen, akebia quinata fruit
is combined with cyperus, bitter orange, and melia. It is combined
with fennel seed, tangerine seed, and litchi seed to treat inflammation
of the testes, testicular pain, and hernial pain (Wang, 1994).
3. Removes stagnation and obstruction of blood and dissolves blood
stasis: to treat amenorrhea, dysmenorrhea, and other symptoms due to
 blood stagnation, akebia quinata fruit can be mixed with salvia and
leonurus (Dong et al., 1998).
4. Relieves edema: akebia herb made into an injectable form with alisma
and prunella has provided good results clinically for ascites caused by
cirrhosis, nephrotic edema, and cardiac edema (Dong et al., 1998).

Dosage

In a decoction of 9 to 15 g.

Precautions

People with a history of kidney disorders and the elderly should not take
any species of this group of herbs. It is not recommended during pregnancy.

Side Effects and Toxicity

No undesirable side effects or toxicity were reported at the therapeutic

dose in classical Chinese materia medica. Note: The Chinese herb mu tong
has many species and causes great confusion. The most commonly used is
guan mu tong (Caulis Aristolochiae manshuriensis), the next is chuan mu
tong (Caulis Clematidis armandii). These two species of the plant are po-
tent (dose in a decoction, 3 to 9 g). Overdose causes kidney function impair-
ments.

Modern Research Findings

Chemical Constituents

Akebia quinata fruit contains poly sugars, akebine, herderagenin, olea-

nolic acid, glycosides, and a large amount of potassium salts (Jiang Su New
Medical College, 1977).
The wood part of the herb contains triterpenes. Their main ingredients
are alpha-amyrin, beta-amyrin, friedelin, and clementanosides A and B
(Zhu, 1998).

Pharmacological Findings

Akebia fruit is antimicrobial and diuretic, and is an antitumor agent. The

50 percent methanolic extract of the herb is diuretic and relieved edema in
mice with experimental edema (Wang, 1983).
 REFERENCES

Dong, K. S., Wang, X. Q., and Dong, Y. F. (1998). Xian Dai Lin Chuang Zhong Yao
Xue [Contemporary Clinical Chinese Materia Medica]. Beijing: Zhong Guo
Zhong Yi Yao Press.
Jiang Su New Medical College (1977). Encyclopedia of Chinese Materia Medica.
Shanghai: Shanghai Science and Technology Press.
Smith, F. P. and Stuart, G. A. (1973). Chinese Medicinal Herbs. San Francisco:
Georgetown Press.
Wang, J. H. (Ed.) (1994). Xin Bian Chang Yong Zhong Yao Shou Ce [Manual of
Commonly Used Chinese Medicinal Herbs]. Beijing: Jin Dun Press.
Wang, Y. S. (1983). Pharmacology and Applications of Chinese Materia Medica.
Beijing: People’s Health Publisher.
Zhu, Y. (1998). Chinese Materia Medica—Chemistry, Pharmacology and Applica-
tions. Amsterdam: Harwood Academic Publishers.
 Black Nightshade;
This herb Herba
is the whole Solani
plant, Nigri;the
including
Long kui
seed of Solanum nigrum L. of the family Sol-
anaceae. It is grown all over China, collected
in the summer and autumn, cleaned, cut into
sections, and dried or used fresh (Jiang Su
New Medical College, 1977).
The plant was recorded to have effects sim-
ilar to those of Atropa mandragora. Report-
edly, after the administration of a small quan-
tity of the tincture, a profound anesthesia was produced, during which
operations were performed with perfect freedom from pain (Smith and Stu-
art, 1973). It is thought to be the drug used by the celebrated surgeon, Hua
To, in certain operations on wounded intestines. The truth of this matter
awaits more investigation (Smith and Stuart, 1973).
Black nightshade is heat resolving, diuretic, and antimicrobial, as well as
an antitumor agent. It is used to treat respiratory and urinary tract infections,
and several types of cancer (Dong et al., 1998).

TCM Properties

Bitter and slightly sweet in taste, cool, and slightly toxic, it acts on the
lung and urinary bladder meridians.

Effects, Medicinal Uses, and Combinations

1. Antitumorous: to treat cervical, breast, esophageal, lung, digestive

system, intestinal, and liver cancers, black nightshade is used with
oldenlandia, scute barbata, duchesnea, solanum lyratum (bai ying),
zedoaria, and processed tortoise plastron (Dong et al., 1998).
2. Eliminates Heat toxins and detoxifies: for colds, flu, coughs, sore
throat, and similar illnesses, black nightshade can be used alone or
combined with forsythia fruit, platycodon root, and licorice root. It
also can be used for boils, furuncles, and other pyogenic infections
(Wang, 1994).
3. Diuretic and anti-inflammatory: black nightshade is a diuretic so it
can be used for lowering blood pressure and to treat acute infections
of the urinary system. It is prescribed with alisma, akebia, plantain,
and pyrrosia leaf (shi wei) for nephritis and prostatitis (Wang, 1994).
Dosage

In a decoction of 9 to 15 g.

Precautions

This herb is highly potent and slightly toxic. Use only the suggested dose
and never use it during pregnancy.

Side Effects and Toxicity

An overdose causes headache, abdominal pain, diarrhea, and mydriasis,

with increased heart rate in the beginning, followed by a slowing down of
the heart rate, confusion, and coma. Black nightshade has caused death in
children who ate the uncooked raw fruit of the plant. The alkaloid solanine
has a hemolytic effect, and solamargine is an even stronger hemolytic than
solamine (Jiang Su New Medical College, 1977).

Modern Research Findings

Chemical Constituents

Black nightshade contains several alkaloids (solanine, solasonine, sola-

margine, and others). It also contains glycosides, and vitamins A and C
(Jiang Su New Medical College, 1977).

Pharmacological Findings

Black nightshade is a cortisone-like anti-inflammatory, cardiotonic, and

an antitumor agent (Smith and Stuart, 1973).

REFERENCES

Dong, K. S., Wang, X. Q., and Dong, Y. F. (1998). Xian Dai Lin Chuang Zhong Yao
Xue [Contemporary Clinical Chinese Materia Medica]. Beijing: Zhong Guo
Zhong Yi Yao Press.
Jiang Su New Medical College (1977). Encyclopedia of Chinese Materia Medica.
Shanghai: Shanghai Science and Technology Press.
Smith, F. P. and Stuart, G. A. (1973). Chinese Medicinal Herbs, San Francisco:
Georgetown Press.
Wang, J. H. (Ed.) (1994). Xin Bian Chang Yong Zhong Yao Shou Ce [Manual of
Commonly Used Chinese Medicinal Herbs]. Beijing: Jin Dun Press.
 Houttuynia;
This herb isHerba Houttuyniae;
the entire Yu xing
plant of Houttuynia
cordata Thunb. of the caofamily Saururaceae. It
is mainly grown in the Hubei, Jiangsu, and
Zhejiang provinces of China, collected in
summer or autumn, cleaned, cut into sections,
and dried (Jiang Su New Medical College,
1977).
Despite the fact that this herb has a de-
cayed, fishy smell to which its name refers, it
was eaten by the Chinese as a salad. This plant was prescribed for poisoned
sores (furuncles), infectious skin diseases, piles, malaria, snakebite, and
other ailments (Smith and Stuart, 1973). Houttuynia has broad-spectrum
antimicrobial characteristics. Today, it is used as an antipyretic and detox-
icant, and is frequently used to treat pulmonary infections, such as pneumo-
nia and pulmonary abscesses. It is antitumorous and is a special medicine
for lung cancer (Dong et al., 1998).

TCM Properties

Pungent in taste and cool, it acts on the lung meridian.

Effects, Medicinal Uses, and Combinations

1. Antitumorous: for lung cancer, houttuynia is used with smilax glabra

(tu fu ling), abutilon seed (dong kui zi), and other herbs in a decoction
(Wang, 1994).
2. Eliminates pathogenic Heat and detoxifies: to treat respiratory system
infections, such as bronchitis, lung abscesses, and pneumonia, hout-
tuynia is frequently combined with scute root, platycodon, biota tops,
and trichosanthes root (Wang, 1994). It is used with scute root,
anemarrhena, morus bark, and fritillaria bulb as an expectorant for
coughs with yellow, thick sputum (Wang, 1994).
3. Treats eczema, hemorrhoids, chronic cervicitis, and vaginal itching
disorders. The herb can be made into a decoction to wash the affected
area.
4. Treats lung abscesses: houttuynia is blended with lonicera flower, for-
sythia, dandelion, isatis leaf, isatis root, and patrinia (thlapsi) herb in a
decoction or in an injectable form (Smith and Stuart, 1973).
Dosage

In a decoction of 10 to 15 g.

Precautions

People with yin deficiency and a chronic cough should avoid the herb.
This herb contains volatile oil and should not be cooked for a long time
when making a decoction.

Side Effects and Toxicity

At the therapeutic dose, adverse side effects and toxicity are rare. How-
ever, certain people do not like the fishy taste of the herbal decoction. An
overdose may cause serious gastrointestinal reactions, tachycardia, confu-
sion, and respiratory difficulties. Houttuynia can cause skin rashes when
used to treat tuberculosis or lupus erythematosus (Smith and Stuart, 1973).

Modern Research Findings

Chemical Constituents

Houttuynia contains houttuynine and quercitin (Ling, 1995) and 0.09

percent of volatile oil. The important constituents in the oil are decanoyl
acetyldehyde, methyl-n-nonylketone, myrcene, lauric aldehyde, capric al-
dehyde, and capric acid. Other ingredients include cordarine, isoquercitrin,
quereitrin, reynoutrin, hyperin, and salts of potassium chloride, potassium
sulfate (Jiang Su New Medical College, 1977). In addition, the volatile oil,
flavone glycosides quercitrin, isoquercitrin, afzilin, hyperin, and rutin have
also been isolated (Zhu, 2001).

Pharmacological Findings

Houttuynia is antimicrobial, antiviral, antifungal, antimycobacterial, and a

diuretic, as well as an antitumor agent.

1. Antimicrobial and antifungal activity. The decoction of the herb in-

hibited S. aureus, S. albus, Streptococcus, hemolyticus, D. pneumon-
iae, N. catarrhalis, C. diphtheriae, P. vulgaris, S. shigae, S. schmitzii,
S. flexneri, S. sonnei, S. enteritidis, V. cholerae suis, and leptospirae in
vitro.
 Houttuynine is also antifungal. Its minimum inhibitory concentra-
tion (MIC) against the following fungi was 2 mg/ml: C. albicans,
C. neoformans, Sporotrichum, Aspergillus, Chromomycosis fungus,
Epidermophyton rubrum, Tinea imbricata, Microsporum gypsum,
M. ferrugineum, and sharkskin fungus (Wang, 1983; Zhu, 2001).
2. The decoction of the herb in vitro significantly increased the phago-
cytic capability of human peripheral leukocytes against S. aureus.
Houttuynine increased the leukocytic phagocytosis of S. albus when
it was used to treat chronic bronchitis. Daily intramuscular adminis-
tration of 8 mg of houttuynine for three days in rabbits increased the
serum properdin level between day four and day eight. The properdin
level in patients with chronic bronchitis who received houttuynine
also tended to increase (Wang, 1983; Zhu, 1998).

REFERENCES

Dong, K. S., Wang, X. Q., and Dong, Y. F. (1998). Xian Dai Lin Chuang Zhong Yao
Xue [Contemporary Clinical Chinese Materia Medica]. Beijing: Zhong Guo
Zhong Yi Yao Press.
Jiang Su New Medical College (1977). Encyclopedia of Chinese Materia Medica.
Shanghai: Shanghai Science and Technology Press.
Ling, Y. (1995). A New Compendium of Materia Medica. Beijing: Science Press.
Smith, F. P. and Stuart, G. A. (1973). Chinese Medicinal Herbs. San Francisco:
Georgetown Press.
Wang, J. H. (Ed.) (1994). Xin Bian Chang Yong Zhong Yao Shou Ce [Manual of
Commonly Used Chinese Medicinal Herbs]. Beijing: Jin Dun Press.
Wang, Y. S. (1983). Pharmacology and Applications of Chinese Materia Medica.
Beijing: People’s Health Publisher.
Zhu, Y. (1998). Chinese Materia Medica—Chemistry, Pharmacology and Applica-
tions. Amsterdam: Harwood Academic Publishers.
 Subprostrate
This herb is the Sophora
root and Root; Radix
rhizome of Soph-
Sophora;
ora tonkinensis Shan dou
Gapnep. genfamily Le-
of the
guminosae. It is grown in the Guangdong,
Guangxi, Guizhou, and Jiangxi provinces of
China, harvested year-round, cleaned, dried,
and sliced (Jiang Su New Medical College,
1977).
Subprostrate sophora root was traditionally
used as a detoxicant and anodyne, and for throat and dental inflammation
(Jiang Su New Medical College, 1977). Today, the herb is used as is an
antipyretic, and antitumor agent to treat early stages of different types of
cancer, enteritis, dysentery, inflammation of the throat, tonsilitis, and respi-
ratory ailments (Dong et al., 1998).

TCM Properties

Bitter in taste, cool, and toxic, it acts on the lung and stomach meridians.

Effects, Medicinal Uses, and Combinations

1. Antitumorous: to treat nasal, throat, lung, and cervical cancers, sub-

prostrate sophora root is used with oldenlandia, houttuynia, and other
antitumor herbs (Wang, 1994).
2. Relieves inflammation and pain of the throat: an especially effective
remedy for sores, inflammation, and a painful throat, subprostrate
sophora root is combined with peppermint, scrophularia, lonicera,
isatis root, and forsythia fruit in a decoction (Dong et al., 1998).
3. Detoxifies: as an anti-inflammatory agent, it is used with scute root,
trichosanthes fruit, and fritillaria bulb to treat inflammation of the
lungs, and coughs with yellow, thick sputum (Wang, 1994).

Dosage

In a decoction of 3 to 6 g.
Precautions

People with Cold in the stomach and spleen, or diarrhea should not use
this herb.

Side Effects and Toxicity

As recorded in classical Chinese materia medica, a large dose causes

headaches, dizziness, nausea, vomiting, trembling in the limbs, and tachy-
cardia. The toxicity of the root increases with the length of time of cooking
when making a decoction (Dong et al., 1998).

Modern Research Findings

Chemical Constituents

Subprostrate sophora root contains alkaloids as the main ingredients, in-

cluding matrine, oxymatrine, sophocarpine, anagyrine, and methylcytisine.
Other ingredients are flavones, sophoranone, sophoradin, sopharanachro-
mene, sophoradochromene, genistein, pterocarpine, maackian, trifolirhi-
zin, alcohols, and acids (Jiang Su New Medical College, 1977).

Pharmacological Findings

Subprostrate sophora root is a broad-spectrum antimicrobial herb with

antiarrhythmic, antiasthmatic, liver-protecting, and antitumorous actions
(Dong et al., 1998).

1. The herb was highly effective against tubercule bacilli and inhibited
S. aureus, Epidermophyton floccosum, and C. albicans. It also stimu-
lated the reticuloendothelial system and increased the number of
macrophages (Wang, 1983).
2. Antineoplastic. In experiments with rats with Yoshida ascitic sar-
coma, ascitic hepatoma, or solid hepatoma, intraperitoneal adminis-
tration of 500 mg/kg of the aqueous extract of the herb cured more
than 60 percent of the animals. The presence of antitumor antibodies
were detected in the 2.5 mg/kg-inhibited murine Ehrlich ascites carci-
noma and sarcoma 180 both in vitro and in vivo. Oxymatrine was ef-
fective against sarcoma 180 at 1.25 mg/kg; its chemotherapeutic in-
dex was 7.8 times that of mitomycin C (Wang, 1983).
 3. Antiulcerative. Intramuscular administration of 1.5 g of sophorado-
chromene prevented experimental gastric ulcers in rats. The precipi-
tates from the ethanolic extract produced a healing effect on ulcers
caused by ligation of pylorus, stress, or acetic acid in rats (Wang,
1983).
4. Leukocytotic. Two daily intravenous doses of 30 mg/kg or intramus-
cular doses of 60 mg/kg of the total alkaloids and seven daily intra-
muscular doses of 100 mg/kg of oxymatrine increased peripheral
white blood cells (WBC) in normal rabbits. In rabbits with leukopenia
(WBC < 4000/mm3) caused by 60 roentgen of whole body X-ray irra-
diation, intramuscular administration of 20 mg/kg of matrine or 100
mg/kg of oxymatrine for ten days was significantly therapeutic. The
WBC count reached > 6000/mm3 in the treatment group seven days
after discontinuation of the medication, whereas in the control group
the WBC rose to 6000/mm 3 fourteen days later (Wang, 1983).
5. Antiarrhythmic. The total alkaloids of the root given intraperitoneally
or intramuscularly at 1 to 1.5 g/kg counteracted arrhythmia induced
by aconite, digitoxin, chloroform-epinephrine, or potassium chloride.
It corrected multiple types of arrhythmia caused by ectopic rhythm or
conduction disturbances and was therefore considered to be a broad-
spectrum antiarrhythmic agent.
6. Antiasthmatic. Oral administration of 100 to 200 mg/kg of the total
alkaloids or 75 to 100 mg/kg of oxymatrine was antiasthmatic against
histamine-induced asthma in guinea pigs (Wang, 1983).

REFERENCES

Dong, K. S., Wang, X. Q., and Dong, Y. F. (1998). Xian Dai Lin Chuang Zhong Yao
Xue [Contemporary Clinical Chinese Materia Medica]. Beijing: Zhong Guo
Zhong Yi Yao Press.
Jiang Su New Medical College (1977). Encyclopedia of Chinese Materia Medica.
Shanghai: Shanghai Science and Technology Press.
Wang, J. H. (Ed.) (1994). Xin Bian Chang Yong Zhong Yao Shou Ce [Manual of
Commonly Used Chinese Medicinal Herbs]. Beijing: Jin Dun Press.
Wang, Y. S. (1983). Pharmacology and Applications of Chinese Materia Medica.
Beijing: People’s Health Publisher.
Zedoaria; Rhizoma
This herb Curcumae
is the rhizome Zedoaria;
of Curcuma E
zedo-
aria (Berg) Rosc., C. zhuphaeocaulis Valeton,
C. wenyujin Y. H. Chen et C. Ling, or C.
kwangsiensis S. G. Lee et C. F. Liang of the
family Zingiberaceae. It is mainly grown in
the Zhejiang province of China, collected in
autumn or winter, cleaned, steamed, dried,
and sliced to produce dried zodoaria or stir
cooked with vinegar to produce processed zo-
doaria (Dong et al., 1998).
Zedoaria is blood and Qi activating, and an antitumor herb. It promotes
the flow of Qi and relieves pain. It has been used to treat several kinds of
cancer in recent years in China (Dong et al., 1998).

TCM Properties

Pungent, bitter in taste, and mild, it acts on the liver and spleen meridians.

Effects, Medicinal Uses, and Combinations

1. Antitumorous: for liver cancer, zedoaria is used with sappan wood,

carthamus, scirpus rhizome (san leng), and leech. Use the volatile oil
or an injection preparation of zedoaria to treat externally the early
stages of vulval, cervical, or skin cancers (Dong et al., 1998).
2. Treats liver and spleen enlargement: to treat an enlarged spleen or
liver, zedoaria is mixed with scirpus rhizome and tortoise plastron
(Dong et al., 1998).
3. Invigorates the flow of Qi and blood:
• For lower abdominal pain and food stagnation, zedoaria is com-
bined with hawthorn, immature bitter orange, saussurea, and areca
seed.
• Zedoaria is blended with coptis, phellodendron, cnidium, moutan,
corydalis tuber, areca seed, orange peel, rhubarb, and saussurea, as
in Mu Xiang Bing Lang Wan (R-62), for dysentery due to Heat and
Dampness (Wang, 1994).
 • For amenorrhea and lower abdominal pain caused by stagnation,
zedoaria is combined with scripus rhizome (san ling), cnidium,
moutan bark, corydalis, rhubarb, and achyranthus, as in San Ling
Wan (Dong et al., 1998).

Dosage

A dose of 3 to 9 g.

Precautions

People with Qi and blood deficiency, or pregnant women should not take
this herb.

Side Effects and Toxicity

No undesirable side effects or toxicity were reported at the therapeutic

dose in classical Chinese materia medica.

Modern Research Findings

Chemical Constituents

Zedoaria contains mainly an essential oil. The oil includes zederone,

zedoarone, curzerene, furanodiene, curzerene, isofuranogermacrene, cur-
zerenone, epicurzeronone, curdione, curcolone, curcumenol, isocurcume-
nol, procurcumenol, curcumol, curcumadiol, curcumin, and starch. Other
ingredients are cineol, l-camphene, ethyl p-methoxycinnamate and beta-
elemene, stigmasterol, resin, mucilages, and flavonoid glycoside (Chang,
1992; Ling, 1995; Yeung, 1996).

Pharmacological Findings

1. Anticancer. The herb destroys tumor cells by degeneration, necrosis,

shedding, and diminution (Yeung, 1996). Subcutaneous administra-
tion of 75 mg/kg of curcumol or curdione inhibited the growth of sar-
coma 37, cervical cancer U14, and Ehrlich ascites carcinoma in mice.
In the shrunken tumors, a series of immune reactions were observed
including an increase of fibroblasts surrounding the tumor tissue,
presence of a layer of lymphocytes within the tumor mass, and
phagocytic engulfment of tumor cells. In vitro, curcumol or curdione
caused degeneration and necrosis of Ehrlich ascites carcinoma cells.
After active immunization of 615 mice with L615 leukemic cells
 treated with essential oil of the herb, one third of the surviving ani-
mals withstood and survived an attack by 100,000 L615 cells (Wang,
1983; Zhu, 1998).
2. Activates immunity: the herb increases white blood cells, phagocyto-
sis, and increases immunity (Yeung, 1996). Intraperitoneal adminis-
tration of 10 ml/kg of the essential oil of the herb or 0.3 percent of
curcumol for eight days significantly offset leucopenia induced by a
single intraperitoneal dose of 150 mg/kg of cyclophosphamide and
promoted the increase of the white blood cell count.
3. Improves microcirculation and prevents the formation of fibrin clots.
4. Antimicrobial: it inhibits the growth of S. aureus, B-hemolytic strep-
tococci, E. coli, B. typhi, and V. cholerae (Yeung, 1996).
5. Carminative and stomachic: it stimulates the gastrointestinal tract
with an action similar to that of ginger. It is useful in relieving abdom-
inal distension (Yeung, 1996).
6. Affects the ovaries, endometrium, and embryo: the volatile oil of the
herb induces abortion (Dong et al., 1998). The ethanolic extract and
the sesquiterpenes of the herb were abortifacient in rats and mice dur-
ing the early gestational period and caused an anti-implantation effect
in dogs. Oral administration of 15 g/kg of the suspension of the herb
to mice for four days resulted in suspension of the secretory phase,
and degeneration and detachment of embryos (Wang, 1983).

REFERENCES
Chang, M. Y. (1992). Anticancer Medicinal Herbs. Changsha, Hunan: Hunan Sci-
ence and Technology Press.
Dong, K. S., Wang, X. Q., and Dong, Y. F. (1998). Xian Dai Lin Chuang Zhong Yao
Xue [Contemporary Clinical Chinese Materia Medica]. Beijing: Zhong Guo
Zhong Yi Yao Press.
Ling, Y. (1995). A New Compendium of Materia Medica. Beijing: Science Press.
Wang, J. H. (Ed.) (1994). Xin Bian Chang Yong Zhong Yao Shou Ce [Manual of
Commonly Used Chinese Medicinal Herbs]. Beijing: Jin Dun Press.
Wang, Y. S. (1983). Pharmacology and Applications of Chinese Materia Medica.
Beijing: People’s Health Publisher.
Yeung, H. C. (1996). Handbook of Chinese Herbs. Los Angeles, CA: Institute of
Chinese Medicine.
Zhu, Y. (1998). Chinese Materia Medica—Chemistry, Pharmacology and Applica-
tions. Amsterdam: Harwood Academic Publishers.
 Semiaquilegia
This herb Root;
is the dried root ofRadix
Semiaquilegia
adoxoidesSemiaquilegiae;
(DC) Mak. of the Tian kui Ranun-
family
culaceae. It is mainly grown in the Anhui,
Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, and Yunnan provinces
of China, collected in the summer, cleaned,
sliced, dried, and used unprocessed. Semi-
aquilegia root is antipyretic, detoxicant, anti-
microbial, and an antitumor agent (Jiang Su
New Medical College, 1977).

TCM Properties

Sweet and bitter in taste, cool, and slightly toxic, it acts on the spleen,
small intestines, and bladder meridians.

Effects, Medicinal Uses, and Combinations

1. Antitumorous: to treat liver, breast, and acute malignant lymphatic

cancers, semiaquilegia root is combined with oldenlandia and paridis
in a decoction. It is used with lobilia, black nightshade, and verbena to
treat bladder cancer. For breast cancer, it is commonly prescribed with
oldenlandia, paridis, fritillary bulb, and trichosanthes seed or, for
lymphatic cancer, with seaweed and prunella spike (Dong et al., 1998;
Wang, 1994).
2. Eliminates Heat toxins and detoxifies: for the treatment of boils, car-
buncles, mastitis, and similar conditions, semiaquilegia root is blended
with dandelion, wild chrysanthemum, lonicera, and viola, as in Wu
Wei Xiao Du Yin (Dong et al., 1998; Wang, 1994).
3. Induces diuresis to treat strangury: this herb is used alone in a decoc-
tion or mixed with plantain seed, pyrrosia (shi wei), polygonum herb,
and others in a decoction (Wang, 1994).

Dosage

In a decoction of 3 to 10 g.
Precautions

People with Cold and stomach and spleen deficiency should not use this
herb.

Side Effects and Toxicity

At suggested doses, no adverse side effects or toxicity were reported in

classical Chinese materia medica. This herb is reported to be slightly toxic.
Do not overdose.

Modern Research Findings

Chemical Constituents

Semiaquilegia root contains alkaloids, fats, organic acids, and amino ac-
ids (Dong et al., 1998).

Pharmacological Findings

Semiaquilegia root is antimicrobial and an antitumor agent (Dong et al.,

1998).

REFERENCES

Dong, K. S., Wang, X. Q., and Dong, Y. F. (1998). Xian Dai Lin Chuang Zhong Yao
Xue [Contemporary Clinical Chinese Materia Medica]. Beijing: Zhong Guo
Zhong Yi Yao Press.
Jiang Su New Medical College (1977). Encyclopedia of Chinese Materia Medica.
Shanghai: Shanghai Science and Technology Press.
Wang, J. H. (Ed.) (1994). Xin Bian Chang Yong Zhong Yao Shou Ce [Manual of
Commonly Used Chinese Medicinal Herbs]. Beijing: Jin Dun Press.
 Duchesnea;
This herb isHerba Duchesneae;
the whole She mei
plant of Duchesnea
indica (Andr.) Focke of the family Rosaceae.
It is mainly grown in the Liaoning, Hebei,
Henan, Jiangsu, Anhui, and Fujian provinces
of China. Collected in summer or autumn, it is
either cleaned, dried, and cut into sections or
used as a fresh herb (Jiang Su New Medical
College, 1977).
Duchesnea is an antipyretic, detoxicant,
antimicrobial, and an antitumor agent (Wang, 1994).

TCM Properties

Sour, sweet, and slightly bitter in taste, slightly cold, and slightly toxic, it
acts on the lung, stomach, and liver meridians.

Effects, Medicinal Uses, and Combinations

1. Antitumorous: for stomach, cervical, and nostril cancers, and other ma-
lignant tumors, duchesnea is prescribed clinically with black night-
shade (long kui) and solanum dulcamra (bai yeng) in a decoction
(Wang, 1994).
2. Eliminates Damp-Heat toxin: to treat sore throats, infantile convul-
sions, diphtheria, and diarrhea due to Dampness and Heat pathogens,
duchesnea is used alone or it is combined with wild chrysanthemum
flowers, viola, and dandelion in a decoction to treat carbuncles, ab-
scesses, sores, furuncles, and boils.
3. Cools down the Heat in the blood and stops vaginal bleeding: for
hematemesis, metrorrhagia, and metrostaxis, it can be used alone in
decoction. It can also be combined with leonurus and cyathula root to
treat amenorrhea (menostasis) due to excessive pathogenic Heat in
the blood and blood stagnation (Wang, 1994) or it can be combined
with a high dose of portulaca (ma chi xian) in a decoction for
metrorrhea (Dong et al., 1998).

Dosage

In a decoction of 15 to 30 g, or used externally as needed.

Precautions

People with Cold in the stomach and spleen should use the herb with
caution.

Side Effects and Toxicity

At the suggested dose, this herb may cause stomach discomfort, nausea,
and vomiting (Wang, 1994).

Modern Research Findings

Chemical Constituents

Duchesnea contains volatile oil beta-sitosterol, and glycosides.

Pharmacological Findings

Duchesnea has antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and antitumorous ac-

tions.

REFERENCES

Dong, K. S., Wang, X. Q., and Dong, Y. F. (1998). Xian Dai Lin Chuang Zhong Yao
Xue [Contemporary Clinical Chinese Materia Medica]. Beijing: Zhong Guo
Zhong Yi Yao Press.
Jiang Su New Medical College (1977). Encyclopedia of Chinese Materia Medica.
Shanghai: Shanghai Science and Technology Press.
Wang, J. H. (Ed.) (1994). Xin Bian Chang Yong Zhong Yao Shou Ce [Manual of
Commonly Used Chinese Medicinal Herbs]. Beijing: Jin Dun Press.
 Sarcandra;
This herb Herba
is the Sarcandra
leaves and glabra;
stems ofJiu
the
jie chaglabra
plant Sarcandra or Guan yin chaNakai. It is
(Thunb.)
grown in the Guongdong, Guangxi, Hunan,
and Sichuan provinces of China, harvested in
summer, cleaned, dried, cut into sections, and
used unprocessed (Jiang Su New Medical
College, 1977). Sarcandra is a Wind-dispelling, anti-inflammatory, and
pain-relieving antimicrobial and antitumor herb (Dong et al., 1998).

TCM Properties

Pungent in taste and neutral, it acts on the large intestine meridian.

Effects, Medicinal Uses, and Combinations

1. Antitumorous: to treat prostate, colon, stomach, pancreas, and esoph-

ageal cancers, sarcandra is definitely beneficial and is commonly
used with other antitumorous herbs. For a tea, boil 60 g of this herb
and drink it three times a day for three months. In studies reported by
seventeen cancer treatment units in Shanghai City, sarcandra was
shown to be an effective treatment for prostate cancer for 62 percent
of the patients who drank its tea. The patients’ cancer dissipated, their
appetite increased, and their lives were extended (Dong et al., 1998).
2. Relieves inflammation and detoxifies: sarcandra is a broad-spectrum
antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory agent used to treat a great num-
ber of infectious diseases, including pneumonia, acute appendicitis,
acute gastroenteritis, appendicitis, cholecystitis, bacterial dysentery,
boils, and abscesses, and it relieves the pain associated with the infec-
tion (Dong et al., 1998).
3. Relieves arthralgia: this herb dispels pathogenic Wind and relieves ar-
thritis pain. It is commonly prescribed with cnidium, clematis, and
other herbs in a decoction (Dong et al., 1998).

Dosage

In a decoction of 30 to 60 g.
Precautions

People with yin deficiency and pregnant women should not use this herb
(Jiang Su New Medical College, 1977).

Side Effects and Toxicity

At the suggested therapeutic dose, no side effects were reported. An oral

decoction of the herb given to humans showed no apparent adverse reac-
tions of the liver, kidneys, blood profile, and pulse rate (Jiang Su New Med-
ical College, 1977).

Modern Research Findings

Chemical Constituents

Sarcandra contains votile oil and glycoside.

Pharmacological Findings

Sarcandra is antimicrobial, antitussive, antiasthmatic, antiulcerative, and

is an antitumor agent (Dong et al., 1998).

REFERENCES

Dong, K. S., Wang, X. Q., and Dong, Y. F. (1998). Xian Dai Lin Chuang Zhong Yao
Xue [Contemporary Clinical Chinese Materia Medica]. Beijing: Zhong Guo
Zhong Yi Yao Press.
Jiang Su New Medical College (1977). Encyclopedia of Chinese Materia Medica.
Shanghai: Shanghai Science and Technology Press.
 PART IV:
THE HEALING POWER
OF POPULAR HERBAL RECIPES
 Chapter 16

HerbalHerbal
Recipes
Recipesfor
for Energy
Energy andand Vitality
Vitality

R-1 SHEN FU TANG

(GINSENG AND ACONITE TONIC)

Source: XiaoR-1 Shen

Zhu Fu Fu
RenTang
Liang(Ginseng
Fang [Theand Aconite Tonic)
Annotated Effective Prescrip-
tions for Women] by Chen, Ziming, A.D. 1237.

Ingredients: The recipe contains 6 to 10 g each of ginseng root, four pieces

of dry ginger, four pieces of Chinese dates, and processed aconite.

Directions: The herbs are decocted in water for oral use. Take before meals.

Actions, Indications, and Clinical Applications: Recuperates depleted

yang and prevents collapse. This is a fast-acting first-aid remedy that is ef-
fective for low blood pressure, heart failure, irregular heartbeat, exhaustion,
shock, shortness of breath, cold limbs, spontaneous and profuse sweating,
shortness of breath, and pale complexion.
This recipe is also useful for heart patients. For treating patients with ar-
rhythmia, shock, and heart failure, and when digitalis medication becomes
ineffective, this recipe is helpful. For heart conditions, it produces even
better results when used in combination with Sheng Mai Yin (R-5).

R-2 SI JUN ZI TANG

(DECOCTION OF COMBINATION OF FOUR NOBLE HERBS)

R-2 Si Jun
Source: Zi Tang
Tai Ping Hui (Decoction
Min He Ji Juof Combination
Fang of of
[Formularies Four
the Noble
BureauHerbs)
of Peo-
ple’s Welfare Pharmacies] Volume 3 by Chen, Shiwen, A.D. 1151 (Song dy-
nasty); Chinese Pharmacopeia, 1995.

Ingredients: The recipe contains 15 g ginseng root, 10 g each of poria and

white atractylodes, and 5 g processed licorice root.
Directions: The four herbs are decocted in water for oral administration.
Available commercially in pills or capsules.

Actions, Indications, and Clinical Applications: Invigorates Middle-Jiao

(Spleen-Qi and Stomach-Qi). This is a classical recipe for the treatment of
spleen and stomach deficiency manifested as general debility, lassitude, an-
orexia, chronic dysentery, diarrhea, indigestion, general weakness, pro-
lapse of the stomach or uterus, habitual diarrhea, chronic colitis, chronic en-
teritis, diarrhea before dawn, chronic hepatitis, and other digestive system
disorders.
This recipe stimulates the central nervous system (CNS), facilitates the
functional activities of organs, promotes metabolism, digestion, and ab-
sorption, and regulates gastrointestinal activities.

Precautions: People with Heat in the blood and yin deficiency should be
cautious with this recipe.

R-3 REN SHEN YANG RONG TANG

(GINSENG AND REHMANNIA NOURISHING FORMULA)

R-3 RenTai
Source: Shen
PingYang Rong
Hui Min HeTang
Ji Ju (Ginseng and Rehmannia
Fang [Formularies Nourishing
of the Bureau of Peo-
ples Welfare Pharmacies] Volume Formula)
3 by Chen, Shiwen, A.D. 1151 (Song dy-
nasty); Chinese Pharmacopeia, 1995.

Ingredients: The recipe contains 100 g each of ginseng, astragalus root,

white atractylodes, Chinese angelica root, white peony, cinnamon bark,
tangerine peel, and processed licorice root, 75 g each of poria, processed
rehmannia root, and schisandra fruit, and 50 g polygala root.

Directions: Grind ingredients into a fine powder and mix with a suitable
amount of honey or water-honey mixture to make boluses. Take 6 g at a
time, twice a day. Available commercially in pills or capsules.

Actions, Indications, and Clinical Applications: Invigorates Qi and Xue

(TCM blood), nourishes the Xin (TCM heart), and tranquilizes the Shen
(TCM mind). This recipe is used to treat mental fatigue, tiredness, poor ap-
petite, loose stool, palpitations due to fright, amnesia, loss of body weight,
spontaneous sweating, night sweating, dry skin, loss of hair, and sallow
complexion due to deficiencies of the spleen and heart, and an insufficiency
of Qi and blood.
Modern Applications: This recipe is used to treat general debility, neuras-
thenia, continuous violent palpitations, inflammation of bone marrow, and
bone tuberculosis.

Precautions: People with Shi (excess) or hyperactivity should avoid this

recipe.

R-4 REN SHEN FENG WANG JIANG

(GINSENG ROYAL JELLY ORAL LIQUID)

R-4 Ren
Source: ShenYao
Zhong Feng Wang
Fang Jiang
Ji Yan Jiu Yu(Ginseng
YingyungRoyal Jelly
Da Quan Oral Liquid)of
[Encyclopedia
Chinese Medicine Formula Studies and Applications] by Bai, Gang, and
Xiao, Hongben, 1994.

Ingredients: The recipe contains ginseng, royal jelly, schisandra fruit, and
honey (amount of each herb is not disclosed).

Directions: This is a modern pharmaceutical preparation. Available com-

mercially as an oral liquid in vials.

Actions, Indications, and Clinical Applications: Nourishes the body, in-

vigorates the Qi, and strengthens the Pi (TCM spleen). This recipe is a pop-
ular, modern potion for treating poor appetite, malnutrition, neurasthenia,
fatigue, anemia, rheumatoid arthritis, and liver disorders.

Precautions: People with hyperactivity and diarrhea should avoid this rec-
ipe.

R-5 SHENG MAI YIN OR SHENG MAI SAN

(GINSENG AND OPHIOPOGON COMBINATION FOR DEBILITY)

R-5 Sheng
Source: Mai
Nei Wai Yin or
Shang Sheng
Bian HuoMai
Lun San (Ginseng
[Treatise and Ophiopogon
of Differentiation of Inter-
Combination
nal and External Diseases], author andfor Debility)
date unknown.

Ingredients: The recipe contains 15 g ophiopogon root, 10 g ginseng root,

and 6 g schisandra fruit.

Directions: The ingredients are decocted in water for oral administration of

three daily doses on an empty stomach. Available commercially as an oral
liquid or as a powder.
Actions, Indications, and Clinical Applications: Invigorates Qi, pro-
motes the production of body fluid, and arrests sweating. This formula is a
stomachic. It treats poor digestion and absorption, improves general debili-
ties, and invigorates immune functions. This recipe is also good for poly-
uria, dry mouth and throat, thirst, wasting disorders, a chronic cough with
shortness of breath, spontaneous perspiration, weak pulse, cold extremities,
and shock due to impairment of Qi and yin.
Clinically, it is commonly used for coronary heart disease, angina pec-
toris, chronic low blood pressure, and irregular heartbeat. Sheng Mai Yin
(R-5) combined with Liu Wei Di Huang Wan (R-22) gives good results
when used for diabetes, polyuria, and thirst. It is combined with Shen Qi
Wan (R-7) to treat chronic low blood pressure.

Precautions: People with hyperactivity or exopathogenic attack in the

summer should avoid this recipe.

R-6 GUI PI TANG

(GINSENG AND LONGAN SPLEEN
AND HEART TONIC FORMULA)

R-6 Gui
Source: Pi Tang
Ji Sheng Fang(Ginseng
[Recipesand
for Longan Spleenby
Saving Lives] and Heart
Yan, TonicA.D.
Yonghe,
1253. Formula)

Ingredients: The recipe contains 30 g each of ginseng root and poria (fu
shen), 10 g each of Chinese angelica, zizyphus, astragalus, longan aril, and
polygala, 9 g white atractylodes root, 5 g each of aucklandia root and lico-
rice root, 3 g ginger root, and 5 pieces of Chinese dates.

Directions: The ingredients are decocted in water for oral administration.

Available commercially in pills or as a powder.

Actions, Indications, and Clinical Applications: Replenishes Qi, nour-

ishes blood, and strengthens the functions of the spleen and heart. It is a
classical formula used to treat palpitations, irritability, insomnia, dreami-
ness, listlessness, shortness of breath, anorexia, uterine bleeding, lassitude,
and amnesia due to deficiency of the spleen and heart. As a hemostatic rem-
edy for female patients, it is used for uterine bleeding, excessive bleeding
prior to the menstrual cycle, and persistent or continuous menstrual drip-
ping.
 This formula is also used to treat vegetative nerve disorders, cardiac neu-
rosis, menopausal symptoms, anemia, chronic gastroenteritis, nervous gas-
tritis, bloody stools, and uterine functional bleeding.

Precautions: People with yin deficiency and body fluid impairment should
avoid this recipe.

R-7 SHEN QI GAO (WAN)

(GINSENG AND ASTRAGALUS QI TONIC)

R-7Clinical
Source: Shen QiUses
Gaoof(Wan) (Ginseng
Chinese Patent and Astragalus
Medicines Qi Tonic)
by Fang Dingya and
Shen Guonan, 1994.

Ingredients: The recipe contains 100 g each of ginseng root (or codonopsis
root) and astragalus root.

Directions: This is a thick and heavy pharmaceutical preparation. The dose

is 0.3 to 0.5 g two or three times a day.

Actions, Indications, and Clinical Applications: Invigorates Qi and nour-

ishes the spleen. This recipe effectively treats deficiencies of Lung-Qi and
Spleen-Qi, as well as general debilities, lassitude, poor appetite, watery
stool, sweating, and the tendency to catch colds.
This recipe is also useful for treating coughs, asthma, thirst, and kidney
disorders due to deficiencies of the kidneys.

Precautions: People with phlegmatic stagnation should avoid this recipe.

R-8 WU JIA SHEN GAO OR CI WU JIA GAO

(SIBERIAN GINSENG EXTRACT TONIC)

R-8 Wu
Source: Jia Shen
Chinese Gao or Ci Wu1995.
Pharmacopoeia, Jia Gao (Siberian Ginseng Extract
Tonic)
Ingredients: The recipe contains 1,000 g Wu Jia Shen (Siberian ginseng)
and 5,000 ml 75 percent alcohol for a pharmaceutical extract.

Directions: This is a thick and heavy pharmaceutical preparation. The dose

is 0.3 to 0.5 g two or three times a day.
Actions, Indications, and Clinical Applications: Invigorates Qi and nor-
malizes the functions of internal organs. It is a particularly effective adapto-
genic phytomedicine for Qi deficiency, stress, fatigue, and sleep distur-
bance, as well as diabetes, arthralgia, and impotence. This formula is also
beneficial for an impaired immune system due to chemotherapy or radiation
therapy.
This recipe augments brain functions, improves hearing and vision ca-
pacity.

Precautions: People with exogenous affliction or hyperactivity due to

Summer Heat should take this recipe with caution.

R-9 BU ZHONG YI QI TANG

(GINSENG AND ASTRAGALUS COMBINATION
VITAL ENERGY TONIC PILLS)

R-9 Bu Zhong
Source: Pi Wei Yi
LunQi[Treatise
Tang (Ginseng and Astragalus
of the Spleen Combination
and Stomach] by Li, Gao,Vital
A.D.
1252. Energy Tonic Pills)

Ingredients: The recipe contains 20 g jujube, 15 g astragalus root, 10 g

each of ginseng root, white atractylodes, and Chinese angelica, 6 g each of
orange peel and fresh ginger, 5 g processed licorice root, and 3 g each of
cimicifuga rhizome and bupleurum root.

Directions: The ingredients are decocted in water for oral administration.

Available commercially in pills or as a powder.

Actions, Indications, and Clinical Applications: Invigorates Spleen-Qi

and elevates the spleen yang. This recipe is used to treat general weakness,
lassitude, debility, prolonged diarrhea, prolapse of the uterus, prolapse of
the rectum, headache with aversion to cold, and shortness of breath caused
by deficiencies of the Stomach- and Spleen-Qi.
As a vital energy tonic formula, this recipe improves the functions of the
stomach and spleen, promotes digestion, metabolism, and cerebral func-
tions, improves the immune system, as well as strengthens the muscles and
tendons.

Precautions: People with internal Heat and yin deficiency should avoid
this recipe.
 R-10 YU PING FENG SAN
(ASTRAGALUS AND SILER IMMUNE TONIC FORMULA)

R-10 Yu Ping
Sources: Shi YiFeng SanFang
De Xiao (Astragalus and
[Effective Siler Immune
Formulas Tonic
Tested by Formula)
Physicians for
Generations] by Wei, Yilin, A.D. 1345; Dan Xi Xin Fa [A Medical Book by
Dan xi], A.D. 1481.

Ingredients: The recipe contains 60 g white atractylodes rhizome, 30 g

astragalus root, and 30 g siler.

Directions: Grind the ingredients to a fine powder. Take 6 to 9 g two or

three times a day with warm water on an empty stomach. Available com-
mercially in pills or as a powder.

Actions, Indications, and Clinical Applications: Invigorates Qi and

strengthens the immune system. This recipe is used to treat general debility,
susceptibility to common colds and flu, allergic or chronic rhinitis, and
night or spontaneous sweating.
It is also used to increase peripheral blood circulation, nourish the skin
and tissues, regulate the functional activities of the sweat glands, arrest
spontaneous sweating, and prevent the invasion of exopathogens.

Precautions: This recipe is contraindicated for people with night sweating

caused by interior Heat and yin deficiency.

R-11 YI GUAN JIAN

(GLEHNIA AND REHMANNIA COMBINATION
FOR NOURISHING THE YIN)

R-11
Source: Yi Yue
Jing Guan JianShu
Quan (Glehnia and Complete
[Jing Yue’s Rehmannia Combination
Works] by Zhang,for
Jiebin,
A.D. 1624. Nourishing the Yin)

Ingredients: The recipe contains 30 g dried rehmannia, 10 g each of

glehnia root, ophiopogon root, Chinese angelica, lycium fruit, and 5 g melia
(chuan lian zi).

Directions: The ingredients are decocted in water for oral administration.

Available commercially in pill or powder form.
Actions, Indications, and Clinical Applications: Nourishes the kidney
yin and liver yin, and regulates and soothes the Liver-Qi. This recipe is par-
ticularly good for regulating the circulation of vital energy, Qi, and is com-
monly used to treat pain and discomfort in the thoracic and hypochondriac
regions, symptoms of fullness in the abdomen, acid regurgitation, dryness
of mouth and tongue, and mass formation in the abdomen resulting from
stagnation of the Liver-Qi.
This recipe is also used to treat liver disorders, and to relieve inflamma-
tion and pain in the liver.

Precautions: People with phlegm stagnation should avoid this recipe.

R-12 YU QUAN WAN

(TRICHOSANTHES FORMULA
FOR DIABETES)

Source:R-12
ZhongYu Fu
Quan Wan
Tang Gong(Trichosanthes Formula
Liang Fang [Zhong Fufor Diabetes)
Tangs’ Formula] by
Ye, Tianshi (Qing dynasty).

Ingredients: The recipe contains 60 g each of codonopsis and ophiopogon,

45 g each of trichosanthes root and pueraria root, and 30 g each of
astragalus, hoelen, black plum, dried rehmannia root, schisandra fruit, and
licorice root.

Directions: Grind the ingredients to a fine powder and take 6 g four times a
day before meals. The powder can be blended with honey to make honey
boluses or the ingredients can be decocted. Available commercially in pills
or as a powder.

Actions, Indications, and Clinical Applications: Nourishes the yin and

the kidneys, and relieves the symptoms of diabetes. This formula effec-
tively treats lassitude, thirst, and other symptoms and complications due to
diabetes.

Precautions: People with excessive Heat should avoid this recipe.

 R-13 SHEN LING BAI ZHU SAN
(GINSENG, PORIA, AND ATRACTYLODES
STOMACHIC FORMULA)

R-13Tai
Source: Shen Ling
Ping HuiBai
MinZhu
He JiSan (Ginseng,
Ju Fang Poria, and
[Formularies Atractylodes
of the Bureau of Peo-
Stomachic
ple’s Welfare Pharmacies]), Volume 3Formula)
by Chen, Shiwen, A.D. 1151 (Song
dynasty), Chinese Pharmacopeia, 1995.

Ingredients: This recipe contains 10 g each of ginseng root, poria, white

atractylodes rhizome, licorice root, and Chinese yam, 7.5 g white dolichos,
(processed bai bian do), and 5 g each of lotus seed, platycodon root, coix
seed, and amomum fruit.

Directions: The ingredients are decocted in water for oral administration.

Divide the decoction into three doses and take before meals. Available com-
mercially in pills or as a powder.

Actions, Indications, and Clinical Applications: Nourishes Qi, strength-

ens the functions of the stomach and spleen, and eliminates Dampness. The
recipe is mainly used to regulate gastrointestinal functions, improve appe-
tite, promote digestion and absorption, and revitalize the body. Clinically
observed symptoms, such as lassitude of extremities, general debility, dys-
pepsia, vomiting, diarrhea, epigastric distension, and sallow complexion
can be relieved with this recipe.

Precautions: People with yin deficiency should avoid this recipe.

R-14 LI ZHONG TANG

(GINSENG AND GINGER COMBINATION
STOMACH-WARMING DECOCTION)

R-14 Li
Source: Zhong
Shang HanTang
Lun(Ginseng
[Treatise and GingerDiseases]
on Febrile Combination Stomach-
by Zhang, Zhong
Jing (Han dynasty). Warming Decoction)

Ingredients: This recipe contains 10 g each of white atractylodes and dry

ginger, and 15 g each of ginseng and 6 g licorice root (processed).

Directions: The ingredients are decocted in water for oral administration.

Divide into three equal doses to be taken on an empty stomach.
Actions, Indications, and Clinical Applications: Expels Coldness by
warming up the Middle-Jiao, replenishes the vital energy (Qi) of the spleen
and stomach, and invigorates the functions of the stomach and spleen. This
formula is mainly used to treat a cold feeling in the stomach, cold limbs,
nausea, vomiting, epigastric and abdominal distention and pain, dyspepsia,
poor appetite, gastritis, stomach and duodenal ulcer, loose stools, and lassi-
tude.
The recipe is also useful for treating gastroenteritis, peptic ulcers,
chronic dysentery, chronic diarrhea in children, swelling, and excessive
menstruation caused by deficiency and Cold of the spleen and stomach.

Precautions: People with yin deficiency and intrinsic Heat should avoid
this recipe.
 Chapter 17

Herbal
Herbal Recipes
Recipes for Bloodfor Blood and
Nourishment Nourishment
Female Ailments
and Female Ailments

R-15 SI WU TANG
(CHINESE ANGELICA AND REHMANNIA
FOUR COMBINATION)

Source:R-15 Si Wu
Tai Ping Tang
Hui Min(Chinese Angelica
He Ji Ju Fang and Rehmannia
[Formularies Fourof Peo-
of the Bureau
Combination)
ples Welfare Pharmacies], Volume 3 by Chen, Shiwen, A.D. 1151 (Song dy-
nasty). Chinese Pharmacopeia, 1995.

Ingredients: This recipe contains 12 g each of processed rehmannia root

and white peony, 10 g Chinese angelica, and 8 g cnidium (chuan xiong) rhi-
zome.

Directions: The ingredients are decocted in water for oral administration.

Available commercially in pills or as a powder.

Actions, Indications, and Clinical Applications: Nourishes the liver and

regulates the blood. This recipe promotes and restores imbalanced Chong
and Ren meridians, corrects blood stagnation, and invigorates blood flow.
Clinically, it is used to treat menstrual disorders, such as frequent abnormal
menstrual pain, amenorrhea, metrorrhagia, metrostaxis with masses in the
blood, habitual miscarriage, and threatened abortion with vaginal bleeding.
Additional benefits include the treatment of functional disturbances of veg-
etative nerves, swelling in the abdomen, muscular rigidity, pain in the
hypogastrium region, alternate attacks of chills and fever, menopausal syn-
dromes, scanty menstruation, dysmenorrhea, and hypoplasia of the uterus.

Precautions: This recipe is not recommended for patients during preg-

nancy.
 R-16 TAO HONG SI WU TANG
(CHINESE ANGELICA AND CARTHAMUS FORMULA
FOR REPLENISHING BLOOD)

R-16YiTao
Source: Hong
Zong Si Wu
Jin Jian Tang
[The (Chinese
Golden Angelica
Mirror and Carthamus
of Medicine] by Wu, Qian,
A.D. 1742. Formula for Replenishing Blood)

Ingredients: This recipe contains 15 g processed rehmannia, 12 g Chinese

angelica, 10 g white peony root, 8 g each of cnidium (chuan xiong) rhizome
and carthamus (safflower), and 6 g peach kernel.

Directions: The ingredients are decocted in water for oral administration.

Available commercially in pills or as a powder.

Actions, Indications, and Clinical Applications: Even stronger than Si

Wu Tang (R-15), this formula invigorates blood circulation, and eliminates
and prevents blood stasis. It is commonly used to treat amenorrhea, menor-
rhalgia, irregular menstruation, excessive menstrual bleeding, masses in the
blood, purplish blood formation due to blood stasis, retarded blood circula-
tion, and a feeling of abdominal distension and pain.
Additional benefits include the treatment of fibromyoma of the uterus,
ovarian cysts, amenorrhea, and menorrhagia caused by stagnation of blood.

Precautions: This recipe is not recommended for patients during preg-

nancy.

R-17 DANG GUI WAN

(CHINESE ANGELICA PILLS)

R-17
Source: Jin Gui Dang
Yao Lue Gui Wan (Chinese
[Synopsis Angelica
of Prescriptions of Pills)
the Golden Cham-
ber] by Zhang, Zhong Jing (Han dynasty).

Ingredients: This recipe contains 100 g each of Chinese angelica, cnidium,

scute, and white peony; and 50 g white atractylodes.

Directions: Grind the ingredients into a fine powder and mix with honey to
make boluses or pills. Dose is 6 to 9 g taken with water three times a day be-
fore meals. This is a popular patent medicine available commercially in
pills or capsules.
Actions, Indications, and Clinical Applications: Nourishes the Xue (blood)
and promotes blood circulation. This formula is the most frequently used
for menstrual disorders, such as infrequent menstruation, menstrual pain,
morbid leukorrhea, amenorrhea (suppression of menstruation), sallow com-
plexion, pale lips and tongue, dizziness, and palpitations due to blood defi-
ciency and anemia.

Precautions: Avoid consuming cold foods while taking this medication.

R-18 BA ZHEN WAN

(EIGHT PRECIOUS HERBS FOR WOMEN)

Source: R-18
ZhengBa
Ti Zhen Wan
Lie Yao (Eight of
[Manual Precious Herbs
Effective for Women)
Prescriptions], author and
date unknown.

Ingredients: This recipe is 15 g processed rehmannia root, 10 g each of

Chinese angelica root and white atractylodes, 8 g each of white peony root
and poria; 5 g each of cnidium and licorice root; and 3 g ginseng.

Directions: Grind the ingredients to fine powder and mix with honey to
make boluses. Take 6 to 9 g three times a day before meals. Available com-
mercially in pills or as a powder.

Actions, Indications, and Clinical Applications: Invigorates the func-

tions of the spleen and stomach, and nourishes both Qi and blood. This is a
popular recipe for menstrual disorders, menstrual irregularity, anemia, gen-
eral debility, fatigue, palpitation, pale complexion, anorexia, dizziness,
blurred vision, tiredness, and lassitude caused by Qi and blood deficiencies.
Ba Zhen Wan combined with perilla seed and amomum fruit (10 g each) re-
duces the chances of habitual miscarriage.

Precautions: People with internal Heat should avoid this recipe. Avoid
cold foods and excessive sexual activities during medication.

R-19 WU JI BAI FENG WAN

(CHICKEN PHOENIX PILLS FOR WOMEN)

R-19Jing
Source: WuYanJi Bai Feng
Fang Wan (Chicken
[Collection Phoenix
of Proved Pills forChinese
Prescriptions]; Women) Phar-
macopeia, 1995.
Ingredients: This recipe is 2,000 g black-bone chicken meat; 768 g each of
processed rehmannia and dry rehmannia; 432 g Chinese angelica; 384 g
each of ginseng root, Chinese yam, white peony root, salvia root, and
cyperus; 192 g each of cnidium (chuan xiong), asparagus, euryale seed, and
tortoise shell; 144 g each of oyster shell, mantis egg case, and antler pow-
der; and 96 g each of astragalus root and licorice root.

Directions: The recipe is a popular classical pharmaceutical preparation in

water-honey boluses. Each bolus weighs 6 to 9 g. Take one bolus twice a
day before meals.

Actions, Indications, and Clinical Applications: Replenishes Qi and

nourishes blood, regulates menstruation, and relieves leukorrhea. This rec-
ipe is used to treat menstrual irregularities, menorrhagia, menorrhalgia,
amenorrhea, postnatal bleeding, functional uterine bleeding, cramps, met-
rostaxis, metrorrhagia, morbid leukorrhea, night sweating, dizziness, ring-
ing in the ears, and fever due to deficiencies of Qi and blood.
It is also helpful for menopausal syndrome, night sweating, postnatal fe-
ver, postmenopausal vaginitis, and thrombocytopenic purpura.

Precautions: This recipe should not be taken during pregnancy. People

with excessive Dampness-Heat should be cautious when taking this recipe.

R-20 GENG NIAN AN

(REHMANNIA AND POLYGONUM
COMBINATION MENOPAUSE PILLS)

R-20Chinese
Source: Geng Nian An (Rehmannia
Pharmacopoeia, 1995.and Polygonum Combination
Menopause Pills)
Ingredients: This recipe contains processed rehmannia, polygonum, poria,
alisma, schisandra fruit, pearl shell, polygonum stem, scrophularia, light
wheat, moutan, cornus, curculigo, and processed licorice root (amount of
each herb is not disclosed).

Directions: Available commercially in tablets, capsules, or pills. Each tab-

let weighs 0.3 g. Take six tablets two or three times a day before meals.

Actions, Indications, and Clinical Applications: Nourishes kidney yin,

tranquilizes the Xin (TCM-Mind), and relieves excessive Heat and liver-
yang hyperactivity. This recipe is particularly useful for eliminating female
climacteric (menopausal) syndrome marked by tidal fever, hot flashes, fe-
ver with sweating, vertigo, insomnia, night sweating, dysphoria, irritability,
restlessness, and fluctuation of blood pressure. It is also useful in managing
male climacteric syndrome, osteoporosis, and degenerative changes of the
skin.

Precautions: Avoid smoking and drinking alcohol while taking this medi-
cation.

R-21 DANG GUI SHAO YAO WAN

(CHINESE ANGELICA AND PEONY
LIVER STAGNATION FORMULA)

R-21 Dang
Source: ZhongGui
YaoShao
FangYao Wan
Ji Yan Jiu (Chinese Angelica
Yu Yingyung Da Quanand Peony Liverof
[Encyclopedia
Stagnation
Chinese Medicine Formulas, Formula)
Studies and Applications] by Bai, Gang and
Xiao, Hongben, 1994.

Ingredients: This recipe contains 50 g red peony root, 25 g alisma, 20 g

each of poria and white atractylodes, and 15 g each of Chinese angelica and
cnidium.

Directions: Grind the ingredients to a fine powder. Take 3 to 6 g orally with

wine two or three times a day before meals. Available commercially in pills
or powder.

Actions, Indications, and Clinical Applications: Nourishes the blood, re-

lieves stagnation of Liver-Qi, strengthens the spleen, and dissipates Damp-
ness. This recipe relieves discomfort and lower abdominal pain during
pregnancy.
Also, it is used to treat blood poisoning during pregnancy as a result of
stagnated blood; and chronic nephritis, cystitis, uterine bleeding, menstrual
irregularity, fetal movement, uterine mass formation, and infertility.
 Chapter 18

Herbal
Herbal Recipes
Recipes That
That Balance theBalance
Yin and Yang
the Yin and Yang

R-22 LIU WEI DI HUANG WAN

(SIX HERB KIDNEY ESSENCE TONIC)

R-22Xiao
Source: Liu Er
WeiYao
DiZheng
HuangZhiWan
Jue (Six
[KeyHerb Kidney Essence
to Therapeutics Tonic)Dis-
of Children’s
eases] by Qian, Yi and reedited by Yan, Jizhong, A.D. 1119.

Ingredients: This ancient master formula contains 24 g processed rehman-

nia root, 12 g each of Chinese yam and cornus fruit, 9 g each of moutan,
alisma, and poria.

Directions: Grind the ingredients into a fine powder and make honey or wa-
ter pills. Available commercially in pills or as a powder.

Actions, Indications, and Clinical Applications: This is a classical recipe

used to treat underdeveloped infants due to kidney-yin deficiency. Today it
is used for treating deficiency of the vital essence (yin) of the kidneys and
liver. Common symptoms associated with kidney-yin deficiency are painful
loins and knees, vertigo, diabetes, thirst, night sweating, feverish sensation
in the palms of the hands and soles of the feet, tinnitus, dizziness, frequent
urination, tidal fevers, leukorrhea, dry mouth and throat, red tongue with
thin coating, and a thready and rapid pulse. The recipe benefits balance of
the endocrine functions and vegetative nerves, and lowers blood pressure,
blood lipid levels, and blood sugars.

Precautions: This recipe can be taken for a long period without adverse
side effects. Avoid hot and acrid foods while taking this medication.
 R-23 MAI WEI DI HUANG WAN
(EIGHT HERB LONGEVITY PILL)

Source:R-23
XiaoMai WeiZheng
Er Yao Di Huang Wan
Zhi Jue (Eight
[Key Herb Longevity
to Therapeutics Pill) Dis-
of Children’s
eases] by Qian, Yi and reedited by Yan, Jizhong, A.D. 1119.

Ingredients: To the recipe Liu Wei Di Huang Wan (R-22), add 9 g ophio-
pogon root and 6 g schisandra fruit.

Directions: Grind all the ingredients to a fine powder and mix with water or
honey to make water pills or honey boluses. Take 9 g twice a day before
meals. Available commercially in pills.

Actions, Indications, and Clinical Applications: Nourishes and invigo-

rates the yin of the liver and kidneys, and reduces chronic cough. This pat-
ented medicine is commonly used for symptoms of chronic cough, asthma,
dryness in mouth, debility, underweightedness, hectic fever, chronic bron-
chitis, diabetes, and all other syndromes for which Liu Wei Di Huang Wan
(R-22) is indicated. Also, this recipe lowers blood sugar and prevents
asthma attacks.

Precautions: This recipe can be taken for a long period without adverse
side effects. Avoid hot and acrid foods while taking this medication.

R-24 SHEN QI WAN (JIN GUI SHEN QI WAN)

(REHMANNIA KIDNEY-YANG TONIC FORMULA)

R-24 Shen
Source: Jin Qi
GuiWan
Yao (Jin Gui Shen Qi
Lue [Synopsis Wan) (Rehmannia
of Prescriptions of the Kidney-Yang
Golden Cham-
Tonic
ber] by Zhang, Zhongjing (Han Formula)
dynasty).

Ingredients: To the recipe Liu Wei Di Huang Wan (R-22), add 3 g cinna-
mon twig and 3 g prepared aconite. This is one of the ancient master formu-
las.

Directions: Grind the ingredients to a fine powder, mix with honey, and
make honey boluses weighing 9 g each. Take 1 bolus twice a day. The ingre-
dients can also be decocted in water for oral administration. Available com-
mercially in pills.

Actions, Indications, and Clinical Applications: Invigorates kidney yang.

This recipe is used to treat weariness of the loins, legs, and feet, cold limbs,
lumbago, edema, difficult breathing, asthma, nocturia, polyuria, stomach
and duodenal ulcers, lower abdominal pain, low back pain, impotence,
shortness of breath, lassitude, and persistent diarrhea due to hypofunction
or deficiency of the kidneys.
Because it is a mild sedative, this recipe is also applied to lower blood
pressure, relieve asthma, enhance kidney function, and treat stomach and
duodenal ulcers. Jin Gui Shen Qi Wan maintains homeostasis, that is, it reg-
ulates urination, body temperature, blood-sugar levels, constipation, and di-
arrhea.

Precautions: People with kidney-yin deficiency and with Heat should

avoid this recipe.

R-25 QI JU DI HUANG WAN

(LYCIUM FRUIT, CHRYSANTHEMUM,
AND REHMANNIA EYESIGHT TONIC PILL)

R-25 Yi
Source: QiFang
Ju DiJiHuang Wan (Lycium
Jie [Collection Fruit, Chrysanthemum,
of Prescriptions and by
with Exposition]
Rehmannia Eyesight Tonic Pill)
Wang, Ang, A.D. 1682.

Ingredients: To the recipe Liu Wei Di Huang Wan (R-22), add 6 g lycium
fruit and 6 g chrysanthemum.

Directions: Grind the ingredients to a fine powder and mix with honey to
make honey boluses weighing 9 g each. Take one bolus two to three times a
day before meals. Available commercially in pills.

Actions, Indications, and Clinical Applications: Nourishes the kidney

yin, and invigorates and regulates the Gan (TCM liver). This formula is a
super medicine for the elderly. It is particularly useful for treating dizziness,
weakened eyesight, eye pain, dry and blurred vision, vertigo, dizziness,
ringing in the ears, photophobia, blurred vision, epiphora (abnormal over-
flow of tears induced by wind), and night blindness.

R-26 QI BAO MEI RAN DAN

(SEVEN TREASURE ANTIAGING
REJUVENATION FORMULA)

R-26 Qi Yi
Sources: Bao MeiJiRan
Fang Dan (SevenofTreasure
Je [Collection Antiaging
Prescriptions with Rejuvenation
Exposition] by
Wang, Ang, A.D. 1682. Formula)
Ingredients: The recipe contains 80 g ho shou wu, 20 g each of achyran-
thes, poria, cuscuta, Chinese angelica, and lycium fruit, and 10 g psoralea
fruit cooked with black sesame seed.

Directions: Grind the ingredients to a fine powder and mix with honey to
make honey boluses. Take 8 g two or three times a day. Available commer-
cially in pills.

Actions, Indications, and Clinical Applications: Nourishes liver yin and

kidney yin. This is a classical formula used to treat lassitude, general aching
of the loins, difficult movement of the legs, neurasthenia due to old age, semi-
nal emissions, spermatorrhea, premature gray hair, and loss of hair due to Qi
and blood deficiency. This formula is also an antiaging recipe.

Precautions: Avoid cold and raw foods while taking this medication.

R-27 ER XIAN TANG

(MORINDA AND EPIMEDIUM MERIDIAN
BALANCING FORMULA)

R-27 Er
Source: XianYiTang
Zhong Fang(Morinda and Epimedium
Ji Lin Chuang Shou Che Meridian Balancing of
[Clinical Handbook
Formula)
TCM Prescriptions], author and date unknown.

Ingredients: This recipe contains 9 g each of morinda root, epimedium,

curculigo, Chinese angelica, phellodendron, and anemarrhena.

Directions: The ingredients are decocted in water and taken orally in three
equal doses daily. Available commercially in pills.

Actions, Indications, and Clinical Applications: Restores kidney-yang,

and regulates the Chong and Ren meridians. This recipe is used to treat hy-
pertension, dizziness, headaches, vertigo, distress, polyuria, spontaneous
sweating, cold limbs, impotence, and menstrual disorders.
This recipe is also useful for andropausal (male menopausal) syndromes.
 R-28 SI SHEN WAN
(FOUR MIRACULOUS HERB SPLEEN-
AND KIDNEY-YANG TONIC FORMULA)

R-28 SiZheng
Source: Shen Wan (Four
Zhi Zhun Miraculous
Sheng Herb
[Standards Spleen- and
of Diagnosis andKidney-Yang
Treatment] by
Tonic
Wang, Kentan, Volume 8, A.D. 1602.Formula)

Ingredients: This recipe contains 24 g fresh ginger root juice, 12 g psoralea

fruit (salt-processed), 6 g schisandra (vinegar-processed), 6 g myristica, 3 g
evodia, and 10 pieces of Chinese dates as a sweetener.

Directions: Grind the psoralea, schisandra, myristica, and evodia to a fine

powder, and add the Chinese dates, honey, and fresh ginger juice to the
powder to make honey pills. Take 9 to 10 g with saltwater before sleep.

Actions, Indications, and Clinical Applications: Nourishes and warms

the spleen yang, tones the kidney yang, and relieves diarrhea with astrin-
gency. This recipe is commonly used to treat early morning diarrhea and
chronic diarrhea, loose stools containing undigested food, anorexia, indi-
gestion, abdominal pain, and associated symptoms of lower back pain, cold
limbs, and exhaustion.
This recipe, with minor modifications, is used for chronic enteritis,
chronic diarrhea, colitis, dysentery, allergic enteritis, intestinal tuberculo-
sis, and other digestive tract ailments.

Precautions: People with diarrhea of the excessive-Heat type or with ab-

dominal pain should avoid this recipe.

R-29 HE SHOU WU WAN (SHOU WU WAN)

(POLYGONUM AND REHMANNIA
ANTIAGING FORMULA)

R-29 HeChinese
Source: Shou Wu Wan (Shou Wu
Pharmacopoeia, Wan) (Polygonum and Rehmannia
1995.
Antiaging Formula)
Ingredients: This recipe contains 36 g processed polygonum root (he shou
wu); 8 g each of cuscuta, ligustrum root, and siegesbeckia; 7 g each of rosa
cherokee extract and mulberry fruit extract; 4 g each of achyranthes root,
psoralea fruit, and morus branch; and 2 g each of dried rehmannia, black
sesame seed, and lonicera stem.
Directions: Grind the ingredients to a fine powder, and mix with honey and
water to make water-honey pills. Take 6 g twice a day before meals. Avail-
able commercially in pills, tablets, or as a powder.

Actions, Indications, and Clinical Applications: Invigorates both kidney

yin and liver yin. This recipe is used to nourish blood, and strengthen mus-
cles and bones. It is commonly used to treat and prevent premature gray
hair, hair loss, exhaustion, blurred vision, ringing in the ears, and numbness
of the extremities. It helps lower blood lipids and cholesterol levels, as well.

Precautions: This recipe is contraindicated in people with Qi and spleen

deficiency and stomach yang. Avoid pungent and hot foods while taking
this medication.

R-30 NAN BAO

(GINSENG AND EPIMEDIUM COMBINATION
MALE TREASURE PILLS)

R-30 Nan
Source: BaoYao
Zhong (Ginseng
Fang Jiand
Yen Epimedium Combination
Jiu Yu Yingyung Male Treasureof
Da Quan [Encyclopedia
Pills)
Chinese Medicine Formulas, Studies and Applications] by Bai, Gang and
Xiao, Hongben, 1994.

Ingredients: This recipe contains 22 g donkey’s kidney, 10 g each of gin-

seng, astragalus root, poria, epimedium, lycium fruit, processed rehmannia,
and Chinese angelica, 5 g each of cornus fruit, psoralea, ophiopogon root,
morinda, scrophularia root, pilose antler, cuscuta seed, white atractylodes,
cistanche, rubus (raspberry fruit), cynomorium, curculigo, eucommia, cin-
namon bark, and dog’s kidneys, and 2.5 g each of achyranthes, licorice root,
donkey-hide gelatin, and dipsacus.

Directions: The ingredients are decocted in water for oral administration,

or ground to a fine powder and mixed with water and honey to make water-
honey pills. Take 6 g twice a day. Available commercially in pills.

Actions, Indications, and Clinical Applications: Invigorates the vital

function of the kidney yang. This recipe is used for male sexual debility,
male impotence and seminal emission, mental tiredness, amnesia, and
aches and pains of the knees and lumbar region, and symptoms caused by
deficiency of kidney yang. It is also used to treat chronic nephritis.
 Chapter 19

Recipes
Recipes ThatThat
BenefitBenefit thethe
the Heart and Heart
Brain
and the Brain

R-31 DAN SHEN YIN

(SALVIA AND AMOMUM FRUIT ANGINA FORMULA)

R-31 Dan
Source: Shen
Yi Zong JinYin (Salvia
Jian and Amomum
[The Golden Fruit
Mirror of Anginaby
Medicine] Formula)
Wu, Qian,
A.D. 1742.

Ingredients: This recipe contains 30 g salvia root, 5 g sandalwood, and 5 g

amomum fruit (sha ren).

Directions: The ingredients are decocted in water for oral administration.

Divide into three doses and take daily before meals.

Actions, Indications, and Clinical Applications: Promotes blood circula-

tion and removes blood stasis. This recipe is used to treat angina pectoris
and other cardiovascular ailments, gastritis, and epigastric and abdominal
pain as a result of the stagnation of Qi and blood.

Precautions: Pregnant women should avoid this recipe.

R-32 FU FANG DAN SHEN PIAN

(COMPOUND FORMULA OF SALVIA HEART TABLET)

R-32 Fu
Source: Fang Dan
Chinese Shen Pian (Compound
Pharmacopoeia, 1995. Formula of Salvia Heart
Tablet)
Ingredients: This recipe contains 215 g salvia extract, 141 g notoginseng,
and 8 g borneol (bing pian).

Directions: This is a well-known modern patented medicine available com-

mercially in tablet form. Take three tablets three times a day before meals.
Actions, Indications, and Clinical Applications: Promotes blood circula-
tion, removes blood stasis, and alleviates chest pain. This recipe is com-
monly used in Chinese hospitals to treat coronary heart disease, angina
pectoris, and an oppressed feeling in the chest.

Precautions: Pregnant women should avoid this recipe.

R-33 GUAN XIN BING II

(CORONARY HEART FORMULA II)

Source:R-33
Yan Guan Xin[Blood
Zhi Fang Bing IIStasis
FangElimination
(Coronary for
Heart Formula II)
the Treatment of Diffi-
cult Cases] by Weng, Weiliang, 1993.

Ingredients: This recipe contains 24 g salvia root, 15 g each of cnidium

(chuang xiong) and red peony, and 12 g each of acronychia (Jiang Xiang)
and carthamus (safflower).

Directions: The ingredients are decocted in water for oral administration.

Available commercially in pills or tablets.

Actions, Indications, and Clinical Applications: Promotes blood circula-

tion, removes blood stasis, regulates Qi, and relieves pain. This recipe is
used for coronary heart disease, angina pectoris, cardiac infarction, chest
distress with an oppressed sensation, pain in the sternal area, and cerebral
thrombosis due to stagnation of blood.
Clinically observed signs of angina pectoris due to blood stasis include
pericardial fixed pain or pain radiating to the left shoulder or back, an op-
pressed sensation in the sternal area, dark red or purplish tongue with
ecchymosis, dark purple lips, black eyes, and an uneven, faint pulse.
This recipe effectively dilates the coronary artery, increases the volume
of blood flow through the coronary blood vessels, increases the hypoxia
tolerance of heart muscle, inhibits the formation of thrombosis and platelet
aggregation, and promotes the restoration of necrotic (dead) cardiac mus-
cle. It is also used for the prevention of a heart attack.

Precautions: This recipe is not recommended for patients with menor-

rhagia or during pregnancy.
 R-34 BU YANG HUAN WU TANG
(GINSENG AND ASTRAGALUS PARALYSIS FORMULA)

R-34 Bu
Source: Yang
Yi Lin Huan
Gai CuoWu Tang (Ginseng
[Corrections and Astragalus
of Errors Paralysis
in Medicine] by Wang,
Qingren, A.D. 1850. Formula)

Ingredients: This recipe contains 60 g astragalus root, 6 g each of Chinese

angelica and red peony, 3 g each of cnidium, peach kernel, carthamus, and
processed earthworm (lumbricus).

Directions: The ingredients are decocted in water for oral administration,

and taken in two doses. This recipe should be taken continuously to prevent
a second or third stroke. The amount of astragalus root can be increased to
120 g. Available commercially in pills or capsules.

Actions, Indications, and Clinical Applications: Invigorates and regu-

lates the flow of Qi, promotes blood circulation, and removes blood stasis.
This classical, popular recipe is used to treat post-stroke symptoms, such as
hemiplegia, deviation of the eyes and mouth, intricate and obscure speech,
involuntary drooling from the mouth, atrophy of upper or lower limbs, and
frequent urination or involuntary enuresis. It may also be used to treat facial
paralysis, chronic pelvic inflammation, atherosclerosis, and coronary heart
disease.

Precautions: People with phlegm stagnation or yin deficiency should avoid

this recipe.

R-35 JIAN NAO BU SHEN WAN

(GINSENG AND ZIZYPHUS COMBINATION BRAIN TONIC)

R-35 Jian
Source: Nao
Zhong YaoBu Shen
Fang WanJiu
Ji Yen (Ginseng and Da
Yu Yingyung Zizyphus Combination of
Quan [Encyclopedia
Brain Tonic)
Chinese Medicine Formulas, Studies and Applications] by Bai, Gang and
Xiao, Hongben, 1994.

Ingredients: This recipe contains 84 g poria, 48 g Chinese yam, 42 g each

of polygala root, amomum, zizyphus (wild jujube seed), white atractylodes
root, and oyster shell, 36 g each of Chinese angelica, cyathula root, and
eucommia bark, 35 g each of white peony root and dragon’s bone (or its
substitute), 30 g each of ginseng (or codonopsis root) and cinnamon bark,
28 g licorice root, 26 g lonicera, 18 g rosa cherokee, 14 g arctium fruit, and
7 g pilose antler.
Directions: Grind the ingredients to a fine powder and mix with honey to
make honey pills. Take 6 g three times a day. The ingredients can be
decocted in water for oral administration. Available commercially in pow-
ders, pills, or capsules.

Actions, Indications, and Clinical Applications: Invigorates the brain, re-

plenishes Qi, stimulates the kidneys, and strengthens the Essence of Life.
This formula is used to treat neurasthenia, amnesia, dizziness, tinnitus, ver-
tigo, insomnia, palpitations, and lassitude in loins and knees.

Precautions: People with spleen deficiency and Dampness should use this
recipe with caution.

R-36 YUE JU WAN OR XIONG ZHU WAN

(CYPERUS ANTISTAGNATION AND DEPRESSION PILL)

R-36 Yue
Source: DanJuXiWan
Xin or
FaXiong Zhu Empirical
[Danxi’s Wan (Cyperus Antistagnation
Therapy Formula] byand
Zhu,
Depression Pill)
Zhenheng, A.D. 1481 (Yuan dynasty).

Ingredients: This recipe contains 12 g of cyperus tuber (vinegar-pro-

cessed), 10 g each of cnidium, atractylodes (stir-fried), gardenia, and medi-
cated leaven (stir-fried).

Directions: Grind the ingredients to a fine powder and mix with water to
make water pills. It can also be decocted in water for oral administration.
Available commercially in pills.

Actions, Indications, and Clinical Applications: Promotes the circulation

of Qi and relieves ailments of stagnation. This recipe relieves six common
stagnancies of Qi, blood, food, phlegm, Dampness, and Liver-Qi (Fire).
Clinically observed symptoms of stagnancy are an oppressed feeling, stuffi-
ness in the chest, distension and pain in the epigastric region, gastric
discomfort, acid regurgitation, indigestion, belching, nausea, vomiting, a
white greasy coating of the tongue, and a taut pulse.
The recipe is also useful for treating depression, mental strain, severe
stress, neurasthenia, hysteria, menopausal syndrome, and dysmenorrhea
due to stagnation of Liver-Qi. This recipe is an effective medicine for de-
pression.

Precautions: Avoid excessive worry and anger while taking this medica-
tion. This recipe is not for stagnancy of deficiency type.
 R-37 BAN XIA HOU PO TANG
(PINELLIA AND MAGNOLIA STAGNATION PILL)

R-37 Ban
Source: Jin Xia
GuiHou Po Tang
Yao Lue (Pinellia
[Synopsis and Magnolia
of Prescriptions Stagnation
of the Pill)
Golden Cham-
ber] by Zhang, Zhongjing (Han dynasty).

Ingredients: This recipe contains 24 g pinellia tuber, 15 g fresh ginger, 12 g

poria, 9 g magnolia bark, and 6 g perilla leaf.

Directions: The ingredients are decocted in water for oral administration.

Divide the decoction into three doses. Available commercially in pills or
capsules.

Actions, Indications, and Clinical Applications: Promotes the circulation

of Qi, reduces the adverse flow of Qi, resolves pathogenic phlegm, expels
phlegm, arrests cough, and alleviates mental depression. The recipe is com-
monly used to remove the sensation of a plum pit stuck in the throat, as well
as a sensation of fullness and distress in the chest and hypochondriac re-
gions. It is also useful for treating neurosis of the pharynx, pharyngitis,
edema of the vocal cords, bronchitis, bronchial asthma, gastric neurosis,
and vomiting during pregnancy due to stagnancy of Qi and phlegm.

Precautions: This recipe is contraindicated in people with yin deficiency.

R-38 XUE FU ZHU YU TANG

(PEACH KERNEL AND CARTHAMUS
BLOOD STASIS FORMULA)

R-38 XueYiFu
Source: LinZhu
GaiYuCuo
Tang (Peach Kernel
[Corrections and Carthamus
of Errors Blood
in Medicine] by Stasis
Wang,
Qingren, A.D. 1850. Formula)

Ingredients: This recipe contains 12 g each of Chinese angelica, peach ker-

nel, and carthamus (safflower), 10 g each of bupleurum root and licorice
root, 9 g each of red peony, achyranthes root, and dried rehmannia root, 6 g
bitter orange, 5 g each of platycodon root and cnidium rhizome.

Directions: The ingredients are decocted in water for oral administration.

Take in three doses on an empty stomach. Available commercially in pills.

Actions, Indications, and Clinical Applications: Promotes circulation of

Qi and blood, removes blood stasis, and relieves chest pain. This recipe re-
lieves stagnation of blood in different areas of the body, particularly in the
chest, which causes stinging, prickly chest pain, endless hiccups, head-
aches, dysphoria, angina pectoris, palpitation, insomnia, irritability, neuro-
sis, and menorrhalgia.

Precautions: This recipe is contraindicated for pregnant women.

R-39 HUO XUE TONG MAI PIAN

(SAFFLOWER AND CYPERUS
CORONARY CIRCULATION FORMULA)

R-39 Huo
Source: HuoXueXueHua
Tong
YuMai PianYi(Safflower
Zhi Liao and Cyperus
Nan Bing [Secret Coronary
Essentials for Com-
Circulation
bating Senility with Chinese Medicine Formula)
Through Various Dynasties] by Yan
Dexin, 1993.

Ingredients: This recipe contains 30 g each of salvia, notoginseng, poly-

gonatum root, and millettia, 15 g each of ginseng and pueraria, 12 g each of
acronychia (jiang xiang), safflower, and saussurea, 9 g cnidium, 6 g peach
kernel, and 3 g borneol.

Directions: Available commercially in tablet form. Take five tablets three

to four times a day.

Actions, Indications, and Clinical Applications: Promotes and strength-

ens coronary circulation and relieves pain. The recipe relieves pain due to
poor coronary circulation, and aids in the treatment of angina pectoris, an
oppressed sensation in the chest, shortness of breath, and coronary heart
disease.

Precautions: This recipe is not used during pregnancy.

 Chapter 20

Herbal Recipes
Herbal RecipesThat Ease
That Ease the Mind
the Mind

R-40 SUAN ZAO REN TANG

(ZIZYPHUS ESSENCE TONIC)

R-40
Source: Jin GuiSuan Zao [Synopsis
Yao Lue Ren Tangof(Ziziphus Essence
Prescriptions of theTonic)
Golden Cham-
ber] by Zhang, Zhongjing (Han dynasty).

Ingredients: This recipe contains 18 g zizyphus, 6 g each of poria and

anemarrhena, 3 g each of cnidium and licorice root.

Directions: The ingredients are decocted in water for oral administration.

Available commercially in pills.

Actions, Indications, and Clinical Applications: Nourishes the yin and

blood, regulates the functions of the liver, clears endogenous Heat, and tran-
quilizes the mind. This recipe tranquilizes the mind, induces normal sleep,
treats weakness, insomnia with vexation, palpitations, night sweating, un-
easiness, fidgetiness and restlessness, dizziness, and dry throat and mouth.

R-41 XIAO YAO WAN

(BUPLEURUM AND CHINESE ANGELICA
EASE FORMULA)

R-41
Source: TaiXiao
PingYao
Hui Wan (Bupleurum
Min He and ChineseofAngelica
Ji Ju Fang [Formularies Ease
the Bureau of Peo-
ple’s Welfare Pharmacies], VolumeFormula)
3 by Chen, Shiwen, A.D. 1151 (Song dy-
nasty); Chinese Pharmacopeia, 1995.

Ingredients: This recipe contains 15 g each of bupleurum root, white pe-

ony, atractylodes rhizome, and poria, 6 g licorice root, 5 g Chinese angelica,
and 3 g each of ginger and peppermint.
Directions: Grind the ingredients into a fine powder and make water pills or
decoct them in water for oral administration. Available commercially in pills.

Actions, Indications, and Clinical Applications: Soothes the liver, re-

lieves depressed Liver-Qi and Spleen-Qi, invigorates the spleen, and nour-
ishes the blood. This popular classical recipe is used to treat irregular men-
struation and cramps, distention of the breasts, lassitude, minor headaches,
anxiety, depression, loss of appetite, distention, pain in the chest and hypo-
chondriac region, anorexia, mental weariness, alternate attacks of chills and
fever, dizziness, a bitter taste in the mouth, and dry throat.

Precautions: People with Xu (deficiency; insufficient anti-pathogenic fac-

tors) and Cold symptoms should avoid this recipe.

R-42 DAN ZHI XIAO YAO WAN

(BUPLEURUM AND PEONY EASE PILLS)

R-42 Tai
Source: Dan ZhiHui
Ping Xiao Yao
Min HeWan (Bupleurum
Ji Ju Fang and Peony
[Formularies Ease Pills)
of the Bureau of Peo-
ple’s Welfare Pharmacies], Volume 3 by Chen, Shiwen, A.D. 1151 (Song dy-
nasty); Chinese Pharmacopeia, 1995.

Ingredients: To the recipe Xiao Yao Wan (R-41), add 3 g moutan and 3 g
gardenia fruit.

Directions: The ingredients are decocted in water for oral administration.

Available commercially in pills.

Actions, Indications, and Clinical Applications: Soothes the Liver-Qi,

strengthens the spleen, nourishes the blood, and regulates menstruation.
This recipe is prescribed for emotional disturbances, irritability, spontane-
ous sweating, night sweating, dry eyes, difficult and painful urination, poor
digestion, lack of appetite, and afternoon feverishness due to an imbalance
of the liver and spleen. Similar to Xiao Yao Wan, this recipe is also effective
for treating irregular menstruation, distention with pain and lump formation
in the breasts during or before menstruation, headaches, pain and distention
in the lower abdomen, and menopausal syndrome.
This formula is particularly useful for emotional distress in women as a
result of abortion, surgical removal of the fallopian tubes, hysterectomy, or
other pelvic surgery.

Precautions: People with Xu (deficiency) and Cold symptoms should

avoid this recipe.
 R-43 AN SHEN BU XIN WAN
(ALBIZZIA BARK SEDATIVE AND HEART TONIC)

R-43 AnChinese
Source: Shen Bu Xin Wan (Albizzia
Pharmacopeia, 1995. Bark Sedative and Heart Tonic)

Ingredients: This recipe contains 56 g An shen extract (An shen extract is

made of 200 g pearl, 50 g polygonum, and 40 g eclipta prostrate, 30 g each
of albizzia bark, cuscuta, and ligustrum, and 20 g dried rehmannia), and 30
g salvia, 15 g schisandra, and 10 g acorus.

Directions: This patented medicine is available commercially in pills or

tablets. The dose varies according to the directions of the product.

Actions, Indications, and Clinical Applications: Tranquilizes the mind

and nourishes the heart yin. The recipe treats neuroses manifested as insom-
nia, nervousness, palpitations, hot feelings in the palms of the hands and
feet, amnesia, dizziness, night sweating, ringing in the ears, and blurred vi-
sion.

Precautions: Avoid hot/acrid food while using this recipe.

R-44 BAI ZI YANG XIN WAN

(BIOTA SEED MIND-EASING TONIC)

R-44
Source: Bai ZiPharmacopeia,
Chinese Yang Xin Wan1995.
(Biota Seed Mind-Easing Tonic)

Ingredients: This recipe contains 200 g poria, 100 g each of astragalus

root, cnidium, Chinese angelica, and pinellia tuber, 25 g each of biota seed,
ginseng, wild jujube, schisandra fruit, polygala, and cinnamon bark, and 10
g licorice root (omit cinnabar).

Directions: Grind the ingredients to a fine powder and mix with honey to
make honey boluses, each weighing 9 g. Take one bolus twice a day before
meals. Available commercially in pills, capsules, or as a powder.

Actions, Indications, and Clinical Applications: Replenishes Heart-Qi,

nourishes the blood, and tranquilizes the mind. This recipe relieves anxiety
and mental strain, emotional distress, palpitations, shortness of breath, in-
somnia, nightmares, amnesia, severe palpitations due to fright, and hyper-
thyroidism.
Precautions: People with hyperactivity of yang should avoid this recipe.
Avoid acidic and hot foods while taking this medication.

R-45 TIAN WANG BU XIN WAN

(GINSENG AND ZIZYPHUS MIND-EASING
AND HEART TONIC FORMULA)

R-45 Tian
Source: Shi YiWang Bu Xin
De Xiao FangWan (Ginseng
[Effective and Zizyphus
Formulas Tested byMind-Easing
Physicians for
and Heart
Generations] by Wei, Yilin, Tonic Formula)
A.D. 1345.

Ingredients: This recipe contains 200 g dried rehmannia root, 50 g each of

biota seed, zizyphus seed, ophiopogon root, Chinese angelica, schisandra
fruit, and asparagus, 25 g each of scrophularia root, codonopsis, poria, sal-
via root, polygala root, acorus, licorice root, and platycodon root.

Directions: The ingredients are made into water or honey pills. Take 9 to 10
g three times a day before meals. Available commercially in pills or cap-
sules.

Actions, Indications, and Clinical Applications: Nourishes the heart yin

and blood, tranquilizes the mind, and induces sleep. This recipe is helpful
for treating hypofunction of the heart and kidneys. Symptoms such as in-
somnia, dreaminess, forgetfulness, palpitations, mental weariness, noctur-
nal emission, dry stools, mouth boils, a red tongue with thin coating, and a
thready and rapid pulse are helped with this recipe.

Precautions: People with stomach and spleen deficiency, Cold, and phlegm
retention should avoid this recipe.
 Chapter 21

HerbalHerbal
Recipes toRecipes to Internal
Relieve Colds, Relieve Colds,
Ailments, and Pains
Internal Ailments, and Pains

R-46 YIN QIAO JIE DU PIAN

(LONICERA FLOWER AND FORSYTHIA COLD
AND DETOXIFICATION FORMULA)

R-46 YinWen
Source: Qiao JieTiao
Bing Du Pian (LoniceraofFlower
Bian [Treatise and Forsythia
Differentiation Cold andof
and Treatment
Detoxification
Epidemic Febrile Diseases] by Wu, Tang,Formula)
A.D. 1798.

Ingredients: This recipe contains 200 g each of lonicera flower and for-
sythia fruit, 120 g each of peppermint, platycodon, and arctium fruit, 100 g
each of licorice root and soja, 80 g each of lophatherum (bamboo leaf), and
schizonepeta.

Directions: This is a commonly prescribed patent medicine, available com-

mercially in tablet or pill form. The dose is 3 g, two to three times a day, ad-
ministered orally with water.

Actions, Indications, and Clinical Applications: Relieves Wind-Heat

type colds or influenza, induces diaphoresis, reduces fever, and detoxifies.
This is the most commonly prescribed antipyretic formula for relieving
colds through perspiration and detoxification. The Wind-Heat type colds
are characterized as fever without sweating, a cough, headaches, chills and
fever, dry mouth and sore throat, and runny nose.

Precautions: People with Wind-Cold colds should avoid this recipe, use
Tong Xuan Li Fei Pian (R-47).

R-47 TONG XUAN LI FEI PIAN

(EPHEDRA AND PERILLA COLD FORMULA)

R-47 Tong
Source: ZhengXuan Li Fei
Zhi Zhun Pian[Standards
Zheng (Ephedra and Perilla Cold
of Diagnosis andFormula)
Treatments]
by Wang, Kentang, A.D. 1602.
Ingredients: This recipe contains144 g perilla leaves, 96 g each of ephedra,
peucedanum, platycodon, scute root, orange peel, hoelen, and processed
bitter orange, 72 g each of bitter almond kernel, pinellia tuber, and licorice
root.

Directions: This is a popular patent medicine, available commercially in

tablet or pill form. Take six to eight pills twice a day before meals.

Actions, Indications, and Clinical Applications: Relieves exterior Wind-

Cold-type colds, induces diaphoresis, facilitates Lung-Qi, and arrests
coughing. This recipe is used to relieve flu and colds, stop coughs, treat
asthma, stuffy nose, fever, headache, soreness and pain in limbs, and other
symptoms associated with colds and flu.

Precautions: This recipe is not for Wind-Heat-type colds or for people with
a cough due to yin deficiency.

R-48 HUO XIANG ZHENG QI WAN

(AGASTACHE GASTROINTESTINAL FLU PILLS)

R-48 Huo
Source: TaiXiang Zheng
Ping Hui MinQiHeWan
Ji Ju (Agastache Gastrointestinal
Fang [Formularies FluofPills)
of the Bureau Peo-
ple’s Welfare Pharmacies], Volume 3 by Chen, Shiwen, A.D. 1151 (Song dy-
nasty); Chinese Pharmacopeia, 1995.

Ingredients: This recipe contains 9 g agastache, 8 g licorice, 6 g each of

white atractylodes, orange peel, pinellia tuber, magnolia stirred with ginger
juice, and platycodon, 3 g each of perilla leaves, angelica, areca peel, and
hoelen.

Directions: Grind the ingredients into a fine powder and either mix with
honey for honey boluses or cook the powder for oral administration. Take 6
g each time with a decoction of fresh ginger and Chinese dates. Available
commercially in pills or soft capsules.

Actions, Indications, and Clinical Applications: Relieves exterior Cold

syndrome, eliminates Dampness, and regulates the Middle-Jiao. This rec-
ipe is useful against afflictions caused by Wind-Cold external pathogens
with accumulation of Dampness, commonly seen in the summer months or
during travel in the summer, with nausea, vomiting, borborygmus, intesti-
nal distention, oppressed feeling in the chest and abdomen, diarrhea, head-
aches, and fever. This recipe regulates gastrointestinal functions, arrests
vomiting and diarrhea, restores the normal functioning of the stomach, in-
duces diaphoresis, allays fever, and relieves symptoms of flu in the gastro-
intestinal tract.

Precautions: People with hyperactivity, yin deficiency, and allergies to al-

cohol should avoid this patent medicine.

R-49 CHUAN XIONG CHA TIAO SAN

(CHUAN XIONG HEADACHE RELIEF FORMULA)

R-49 Chuan
Source: Xiong
Tai Ping Hui Cha
Men Tiao
He JiSan (Chuan
Ju Fang Xiong Headache
[Formularies Relief of
of the Bureau
People’s Welfare Pharmacies] byFormula)
Chen, Shiwen, A.D. 1151.

Ingredients: This recipe contains 250 g mentha, 120 g each of cnidium and
schizonepeta, 60 g each of angelica root, notopterygium root, and licorice
root, 45 g siler, 30 g asarum herb.

Directions: Grind the ingredients into a fine powder. Mix the powder with
green tea (or take the medicine with tea) and take 6 g two or three times a
day. It can also be decocted in water for oral administration. Available com-
mercially in pills or powders.

Actions, Indications, and Clinical Applications: Dispels pathogenic

Wind and relieves pain. This recipe is effective against many types of head-
aches, such as migraines, sinus headaches, and pain in the top part of the
head, as well as those associated with symptoms such as a stuffy nose,
chronic rhinitis, fever, pain in the limbs, and dizziness. This recipe induces
diaphoresis, reduces fever, relieves headaches, and tranquilizes the mind.

Precautions: This recipe is not for people with headaches due to defi-
ciency.

R-50 CHAI HU SHU GAN TANG

(BUPLEURUM AND CYPERUS
LIVER-SOOTHING FORMULA)

R-50 Chai
Source: HuYao
Zhong ShuFang
GanJiSan
Yen(Bupleurum and Da
Jiu Yu Yingyung Cyperus Liver-Soothing
Quan [Encyclopedia of
Formula)
Chinese Medicine Formulas, Studies and Applications] by Bai, Gang and
Xiao, Hongben, 1994.
Ingredients: This recipe contains 6 g each of tangerine peel and bupleur-
um, 4.5 g each of cnidium, cyperus tuber, bitter orange, and white peony,
and 1.5 g licorice root.

Directions: The ingredients are decocted in water for oral administration.

Divide the decoction into two doses and take before meals.

Actions, Indications, and Clinical Applications: Invigorates Qi, relieves

stagnation of Liver-Qi, regulates blood, and relieves pain. This recipe re-
lieves pain over the costal regions related to menopausal syndrome, stom-
ach distension, and a feeling of fullness and pain. This recipe may also re-
lieve menopausal syndrome, intestinal pain, and pain after surgery due to
adhesion.

Precautions: Avoid hot/acrid food and anger while taking this recipe.

R-51 XIAO HUO LUO DAN

(ARISAEMA AND ACONITE QI-ACTIVATING FORMULA)

R-51Tai
Source: Xiao Huo
Ping HuiLuo
MinDan
He Ji(Arisaema and Aconite
Ju Fang [Formularies of Qi-Activating
the Bureau of Peo-
Formula)
ple’s Welfare Pharmacies] by Chen, Shiwen, A.D. 1151.

Ingredients: This recipe contains 180 g each of processed Sichuan aconite,

processed wild aconite, earthworms, and processed arisaema, 66 g each of
mastic and myrrh.

Directions: Grind the ingredients to a fine powder and make small water-
honey boluses, with each pill weighing 3 g. Take one bolus twice a day with
warm water or wine before meals. Available commercially in pills.

Actions, Indications, and Clinical Applications: Stimulates the meridi-

ans, dispels pathogenic Wind-Dampness, and invigorates blood circulation.
This recipe is used for chronic pain and numbness of hands, feet, muscles,
and bones. It is also used to treat lumbago, stiff neck, frozen shoulder,
periarthritis of the shoulder, chronic rheumatic and rheumatoid arthritis
with pain, and difficult joint movement.

Precautions: This recipe is contraindicated for people with fever caused by

deficiency of yin and during pregnancy.
 R-52 SHU GAN WAN
(WHITE PEONY AND MELIA
LIVER-SOOTHING FORMULA)

R-52 ShuChinese
Source: Gan Wan (White Peony1995.
Pharmacopoeia, and Melia Liver-Soothing Formula)

Ingredients: This recipe contains 15 g melia (Sichuan chinaberry), 12 g

white peony, 10 g each of hoelen, aquilaria, myristica, corydalis tuber,
curcuma rhizome, amomum fruit, and bitter orange, 8 g each of aucklandia
and orange peel, and 6 g magnolia bark.

Directions: This is a popular patented medicine, available commercially in

pill form. Take six to eight pills three times a day before meals.

Actions, Indications, and Clinical Applications: Regulates the Liver-Qi,

normalizes the functions of the stomach, and relieves gastric pain. This rec-
ipe treats a feeling of depression due to stagnant Liver-Qi, frequent belch-
ing, acid regurgitation, gastrointestinal pain, feelings of fullness over the
epigastric regions, and poor appetite. It also effectively relieves pain in the
costal region and distending pain in the hypochondriac region.

Precautions: Avoid anger and excessive worry while taking this medica-
tion.

R-53 XIAO CHAI HU TANG

(MINOR BUPLEURUM MEDIATION FORMULA)

R-53 Xiao
Source: ShangChai
HanHuLunTang (Minor
[Treatise on Bupleurum Mediation
Febrile Diseases] Formula)
by Zhang, Zhong-
jing, A.D. 219 (Han dynasty).

Ingredients: This recipe contains 12 g bupleurum root, 9 g each of scute

root, fresh ginger, and processed pinellia tuber, 6 g ginseng, 5 g licorice root
(processed), and four pieces Chinese dates.

Directions: The ingredients are decocted in water for oral administration.

Available commercially in pills.

Actions, Indications, and Clinical Applications: Relieves the symptoms

of Shao Yang diseases, which are characterized by alternating chills and fe-
ver, fullness and tightness in the chest and costal regions, fidgeting, nausea,
dryness in the throat, bitterness in the mouth, and a taut and rapid pulse.
This recipe helps to strengthen the body’s resistance and improve the im-
mune system. It is also used for liver detoxification, and treating ailments of
hepatitis and cholecystitis.
This recipe with minor modification may also help liver disorders, such as
hepatitis, infections of the biliary tract, pleuritis, gastritis, indigestion, cystic
mastopathy, intercostal neuralgia, neurosis, and AIDS (see Chapter 9).

Precautions: This recipe is contraindicated for people with cold limbs not
due to stagnation of Qi.

R-54 FU ZI LI ZHONG TANG

(ACONITE AND GINGER STOMACHACHE FORMULA)

R-54
Source: TaiFu Zi Li
Ping HuiZhong Tang
Min He Ji Ju(Aconite and Ginger
Fang [Formularies ofStomachache
the Bureau of Peo-
Formula)
ple’s Welfare Pharmacies] by Chen, Shiwen, A.D. 1151.

Ingredients: This recipe contains 200 g ginseng (or codonopsis root), 150 g
white atractylodes, 100 g each of processed aconite, dry ginger, and licorice
root.

Directions: This is a popular patented medicine, in pill or capsule form.

Take six to eight pills three times a day.

Actions, Indications, and Clinical Applications: Warms the Middle-Jiao,

invigorates the spleen, relieves abdominal pain, and stops diarrhea. This
recipe is for Coldness in the abdomen, manifested as abdominal aches and
pain, nausea and vomiting, diarrhea, and cold limbs with a weak and
thready pulse.

Precautions: Avoid cold foods while taking this medication.

R-55 TIAN MA WAN

(GASTRODIA AND EUCOMMIA PAIN FORMULA)

R-55
Source: Tian
Jing YueMa Wan
Quan Shu(Gastrodia
[Jing-Yue’sand Eucommia
Complete Pain
Works] byFormula)
Zhang, Jiebin,
A.D. 1624.

Ingredients: This recipe contains 17 g eucommia bark, 16 g dry rehman-

nia, 10 g each of notopterygium and Chinese angelica, 6 g each of gastrodia,
achyranthes, scrophularia, and tokoro, 5 g pubescent angelica root, and 1 g
prepared aconite root.
Directions: This is a popular patented medicine, available commercially in
pill form. Take six to eight pills three times a day before meals.

Actions, Indications, and Clinical Applications: Expels pathogenic Wind,

dispels Cold, and relieves rigidity of muscles and pain. This recipe is useful
for tension headaches, vertigo, symptoms after apoplexy, limb spasms,
numbness of hands and feet, lassitude, pain in loins and knees, rheumatic
arthralgia, facial paralysis, hemiplegia, and tetraplegia.
The recipe is also used to treat migraine headaches, rheumatic arthritis,
rheumatoid arthritis, hemiplegia and paralysis after a stroke, and infantile
convulsions.

Precautions: This recipe is contraindicated during pregnancy.

R-56 YUAN HU ZHI TONG WAN

(CORYDALIS AND ANGELICA PAIN FORMULA)

R-56 Yuan
Source: Hu Zhi
Chinese Tong Wan (Corydalis
Pharmacopoeia, 1995. and Angelica Pain Formula)

Ingredients: This recipe contains 445 g corydalis tuber (vinegar-processed)

and 223 g angelica root.

Directions: This is a popular patented medicine. Available commercially in

pill form. Take four to six pills two or three times a day.

Actions, Indications, and Clinical Applications: Promotes blood circula-

tion, regulates the flow of Qi, and relieves pain. This is a classical recipe
used to arrest pain. It relieves gastric, menstrual, costal region, liver, and
chest pain, as well as angina pectoris, neurovascular headache, migraines,
trigeminal neuralgia, and other types of pain such as stomach, costal and
menstrual pain resulting from stagnation of Qi and blood.

Precautions: People with excessive yin deficiency should avoid this recipe.

R-57 QIANG HUO SHENG SHI TANG

(NOTOPTERYGIUM AND PUBESCENT ANGELICA
PAIN FORMULA)

R-57 Nie
Source: Qiang
WaiHuo Sheng
Shang BianShi Tang
Huo Lun (Notopterygium
[Differentiation ofand Pubescentand
Endogenous
Angelica
Exogenous Diseases], author Painunknown.
and date Formula)
Ingredients: This recipe contains 6 g each of notopterygium root (qiang
huo) and pubescent angelica (du huo), 3 g each of ligustrum fruit, siler root,
licorice root, and cnidium, and 2 g vitex fruit.

Directions: This is a popular patented medicine, in pill form. Take six to

eight pills three times a day before meals.

Actions, Indications, and Clinical Applications: Dispels Wind-Cold-

Dampness pathogens and arrests pain. This recipe treats Exterior syn-
dromes of pain and headaches, general aching of the entire body, difficulty
in motion (especially when walking), and chronic arthralgia.

Precautions: People with yin deficiency and insufficient body fluid should
use this herb with caution or not at all.

R-58 DU HUO JI SHENG TANG

(PUBESCENT ANGELICA AND LORANTHUS
PAIN FORMULA)

R-58 DuBei
Source: Huo Ji Sheng
Ji Qian Tang
Jin Yao (Pubescent
Fang Angelica
[Prescriptions and Loranthus
for Emergencies Paina
Worth
Formula)
Thousand Golden Dollars] by Sun, Simiao, A.D. 652.

Ingredients: This recipe contains 9 g pubescent angelica (du huo), 6 g each

of loranthus, Chinese angelica, cnidium rhizome, asarum, large-leaf gen-
tian root (qin jiu), siler, eucommia bark, white peony, processed rehmannia,
poria, codonopsis root, cinnamon twig, and licorice root.

Directions: This is a popular patented medicine, available commercially in

pill form. Take six to eight pills three times a day before meals.

Actions, Indications, and Clinical Applications: Dispels Wind-Damp-

ness Bi Syndrome, benefits the liver and kidneys, nourishes the Qi and
blood, and relieves pain. This recipe treats arthralgia, chronic rheumatic
disorders (Wind-Cold-Damp Bi syndrome). It is equally effective in treat-
ing general pain, rheumatic and rheumatoid arthritis, lower back pain, sciat-
ica, strained muscles, numbness, and pain in lower limbs.

Precautions: The recipe is contraindicated during pregnancy.

 R-59 PING WEI SAN
(MAGNOLIA AND GINGER PEPTIC FORMULA)

R-59
Source: WeiMin
Tai Ping Hui SanHe(Magnolia
Ji Ju Fangand Ginger Peptic
[Formularies of theFormula)
Bureau of Peo-
ples Welfare Pharmacies], Volume 3 by Chen, Shiwen, A.D. 1151 (Song dy-
nasty); Chinese Pharmacopeia, 1995.

Ingredients: This recipe contains 15 g atractylodes rhizome, 9 g magnolia,

9 g orange peel, and 4 g licorice.

Directions: Grind the ingredients to a fine powder and take 3 to 5 g each

time with fresh ginger juice, or cook the ingredients in water for a decoc-
tion, which is divided into three doses. Available commercially in pills or
tablets.

Actions, Indications, and Clinical Applications: Strengthens the spleen,

removes Dampness, promotes the circulation of Qi, and invigorates the
functions of the stomach. This recipe is mainly used as a stomachic to re-
lieve the feeling of fullness, anorexia, loss of taste, vomiting, and acid re-
gurgitation. It is also used for abdominal distension, lassitude, drowsiness,
frequent diarrhea, leukorrhea, and amenorrhea due to stagnation and accu-
mulation of fluids in the body.

Precautions: People with symptoms of Xu (deficiency) or Heat and those

who are pregnant should avoid this recipe.

R-60 XIAO JIAN ZHONG TANG

(CINNAMON AND PEONY MIDDLE-JIAO TONIC)

R-60Shang
Source: Xiao Jian
Han Zhong Tang (Cinnamon
Lun [Treatise and PeonybyMiddle-Jiao
on Febrile Diseases] Zhang, Zhong-
jing, A.D. 219 (Han dynasty). Tonic)

Ingredients: This recipe contains 30 g malt extract, 18 g peony root, 10 g

fresh ginger, 9 g cinnamon twig, 6 g licorice root, and four pieces jujube.

Directions: The ingredients are decocted in water for oral administration.

Take in three daily doses on an empty stomach. Available commercially in
pills or capsules.
Actions, Indications, and Clinical Applications: Expels Coldness, warms
up the Middle-Jiao, promotes circulation, and relieves abdominal pain.
This recipe is mainly used to relieve gastrointestinal spasms, pain due to
coldness and deficiency, and imbalance of the spleen and liver.

Precautions: This recipe is contraindicated for people with hyperactivity

of pathogenic Fire due to yin deficiency.

R-61 SI NI SAN
(BUPLEURUM AND PEONY
LIVER-SOOTHING FORMULA)

R-61 Shang
Source: Si Ni San
Han(Bupleurum and
Lun (Treatise onPeony
FebrileLiver-Soothing Formula)
Disease) by Zhang, Zhong-
jing, A.D. 219 (Han dynasty).

Ingredients: This recipe contains 15 g white peony, 6 g each bupleurum

root, immature bitter orange, and processed licorice root.

Directions: The ingredients are decocted in water for oral administration.

Available commercially in pills.

Actions, Indications, and Clinical Applications: Soothes the Liver-Qi

and Spleen-Qi, and alleviates mental depression. This recipe effectively
treats abdominal distension, distress, cold limbs, diarrhea, and abdominal
pain due to stagnation of Liver-Qi and Spleen-Qi. This recipe also helps
tranquilize the mind, relieve spasms and pain, allay fever, and relieve
hepatic disorders.

Precautions: People with liver-blood deficiency and yang deficiency should

avoid this recipe.

R-62 MU XIANG BING LANG WAN

(AUCKLANDIA AND ARECA SEED
CARMINATIVE FORMULA)

R-62
Source: Mu
Wei Xiang
Sheng Bing
Bao JianLang
[TheWan (Aucklandia
Precious Mirror ofand Areca author
Hygiene], Seed and
date unknown. Carminative Formula)
Ingredients: This recipe contains 200 g pharbitis processed, 150 g each of
rhubarb, cyperus, and phellodendron bark, 50 g each of aucklandia root,
areca seeds, orange peel, cyperus tuber, bitter orange, blue citrus, zedoaria,
and coptis root.

Directions:

This is a popular patented medicine, available commercially in pill form.

Take six to eight pills three times a day before meals.

Actions, Indications, and Clinical Applications: Regulates Qi, relieves

stagnation, and promotes elimination of metabolic wastes. This medicine
relieves stagnancy of food and gas in the abdomen, a stuffy feeling in the
chest, abdominal pain, chronic gastritis, poor appetite, dyspepsia, indiges-
tion with flatulence, and difficulty in urination and defecation. This recipe
is also effective against dysentery.

Precautions: This recipe is contraindicated for the elderly, yin deficient,

and pregnant women.

R-63 XIAO QING LONG TANG

(EPHEDRA AND PINELLIA COUGH ASTHMA FORMULA)

R-63 Xiao
Source: ShangQing
Han Long Tang (Ephedra
Lun [Treatise andDiseases]
on Febrile Pinellia Cough Asthma
by Zhang, Zhong-
jing, A.D. 219 (Han dynasty). Formula)

Ingredients: This recipe contains 9 g each of ephedra, white peony root,

and processed pinellia, 6 g each of cinnamon twig and processed licorice
root, 3 g each of asarum, dry ginger, and schisandra fruit.

Directions: The ingredients are decocted in water for oral administration.

Take three to four times daily on an empty stomach. Available commer-
cially in pill form.

Actions, Indications, and Clinical Applications: Expels exogenous Wind

and induces diaphoresis, relieves superficial syndrome, and arrests coughs.
This recipe is an antitussive and a diaphoretic remedy for dispelling colds,
removing excessive phlegm from the lungs, and treating bronchitis and
bronchial asthma.
Precautions: This recipe is contraindicated in people with a dry cough, and
dry mouth and throat, accompanied with yellow thick sputum.

R-64 TIAN MA GOU TENG YIN

(GASTRODIA AND GAMBIR LIVER-CALMING FORMULA)

R-64 Tian
Source: Ma Gou
Za Bing ZhengTeng Yin Yi
Zhi Xin (Gastrodia and Gambir
[New Standard Liver-Calming
for Diagnosis and Treat-
Formula)
ment of Miscellaneous Diseases], author and date unknown.

Ingredients: This recipe contains 18 g haliotis, 12 g each of gambir and

cyathula root, and 9 g each of gastrodia, gardenia, scute root, leonurus,
poria sliced, polygonum stem, eucommia bark, and loranthus.

Directions: The ingredients are decocted in water for oral administration.

The haliotis should be cooked first, then add the other ingredients. Avail-
able commercially in pills.

Actions, Indications, and Clinical Applications: Subdues endogenous

Wind, reduces hyperactivity of the liver, removes pathogenic Heat, pro-
motes blood circulation, and nourishes the liver and kidneys. This recipe
treats hypertension, headaches, vertigo, tinnitus, a red tongue and a taut
pulse, a bitter taste in the mouth, irritability, difficulty in sleeping, dizzi-
ness, and hemiplegia due to hyperactivity of liver yang.

Precautions: Avoid anger and oily, greasy foods while taking this medica-
tion.

R-65 FANG FENG TONG SHENG SAN

(SILER AND PLATYCODON BALANCING FORMULA)

R-65 Fang
Sources: FengPharmacopeia,
Chinese Tong Sheng San (Siler and Platycodon Balancing
1995.
Formula)
Ingredients: This recipe contains 100 g licorice root, 50 g each of scute
root and platycodon root, 30 g gypsum, 25 g each of siler, chuan xiong, Chi-
nese angelica, white peony, ephedra, forsythia fruit, white atractylodes,
peppermint, cinnamon twig, orange peel, rhubarb, and mang xiao (sodium
sulfates), and 12 g schizonepeta.
Directions: Grind the ingredients, except mang xiao, to a fine powder, mix
with a mang xiao aqueous solution to make water pills, and take 6 to 9 g
each time or boil the ingredients into a decoction for oral administration.

Actions, Indications, and Clinical Applications: Removes external patho-

genic Wind and relieves exterior syndrome, removes internal Heat, and re-
lieves constipation. This recipe effectively treats exogenous diseases of the
common cold, flu, and dry throat, skin diseases of boils, eczema, itching,
and urticaria, neurovascular headaches, trigeminal neuralgia, bronchial
asthma, and helps with fluid and food elimination, thereby relieving consti-
pation. This recipe improves fat metabolism, reduces fluid retention, and
helps with weight reduction.

Precautions: People without Excessiveness syndrome or diarrhea should

avoid this recipe. Avoid cold, oily, greasy foods while taking this medica-
tion.

R-66 FANG JI HUANG QI TANG

(STEPHANIA AND ASTRAGALUS METABOLISM FORMULA)

R-66 Fang
Source: Ji Huang
Jin Gui Qi[Synopsis
Yao Lue Tang (Stephania and Astragalus
of Prescriptions Metabolism
of the Golden Cham-
Formula)
ber] by Zhang, Zhongjing, A.D. 219 (Han dynasty).

Ingredients: This recipe contains 15 g astragalus, 12 g stephania, 9 g white

atractylodes, 6 g licorice root, 3 g fresh ginger root, and three pieces jujube.

Directions: The ingredients are decocted in water for oral administration,

divided into three doses and taken before meals. Available commercially in
pills.

Actions, Indications, and Clinical Applications: Strengthens the spleen

and relieves fluid and Dampness, invigorates Qi, and improves water me-
tabolism. This recipe induces diuresis, alleviates edema, and treats fluid re-
tention, a heavy sensation of the limbs, oliguria, lingering edema, a pale
tongue with white coating, and floating pulse. It is also combined with Fang
Feng Tong Sheng San (R-65) to invigorate metabolism and for weight loss.

Precautions: This recipe is contraindicated for edema due to Qi deficiency

and it is not for edema of the Excess type.
 R-67 YIN CHEN HAO TANG
(CAPILLARIS AND GARDENIA JAUNDICE FORMULA)

R-67 YinShang
Source: ChenHan
HaoLun
Tang (Capillaris
[Treatise and Gardenia
on Febrile Diseases]Jaundice Formula)
by Zhang, Zhong-
jing, A.D. 219 (Han dynasty).

Ingredients: This recipe contains 30 g capillaris, 15 g gardenia, and 9 g

rhubarb.

Directions: The ingredients are decocted in water for oral administration.

Available commercially in pills.

Actions, Indications, and Clinical Applications: Relieves internal patho-

genic Heat and eliminates Dampness in the liver. This recipe is mainly used
to treat acute jaundice, disturbances in urination, and yellow discoloration
of the eyes, tongue, and skin.

Precautions: This recipe is contraindicated in people with jaundice of the

yin type.

R-68 WU LING SAN

(HOELEN AND ALISMA DIURETIC FORMULA)

Source:R-68 WuHan
Shang LingLun
San[Treatise
(Hoelenonand Alisma
Febrile DiureticbyFormula)
Diseases] Zhang, Zhong-
jing, A.D. 219 (Han dynasty).

Ingredients: This recipe contains 15 g alisma, 9 g each of hoelen, poly-

porus, and white atractylodes, and 6 g cinnamon twig.

Directions: Grind the ingredients to a fine powder and take 3 to 6 g twice a

day, or the ingredients are decocted for oral administration. Available com-
mercially in pills.

Actions, Indications, and Clinical Applications: Invigorates the Spleen-

Qi and Kidney-Qi, helps promote diuresis, and removes Dampness. The
recipe is often used to treat symptoms caused by fluid retention within the
body, accompanied by symptoms of dizziness, edema, diarrhea, a feeling of
throbbing in the abdomen, urination difficulties, headache, fever, thirst, and
vomiting after drinking water.

Precautions: People with yin deficiency should avoid this recipe.

 R-69 MAI MEN DONG TANG
(OPHIOPOGON AND PINELLIA TUBER LUNG FORMULA)

R-69 Mai
Source: MenYao
Jin Gui Dong
Lue Tang (Ophiopogon
(Synopsis and Pinellia
of Prescriptions of the Tuber
GoldenLung
Cham-
Formula)
ber) by Zhang, Zhongjing, A.D. 219 (Han dynasty).

Ingredients: This recipe contains 60 g ophiopogon root, 9 g pinellia tuber,

6 g ginseng, 6 g glutinous rice, 4 g licorice root, and three pieces jujube.

Directions: The ingredients are decocted in water for oral administration.

Available commercially in pills.

Actions, Indications, and Clinical Applications: Replenishes lung yin

and stomach yin, and moistens and nourishes the lungs. The recipe treats
consumptive lung disease, marked by coughing, whitish frothy sputum,
shortness of breath, thirst, and dryness of the mouth, throat, pharynx, and
tongue. This recipe also nourishes and moistens the respiratory system, re-
lieves coughs, and eliminates sputum.

Precautions: This recipe is contraindicated in people with consumptive

lung disease of Cold and Deficiency.

R-70 XI JIAO DI HUANG WAN

(RHINOCEROS HORN AND REHMANNIA
DETOXIFICATION FORMULA)

R-70Bei
Source: Xi Ji
Jiao Di Jin
Qian Huang Wan (Rhinoceros
Yao Fang [PrescriptionsHorn and Rehmannia
for Emergencies Worth a
Detoxification
Thousand Golden Dollars] Formula)
by Sun, Simiao, A.D. 652.

Ingredients: This recipe contains 30 g dried rehmannia, 12 g peony, 9 g

moutan bark, and 3 g rhinoceros horn (last ingredient in powder form, taken
separately).

Directions: The ingredients are decocted in water for oral administration,

with the exception of the rhinoceros horn, which should be ground into a
fine powder and taken along with the decoction. Divide into three doses.

Actions, Indications, and Clinical Applications: Dissipates pathogenic

Heat in the blood, and cools the blood, removes blood stasis, and detoxifies.
This recipe arrests bleeding and treats hematemesis, epistaxis, hematuria,
and hemafecia due to pathogenic Heat in the blood system.
Precautions: It is contraindicated in patients with bleeding caused by defi-
ciency of Qi or with weakness of the spleen and stomach.

R-71 WU ZHU YU TANG

(EVODIA AND GINGER ANTIEMETIC FORMULA)

R-71 Shang
Source: Wu Zhu YuLun
Han Tang (Evodiaonand
[Treatise Ginger
Febrile Antiemetic
Diseases] Formula)
by Zhang, Zhong-
jing, A.D. 219 (Han dynasty).

Ingredients: This recipe contains 18 g fresh ginger, 6 g ginseng, 4 pieces of

jujube, and 3 g evodia fruit.

Directions: The ingredients are decocted in water for oral administration

and taken in three doses while warm on an empty stomach. Avoid cold
foods or drinks during treatment. Available commercially in pills.

Actions, Indications, and Clinical Applications: Warms the Middle-Jiao,

regulates Qi, and arrests vomiting. This recipe treats vomiting after meals,
fullness and stuffiness in the chest, epigastralgia, gastric discomfort, and
acid regurgitation. This recipe promotes blood circulation in the digestive
tract and reduces the tension of the smooth muscles, helps decrease peri-
stalsis, relieves spasm, prevents vomiting, improves digestion, and strengthens
the functions of the entire body.

Precautions: This recipe is contraindicated in people with stomachache or

vomiting of bitter fluid due to Heat stagnation and acid regurgitation.

R-72 HUANG LIAN JIE DU TANG

(COPTIS AND SCUTE DETOXIFICATION FORMULA)

R-72 Wai
Source: HuangTai Lian Jie Du
Mi Yao Tang (Coptis
[Medical Secrets and Scute Detoxification
Compiled by Wang Tao] by
Wang, Tao, A.D. 752. Formula)

Ingredients: This recipe contains 9 g each of coptis root and gardenia fruit,
and 6 g each of scute root and phellodendron.
Directions: The ingredients are decocted in water for oral administration.
Divide into three doses and drink on an empty stomach. Available commer-
cially in powder form.

Actions, Indications, and Clinical Applications: Relieves pathogenic

Heat and detoxifies. This recipe treats intense Heat in the San-Jiao which
produces symptoms of fidgetiness, dry mouth and lips, constipation, delir-
ium, insomnia, hematemesis, and jaundice, accompanied with deeply col-
ored urine, a red tongue with yellow coating, and a rapid and forceful pulse.
This recipe effectively relieves inflammation, allays fever, tranquilizes
the mind, arrests bleeding, protects the gallbladder, promotes diuresis, and
reduces blood pressure. It is also antimicrobial.

Precautions: This recipe is contraindicated for people not suffering from

Heat toxin in the San-Jiao.

R-73 DA CHENG QI TANG

(MAJOR RHUBARB CLEANSING FORMULA)

R-73Shang
Source: Da Cheng Qi Tang
Han Lun (Major
[Treatise Rhubarb
on Febrile Cleansing
Diseases] Formula)
by Zhang, Zhong-
jing, A.D. 219 (Han dynasty).

Ingredients: This recipe contains 15 g magnolia bark, 12 g each of rhubarb

and immature bitter orange, and 9 g mirabilitum (sodium sulfate).

Directions: The ingredients, with the exception of mirabite, are decocted in

water, and the mirabite is then dissolved in the decoction. Divide into two or
three doses. Available commercially in pills.

Actions, Indications, and Clinical Applications: Expels pathogenic inte-

rior Heat, relieves constipation, promotes circulation of Qi, and purges
accumulation in the bowels. The recipe is mainly used for constipation, fre-
quent gas, a feeling of fullness in the abdomen, abdominal pain with tender-
ness, tidal fever, delirium, sweating of the hands and feet, a tongue with yel-
low or black coating with fissures, and a deep and forceful pulse. It is also
used for cold limbs, convulsions, mania, abdominal distension and pain,
and dry mouth and tongue.

Precautions: This recipe is contraindicated for pregnant women.

 R-74 LING GUI ZHU GAN TANG
(HOELEN AND ATRACTYLODES
SPLEEN TONIC FORMULA)

R-74 Ling
Source: GuiHan
Shang Zhu Lun
Gan[Treatise
Tang (Hoelen and Diseases]
on Febrile Atractylodes SpleenZhong-
by Zhang, Tonic
jing, A.D. 219 (Han dynasty). Formula)

Ingredients: This recipe contains 12 g hoelen, 9 g cinnamon twig, 6 g white

atractylodes, and 6 g processed licorice root.

Directions: The ingredients are decocted in water for oral administration.

Available commercially in pills.

Actions, Indications, and Clinical Applications: Invigorates the spleen

yang, excretes Dampness, warms and resolves phlegm, and fights fluid re-
tention. This recipe is mainly used to treat retention of phlegm and fluids,
distention and a feeling of fullness in the chest and hypochondriac region,
palpitations, dizziness, cough with thin and clear phlegm, a tongue with
white moist coating, and a taut and slippery pulse.

Precautions: This recipe is contraindicated for people with yin deficiency

and insufficient body fluid.

R-75 ZHEN WU TANG

(HOELEN AND GINGER DIURETIC FORMULA)

Source:R-75 ZhenHan
Shang WuLun
Tang (Hoelen
[Treatise onand Ginger
Febrile Diuretic
Diseases] byFormula)
Zhang, Zhong-
jing, A.D. 219 (Han dynasty).

Ingredients: This recipe contains 9 g each of hoelen, white peony, fresh

ginger, and processed aconite root (roasted and peeled), and 6 g atrac-
tylodes rhizome.

Directions: The ingredients are decocted in water for oral administration.

Available commercially in pills.

Actions, Indications, and Clinical Applications: Invigorates spleen yang

and kidney yang and induces diuresis. This recipe is commonly used for
fluid retention, oliguria, a heavy sensation and pain in the limbs, edema, and
diarrhea due to a deficiency of kidney yang and spleen yang.

Precautions: This recipe is contraindicated for people with edema not due
to kidney-yang deficiency.
 Chapter 22

Herbal
Herbal Recipes
Recipes forCleansing,
for Fasting, Fasting,andCleansing,
Detoxification
and Detoxification

Hippocrates, Galen, Paracelsus, and many other ancient healers pre-

scribed fasting and cleansing. In Europe, many scientific studies have been
undertaken in the past thirty years to determine the precise health benefits,
and the prophylactic and therapeutic effects of fasting, cleansing, and de-
toxification on the human body.
Fasting, a popular traditional medical practice, has long been regarded as
one of the safest and most dependable natural curative methods. Together
with cleansing, this complementary curative and detoxification technique
exerts a normalizing and rejuvenating effect on all the vital physiological,
nervous, and hormonal functions. The nervous system is rejuvenated, men-
tal power is improved, glandular chemistry and hormonal secretions are
stimulated, the biochemical balance of the tissues is normalized, and the en-
tire body is rejuvenated.
Because of improper diets and unhealthy lifestyles (such as eating exces-
sive sweets, chemically rich foods, polluted water and meat, the extravagant
drinking of alcohol, smoking tobacco, and taking drugs), most people’s di-
gestive systems have become sluggish. Metabolic wastes and toxins are de-
posited in the tissues and can cause the body to slowly become intoxicated.
Long-term sluggishness leads to a generally rundown condition. This is the
main source of many health problems for a great number of men and
women living in industrialized countries. One of the most notable problems
is obesity and its related diseases. A sluggish and slothful body can make an
individual feel tired all the time, and experience pain and emotional dis-
tress. Such an individual is prone to premature aging, degenerative changes,
unexpected sickness, cancer, and even sudden death.
For these reasons, the practice of periodic fasting, cleansing, and detoxi-
fication is extremely beneficial. Although the old, classic form of fasting
used pure water, all the leading authorities agree today that fruit juice or
herbal-tea fasting is far superior to water fasting. Fasting on fresh juice plus
herbal tea is much more effective than traditional water fasting and results
in a much faster recovery from disease.
 During fasting, a person can live his or her normal life, performing all
usual activities. No medication or food should be taken, not even vitamin
pills. During herbal-tea fasting, the cleansing capacity of the liver, lungs,
kidneys, spleen, gastrointestinal tract, and even of the skin, is greatly in-
creased. Masses of accumulated metabolic wastes and toxins are quickly
expelled and the amount of toxins in the urine can be ten to twenty times
higher than normal.
Who needs to practice herbal-tea fasting? Anyone whose health has been
run down, who has been taking a great number of drugs, or who has been
drinking alcohol, smoking, or using chemicals for a long period of time.
Who should not practice herbal-tea fasting? Those who have serious heart
or diabetic problems, pregnant women, and persons convalescing from an
illness.
The three recipes listed in this section are selected for fasting, cleansing,
and detoxification of the bowels (R-76), the kidneys (R-77), and the liver
(R-78). Note: Cleansing, fasting, and detoxification is general health main-
tenance. It is safe and beneficial but discuss it with a qualified health care
practitioner before beginning.

R-76 ZHI SHI DAO ZHI WAN

(ALISMA AND PORIA BOWEL-CLEANSING FORMULA)

R-76Nei
Source: ZhiWai
ShiShang
Dao Zhi
BianWan
Huo(Alisma and Poria
Lun [Treatise Bowel-Cleansing
of Differentiation of Inter-
Formula)
nal and External Diseases], author and date unknown.

Ingredients: This recipe contains 30 g rhubarb, 15 g each of immature bit-

ter orange and medicated leaven, 9 g each of scute root, coptis root, poria,
and white atractylodes, and 6 g alisma.

Directions: The ingredients are decocted in water, which is diluted with

pure water or juice for fasting and cleansing of the bowels. Available com-
mercially in pills or as a powders.

Actions, Indications, and Clinical Applications: Promotes digestion, re-

moves stagnated food, and eliminates Heat-Dampness in the spleen and
stomach. It can be used periodically to correct chronic constipation and
sluggishness of the digestive tract, and to promote healthy metabolism. This
recipe is used for gastroenteritis, acute indigestion, and bacterial dysentery
caused by consuming excessive or spoiled foods.
 This recipe promotes normal peristalsis of the stomach and intestines, in-
duces diuresis, relieves inflammation, helps the body resist bacterial infec-
tions, and effectively eliminates metabolic wastes and toxins from the bow-
els.

Precautions: Avoid cold, uncooked food while taking this medication.

R-77 YI SHEN TANG

(LONICERA FLOWER KIDNEY BENEFITING FORMULA)

R-77 Yi
Source: ShenYao
Zhong Tang (Lonicera
Fang Ji Yen JiuFlower Kidney
Yu Yingyung DaBenefiting Formula) of
Quan [Encyclopedia
Chinese Medicine Formulas, Studies and Applications] by Bai, Gang and
Xiao, Hongben, 1994.

Ingredients: This recipe contains 30 g each of lonicera flower, leonurus,

isatis root, and imperata, 9 g each of Chinese angelica, red peony, cnidium,
salvia root, peach kernel, carthamus, and viola.

Directions: The ingredients are decocted in water. The decoction can be di-
luted with pure water or juice and made into tea for fasting, cleansing, and
detoxification of the kidneys.

Actions, Indications, and Clinical Applications: Induces diuresis, elimi-

nates pathogenic Heat, improves blood circulation, and detoxifies. This rec-
ipe treats and prevents nephritis and chronic inflammation of the kidneys,
and improves kidney function.

R-78 LONG DAN XIE GAN TANG

(GENTIANA LIVER-CLEANSING FORMULA)

R-78 Long
Source: Dan
Yi Fan Ji Xie Gan Tang (Gentiana
Jie [Collection Liver-Cleansing
of Prescriptions with Notes]Formula)
by Wang,
Ang, A.D. 1682.

Ingredients: This recipe contains 12 g each of bupleurum root, licorice,

alisma, and gentiana root, 9 g each of scute root, gardenia fruit, dried
rehmannia, plantain seed, and akebia trifolium, and 3 g Chinese angelica.

Directions: The ingredients are decocted in water. Divide it into three doses
and drink on an empty stomach. The decoction can be made into a tea by di-
lution with water or juice for fasting, cleansing, and detoxification of the
liver and gallbladder.

Actions, Indications, and Clinical Applications: Reduces Heat and in-

flammation of the liver and gallbladder, and eliminates Heat and Dampness
in the Lower-Jiao. This recipe treats redness of the eyes, conjunctival con-
gestion, vertigo, headaches, acute hepatitis, acute cholecystitis, infections
of the urinary tract, prostatitis, shingles pain, pain in the hypochondriac re-
gion, pain and swelling in the ears, hypertension, severe itching and swell-
ing of the vulva with thick and yellow leukorrhagia, a red tongue with yel-
low coating, and a taut and rapid pulse.

Precautions: People with stomach and spleen deficiency, and pregnant

women should avoid this recipe.
 Chapter 23

Selections
Selections of Palace
of Imperial Imperial Palace
Recipes from theRecipes
Qing Dynasty
for Health and Longevity
from the Qing Dynasty

Collections of Imperial Palace Medical Recipes of Ci Xi-Guang Xu con-

tains a large number of formerly secret medical records and approximately
400 recipes that were prepared for the late Dragon Lady, the Empress Dow-
ager Ci Xi, as well as for the late Emperor Guang Xu and other members of
the palace, including ministers, directors, secretaries, consorts, eunuchs,
concubines, and their servants. These hard-to-obtain herbal recipes and re-
cords are invaluable information for understanding how health care was
provided within the imperial palace of the Qing dynasty.
Precautions: None of the recipes for longevity are indicated for those
who have Cold and stomach or spleen deficiency.

R-79 YAN LING YI SHOU DAN

(CHINESE ANGELICA AND ASTRAGALUS LONGEVITY
AND LIFE-BENEFITING FORMULA)

R-79JiYan
Source: LingFang
Sheng Yi Shou Dan
[Yan (Chinese Angelica
Prescriptions and Lives]
for Saving Astragalus
by Yan,
Longevity and Life-Benefiting Formula)
Yonghe, A.D. 1253.

Ingredients: This recipe contains 15 g each of poria slices, hoelen, and

Chinese angelica, 12 g each of white peony, codonopsis, atractylodes, or-
ange peel, cyperus tuber, processed aucklandia root, and wild jujube seed, 9
g each of polygala root, astragalus, longon aril, and acorus, and 6 g licorice
root.

Directions: Grind the ingredients to a fine powder, pour through a sieve,

and mix well. Combine the powder with a suitable amount of honey and
form the mixture into small honey pills. Each pill should weigh 0.2 to 0.3 g.
Coat the pills with cinnabar and dry. Take 6 to 8 g daily. Note: Cinnabar,
which is brilliant red in color, contains mercury sulfide which is prohibited
for use in the United States. Use uncoated pills or decoct the powder form in
water.

Actions, Indications, and Clinical Applications: Replenishes Qi, invigo-

rates the blood and the spleen, normalizes the heart, and preserves body-
mind balance. This recipe is primarily for palpitations, amnesia, insomnia,
night sweats, anorexia, general debility, lassitude of limbs, a sallow com-
plexion, a pale tongue with a thin coating, and a thready pulse.
This recipe is also used for hemafecia, metrorrhagia, metrostaxis, exces-
sive menstrual bleeding (continuous dripping), leukorrhagia, vegetative
nerve disturbance, menopausal syndromes, cardiac neurosis, chronic gas-
troenteritis, nervous gastroenteritis, nervous gastritis, uterine functional
bleeding, and loose stools, as well as for tranquilizing the mind and reliev-
ing restlessness.
This recipe effectively promotes digestion and absorption, strengthens
metabolism, nourishes and regulates the cerebrum, promotes gastrointesti-
nal peristalsis, and corrects loose stools and chronic diarrhea. It is good for
the elderly, for improving general health, and for prolonging life.

Note: This recipe, prescribed by the palace physicians Dr. Li Techang, is

based on the famous ancient recipes of Gui Pi Wan and Ji Cheng Fang of the
Song dynasty and was constantly used by Empress Dowager Ci Xi for her
aches, general body pain, and depression.

R-80 SHI QUAN DA BU WAN

(GINSENG AND CHINESE ANGELICA
TEN TONIC COMBINATION)

R-80 ShiTai
Source: Quan
PingDa
HuiBu Wan
Min He (Ginseng
Ji Ju Fang and Chinese Angelica
[Formularies TenofTonic
of the Bureau Peo-
ple’s Welfare Pharmacies] by Combination)
Chen, Shiwen, A.D. 1151 (Song dynasty).

Ingredients: This recipe contains 30 g each of astragalus root, hoelen,

poria, cinnamon bark, and processed rehmannia root, 15 g each of atrac-
tylodes, dang gui, cnidium, and white peony, 7.5 g each of ginseng and lico-
rice root.

Directions: This is the same as Yan Ling Yi Shou Dan (R-79) except the rec-
ipe is made into large water pills, each weighing about 4 to 6 g. Take one or
two pills two or three times daily on an empty stomach. Available commer-
cially in pills.
Actions, Indications, and Clinical Applications: Nourishes both Qi and
blood, replenishes the spleen, stimulates the kidneys, and invigorates the
original Vital Energy (Yuan Qi). This recipe is primarily for shortness of
breath, general debility, vertigo, palpitations, sallow complexion, weak
limbs, mental fatigue, lassitude due to deficiency of blood, different men-
strual disorders (such as advanced or retarded menstruation), abnormal
menstruation, menorrhagia, scanty menstruation, dysmenorrhea, profuse
menstruation, uterine bleeding, frequent spontaneous sweating, frequent
colds, lassitude, weakened immunity, suppurative infections on the body
surface, and carbuncles and ulcers that do not heal.

Note: This recipe was derived from the traditional formulas of Si Wu Tang,
Si Jun Zi Tang, and Huang Qi Jian Zhong Tang. This recipe, prescribed by
palace physicians Dr. Yang Teqing, was used by Empress Dowager Ci Xi
for her debilitating physical conditions.

Precautions: This recipe is not for people with Shi (excess) and internal
Heat symptoms.

R-81 JIAO GAN WAN

(CYPERUS TUBER AND HOELEN
ANTIDEPRESSION COMBINATION)

R-81 Zheng
Source: Jiao Gan
Zhi Wan
Zhun(Cyperus Tuber and
Sheng [Standards of Hoelen Antidepression
Diagnosis and Treatments]
by Wang, Kentang, A.D. 1602.Combination)

Ingredients: This recipe contains 120 g hoelen, 30 g cyperus tuber, and 15

g amber (succinum).

Directions: Grind the herbs into a fine powder. Mix with honey and form
into large honey boluses. Each bolus should weigh 9 g. Take one pill with
water, twice a day.

Actions, Indications, and Clinical Applications: Tranquilizes the mind

and relieves the stagnancy of Liver-Qi. This recipe is also used to treat de-
pression and sadness, insomnia, amnesia, anorexia, a full feeling in the
chest, and anxiety.

Note: This recipe was prescribed by palace physician Dr. Li Techang for
Empress Dowager Ci Xi as an antidepressant.
 R-82 YI QI LI PI ZHI ZHU WAN
(CODONOPSIS AND ORANGE PEEL
QI-NOURISHING SPLEEN TONIC FORMULA)

R-82Tai
Source: Yi Qi LiHui
Ping Pi Zhi
MinZhu
He JiWan (Codonopsis
Ju Fang and of
[Formularies Orange Peel of
the Bureau Qi-Peo-
Nourishing
ple’s Welfare Pharmacies] Spleen
by Chen, Tonic A.D.
Shiwen, Formula)
1151 (Song dynasty).

Ingredients: This recipe contains 45 g amomum fruit, 30 g malt, 18 g each

of hawthorn and hoelen, 15 g each of coix seed, curcuma, white hyacinth
bean (bai bian dou), raphanus, and dendrobium, 12 g codonopsis root, 9 g
each of white atractylodes, orange peel, areca seed, peony, and bitter or-
ange, and 4.5 g licorice root.

Directions: Grind the herbs into a fine powder and mix with honey to make
small honey boluses, the size of a mung bean. Take nine boluses each time
with water, three times a day, on an empty stomach.

Actions, Indications, and Clinical Applications: Nourishes Qi, strength-

ens the spleen, regulates the stomach, and eliminates Dampness and phlegm.
This recipe is an excellent stomachic. It improves Spleen- and Lung-Qi de-
ficiency, stagnation of Dampness, general debility, dyspepsia, chronic diar-
rhea, epigastric distension, a feeling of fullness, lack of appetite, and sallow
complexion.

Note: This recipe, based on the traditional prescription Shen Ling Bai Zhu
San, was used as a stomach tonic remedy for invigorating the spleen and
stomach. The recipe was prescribed by palace physician Dr. Zhang Zhong-
yuan for Empress Dowager Ci Xi.

R-83 JIA WEI LONG DAN XIE GAN WAN

(COMPOUND GENTIANA LIVER-HEAT
PURGING FORMULA)

R-83 Jia
Source: Wei Long
Yi Fang Ji Jie Dan Xie GanofWan
[Collections (Compound
Prescriptions withGentiana Liver-
Notes] by Wang,
Ang, A.D. 1682. Heat Purging Formula)

Ingredients: This recipe contains 12 g cyperus tuber; 9 g each of gentiana

root, Chinese angelica, dried rehmannia, bupleurum root (prepared with
vinegar), platycodon, gardenia, morus branch, and curcuma, 6 g plantain
seed, 4.5 g each of akebia trifolium and alisma, and 3 g licorice root.
Directions: Grind the ingredients to very fine powder, put through a sieve,
mix well with a suitable amount of honey, and form honey boluses weigh-
ing 5 to 6 g each. Take one bolus three times a day.

Actions, Indications, and Clinical Applications: Clears away pathogenic

Heat in the liver and gallbladder, and eliminates Dampness and Heat from
the liver. This recipe treats symptoms of dark urine, difficult and painful uri-
nation, itching in the perineum (groin area), and yellow and thick leukor-
rhea due to excess Heat and Dampness in the liver.

Note: This recipe was developed based on the original Long Dan Xie Gan
Wan for purging excessive Fire from the liver and gallbladder, and eliminat-
ing Damp-Heat from the Lower-Jiao. It was prescribed by palace physician
Dr. Yang Jihe for Empress Dowager Ci Xi.

R-84 HEAD WASHING FORMULA FOR HEADACHE NO. 1

(GASTRODIA AND SILER HEADACHE FORMULA)

R-84 Head
Source: WashingofFormula
Collections No. 1Xufor
Ci Xi-Guang Headache
Imperial (Gastrodia
Palace Medical and Siler
Prescrip-
Headache
tions, Second Edition, by Chen, Keji, Formula)
1982.

Ingredients: This recipe contains 4.5 g each of gastrodia, siler, and angel-
ica root, 3 g each of mulberry leaves, notopterygium root, and lonicera
flower, 2.4 g mentha, and 1.2 g Sichuan pepper.

Directions: Cook the ingredients in water and make into a decoction. Wash
the entire top of the head with the decoction three or four times a day.

Actions, Indications, and Clinical Applications: Head washing is an al-

terative external therapy for headaches. This recipe is effective for treating
headaches of Wind-Cold-type exterior syndromes.

Note: This recipe was used to treat headaches due to liver deficiency and
exterior pathogenic Wind. This is one of eleven recorded recipes prescribed
for the young emperor, Guang Xu, who suffered from headaches, dizziness,
and a stuffy nose most of the time.
 R-85 TIAO JING WAN
(CHINESE ANGELICA AND CYPERUS TUBER
MENSTRUAL REGULATION FORMULA)

R-85 Tiao
Source: Jing Wanof(Chinese
Collections Angelica
Ci Xi-Guang and Cyperus
Xu Imperial Tuber Menstrual
Palace Medical Prescrip-
Regulation
tions, Second Edition by Chen, Formula)
Keji, 1982.

Ingredients: This recipe contains 36 g each of cyperus tuber, atractylodes,

hoelen, and ho shou wu, 30 g each of moutan and Chinese angelica, 10 g
each of phellodendron and cnidium.

Directions: Grind the herbs into a very fine powder, pour through a sieve,
mix well with a suitable amount of water and binding substances, and form
into very small water pills the size of a mung bean. Take 6 g with water three
times daily before meals.

Actions, Indications, and Clinical Applications: Dissipates stagnation of

Qi and blood, nourishes the blood, and relieves cramps and pain. This rec-
ipe is primarily used to treat menstrual disorders and pain.

Note: This recipe was specifically prescribed for Empress Dowager Ci Xi.
During her early years in the palace, she suffered from irregular menstrua-
tion and pain with leukorrhea. This recipe was used to normalize her men-
strual disorders.

R-86 YANG XIN JIAN PI WAN

(JUJUBE AND AMOMUM FRUIT MIND-NOURISHING
AND SPLEEN-STRENGTHENING FORMULA)

R-86Collections
Source: Yang Xin ofJian
Ci Pi Wan (Jujube
Xi-Guang and Amomum
Xu Imperial Fruit Mind
Palace Medical Prescrip-
Nourishing
tions, Second Edition, byand Spleen-Strengthening
Chen, Keji, 1982. Formula)

Ingredients: This recipe contains 15 g each of coix seed and poria slices,
12 g each of jujube seed, processed Chinese yams, lotus seed, Chinese an-
gelica, and stir-fried eucommia, 9 g each of codonopsis, atractylodes,
tribulus, and white peony, 6 g each of orange peel and germinated rice, 4.5 g
each of processed amomum fruit and processed licorice root, and 3 g polyg-
ala root.

Directions: Grind the ingredients into a very fine powder, pour through a
sieve, and mix well. Combine with a suitable amount of aqueous juice of the
Chinese date and shen-qu (Massa Medica Fermentata) paste, shape into
small water pills the size of mung beans, and dry. Take 9 g with water three
times daily.

Actions, Indications, and Clinical Applications: Nourishes the heart and

invigorates the spleen. This recipe treats heart meridian ailments caused by
weakness of the heart and spleen, as manifested by palpitations, amnesia,
insomnia, night sweating, anorexia, general debility, and a sallow complex-
ion. It is also useful for metrorrhagia, metrostaxis, advanced menstruation,
excessive bleeding with light color, uterine bleeding and dripping, morbid
leukorrhea. With minor modifications it can be used to treat menopausal
syndrome, disturbance of vegetative nerves, chronic gastroenteritis, ner-
vous gastritis, urine functional bleeding, and uterine functional bleeding.

Note: This recipe was derived from a combination of Gui Pi Tang and Shen
Ling Bai Zhu Tang, and prescribed for the Emperor Guang Xu to treat his
lifelong weakness, distress, poor digestion, and poor health, and to tranquil-
ize his mind, particularly in his later years.

R-87 YANG XIN YAN LING YI SHOU DAN

(BIOTA MIND-NOURISHING, LIFE-BENEFITING,
AND LONGEVITY FORMULA)

R-87 Yang
Source: Xin YanofLing
Collections Yi Shou Dan
Ci Xi-Guang (Biota Mind-Nourishing,
Xu Imperial Life-
Palace Medical Prescrip-
Benefiting,
tions, Second Edition, by Chen,and Longevity
Keji, 1982. Formula)

Ingredients: This recipe contains 15 g each of poria slices and dang gui,
12 g each of dried rehmannia, biota seed, salvia root, cyperus tuber, white
peony, moutan, bitter orange, and zizyphus (wild jujube), 9 g each of
bupleurum, gardenia, scute root, and orange peel, and 6 g white atrac-
tylodes.

Directions: Grind the herbs into a very fine powder, pour through a sieve,
mix well, combine with a suitable amount of honey, and form into small
pills resembling mung beans. Take 9 g with water three times a day.

Actions, Indications, and Clinical Applications: Nourishes the heart and

the kidneys, tranquilizes the mind, and regulates the spleen and the liver.
This recipe is used mainly to relax, tranquilize the mind, and promote gen-
eral health.
Note: This recipe nourishes the heart, tranquilizes the mind, and prolongs
life. Both Emperor Gang Xu and his mother, Empress Dowager Ci Xi, used
it to maintain health and for longevity.

R-88 HUO XUE SHU JING ZHI TONG FANG

(CARTHAMUS AND MASTIC PAIN FORMULA)

R-88 Huo
Source: Xue ShuofJing
Collections Zhi Tong Xu
Ci Xi-Guang Fang (Carthamus
Imperial Palace and Mastic
Medical Pain
Prescrip-
tions, Second Edition, by Chen, Formula)
Keji, 1982.

Ingredients: This recipe contains 9 g each of Chinese angelica and prunella

spike, 6 g each of red peony and moutan, 3 g each of myrrh, aucklandia root,
mastic, and safflower (carthamus).

Directions: Make into a decoction with water, simmer until it is concen-

trated into a thick paste, and apply externally while it is hot to affected joints
or painful areas.

Actions, Indications, and Clinical Applications: Nourishes the blood,

eliminates blood stasis, and relieves pain. This recipe activates and im-
proves blood circulation, nourishes the blood, and eliminates stagnation of
blood and pain.

Note: This recipe, prescribed for Emperor Gang Xu, was used externally as
a blood-activating, muscle-tendon-relaxing, and pain-relieving remedy.
 Chapter 24

HerbalHerbal
Recipes forforPrevention
Recipes Prevention andand Self-Care
Self-Care

R-89 TIAO SHEN TANG

(ZIZYPHUS AND POLYGALA
STRESS-REDUCTION FORMULA)

R-89Collections
Source: Tiao Shen Tang (Zizyphus
of Chinese TCM and Polygala
Secret Stress-Reduction
Formulas, Volume 1 by Hu,
Formula)
Ximing, 1989 (Recipe by Song Zhiwen).

Ingredients: This recipe contains 10 g each of white atractylodes, poria,

zizyphus (wild jujube seed), astragalus root, longan aril, and American gin-
seng, 5 g each of polygala, licorice root, aucklandia root, and Chinese an-
gelica.

Directions: The ingredients are decocted in water and divided into three
doses. This formula can be used continuously for twenty to thirty days or
until the symptoms are under control.

Actions, Indications, and Clinical Applications: Nourishes and regulates

the heart and spleen. This recipe soothes the nerves, tranquilizes the mind,
subdues pathogenic Heat, and relieves restlessness, anxiety, and depres-
sion.

R-90 GENG NIAN LOU TANG

(CORNUS FRUIT AND REHMANNIA
MENOPAUSE RELIEF FORMULA)

R-90 Geng
Source: Nian Lou
Practical TangApplication
Clinical (Cornus Fruit and Rehmannia
of Chinese Menopause
Herbal Patent Medi-
Relief
cines by Fang, Dingya and Shen Formula)
Guonan, 1994.

Ingredients: This recipe contains 12 g each of Chinese yam, polygonum,

dry rehmannia root, curculigo, processed rehmannia root, hoelen, ligustrum
fruit, and cornus fruit, 9 g alisma, and 6 g moutan bark.
Directions: The ingredients are decocted in water and divided into three
doses. It may be used continuously for several weeks or until the syndrome
is under control.

Actions, Indications, and Clinical Applications: Nourishes the liver and

kidneys, soothes the heart, and tranquilizes the mind. This recipe effectively
treats and prevents female menopausal syndromes, as manifested by tinni-
tus, vertigo, weakness and soreness or pain in the waist and knees, night
sweating, insomnia, cold and hot flashes, a feverish sensation in the palms
of the hands and soles of the feet, cold limbs, mental depression, heart pal-
pitations, headaches, vaginal dryness, loss of sexual drive, lack of desire for
water even with dry mouth and throat, a red tongue with thin coating, and a
thready and rapid pulse. This recipe is equally beneficial for the male meno-
pausal syndrome (andropause). It can be used for prevention of these condi-
tions or as an alternative treatment for conventional menopausal hormone
therapy.

Precautions: This recipe is not indicated for those who are spleen- and
kidney-yang deficient.

R-91 PIAN TAO TONG TANG

(GASTRODIA AND CNIDIUM MIGRAINE FORMULA)

R-91
Source: Pian Tao of
Collections Tong TangTCM
Chinese (Gastrodia
Secret and Cnidium
Formulas, Migraine
Volume 1 by Hu,
Formula)
Ximing, 1989 (Recipe by Xu Qigang of Gansu Province Hospital).

Ingredients: This recipe contains 15 g each of cnidium, red peony, and an-
gelica root, 12 g notopterygium root, 10 g each of corydalis and chrysanthe-
mum, 6 g each of notoginseng and uncaria, and 3 g gastrodia tuber.

Directions: The ingredients are decocted in water for oral administration.

The decoction is taken three times a day for three to five days. Repeat until
the migraine headache is under control.

Actions, Indications, and Clinical Applications: Eliminates pathogenic

Wind, promotes circulation, eliminates stagnation of Liver-Qi, and relieves
migraines. This recipe effectively treats and prevents migraines, as well as
neurovascular headaches.
 R-92 JIANG TANG WAN
(ASTRAGALUS AND TRICHOSANTHES ROOT
DIABETES FORMULA)

R-92 Jiang
Source: Tang Wan
Collections (Astragalus
of Chinese TCM and Trichosanthes
Secret Root Diabetes
Formulas, Volume 2 by Hu,
Ximing, 1989 (Recipe by ZhangFormula)
Hongen of Beijing TCM Guang An Men
Hospital).

Ingredients: This recipe contains 9 g each of astragalus root, polygonatum

root, pseudostellaria root, and dried rehmannia, and 6 g trichosanthes root.

Directions: Grind the ingredients into a fine powder and mix with water to
make water pills, or cook the herbs in water for a decoction. The decoction
can be prepared daily and taken for two to three months or until the condi-
tion is under control.

Actions, Indications, and Clinical Applications: Replenishes Qi, nour-

ishes the yin, promotes the production of body fluid, relieves thirst, clears
away Heat, and arrests irritability. This recipe is effective for Xiao Ke (dia-
betes) syndrome and is also useful for reducing blood lipids.

Precautions: Avoid oily and greasy foods, and sugar contained in starchy
foods while taking this medication.

R-93 BAI DU SAN TANG

(BUPLEURUM AND GINGER COLD FORMULA)

R-93Xiao
Source: Bai Er
DuYao
SanZheng
Tang Zhi
(Bupleurum
Je [Key toand
theGinger Cold Formula)
Therapeutics of Children’s
Diseases] by Qian Yi and reedited by Yan, Jizhong, A.D. 1119.

Ingredients: This recipe contains 30 g each American ginseng, bupleurum

root, cnidium rhizome, hoelen, and platycodon root, 15 g licorice root, and
5 g each mentha and fresh ginger.

Directions: These ingredients can be used in a decoction or tea, or they can

be ground into a powder to make tablets or capsules. Take 6 g of the powder
two or three times a day for five to seven days.
Actions, Indications, and Clinical Applications: Replenishes Qi and dis-
pels pathogenic Wind, Cold, and Dampness. This recipe is for treating or
preventing colds, flu, and exterior syndromes.

Precautions: This recipe is not suitable for people whose ailment is due to
exopathogenic Damp-Heat.

R-94 PAI SHI TANG

(ALISMA AND LYSIMACHIA URINARY TRACT STONE
RELIEF FORMULA)

R-94This
Source: Pai recipe
Shi Tang (Alismabyand
is supplied Lysimachia
Beijing Guang An Urinary TractHospital.
Men TCM Stone
Relief Formula)
Ingredients: This recipe contains 30 g glechoma (lysimachia), 15 g coix
seed, and 9 g each prunella spike, alisma, talc, atractylodes, angelica root,
and lycopodium spores (cook lycopodium spores separately and wrap in
cheesecloth).

Directions: This recipe can be made into a decoction or tea to be taken with
a large amount of water daily and mild exercise to treat urinary tract stones.

Actions, Indications, and Clinical Applications: Induces diuresis, and

softens and resolves stones in the urinary tract. Urinary tract stones disor-
ders are marked by paroxysmal lumbago or pain in one side of the abdomen
often radiating to the groin area and accompanied by fever, hematuria,
dysuria, and strangury.

Precautions: This recipe is contraindicated for pregnant women.

R-95 LI DAN PAI SHI PIAN

(LYSIMACHIA AND RHUBARB
GALLSTONE RELIEF FORMULA)

R-95 LiZhong
Source: Dan Pai
YaoShi Pian
Fang (Lysimachia
Ji Yen and Rhubarb
Jiu Yu Yingyung Da QuanGallstone Reliefof
[Encyclopedia
Formula)
Chinese Medicine Formulas, Studies and Applications] by Bai, Gang and
Xiao, Hongben, 1994.

Ingredients: This recipe contains 250 g each lysimachia and capillaris (ori-
ental wormwood), 125 g each rhubarb and areca seed, 75 g each curcuma
tuber, aucklandia root, and scute, and 50 g each blue citrus and magnolia
bark, with 6 g Epsom salts taken separately.

Directions: These ingredients can be made into a powder and formed into
tablets, pills, or capsules. Take six to ten pills, twice a day, to treat or prevent
gallstones. Six grams of Epsom salts can be taken after this remedy for a
synergistic effect.

Actions, Indications, and Clinical Applications: Soothes the liver, regu-

lates the circulation of Qi, invigorates the functions of the gallbladder, and
expels gallstones. This recipe increases the secretion of bile, regulates the
functions of the gallbladder and liver cells, treats cholecystitis and gallblad-
der infections, and expels gallstones.

Precautions: Avoid spicy, greasy foods while taking this medication. This
recipe is contraindicated for pregnant women and those who have liver
function disorders.

R-96 LONG BI XIAO TANG

(CODONOPSIS AND VACCARIA SEED
PROSTATE FORMULA)

R-96 Long
Source: Bi XiaoofTang
Collections (Codonopsis
Chinese andFormulas,
TCM Secret VaccariaVolume
Seed Prostate
2 by Hu,
Formula)
Ximing, 1989 (Recipe by Zhou Zhiiheng).

Ingredients: This recipe contains 30 g astragalus root, 24 g codonopsis, 18

g lotus seeds, 15 g plantain seed, 12 g each of vaccaria seed, tokoro, and
hoelen, 9 g each of licorice root and ginkgo biloba seed, 6 g cinnamon bark,
and 5 g evodia.

Directions: This recipe can be used in a decoction or tea for thirty to sixty
days or used continuously until the condition is corrected.

Actions, Indications, and Clinical Applications: Reduces Heat in the

Lower-Jiao, invigorates circulation of Qi, blood, and kidney yang, and re-
lieves symptoms of prostate gland enlargement. This recipe prevents and
treats prostate gland disorders and associated urinary tract disorders.
 R-97 JIA KANG FANG
(ASTRAGALUS AND PRUNELLA
HYPERTHYROIDISM FORMULA)

R-97Collections
Source: Jia Kang Fang (Astragalus
of Chinese and Prunella
TCM Secret Hyperthyroidism
Formulas, Volume 1, by Hu,
Formula)of Shanghai TCM University).
Ximing, 1989 (Recipe by Xia Shaonong

Ingredients: This recipe contains 35 g astragalus root, 30 g prunella spike,

20 g he shou wu, 15 g dry rehmannia, 12 g cyperus tuber, and 12 g white
peony.

Directions: This recipe can be taken as a pill, decoction, or tea to treat

symptoms of hyperthyroidism. Available commercially in pills.

Actions, Indications, and Clinical Applications: Replenishes the vital en-

ergy and nourishes the yin. This recipe is used to treat and prevent hyper-
thyroidism with symptoms of insatiable hunger, emaciation, oversensitivity
to heat, profuse perspiration, palpitations, irritability, and increased basal
metabolic rate (BMR) due to kidney-yin deficiency.

R-98 SU ZI JIANG QI TANG

(PERILLA SEED AND PINELLIA ASTHMA FORMULA)

R-98 SuTai
Source: Zi Ping
JiangHui
Qi Min
TangHe(Perilla Seed
Ji Ju Fang and Pinellia
[Formularies ofAsthma Formula)
the Bureau of Peo-
ple’s Welfare Pharmacies] by Chen, Shiwen, A.D. 1151 (Song dynasty).

Ingredients: This recipe contains 9 g each of perilla seed and pinellia tuber, 6
g each of magnolia bark, peucedanum, licorice, and Chinese angelica, 3 g
each of fresh ginger and cinnamon bark, 2 g perilla leaf, and three Chinese
dates.

Directions: The ingredients are decocted for oral administration. Available

commercially in pills or capsules.

Actions, Indications, and Clinical Applications: Reduces the abnormally

ascending Qi, relieves asthma, expels phlegm, and stops a cough. This rec-
ipe is used to treat coughs with dyspnea, shortness of breath, and asthma. It
also treats feelings of fullness in the chest and hypochondriac region caused
by excess phlegm, chest pain, limb fatigue, lumbago, weakness or swelling
of the feet, and a white and smooth tongue with a white, greasy coating.

Precautions: People with lung and kidney deficiency should avoid this recipe.
 R-99 LAO NIAN CHI DAI ZHENG TANG
(SALVIA AND RED PEONY MEMORY FORMULA)

R-99 Lao
Source: NianYiChi
Zhong DaiShuai
Kang ZhengLao
Tang
Mi (Salvia and Red
Yao [Secret PeonyofMemory
Essentials Chinese
Medicine for Antiaging] by Yan,Formula)
Dexin, 1993.

Ingredients: This recipe contains 15 g each salvia and astragalus, 9 g each

cnidium, carthamus (safflower), curcuma root (turmeric), pinellia tuber,
and peach kernel, 6 g each orange peel, blue citrus, bupleurum, and cyperus
tuber, and 3 g leech (powder form).

Directions: These ingredients are consumed as a decoction or tea for two to

three months. It is suggested that this recipe be taken along with ginkgo
biloba leaves extract (in capsules or tablets).

Actions, Indications, and Clinical Applications: Invigorates circulation

of Qi and blood, and relieves blood stasis. TCM considers memory loss and
Alzheimer’s disease to be caused possibly by decreased activity due to stag-
nation of Qi and blood, and brain-cell intoxication or damage from various
drugs, chemicals, and other toxic agents, which the body is unable to detox-
ify or eliminate due to poor circulation in old age. This recipe effectively
treats and prevents memory loss, loss of concentration, and related symp-
toms.

Precautions: This recipe is contraindicated for pregnant women.

R-100 JIANG ZHI FANG

(NOTOGINSENG AND ALISMA
CHOLESTEROL-LOWERING FORMULA)

R-100
Source: Jiang ZhiofFang
Collections (Notoginseng
Chinese TCM Secretand Alisma Cholesterol-
Formulas, Volume 1 by Hu,
Lowering
Ximing, 1989 (Recipe by Huang Formula)
Zhendong of Guang Dong Cardiovascular
Institute).

Ingredients: This recipe contains 15 g each cassia seed and hawthorn, 10 g

each ho shou wu and polygonatum root, 9 g each salvia, alisma, and Chi-
nese angelica, 6 g cnidium, 5 g American ginseng, and 1.5 g notoginseng.

Directions: The ingredients are decocted in water. Take three to four times
a day for two to three months or until the desired normal cholesterol and
triglyceride levels are reached. Available commercially in tablets.
Actions, Indications, and Clinical Applications: Invigorates circulation
of Qi, nourishes the kidneys and the liver, and activates the spleen func-
tions. This recipe is used to reduce blood cholesterol levels, lower tri-
glyceride levels, treat hyperlipemia, and prevent arteriosclerosis.

Precautions: This recipe is contraindicated for pregnant women.

R-101 QING SHEN JIAN FEI FANG

(ALISMA AND PLANTAIN SEED WEIGHT LOSS FORMULA)

R-101 Collections
Source: Qing Shen Jian Fei Fang
of Chinese TCM(Alisma
Secret and Plantain
Formulas, Seed Weight
Volume 1 by Hu,
Loss
Ximing, 1989 (Recipe by Chen Formula)
Reying of Tian Jin City Hospital).

Ingredients: This recipe contains 10 g each of white atractylodes, poly-

porus, alisma, stephania, hoelen, Chinese green tea, and plantain seed.

Directions: The ingredients are decocted in water for oral administration.

Add 6 g each of rhubarb, immature bitter orange, white atractylodes, and
licorice root to this recipe for obesity caused by food stagnation. The decoc-
tion can be taken for some time to normalize metabolism and reduce
weight.

Actions, Indications, and Clinical Applications: Invigorates functions of

the spleen, relieves internal Dampness and pathogenic phlegm, induces uri-
nation, and relieves fluid retention. This recipe is helpful in the treatment
and prevention of weight gain, obesity, and stagnation of food and fluid.

Precautions: Avoid oily, greasy foods while taking this medication.

 Appendix
Appendix AA

Useful Addresses

NATIONAL ORIENTAL MEDICINE ASSOCIATIONS

American Association of Oriental Medicine

433 Front Street
Catasauqua, PA 18032
(610) 266-1433
Fax: (610) 264-2768
E-mail: [email protected]

California Association of Acupuncture and Oriental Medicine

1231 State Street, Suite 208A
Santa Barbara, CA 93101
(805) 957-4384
Fax: (805) 957-4389
E-mail: [email protected]

Florida State Oriental Medical Association

Box 690361
Vero Beach, FL 32969-0361
(800) 578-4865
Fax: (772) 569-4541
<www.fsoma.com>

National Acupuncture and Oriental Medicine Alliance

6405 43rd Avenue Court, Suite B
Gig Harbor, WA 98335
(253) 851-6896
Fax: (253) 851-6883

Each state has an oriental medicine or acupuncture association. The reg-

istered names of practitioners can be obtained from the associations.
 HERB ORGANIZATIONS

American Botanical Council

Box 14435
Austin, TX 78714-4345
(512) 926-4900
Fax: (512) 926-2345
<www.herbalgram.org>

American Herb Association

Box 1673
Nevada City, CA 96510
(530) 265-9552
<www.ahaherb.com>

The American Herbalists Guild

1931 Gaddis Road
Canton, GA 30115
(770) 751-6021
Fax: (770) 751-7472
E-mail: [email protected]
<www.americanherbalistsguild.com>

Herb Research Foundation

1007 Pearl Street, Suite 200
Boulder, CO 80302
(800) 748-2617
<www.herbs.org>

DIRECTORY OF TCM/ACUPUNCTURE SCHOOLS

There are about forty schools of oriental medicine, or schools of TCM,

or acupuncture, located in the United States. Schools that are accredited, or
have The Accreditation Commission for Acupuncture and Oriental Medi-
cine (ACAOM) accreditation are indicated with a star, others are in the pro-
cess of accreditation.

Academy of Chinese Culture and Health Sciences

1601 Clay Street
Oakland, CA 94612
(510) 763-7787
Fax: (510) 834-6846
E-mail: [email protected]

*Academy for Five Element Acupuncture, Inc.

1170-A Hallandale Beach Boulevard
Hallandale, FL 33009
(954) 456-6336
Fax: (954) 456-3944
E-mail: [email protected]
<www.acupuncturist.com>

*Academy of Oriental Medicine at Austin

2700 West Anderson Lane, Suite 204
Austin, TX 78757
(800) 824-9987
Fax: (512) 454-7001
E-mail: [email protected]
<www.aoma.edu>

*American Academy of Acupuncture and Oriental Medicine

1925 West County Road, Suite B2
Roseville, MN 55113
(651) 631-0204
Fax: (651) 631-0361

American College of Acupuncture and Oriental Medicine

9100 Park West Drive
Houston, TX 77063
(713) 780-9777
Fax: (713) 781-5781
E-mail: [email protected]

*American College of TCM

455 Arkansas Street
San Francisco, CA 94107
(415) 282-7600
Fax: (415) 282-0856
E-mail: [email protected]
<www.actcm.edu>
Asian Institute of Medical Studies
3131 N. Country Club Rd., Ste 100
Tuscon, AZ 85716
(520) 322-6330
Fax: (520) 322-5661
E-mail: [email protected]
<www.asianinstitute.edu>

*Atlantic Institute of Oriental Medicine

100 E. Froward Boulevard, Suite 100
Ft. Lauderdale, FL 33301
(954) 463-3888
Fax: (954) 463-3878
E-mail: [email protected]
<www.atom.edu>

*Bastyr University
14500 Juanita Drive, NE
Kenmore, WA 98028-4966
(425) 602-3330
Fax: (425) 602-3090
E-mail: [email protected]
<www.bastyr.edu>

Colorado School of Traditional Chinese Medicine

1441 York Street, Suite 202
Denver, CO 80206
(303) 329-6355
Fax: (303) 388-8165
<www.traditionalhealing.net/cstcm>

Dallas College of Oriental Medicine

2650 Electronic Lane
Dallas, TX 75220
(214) 366-2272
Fax: (214) 366-2238
E-mail: [email protected]

*Dongguk Royal University

440 Shatto Place
Los Angeles, CA 91505
(213) 487-0110
Fax: (213) 487-0527

*East West College of Natural Medicine

513 S. Orange Avenue
Sarasota, FL 34236
(941) 955-4456
Fax: (941) 350-1951
E-mail: [email protected]
<www.acha.net>

Eastern School of Acupuncture and Traditional Medicine

215 Glenridge Avenue
Montclair, NJ 07042
(973) 746-8717
E-mail: [email protected]

Five Branches Institute College of TCM

200 Seventh Avenue, Suite 115
Santa Cruz, CA 95062
(831) 476-9424
Fax: (831) 476-89218

Florida College of Integrative Medicine

7100 Lake Ellenor Drive
Orlando, FL 32809
(407) 888-8689
Fax: (407) 888-8211
E-mail: [email protected]

*International Institute of Chinese Medicine

4884 La Junta Del Alamo
Santa Fe, NM 87505 (Main campus)
(505) 473-5233
Fax: (505) 473-9279
E-mail:[email protected]

Kansas College of Chinese Medicine

9235 East Harry Street, Building 100
Suite 1A
Wichita, KS 67207
(316) 691-8822
(888) 481-5226
Fax: (316) 691-8868
E-mail: [email protected]
<www.kccm.edu>

*Meiji College of Oriental Medicine

2550 Shattuck Avenue
Berkeley, CA 94704
(510) 666-8248
Fax: (510) 666-0111
E-mail: [email protected]
<www.meijicollege.org>

Midwest College of Oriental Medicine

6232 Bankers Road
Racine, WI 53403
(800) 593-2320

Minnesota College of Acupuncture and Oriental Medicine

Northwestern Health Sciences University
2501 W. 84th Street
Bloomington, MN 55431
(962) 888-4777
<www.nwhealth.edu/edprogr/mcaom.html>

New England School of Acupuncture

40 Belmont Street
Watertown, MA 02472
(617) 926-1788
(617) 924-4167

North America Oriental Medical School

3917 Booth Calloway Road
Richland Hills, TX 76118
(817) 284-3037
Fax: (817) 284-1047

Oregon College of Oriental Medicine

10525 SE Cherry Blossom Drive
Portland, OR 97216
(503) 253-3443
Fax: (503)253-2701
<www.ocom.edu>

Pacific College of Oriental Medicine

7445 Mission Valley Road, Suite 105
San Diego, CA 92108
(619) 574-6909/(800) 729-0941
(619) 574-6641
E-mail: [email protected]
<www.pacificcollege.edu>
Chicago campus
3646 N. Broadway, Second Floor
(888) 729-4811
New York campus
915 Broadway, Third Floor
New York, NY 10010
(212) 982-3456
(800) 729-3468
Fax: (212) 982-6514

*Phoenix Institute of Herbal Medicine and Acupuncture

7501 E. Oak #114
Scottsdale, AZ 85257
(480) 994-3648
E-mail: [email protected]
<www.pihma.com>

*Santa Barbara College of Oriental Medicine

1919 State Street, Suite 207
Santa Barbara, CA 93101
(805) 898-1180
Fax: (805) 682-1864
E-mail: [email protected]
<www.sbcom.edu>

South Baylo University

1126 N. Brookhurst St.
Anaheim, CA 92801 (main campus)
(714) 533-1495
Fax: (714) 533-6040
E-mail: [email protected]
<www.southbaylo.edu>

*Southeast Institute of Oriental Medicine

10506 N. Kendall Drive
Miami, FL 33176
(305) 595-9500
Fax: (305) 595-2622
E-mail: [email protected]

Southwest Acupuncture College

Santa Fe, NM 87505
(505) 438-8884
Albuquerque, NM 87109
(505) 888-8898
Boulder, CO 80301
(303) 581-9955
<www.acupuncturecollege.edu>

*Swedish Institute School of Acupuncture and Oriental Studies

226 W. 26th Street
New York, NY 10001
(212) 924-5900
Fax: (212) 924-7600

*Texas College of Traditional Chinese Medicine

4005 Manchaca Road
Austin, TX 78704
(512) 444-8082
Fax: (512) 444-6345
E-mail: [email protected]
<www.texastcm.edu>

Traditional Chinese Medical College of Hawaii

Box 2288
Kamuela, HI 96743
(808) 885-9226
Fax: (808) 885-9226
E-mail: [email protected]
<www.tcmch.edu>
*Tri-State College of Acupuncture
80 8th Avenue, Suite 400
New York, NY 10024
(212) 242-2059
Fax: (212) 242-2059

University of Bridgeport
College of Naturopathic Medicine
Bridgeport, CT 06601
(203) 576-4109
E-mail:[email protected]
<http://www.bridgeport.edu>

*University of East-West Medicine

970 W. El Camino Real
Sunnyvale, CA 94087
(408) 733-1878
Fax: (408) 922-0448
E-mail: [email protected]
<www.uewm.edu>

HERB DEALERS: WHOLESALERS AND IMPORTERS

West Coast in United States

Bao Sing Trading Co.

290 Broadway
Millbrae, CA 94030
(415) 692-6828
Fax: (415) 692-4418

CAI Industries Co.

(Medical Supplies Division)
800 S Palm Avenue, Suite 10
Alhambra, CA 91803

Chinese Herb Co.

755 Jackson Street
San Francisco, CA
(415) 395-4696
East Earth Trade Winds
1620 E Cypress Avenue, #8
PO Box 493151
Redding, CA 96049

Health Concern
8001 Capwell Drive
Oakland, CA 94621
(800) 233-9355
(510) 639-0280
Fax: (510) 639-9140

Kan Herb Company

6001 Butler Lane
Scotts Valley, CA 95066
(800) 543-5233
Fax: (831) 438-9457

Kian Herbs
(formulated herb preparations)
2425 Porter Street, Suite 18
Soquel, CA 95037
(800) 543-5233

KPC Herb Distributors

16305-A Vineyard Boulevard
Morgan Hill, CA 95037
(408) 782-1200
Fax: (408) 782-1555

Kwok Shing Import/Export, Inc.

2406 W. Valley Boulevard
Alhambra, CA 91803
(818) 289-2986
Fax: (818) 289-2987

1818 Harrison Street

San Francisco, CA 94103
(800) 326-1668
(415) 861-1668
Fax: (415) 861-1524
Ling Chi Tong
4425 University Avenue
San Diego, CA 92105
(619) 282-0855

Lotus Herbs, Inc.

1124 North Hacienda Boulevard
La Puente, CA 91744-2021
(626) 916-1070
Fax: (626) 917-7763
E-mail: [email protected]
Tel Order: (800) 478-4325
Fax Order: (800) 856-3558
<www.lotusherbs.com>

Nam Bacsnhung Douc Hang

4629 El Cajon Boulevard
San Diego, CA 92115
(619) 281-4089

North-South China Herbs Co.

1556 Stockton Street
San Francisco, CA 94133
(415) 421-4907
(415) 421-5576

Nuherbs Co.
(distributors of Chinese herbs and patent medicines)
3820 Penniman Avenue
Oakland, CA 94619
(510) 534-Herb
(800) 233-4307
Fax: (510) 550-1298

Sun Ten-Brion Herbs

(patent medicines)
9250 Jeronimo Road
Irvine, CA 92618
(800) 333-4372
Fax: (714) 587-1260
Tai Sang Trading Co.
1018 Stockton Street
San Francisco, CA 94108
(415) 981-5364
Fax: (415) 981-2032

Tak Shing Hong

861 N. Spring Street
Los Angeles, CA 90012
(213) 617-3838

Tashi Enterprises
Ming Tong Products
5221 Central Avenue, #103
Richmond, CA 94804
(510) 558-2000 and (510) 558-2006
(800) 538-1333
Fax: (800) 875-0798

Ten Chao Corporation

(herbs)
2108 Chico Avenue
South El Monte, CA 91733
(626) 453-8847 and (626) 453-8849
Fax: (626) 453-8892

Ten Ren Tea Co., Ltd.

(ginseng and Chinese tea)
726 N. Hill Street
Los Angeles, CA 90812
(213) 626-8844

154 W. Valley Boulevard

San Gabriel, CA 91776
(818) 288-1663

Vifo Ginseng and Herbs Inc.

(wholesale herbs and patent medicines)
810 N. Broadway
Los Angeles, CA 90012
(213) 620-8882
Fax: (213) 620-9045
Wing Hip Fung Herbal and Ginseng Co.
327 F. Garvey Avenue
Monterey Park, CA 91754
(818) 280-0868
Fax (818) 289-3633

Year of the Tiger Herb Co.

2980 Beech Street
San Diego, CA 92102
(800) 633-9133
(619) 231-1835

Yuan Fuong Ginseng Co.

1039 E. Valley Boulevard, #B-101
San Gabriel, CA 92102
(818) 288-8231

East Coast in United States

Bao Sheng Tang Herb Shop

167-1-A NE 163rd Street
North Miami, FL 33162
(305) 949-2940

Blue Light, Inc.

120 Fast Buffalo Street
Ithaca, NY 14850
(800) 258-3548
(607) 275-9700
Fax: (607) 275-9704

Crane Herbs
745 Yalmouth Road
Mashpee, MA 02649
(800) 227-4118
Fax: 508-539-2369

K & F Trading Co., Inc.

44 Bowery Street
New York, NY 10002
(212) 619-1521
Meridian Traditional Products, Inc.
26 McGirr Street
Cumberland, RI 02864
(800) 356-6003
(410) 728-0650
Fax: (410) 728-0647

Oriental Ginseng Herb

3420 E. Ponce de Leon Avenue
Scottdale, GA 30079
(404) 299-5993

Treasure of the East Herbs

Blue Light, Inc.
111 South Cayuga Street
Ithaca, NY 14850-5507
(888) 258-3548 and (607) 275-9700
Fax: (888) 666-9888 and (607) 275-9704

Y. T. Herb Store
5389 F. New Peachtree Road
Chamblee, GA 70341
(770) 458-8898

Midwest in United States

HSUS Ginseng Enterprises, Inc.

(American Ginseng Growers)
T6819 County Hwy. W
P.O. Box 509
Wausau, WI 54402-0509
(715) 675-2325
Fax: (715) 675-3175

Canada

The Herb Works

180 Southgate Drive
Guelph, Ontario NIG 4P5
(519) 824-4280
Richters Herb Specialists
357 Highway 47
Goodwood, Ontario LOC LAO
(905) 640-6677

United Kingdom

Acu Medic Chinese Herbal

101 Camden High Street
London, NW 1 7JN
0171-388-5783
0171-387-5766

Beijing Tong Ren Tang [UK] Limited

124 Shaftesbury Avenue
London WTV 7DJ
0171-287-0098
Fax: 0171-287-0068

East-West Herbs
Langston Priory Mews
Kingham OX76UP
01608658-862

G. Baldwin and Co.

171/173 Walworth Road
London, SE 17 IRW
0171-073-5550

Greatwall Ltd.
Unit 27 Riverside Works
Hertford Road, Barking IG11 8BN
0181-591-6896
Fax: 0181-591-6891

Herbs Kingdom Ltd.

Unit 13, Bessemer Park Trading Estate
250 Milkwood Road
London SE24 0HG
0171-738-7474
Fax: 0171-738-7464
Neal’s Yard Remedies
2 Neal’s Yard
Covent Garden
London, WC2H 9DP
0171-379-0705

Suffold Herbs
Monk Farm
Pantlings Lane
Kelvedon
Essex C05 9PG
0137-657-2456

New Zealand

Chen’s Traditional Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ltd.

107 St. Lukes Road
Mt. Albert, Auckland
(09) 849-8239

Chinese Medicine and Herb Clinic

180 Tasman Stree
Mt. Cook, Wellington
(04) 384-8232

Herbs for Health

146 Hinemoa Street
Birkenhead, Auckland
(09) 480-2202

New Zealand Supreme Natural Foods, Ltd.

(Antler Products)
43-57 Hyland Crescent
Rotorua
(07) 548-1520
Fax: (07) 347-0817

Wah Lee Co., Ltd.

214-220 Hobson Street
Auckland
(09) 272-4583
Netherlands

Chinese Medical Centre

Gelderse Kade 67
1011 EK Amsterdam
31-(020) 623-5060
Fax: 31-(020) 623-3636

Hong Kong

Wing Chun Chinese Medicine Co.

Third Floor, Flat B,
59-63 Queen’s Road West,
Wing Sing Hing Boulevard
Hong Kong, 1
5-406065 and 5-473829

China

Beijing Tong Ren Tang

130 Xi Zhiman Nei Street
Beijing, China 100035
86-10-6601-2860
 Appendix B

Table of Commonly Used Chinese

Medicinal Herbs: Cross-Reference of Names

Common Name Pharmaceutical Name Pin-Yin Chinese

Abutilon seed Malva verticillata, Sm Dong Kue Zi 冬葵子
Acanthopanax bark Acanthopanax Wu Jia Pi 五加皮
gracilistylus, Cx
Achyranthes root Achyranthes bidentata, Huai Niu Xi 怀牛膝
Rx
Aconite, processed Aconitum carmichaeli Fu Zi 附子
praeparata, Rx
Acorus Acorus tatarinowii, Rh Shi Chang Pu 石菖蒲
(Chang Pu)
Acronychia Dalbergia odorifera, Lg Jiang Xiang 降香
(dalbergia wood)
Agastache Agastache rugosus, Hb Huo Xiang 藿香
(pogostemonis)
Agrimony Agrimonia pilosa, Hb Xian He Cao 仙鹤草
Akebia quinata fruit Akebia quinata, Fr Ba Yue Zha 八月扎
Akebia caulis Akebia trifoliata, Ca San Ye Mu 三叶木通
Tong
Albizzia flower Albizzia julibrissin, Fl He Huan Hua 合欢花
Albizzia bark Albizzia julibrissin, Cx He Huan Pi 合欢皮
Alisma Alisma orientalis, Rh Ze Xie 泽泻
(water plantain)
Allium Allium fistulosum, Bb Cong Bai 葱白
Aloe Aloe vera, Hb Rs Lu Hui 芦荟
Alpinia fruit Alpinia oxyphylla, Fr Yi Zhi Ren 益智仁

Amber Pinus succinifera, Rs Hu Po 琥珀

American ginseng Panax quinquefolius, Rx Xi Yang Shen 西洋参
(Hua Qi Shen)
665
666 The Healing Power of Chinese Herbs and Medicinal Recipes

Common Name Pharmaceutical Name Pin-Yin Chinese

Amomum Amomum villosum, Fr Sha Ren 砂仁
(cardamon) fruit
Anemarrhena Anemarrhena Zhi Mu 知母
asphodeloides, Rh
Dahurian angelica or Angelica dahurica, Rx Bai Zhi 白芷
angelica root
Apocynum Apocynum venetum, Hb Luo Bu Ma 罗布麻
(dogbane leaf)
Apricot kernel, bitter Prunus armeniaca, Sm Ku Xing Ren 苦杏仁
Aquilaria Aquilaria agallocha, Lg Chen Xiang 沉香
Arctium (burdock) Arctium lappa, Fr Niu Bang Zi 牛蒡子
fruit
Areca seed Areca catechu, Sm Bing Lang Zi 槟榔子
(Bing Lang)
Areca peel Areca catechu, Pc Da Fu Pi 大腹皮
Arisaema Arisaema Tian Nan Xing 天南星
consanguineum, Rh
Aristolochia Aristolochia contorta, Fr Ma Dou Ling 马兜铃
(birthwort fruit)
Artemisia leaf Artemisia argyi, Fm Ai Ye 艾叶
Asarum herb Asarum sieboldii, Hb Xi Xin 细辛
Asparagus Asparagus Tian Men Dong 天门冬
cochinchinensis, Rx
Astragalus root Astragalus Huang Qi 黄芪
membranaceus, Rx
Atractylodes Atractylodes lancea, Rh Cang Zhu 苍术
Atractylodes, white Atractylodes Bai Zhu 白术
macrocephalae, Rh
Aucklandia root Aucklandia saussurea Mu Xiang 木香
(saussurea) lappa, Rx
Bakeri Allium chinense, Bb Xie Bai 薤白
(macrostem onion)
Bamboo silicae Bambusa textilis, Rs Tian Zhu 天竺黄
Huang
Baphicacanthis Baphicacanthus cusia, Da Qing Ye 大青叶
(Isatis leaf) Fm (Isatis tinctoria)
 Appendix B 667

Common Name Pharmaceutical Name Pin-Yin Chinese

Baphicacanthis root Isatis indigotica, Rx Ban Lan Gen 板蓝根
(Isatis root)
Barbat skullcap Scutellaria barbata, Hb Ban Zhi Lian 半枝莲
Belamcanda Belamcanda chinensis, She Gan 射干
Rh
Biota seed Platycladus orientalis, Bai Zi Ren 柏子仁
Sm
Biota tops Platycladus Thuja Ce Bo Ye 侧柏叶
orientalis, Fm
Bistorta (paris) root Bistortae, Rx Cao He Che 草河车
Bitter apricot kernel Prunus armeniaca, Sm Ku Xing Ren 苦杏仁
Bitter (black) Alpinia oxyphylla, Fr Yi Zhi Ren 益智仁
cardamon
Bitter orange Citrus aurantium, Fr Zhi Qiao (Ke) 枳壳
Bitter orange, Citrus aurantium, Zhi Shi 枳实
immature immaturus, Fr
Black nightshade Solanum nigrum, Hb et Long Kui 龙葵
Sm
Bletilla tuber Bletilla striata, Tuber Bai Ji 白芨
Blue citrus Citrus immaturum Qing Pi 青皮
(green tangerine) pericarpium
Borneol Borneol Bing Pian 冰片
Brassica Brassica alba, Sm Bai Jie Zi 白芥子
(white mustard seed) (Sinapis alba, Sm)
(sinapsis)
Bupleurum root Bupleurum chinense, Rx Chai Hu 柴胡
(thorowax)
Burdock (arctium) Arctium lappa, Fr Niu Bang Zi 牛蒡子
fruit
Capillaris Artemisia capillaris, Hb Yin Chen Hao 茵陈蒿
Carthamus Carthamus tinctorius, Fl Hong Hua 红花
(safflower)
Cassia seed Cassiae tora, Sm Jue Ming Zi 决明子
(Cao Jue Ming)
(草决明）
668 The Healing Power of Chinese Herbs and Medicinal Recipes

Common Name Pharmaceutical Name Pin-Yin Chinese

Centipeda Centipeda minima, Hb E Bu Shi Cao 鹅不食草
Chaenomeles Chaenomeles speciosa, Fr Mu Gua 木瓜
Chinese angelica Angelica sinensis, Rx Dang Gui 当归
(Tang kuei) root
Chinese star jasmine Trachelospermum Luo Shi Teng 络石藤
stem jasminoides, Ca
Chinese yam Dioscorea opposita, Rh Shan Yao 山药
(dioscorea)
Chrysanthemum Chrysanthemum Ju Hua 菊花
morifolium, Fl
Chrysanthemum, Chrysanthemum indicum, Ye Ju Hua 野菊花
wild Fl
Cibotium Cibotium barometz, Rh Gou Ji 狗脊
Cimicifuga rhizome Cimicifuga foetida, Rh Sheng Ma 升麻
Cinnabar Cinnabaris Zhu Sha 朱砂
Cinnamon bark Cinnamomum cassia, Cx Gui Pi (Rou 桂皮（肉桂）
Gui)
Cinnamon twig Cinnamomum cassia, Rh Gui Zhi 桂枝
(cassia)
Cirsium Cirsium japonicum, Hb Da Ji 大蓟
(Japanese thistle) Seu Rx
Cistanche Cistanche deserticola, Hb Rou Cong Rong 肉苁蓉
Clematis root Clematis chinensis, Rx Wei Ling Xian 威灵仙

Clove Eugenia caryophyllata, Fl Ding Xiang 丁香

Cnidium (ligasticum) Ligusticum chuanxiong, Chuan Xiong 川芎
Rh
Cnidium fruit Cnidium monnieri, Fr She Chuang Zi 蛇床子
Codonopsis Codonopsis pilosula, Rx Dang Shen 党参
Coix seed Coix lachryma, Sm Yi Yi Ren 薏苡仁
Coptis root Coptis chinensis, Rh Huang Lian 黄连
Cordyceps Cordyceps sinensis, Hb Dong Chong 冬虫夏草
Xia Cao
Cornus fruit Cornus officinalis, Fr Shan Zhu Yu 山茱萸
 Appendix B 669

Common Name Pharmaceutical Name Pin-Yin Chinese

Corydalis Corydalis yanhusuo, Yan Hu Suo 延胡索（元胡）
Tuber (Yuan Hu)
Crotalaria herb Crotataria sessiliflora, Nong Ji Li 农吉利
Hb
Curculigo rhizome Curculigo orchioides, Rh Xian Mao 仙茅
Curcuma root Curcuma kwangsiensis, Yu Jin 郁金
Rx
Curcuma rhizome Curcuma longa, Rh Jiang Huang 姜黄
(tumeric)
Cuscuta (dodder) Cuscuta chinensis, Sm Tu Si Zi 菟丝子
seed
Cyathula root Cyathula officinalis, Rx Chuan Niu Xi
川牛膝
Cynanchum root Cynanchum paniculatum, Xu Chang Qing 徐长卿 (寮刁竹)
(swallow-wort root) Rx (Liao Diao
Zhu)
Cynomorium Cynomorium songaricum, Suo Yang 锁阳
Hb
Cyperus tuber Cyperus rotundus, Rh Xiang Fu 香附
Dandelion Taraxacum mongolicum, Pu Gong Ying 蒲公英
Hb
Dang kue (Chinese Angelica sinensis, Rx Dang Gui 当归
angelica root)
Dendrobium Dendrobium nobile, Hb Shi Hu 石斛
(Ca)
Dipsacus Dipsacus asper, Rx Xu Duan 续断
Dittany bark Dictamnus dasycarpus, Bai Xian Pi 白藓皮
(dictamnus) Cx
Duchesnea Duchesnea indica, Hb She Mei 蛇莓
Ephedra Ephedra sinica, Hb Ma Huang 麻黄
Epimedium herb Epimedium brevicornum, Yin Yang Huo 淫羊藿 (仙灵脾)
Hb (Xian Ling Pi)
Eucommia bark Eucommia ulmoides, Cx Du Zhong 杜仲
Euryale Euryales ferox, Sm Qian Shi 芡实
Evodia fruit Evodia rutaecarpa, Fr Wu Zhu Yu 吴茱萸
670 The Healing Power of Chinese Herbs and Medicinal Recipes

Common Name Pharmaceutical Name Pin-Yin Chinese

Forsythia fruit Forsythia suspensa, Fr Lian Qiao 连翘
Frankincense Boswellia carterii, Ru Xiang 乳香
(mastic) olibanum, Rs
Fraxinus bark Fraxinus rhynchophylla, Qin Pi 秦皮
Cx
Fritillary bulb Fritillaria cirrhosa, Bb Chuan Bei Mu 川贝母
Gall (nutgalls) Rhus chinensis Wu Bei Zi 五倍子
Gambir (uncaria Uncaria rhynchophylla Gou Teng 钩藤
stem)
Ganoderma Ganoderma lucidum, Hb Ling Zhi 灵芝
(reishi mushroom)
Gardenia Gardenia jasminoides, Fr Zhi Zi 栀子
Garlic Allium sativum, Bb Da Suan 大蒜
Gastrodia tuber Gastrodia elata, Rh Tian Ma 天麻
Gelatin, donkey-hide Gelatinum asini, Rs A Jiao 阿胶
Gentiana root Gentiana scabra, Rx Long Dan Cao 龙胆草
Germinated barley Hordeum vulgare Mai Ya 麦芽
germinatus
Ginger root, dried Zingiber officinale, Rh Gan Jiang 干姜
Ginger root, fresh Zingiber officinale, Rh Sheng Jiang 生姜
Ginkgo biloba leaf Ginkgo biloba, Fm Yin Xing Ye 银杏叶
Ginkgo seed Ginkgo biloba, Sm Yin Xing Guo 银杏果
Ginseng root Panax ginseng, Rx Ren Shen 人参
Glehnia root Glehnia littoralis, Rx Bei Sha Shen 北沙参
Green chiretta Andrographis paniculata, Chuan Xin Lian 穿心莲
Hb
Gypsum Gypsum fibrosum Shi Gao 石膏
Haematite Haematitum Dai Zhe Shi 代赭石
Haliotis Haliotis concha Shi Jue Ming 石决明
 Appendix B 671

Common Name Pharmaceutical Name Pin-Yin Chinese

Hemp seed (cannabis) Cannabis sativa, Fr Huo Ma Ren 火麻仁
Hibiscus Hibiscus syriacus, Cx Mu Jen Pi 木槿皮
Hoelen (poria) Poria cocos Fu Ling 茯苓
Houttuynia Houttuynia cordata, Hb Yu Xing Cao 鱼腥草
Hawthorn (crataegus) Crataegus pinnatifida, Fr Shan Zha 山楂
Imperata (woolly Imperata cylindrica, Rh Bai Mao Gen 白茅根
grass)
Inula flower Inula japonica, Fl Xuan Fu Hua 旋覆花
Isatis root Isatidis indigotica, Rx Ban Lan Gen 板蓝根
(baphcacanthis root)
Isatis leaf Isatidis indigotica, Fm Da Qing Ye 大青叶
Jujube (Chinese date) Zizyphus jujuba, Fr Da Zao 大枣
Knotweed Polygonum cuspidatum, Hu Zhang 虎杖
Rh et Rx
Laminaria Laminaria japonica, Hb Hai Dai (Kun 海带
Bu)
Large-leaf gentian Gentiana macrophylla, Qin Jiao 秦艽
root Rx
Leech Whitmania pigra Shui Zhi 水蛭
(Hirudo)
Leonurus Leonurus heterophyllus, Yi Mu Cao 益母草
Hb (Kun Cao)
Lepidium seed Lepidium apetalum, Sm Ting Li Zi 葶苈子
Licorice root Glycyrrhiza glabra, Rx Gan Cao 甘草
Ligusticum root Ligusticum sinense Rx et Gao Ben 藁本
Rh
Ligustrum fruit Ligustrum lucidum, Fr Nu Zhen Zi 女贞子
Lily Lilium brownii Bb Bai He 百合
Lindera root Lindera strychnifolia, Rx Wu Yao 乌药
Lobelia Lobelia chinensis, Hb Ban Bian Lian 半边莲
Longan aril (fruit) Euphoria longan, Fr Long Yan Rou 龙眼肉
672 The Healing Power of Chinese Herbs and Medicinal Recipes

Common Name Pharmaceutical Name Pin-Yin Chinese

Lonicera Lonicera japonica, Fl Jin Yin Hua 金银花
(honeysuckle)
Lonicera stem Lonicera japonica, Ca et Ren Dong Teng 忍冬藤
Fm
Lophatherum Lophatherum gracile, Fm Dan Zhu Ye 淡竹叶
(bamboo leaf)
Loquat leaf Eriobotrya japonica, Fm Pi Ba Ye 枇杷叶
Loranthus (taxillus) Taxillus chinensis, Rm et Sang Ji Sheng 桑寄生
Rl
Lotus seed Nelumbo nucifera, Sm Lian Zi 莲子
Lycium bark Lycium chinense, Cx Di Gu Pi 地骨皮
Lycium fruit Lycium barbarum, Fr Gou Qi Zi 枸杞子
(wolfberry)
Lycopodium Lycopodium clavatum, Shen Jin Cao 伸筋草
(buck grass) Hb
Lygodium spores Lygodium japonicum, Hai Jin Sha 海金沙
spora
Lysimachia Lysimachia christinae, Jin Qian Cao 金钱草
(glechoma) Hb
Ma huang (ephedra) Ephedra sinica, Hb Ma Huang 麻黄
Macrostem onion Allium macrostemon, Bb Xie Bai 薤白
(bakeri)
Magnolia bark Magnolia officinalis, Cx Hou Po 厚扑

Magnolia flower Magnolia biondii, Fl Xin Yi Hua 辛夷花（辛夷）

(Xin Yi)
Mantis egg-case Mantidis ootheca Sang Piao Xiao 桑螵蛸

Mastic Boswellia carterii, Rs Ru Xiang 乳香

Medicated leaven Massa medicata, Shen Qu 神曲
fermentata
Melia Melia toosendan, Fr Chuan Lian Zi 川楝子
(Sichuan chinaberry)
Mentha (peppermint) Mentha haplocalyx, Hb Bo He 薄荷
 Appendix B 673

Common Name Pharmaceutical Name Pin-Yin Chinese

Millettia Spatholobus suberectus, Ji Xue Teng 鸡血藤
(spatholobus stem) Ca (Millettia)
Mirabilitum Mirabilitum depuratum Mang Xiao 芒硝
Morinda root Morinda officinalis, Rx Ba Ji Tian 巴戟天
Morus (mulberry) Morus alba, Cx Sang Bai Pi 桑白皮
bark
Morus (mulberry) Morus alba, Rl Sang Zhi 桑枝
branch
Morus (mulberry Morus alba, Fm Sang Ye 桑叶
leaf)
Moutan bark Paeonia suffruticosa, Cx Dan Pi 丹皮
(mu Dan pi)
Mugwort Artemisia anomala, Hb Liu Ji Nu 刘寄奴
Mylabris Mylabris phalerata pallas Ban Mao 斑蟊
Myristica (nutmeg) Myristica fragrans, Sm Rou Dou Kou 肉豆蔻
Myrrh Commiphora myrrha, Rs Mo Yao 没药
Natural indigo Istis indigotica, Hb Qing Dai 青黛
Notoginseng Panax notoginseng, Rx San Qi (Tian 三七（田七）
Qi)
Notopterygium root Notopterygium incisum, Qiang Huo 羌活
Rh
Oldenlandia Hedyotis diffusa, Hb Bai Hua She 白花蛇
(hedyotis) She Cao
Ophiopogon root Ophiopogon japonicus, Mai Men Dong 麦门冬
Rx (Mai Dong)
Orange peel Citrus reticulata, Pc Chen Pi 陈皮
Ox calculus Calculus bovis Niu Huang 牛黄
Oyster shell Concha ostreae Mu Li 牡蛎
Paris rhizome Paris chinensis, Rh Chong Lou 重楼
Patrinia (thlaspi) Patrinia villosa, Hb Bai Jiang Cao 败酱草
herb
Peony root, red Paeonia lactiflora rubra, Chi Shao 赤芍
Rx (Chi Shao Yao)
674 The Healing Power of Chinese Herbs and Medicinal Recipes

Common Name Pharmaceutical Name Pin-Yin Chinese

Peony root, white Paeonia lactiflora, alba, Bai Shao 白芍
Rx
Perilla leaf Perilla frutescens, Fm Zi Su Ye 紫苏叶
Perilla seed Perilla frutescens, Fr Zi Su Zi 紫苏子
Perilla stem Perilla frutescens, Ca Zi Su Geng 紫苏梗
Persica Prunus persica, Sm Tao Ren 桃仁
(Peach kernel)
Peucedanum Peucedanum Qian Hu 前胡
praeruptorum, Rx
Pharbitis Pharbitis nil, Sm Qian Niu Zi 牵牛子
(morning glory seed)
Phaseolus Phaseolus angularis, Sm Chi Xiao Dou 赤小豆
(adsuki bean)
Phellodendron bark Phellodendron amurense, Huang Bai 黄柏
Cx
Phragmites Phragmites communis, Lu Gen 芦根
Rh
Pilose antler (deer Cervus nippon Lu Rong 鹿茸
horn)
Pinellia tuber Pinellia ternata, Rh Ban Xia 半夏
Placenta Hominis placenta Zi He Che 紫河车
Plantain (plantago) Plantago asiatica, Sm Che Qian Zi 车前子
seed
Plantain herb Plantago asiatica, Hb Che Qian Cao 车前草
Platycodon root Platycodon grandiflorum, Jie Geng 桔梗
Rx
Plum weed Prunus japonica, Sm Yu Li Ren 郁李仁
Polygala root Polygala tenuifolia, Rx Yuan Zhi 远志
Polygonatum Polygonatum odoratum, Yu Zhu 玉竹
rhizome Rh
Polygonatum root, Polygonatum sibiricum, Huang Jing 黄精
(yellow essence) Rh
Polygonum Polygonum multiflorum, He Shou Wu 何首乌
(fleeceflower root) Rx (Shou Wu)
 Appendix B 675

Common Name Pharmaceutical Name Pin-Yin Chinese

Polygonum herb Polygonum aviculare, Hb Bian Xu 扁蓄（草）
(knote weed)
Polygonum stem Polygoni multiflori, Ca Ye Jiao Teng 夜交藤
Polyporus Polyporus umbellatus, Zhu Ling 猪苓
Scrol
Poppy capsule Papaver somniferum Ying Su Ko 罂粟壳
Poria (hoelen) Poria cocos Fu Ling 茯苓
Poria slices Poria cocos Fu Shen Pian 茯神片
Prunella spike Prunella vulgaris, Hb Xia Ku Cao 夏枯草
Pseudostellaria root Pseudostellaria Tai Zi Shen 太子参
heterophylla, Rx
Psoralea fruit Psoralea corylifolia, Fr Bu Gu Zhi 补骨脂
Pubescent angelica Angelica pubescens, Rx Du Huo 独活
root (angelica tuhuo)
Pubescent holly root Ilex pubescens, Rx Mao Dong 毛冬青
(ilex pubescentis) Qing
Pueraria root (kudzu) Pueraria lobata, Rx Ge Gen 葛根
Pulsatilla (anemone) Pulsatilla chinensis, Rx Bai Tou Weng 白头翁
root
Pyrite Pyritum Zi Ran Tong 自然铜
Quisqualis Quisqualis indica, Fr Shi Jun Zi 使君子
Rabdosia Rabdosiae rubescens, Hb Dong Ling Cao 冬凌草

Raphanus (radish) Raphanus sativus, Sm Lai Fu zi 莱菔子

seed
Rehmannia, dried Rehmanniae glutinosa, Sheng Di 生地黄
Rx Huang
Rehmannia root, Rehmannia glutinosa, Rx Shu Di Huang 熟地黄
processed Preparati (Shu Di)
Reishi mushroom Ganoderma lucidum, Hb Ling Zhi 灵芝
Rhododendron Rhododendron dauricum, Man Shan 满山红
Fm Hong
Rhubarb root Rheum officinale, Rx Da Huang 大黄
676 The Healing Power of Chinese Herbs and Medicinal Recipes

Common Name Pharmaceutical Name Pin-Yin Chinese

Rosa cherokee Rosa laevigata, Fr Jin Ying Zi 金缨子
Rubus (raspberry Rubus chingii, Fr Fu Pen Zi 覆盆子
fruit)
Safflower (carsamus) Carthamus tinctorius, Fl Hong Hua 红花
Salvia root Salvia miltiorrhiza, Rx Dan Shen 丹参
Sanguisorba root Sanguisorba officinalis, Di Yu 地榆
(burnet) Rx
Santalum Santalum album, Lg Tan Xiang 檀香
(sandalwood)
Sappan wood Caesalpinia sappan, Lg Su Mu 苏木
Sarcandra Sarcandra glabra, Hb Jiu Jie Cha 九节茶
(Guan Jie Cha)
Sargassum (seaweed) Sargassum fusiforme, Hb Hai Zao 海藻
Saussurea Aucklandia lappa, Rx Mu Xiang 木香
(aucklandia root)
Scandent hops Humulus scandens, Hb Lu Cao 律草（草）
Schefflera root Schefflera arboricola, Rx Qi Ye Lian 七叶连
Schisandra fruit Schisandra chinensis, Fr Wu Wei Zi 五味子
Schizonepeta Schizonepeta tenuifolia, Jing Jie Sui 荆芥穗（荆芥）
Hb (Jing Jie)
Scirpus rhizome Sparganium stoloniferum, San Leng 三棱
(burreed tuber) Rh
Scorpion Buthus martensi Quan Xie 全蝎
Scrophularia root Scrophularia ningpoensis, Xuan Shen 玄参
Rx
Scute root Scutellaria baicalensis, Huang Qin 黄芩
Rx
Scute barbata Scutellaria barbata, Hb Ban Zhi Lian 半枝莲
Semiaquilegia root Semiaquilegiae Tian Kui 天葵
adoxoides, Rx
Senecio Senecio scandens, Hb Qian Li Guang 七里光

Senna leaf Cassia angustifolia, Fm Fan Xie Ye 番泻叶

 Appendix B 677

Common Name Pharmaceutical Name Pin-Yin Chinese

Sesame seed Sesamum indicum, Sm Hu Ma 胡麻
Siberian ginseng root Acanthopanax senticosus, Wu Jia Shen 五加参
Rx (Eleutherococcus (Ci Wu Jia)
senticosus) (刺五加)
Siegesbeckia Siegesbeckia pubescens, Xi Xian Cao 豨莶草
Hb (Xi Xian)
Siler Saposhnikovia divaricata, Fang Feng 防风
Rx
Silkworm Bombyx batryticatus Bai Jiang Can 白僵蚕
Small thistle Cephalanoplos segetum, Xiao Ji 小蓟
Hb
Smilax glabra Smilax glabrae, Rh Tu Fu Ling 土茯苓
Soya Soya praeparatum, Sm Dan Do Chi 淡豆豉
Sophora root Sophora flavescens, Rx Ku Shen 苦参
Sparganium (scirpus) Sparganium stoloniferum, San Leng 三棱
Rh
Speranskia Speranskia tuberculata, Tou Gu Cao 透骨草
(impatiens) Hb
Stemona root Stemona sessilifolia, Rx Bai Bu 百部
Stephania Stephania tetrandra, Rx Han Fang Ji 防己
Sterculia Sterculia scaphigera, Sm Pang Da Hai 胖大海
Styrax Liquidambar orientalis Su He Xiang 苏合香
Subprostrate sophora Sophora tonkinensis, Rx Shan Dou Gan 山豆根
Tangerine peel Citrus reticulata, Pc Chen Pi 陈皮
Tangerine seed Citri reticulota, Sm Ju He 桔核
Tetrapanax Tetrapanax papyrifera, Tong Cao 通草
Medulla
Tokoro Dioscoreae hypoglauca, Bi Xian 卑薢薢（草）
Rh
Torreya Torreya grandis, Sm Fei Zi 榧子
Tortoise shell Plastrum testudinis Gui Ban 龟板
678 The Healing Power of Chinese Herbs and Medicinal Recipes

Common Name Pharmaceutical Name Pin-Yin Chinese

Tribulus Tribulus terrestris, Fr Ji Li 蒺藜
Trichosanthes Trichosanthes kirilowii, Gua Lou Shi 栝楼实
(snakegourd) fruit Fr
Trichosanthes peel Trichosanthes kirilowii, Gua Lou Pi 栝楼皮
(rind) Pc
Trichosanthes root Trichosanthes kirilowii, Tian Hua Fen 天花粉
Rx (Gua Lou Gen)
(栝楼根)
Trichosanthes seed Trichosanthes kirilowii, Gua Lou Ren 栝楼仁
Sm
Tripterygium Tripterygium wilfordii, Lei Gong Teng 雷公藤
Rx
Tumeric (curcuma) Curcuma longa, Rh Jiang Huang 姜黄
Tussilago (coltsfoot) Tussilago farfara, Fl Kuan Dong 款冬花
flower Hua
Typhonium Typhonium giganteum, Bai Fu Zi 白附子
Sm
Uncaria stem Uncariae rhynchophylla, Gou Teng 钩藤
(gambir) Rl
Vaccaria seed Vaccaria segetalis, Sm Wang Bu Liu 王不留行
Xing
Verbena Verbena officinalis, Hb Ma Bian Cao 马鞭草
Viola Viola yedoensis, Hb Zi Hua Di Ding 紫花地丁
Vitex fruit Vitex trifolia, Fr Man Jing Zi 蔓荆子
Walnut Juglandis vegas, Sm Hu Tao Ren 胡桃仁
White atractylodes Atractylodes Bai Zhu 白术
macrocephala, Rh
Xanthium fruit Xanthium sibiricum, Fr Cang Er Zi 苍耳子
Zedoaria Curcuma zedoaria, Rh E Zhu 莪术
Zizyphus (wild Zizyphus spinosa, Sm. Suan Zao Ren 酸枣仁
jujube seed)
 Appendix B 679

Explanation of Abbreviations of Herbs

Symbols Latin English

Bb Bulbus bulb type root
Ca Caulis bark
Cx Cortex outer bark or skin
Fl Flos whole flower
Fm Folium leaf
Fr Fructus fruit
Gl Gelatina gelatin
Hb Herba whole aboveground
parts of an herb
Lg Lignum woody part
Pc Pericardium skin of the seed
Rh Rhizoma root stem
Rl Ramulus small branch
Rx Radix root
Rs Resinae resin
Sm Semen seed
Rx et Rh root and root stem
RI et Rm small branch and leaf

Examples

Ginseng root: Panax ginseng, Rx means Radix Panax ginseng

Hawthorn fruit: Cratagus pinnatifida, Fr means Fructus Crataegus pinnatifida
Lonicera flower: Lonicera japonica, Fl means Flos Lonicera Japonica
Licorice root: Glycyrrhiza glabra, Rx means Radix Glycyrrhiza glabra
 Appendix C

Table of Popular Herbal Recipes

and Patent Medicines

Pin Yin Name Recipe Number Chinese Name

An Gong Niu Huang Wan 安宫牛黄丸

An Shen Bu Xin Wan R-43 安神补心丸
An Shen Ding Zhi Wan 安神定志丸
An Shen Jian Nao Ling 安神健脑灵
Ba Xian Chang Shou Wan 八仙长寿丸
(Ba Wei Di Huang Wan) （八味地黄丸）
Ba Zhen Wan R-18 八珍丸
Ba Zheng San 八正散
Bai Bu Wan (Gao) 百部丸（膏）
Bai Du San Tang R-93 败毒散（汤）
Bai Tou Weng Tang 白头翁汤
Bai Zi Ren Wan 柏子仁丸
Bai Zi Yang Xin Wan R-44 柏子养心丸
Ban Xia Hou Po Tang R-37 半夏厚扑汤
Ban Xia Xie Xin Tang 半夏泻心汤
Bao He Wan 保和丸
Bao Ji Wan 保济丸
Bao Yuan Tang 保元汤
Ban Xia Bai Zhu Tian Ma Tang 半夏白术天麻汤

681
682 The Healing Power of Chinese Herbs and Medicinal Recipes

Pin Yin Name Recipe Number Chinese Name

Bi Min Gan Wan 鼻敏感丸
Bu Gu Zhi Wan 补骨脂丸
Bu Huan Jin Zheng Qi Wan 不换金正气丸
Bu Wang San 不忘散
Bu Yang Huan Wu Tang R-34 补阳还五汤
Bu Zhong Yi Qi Tang R-9 补中益气汤

Cang Er Zi San 苍耳子散

Chai Ge Jie Ji Tang 柴葛解肌汤
Chai Hu Gui Zhi Tang 柴胡桂枝汤
Chai Hu Jia Long Gu Mu Li Tang 柴胡加龙骨牡蛎汤
Chai Hu Shu Gan Tang R-50 柴胡疏肝汤
Che Qian Zi San 车前子散
Chuan Xiong Cha Tiao San R-49 川芎茶调散

Da Bu Yin Wan 大补阴丸

Da Chai Hu Tang 大柴胡汤
Da Cheng Qi Tang R-73 大承气汤
Da Huo Luo Dan 大活络丹
Da Qing Jiao Tang 大秦艽汤
Dan Dao Pai Shi Tang 胆道排石汤
Dan Shen Yin R-31 丹参饮
Dan Zhi Xiao Yao Wan R-42 丹栀逍遥丸
Dang Gui Liu Huang Tang 当归六黄汤
Dang Gui Shao Yao Wan R-2l 当归芍药丸
 Appendix C 683

Pin Yin Name Recipe Number Chinese Name

Dang Gui Si Ni Tang 当归四逆汤
Dang Gui Wan R-17 当归丸
Dao Chi San 导赤散
Ding Chuan Tang 定喘汤
Ding Xian Wan 定痫丸
Du Huo Ji Sheng Tang R-58 独活寄生汤
Du Qi Wan 都气丸
Du Zhong Wan 杜仲丸

Er Chen Tang 二陈汤

Er Dong Tang (Gao) 二冬汤（膏）
Er Long Zuo Ci Wan 耳聋左慈丸
Er Mu San 二母散
Er Xian Tang R-27 二仙汤

Fang Feng Tong Sheng San R-65 防风通圣散

Fang Ji Fu Ling Tang 防己茯苓汤
Fang Ji Huang Qi Tang R-66 防己黄芪汤
Fu Fang Dan Shen Pian R-32 复方丹参片
Fu Fang San Qi Pian 复方三七片
Fu Fang Wu Wei Zi Wan 复方五味子丸
Fu Fang Qing Dai San 复方青黛散
Fu Ke Qian Jin Pian 妇科千金片
Fu Yuan Huo Xue Tang 复元活血汤
684 The Healing Power of Chinese Herbs and Medicinal Recipes

Pin Yin Name Recipe Number Chinese Name

Fu Zheng Gu Ben Fang 扶正固本方
Fu Zi Li Zhong Tang R-54 附子理中汤

Ge Gen Qin Lian Tang 葛根芩连汤

Ge Gen Tang 葛根汤
Ge Hua Jie Xing Tang 葛花解醒汤
Geng Nian An R-20 更年安
Geng Nian Luo Tang R-90 更年乐汤
Gong Sun Ye Jing (Ginkgo Biloba Ye Extract) 公孙叶精
Gou Teng Yin (Tang) 钩藤饮（汤）
Gu Chong Tang 固冲汤
Gu Jing Wan 固精丸
Gua Lou Xie Bai Ban Xia Tang 栝楼薤白半夏汤
Guan Xin Bing II R-33 冠心病II号
Gui Fu Li Zhong Tang 桂附理中汤
Gui Ling Ji 龟龄集
Gui Pi Tang R-6 归脾汤
Gui Shao Liu Jun Zi Tang 桂芍六君子汤
Gui Zhi Fu Ling Wan 桂枝茯苓丸
Gui Zhi Tang 桂枝汤

He Shou Wu Wan (Shou Wu Wan) R-29 何首乌丸

Head Washing Formula for Headache No.1 R-84 头痛洗头方1号
Hou Po Ma Huang Tang 厚朴麻黄汤
Hou Po San Wu Tang 厚朴三物汤
 Appendix C 685

Pin Yin Name Recipe Number Chinese Name

Huang Lian Jie Du Tang R-72 黄连解毒汤
Huang Qi Gui Zhi Wu Wu Tang 黄芪桂枝五物汤
Huang Qi Jian Zhong Tang 黄芪建中汤
Huang Qi Tang 黄芪汤
Huo Luo Xiao Ling Dan 活络效灵丹

Huo Xiang Zheng Qi Wan R-48 藿香正气丸

Huo Xue Shu Jin Pian 活血舒筋片

Huo Xue Shu Jin Zhi Tong Fang R-88 活血舒筋止痛方

Huo Xue Tong Mai Pian R-39 活血通脉片

Ji Geng Tang 桔梗汤

Ji Ming San 鸡鸣散

Jia Kang Fang R-97 甲亢方

Jia Wei Long Dan Xie Gan Wan R-83 加味龙胆泻肝汤

Jiao Ai Tang 胶艾汤

Jian Bu Wan (Jian Bu Hu Qian Wan) 健步丸

（健步虎潜丸）

Jian Ling Tang 建瓴汤

Jian Nao Bu Shen Wan R-35 健脑补神丸

Jiang Tang Wan R-92 降糖丸

Jiang Zhi Fang R-100 降脂方

Jiao Gan Wan R-81 交感丸

686 The Healing Power of Chinese Herbs and Medicinal Recipes

Pin Yin Name Recipe Number Chinese Name

Jie Yu Dan 解郁丹

Jing Fang Bai Du San 荆防败毒散

Jiu Wei Qiang Huo Tang 九味羌活汤

Ju He Wan 橘核丸

Ju Hong Wan 橘红丸

Juan Bi Tang 蠲痹汤

Kang Ai Ling 抗癌灵

Lao Nian Chi Dai Zheng Tang R-99 老年痴呆症汤

Li Dan Pai Shi Pian R-95 利胆排石片
Li Zhong Tang R-14 理中汤
Ling Gui Zhu Gan Tang R-74 苓桂术甘汤
Ling Jiao Gou Teng Tang 羚角钩藤汤
Ling Qiao Jie Du Wan 羚翘解毒丸
Ling Zhi Bao Zi Fan Capsule 灵芝孢子粉胶囊
Liu Jun Zi Tang 六君子汤
Liu Shen Wan 六神丸
Liu Wei Di Huang Wan R-22 六味地黄丸
Long Bi Xiao Tang R-96 龙痹消汤
Long Dan Xie Gan Tang R-78 龙胆泻肝汤
Luo Bu Ma Pian 罗布麻片

Ma Xing Shi Gan Tang 麻杏石甘汤

Mai Men Dong Tang R-69 麦门冬汤
 Appendix C 687

Pin Yin Name Recipe Number Chinese Name

Mai Wei Di Huang Wan R-23 麦味地黄丸
Man Shan Hong Capsule 满山红胶囊
Ming Mu Di Huang Wan 明目地黄丸
Ming Mu Shang Qing Wan 明目上清
Mu Gua Wan 木瓜丸
Mu Xiang Bing Lang Wan R-62 木香槟榔丸
Mu Xiang Shun Qi Wan 木香顺气丸
（顺气丸）

Nan Bao R-30 男宝

Niu Huang Jiang Ya Wan 牛黄降压丸
Niu Huang Jie Du Wan 牛黄解毒丸
Niu Huang Shang Qing Wan 牛黄上清丸
Niu Huang Qing Xin Wan 牛黄清心丸
Nu Bao 女宝
Nuan Gong Yun Zi Wan 暖宫孕子丸

Pai Shi Tang R-94 排石汤

Pian Tao Tong Tang R-91 偏头痛汤
Ping Wei San R-59 平胃散（片）
Pu Ji Xiao Du Yin 普济消毒饮

Qi Bao Mei Ran Dan R-26 七宝美髯丸

Qi Ju Di Huang Wan R-25 杞菊地黄丸
Qi Li San 七厘散
Qi Shao Liu Jun Zi Tang 杞芍六君子汤
688 The Healing Power of Chinese Herbs and Medicinal Recipes

Pin Yin Name Recipe Number Chinese Name

Qian Le Xian Wan 前列腺丸
Qian Zheng San 牵正散
Qiang Huo Sheng Shi Tang R-57 羌活胜湿汤
Qin Jiao San 秦艽散
Qing Fei Tang 清肺汤
Qing Qi Hua Tan Wan 清气化痰丸
Qing Shen Jian Fei Fang R-101 轻身减肥方
Qing Wen Bai Du Yin 清瘟败毒饮
Quan Lu Wan 全鹿丸

Ren Shen Fang Wang Jiang R-4 人参蜂王浆

Ren Shen Hu Tao Tang 人参胡桃汤
Ren Shen Lu Rong Wan 人参鹿茸丸
Ren Shen Yang Rong Tang R-3 人参养荣汤
Run Chang Wan 润肠丸

San Miao San (Wan) 三妙散（丸）

Sang Ji Sheng Yin 桑寄生饮
Sang Ju Yin 桑菊饮
Sang Piao Xiao San 桑螵蛸散
Sang Xing Tang 桑杏汤
Shao Fu Zhu Yu Tang 少腹逐瘀汤
Shen Fu Tang R-1 参附汤
Shen Ling Bai Zhu San R-13 参苓白术散
Shen Qi Gao (Wan) R-7 参芪膏
 Appendix C 689

Pin Yin Name Recipe Number Chinese Name

Shen Qi Wan R-24 肾气丸
(Jin Gui Shen Qi Wan) （金匮肾气丸）
Sheng Mai San (Yin) R-5 生脉散（饮）
Shi Hu Ye Guang Wan 石斛夜光丸
Shi Quan Da Bu Wan R-80 十全大补丸
Shu Dan Pai Shi Tang 疏胆排石汤
Shu Gan Jian Pi Jie Du Tang 疏肝健脾解毒汤
Shu Gan Wan R-52 疏肝丸
Shu Jin Huo Xue Tang 舒筋活血汤
Si Jun Zi Tang R-2 四君子汤
Si Ling San 四苓散
Si Miao San 四妙散
Si Ni San R-61 四逆散
Si Ni Tang 四逆汤
Si Shen Wan R-28 四神丸
Si Wu Tang R-15 四物汤
Su Zi Jiang Qi Tang R-98 苏子降气汤
Suan Zao Ren Tang R-40 酸枣仁汤
Suo Quan Wan 缩泉丸

Tai Shan Pan Shi Yin 泰山磐石饮

Tao He Cheng Qi Tang 桃核承气汤
Tao Hong Si Wu Tang R-16 桃红四物汤
Tian Ma Gou Teng Yin R-64 天麻钩藤饮
Tian Ma Wan R-55 天麻丸
690 The Healing Power of Chinese Herbs and Medicinal Recipes

Pin Yin Name Recipe Number Chinese Name

Tian Wang Bu Xin Wan R-45 天王补心丸
Tiao Jing Wan R-85 调经丸
Tiao Shen Tang R-89 调神汤
Tong Xuan Li Fei Pian R-47 通宣理肺片
Tou Tong Xiao Ling Dan 头痛效灵丹

Wan Dai Tang 完带汤

Wen Jing Tang 温经汤
Wen Pi Tang 温脾汤
Wu Ji Bai Feng Wan R-19 乌鸡白凤丸
Wu Jia Pi Jiu 五加皮酒
Wu Jia Shen Gao R-8 五加参膏
(Ci Wu Jia Gao)
Wu Ling San R-68 五苓散
Wu Wei Xiao Du Yin 五味消毒饮
Wu Zhu Yu Tang R-71 吴茱萸汤
Wu Zi Yan Zong Wan 五子衍宗丸

Xi Huang Wan 犀黄丸

Xi Jiao Da Qing Tang 犀角大清汤
Xi Jiao Di Huang Wan R-70 犀角地黄丸
Xiang Lian Wan 香连丸
Xiang Sha Liu Jun Zi Tang 香砂六君子汤
Xiang Sha Yang Wei Wan 香砂养胃丸
 Appendix C 691

Pin Yin Name Recipe Number Chinese Name

Xiang Sha Zhi Zhu Wan 香砂枳术丸
Xiao Chai Hu Tang R-53 小柴胡汤
Xiao Feng San 消风散
Xiao Huo Luo Dan R-51 小活络丹
Xiao Jian Zhong Tang R-60 小建中汤
Xiao Qing Long Tang R-63 小青龙汤
Xiao Yao Wan R-41 逍遥丸
Xiao Ji Yin Zi 小蓟饮子
Xiao Luo Wan 消瘰丸
Xuan Yu Tong Jing Tang 宣郁通经汤
Xue Fu Zhu Yu Tang R-38 血府逐瘀汤

Yan Ling Yi Shou Dan R-79 延龄益寿丹

Yang Xin Jian Pi Wan R-86 养心健脾丸
Yang Xin Yan Ling Yi Shou Dan R-87 养心延龄益寿丹
Yi Gan Ling Pian 益肝灵片
Yi Guan Jian R-11 一贯煎
Yi Qi Li Pi Zhi Zhu Wan R-82 益气理脾枳术丸
Yi Shen Tang R-77 益肾汤
Yi Wei Tang 益胃汤
Yin Chen Hao Tang R-67 茵陈蒿汤
Yin Chen Zhu Fu Tang 茵陈术附汤
Yin Qiao Jie Du Pian R-46 银翘解毒片
Yin Qiao San 银翘散
692 The Healing Power of Chinese Herbs and Medicinal Recipes

Pin Yin Name Recipe Number Chinese Name

You Gui Wan 右归丸
Yu Dai Wan 愈带丸
Yu Quan Wan R-12 玉泉丸
Yu Feng Ning Xin Wan 愈风宁心丸
Yu Ping Feng San R-10 玉屏风散
Yu Ye Tang 玉液汤
Yu Zhen San 玉真散
Yuan Hu Zhi Tong Wan R-56 元胡止痛丸
Yue Ju Wan (Xiong Zhu Wan) R-36 越鞠丸

Zai Zao Wan (Ren Shen Zai Zhao Wan) 再造丸

（人参再造丸）
Ze Xie Tang 泽泻汤
Zhen Gan Xi Feng Tang 镇肝熄风汤
Zhen Wu Tang R-75 真武汤
Zheng Tian Wan 正天丸
Zhi Bai Di Huang Wan 知柏地黄丸
Zhi Shi Dao Zhi Wan R-76 枳实导滞丸
Zhi Zhu Wan 枳术汤
Zhu Ling Tang 猪苓汤
Zhu Ye Shi Gao Tang 竹叶石膏汤
Zi Xue Tang 滋血汤
Zuo Gui Wan 左归丸
Zuo Jin Wan 左金丸
 Glossary
Glossary

GENERAL MEDICAL AND PHARMACEUTICAL TERMS

abscess: A lump of pus caused by inflammation or bacterial invasion.

acne: Common skin disorder. A condition of the sebaceous glands and hair
follicles of the skin.
acupuncture: The ancient practice, especially as carried on by the Chinese,
of piercing parts of the body with needles to treat disease or relieve pain.
adaptogen: A substance causing a state of nonspecific increased resistance
(SNIR) to adverse stressors of various origin. Chinese herbs, ginseng, and
Siberian ginseng are adaptogens which have no adverse effect on body
functions.
Addison’s disease: Illness caused by underactivity of the adrenal glands.
adenoma: A benign tumor of glandular origin.
adrenal gland: A two-part gland situated just above each kidney.
adrenaline: A hormone secreted by the adrenal gland that produces the
“fight-or-flight” response. Also called epinephrine.
alkaloids: Nitrogenous crystalline or oily compounds, usually basic in
character, such as atropine, morphine, quinine, etc.
allopathy: A term that describes the conventional method of medicine that
combats disease by using substances and techniques specifically against the
disease.
alternative: (as a drug): A nontraditional substance that produces a balanc-
ing effect on a particular body function.
amebic dysentery: Dysentery caused by a parasitic ameba.
amino acids: A group of nitrogen-containing chemical compounds that
form the basic structural units of proteins.
analgesic: A substance that reduces the sensation of pain.
androgen: A synthetic male sex hormone substance that can give rise to
masculine characteristics.
andropause: A decrease in testoterone production and resulting mental and
physical symptoms. Also called male menopause.
anemia: A condition in which there is a reduction in the number of red
blood corpuscles or of the total amount of hemoglobin in the bloodstream,
or both, resulting in a paleness, generalized weakness, etc.
angina pectoris: Severe pain in the chest, usually on the left center side,
caused by coronary heart disease.
anodyne: A pain killer.
anorexia nervosa: Psychological problem causing extreme loss of appetite
and drastic weight loss.
antagonism: A mutually opposing action that can take place between or-
ganisms, muscles, drugs, etc.
antagonistic: Showing antagonism; acting in opposition.
anthelmintic: A substance that causes the elimination of intestinal worms.
antibody: Proteins manufactured by the body that bind to antigens to neu-
tralize, inhibit, or destroy antigens.
antidote: A substance that neutralizes or counteracts the effects of a poison.
antifebrile: A fever reducer.
antigen: Any substance which, when introduced into the body, causes the
formation of antibodies against it.
antihypertensive: Medicines that lower blood pressure.
antineoplastic: Substance that helps prevent abnormal growths.
antioxidant: A compound that prevents free radical or oxidative damage.
antipyretic: An agent that reduces fever.
antirheumatic: A substance that relieves rheumatic disorders.
anxiety: A state of being uneasy, apprehensive, or worried about what may
happen; in psychiatry, an intense state of this kind, characterized by varying
degrees of emotional disturbance and psychic tension.
aphrodisiac: A substance that increases sexual desire.
apoplexy: Sudden paralysis with total or partial loss of consciousness and
sensation, caused by the breaking or obstruction of a blood vessel in the
brain; stroke.
arteriosclerosis: A thickening of the artery wall, loss of elasticity, and
hardening due to deposits of cholesterol and triglycerides.
arthritis: Painful inflammation of a joint or joints of the body, usually pro-
ducing heat, redness, swelling, and pain. The condition can be brought
about by nerve impairment, increased or decreased function of the endo-
crine glands, or degeneration due to age.
asthma: Spasm of the bronchi in the lungs and a narrowing of the airways.
astringent: A substance that contracts cell walls and stops unwanted dis-
charges by causing shrinking of tissue.
atherosclerosis: A form of arteriosclerosis. A process in which fatty sub-
stances (cholesterol and triglycerides) are deposited in the walls of medium
to large arteries, eventually leading to blockage of arteries.
autoimmune: A process in which antibodies develop against the body’s
own tissues.
balm: A soothing or healing medicine applied to the skin, such as tiger
balm in Chinese medicine.
Ben Cao (Ben ts’ao): The compendium of crude drugs. The first Ben Cao
was Shen-nong Ben Cao Jing formally published in the second century. The
complete Ben Cao is Ben Cao Gang Mu published by Li Shi Zhen in 1596.
benign: A mild disorder that usually is not harmful or fatal.
bile: A thick oily fluid excreted by the liver; bile helps the body digest fat.
blood pressure: The force exerted by blood as it presses against and at-
tempts to stretch blood vessels.
blood stasis: A stagnation of blood circulation.
bronchitis: Infection of the bronchi.
bursitis: Inflammation of bursae, especially those located between bony
prominence and muscles or tendons at the shoulders and knees.
cancer: Common term for a neoplasm, or a tumor, that is malignant. A
large portion of human cancers may be caused by various chemicals, such
as nitrites, some steroids, asbestos, and smoking, radiation, viruses, etc.
Candida albicans: A yeast common to the intestinal tract.
candidiasis: A complex medical syndrome produced by a chronic over-
growth of Candida albicans.
carbohydrate: Sugars and starches.
carbuncle: Collection of boils in the skin.
carcinogen: Any agent or substance capable of causing cancer.
carcinogenesis: The development of cancer caused by the actions of cer-
tain chemicals, viruses, or unknown factors on primarily normal cells.
carcinoma: Any of several kinds of cancerous growths made up of epithe-
lial cells.
cardiac output: The volume of blood pumped from the heart in one min-
ute.
cardiopulmonary: Pertaining to the heart and lungs.
cardiotonic: A compound that tones and strengthens the heart.
cardiovascular: Referring to the heart and the blood vessels as a unified
vascular system.
carminative: A substance that promotes the elimination of intestinal gas.
carotene: Fat-soluble plant pigments, some of which can be converted into
vitamin A by the body.
cartilage: A type of connective tissue that acts as a shock absorber at joint
interfaces.
cathartic: A substance that stimulates the movement of the bowels.
cerebrovascular: Referring to the brain and the blood vessels as a unified
body system.
chemotherapy: The prevention or treatment of infection by the systemic
administration of chemical drugs.
cholecystitis: Inflammation of the gallbladder.
cholelithiasis: Gallstones.
choleretic: A compound that promotes the flow of bile.
cholesterol: A sterol, or fatty alcohol, found especially in animal fats,
blood, nerve tissue, and bile and thought to be a factor in atherosclerosis.
cirrhosis: A severe disease of the liver characterized by the replacement of
liver cells with scar tissue.
colic: Pertaining to the colon. Severe spasms in any hollow or tubular soft
organ accompanied by pain.
colitis: Inflammation of the colon, usually associated with diarrhea that
contains blood and mucus.
collagen: The protein that is the main component of connective tissue.
congestive heart failure: Chronic disease that results when the heart is not
capable of supplying the oxygen demands of the body.
constipation: Condition in which evacuating the bowels is infrequent and
difficult.
constituent: An essential part or component. The chemical entities con-
tained in a crude drug.
consumption: A disease that causes the body or part of the body to waste
away; especially tuberculosis of the lungs.
contagious: A disease that can be transferred from one person to another by
social contact, such as sharing the home or workplace.
convulsion: A violent, involuntary contraction or spasm of the muscles.
corticosteroid drugs: A group of drugs similar to the natural corticosteroid
hormones and used predominately in the treatment of inflammation and to
suppress the immune system.
Crohn’s disease: Inflammatory disease of the bowel.
crude drugs: Naturally occurring materials of animal, plant, and mineral
origin that have not been chemically processed or purified.
Cushing’s syndrome: A condition caused by a hypersecretion of cortisone
and characterized by spindly legs, “moon face,” “buffalo hump,” abdominal
obesity, flushed facial skin, and poor wound healing.
cyst: An abnormal lump or swelling filled with fluid or semisolid material
in any body organ or tissue.
cystitis: Inflammation of the inner lining of the bladder. It is usually caused
by a bacterial infection.
debilitating disease: Any disease that causes weakness.
debility: Weakness, feebleness, languor of body.
decoctions: Teas or liquid prepared by boiling a botanical substance with
water for a specified period of time, followed by straining or filtering.
degeneration: Deterioration of mentality; deterioration in structure or
function of cells, tissues, or organs, as in disease or aging.
dehydration: Excessive loss of water from the body.
dementia: Senility. Loss of mental function.
depressant: A drug or medicine that lowers or retards the rate of muscular
function or nervous activity; a sedative.
depression: An emotional state of dejection usually associated with manic-
depressive psychosis.
dermatitis: Inflammation of the skin.
diabetes: An inheritable, constitutional disease, characterized by the fail-
ure of the body tissues to oxidize carbohydrates at a normal rate. Its most
important factor is a deficiency of insulin.
diaphoresis: Profuse sweating.
diaphoretic: An agent which increases perspiration.
diastolic: The second number in a blood pressure reading. It is the measure
of the pressure in the arteries during the relaxation phase of the heartbeat.
diuretic: A compound that causes increased urination.
diverticulitis: Inflammation of weak points in the large intestine, espe-
cially the colon, causing stagnation of feces in little distended sacs of the
colon (diverticula).
dosage (dose): The amount of drug needed at a given time to produce a par-
ticular or clinically desired activity or effect.
dosage form: The physical state in which a drug or drugs is dispensed, such
as tablets, capsules, or injectables, suitable for drug delivery to the patient.
double-blind study: A way of controlling against experimental bias by en-
suring that neither the researcher nor the subject know when an active
agent, or placebo is being used.
duodenum: The first stretch of the small intestine.
dysentery: Acute intentional infection causing severe pain and diarrhea.
dysfunction: Abnormal function.
dysmenorrhea: Severe pains accompanying monthly menstruation.
dyspepsia: Disturbed digestion, indigestion, or impaired digestion.
edema: Excessive accumulation of fluid in the tissue spaces due to distur-
bance in the mechanisms of fluid exchange.
electroencephalogram (EEG): A measure of the changes in electric po-
tential produced by the brain.
eleutheroside: A biologically active saponin glycoside, isolated from the
root of Siberian ginseng, having varied, but similar, activities of ginseng
glycosides.
emetic: A substance that induces vomiting.
emphysema: A condition caused by air entering the tissues of the air sacs
(alveoli) in the lungs thus breaking down the thin walls so that gas exchange
cannot take place.
encephalitis: Inflammation of the brain usually as a result of viral infection.
endocrine glands: Any of the ductless glands, such as the adrenals, the thy-
roid, and the pituitary, whose secretions pass directly into the bloodstream.
endogenous: Product arising from within the body or a cell.
endometrium: The mucous membrane lining of the uterus.
enteritis: Inflammation that can occur in any section of the small intestine.
enzymes: An organic catalyst that speeds chemical and biological reac-
tions.
epidemiology: The study of the occurrence and distribution of diseases in
human populations.
epilepsy: Abnormality of brain function causing seizures.
essential fatty acid: Fatty acids that the body cannot manufacture; linoleic
and linolenic acids.
essential oils: Also known as volatile oils, ethereal oils, or essences. They
are usually complex mixtures of a wide variety of organic compounds (e.g.,
alcohols, ketones, phenols, acids, ethers, esters, aldehydes, and oxides) that
evaporate when exposed to air. They generally represent the odoriferous
principles of plants.
estrogen: Any of a group of female hormones. Estrogens cause the thicken-
ing of the lining of the uterus and vagina in the early phase of menstruation;
responsible for female secondary sex characteristics. Estradiol, estrone, and
estriol account for most estrogenic activity.
excipient: An inert substance or substances used as a vehicle in drugs.
excretion: The process of elimination of waste products from a cell, tissue,
or the entire body.
exogenous: Originating outside an organ or the body.
expectorant: A remedy that promotes or modifies the amount of fluid or
semifluid matter from the lungs and air passages expelled by coughing and
spitting.
extracts: Concentrated forms of natural products, obtained by treating
crude materials containing these substances with a solvent and then remov-
ing the solvent completely or partially from the preparation. The most com-
monly used extracts are fluid extracts, solid extracts, powdered extracts,
tinctures, and native extracts.
fatigue: Inability to perform reasonable and necessary physical and or
mental activity. Fatigue may be associated with systemic disorders such as
anemia, deficiency of nutrition, oxygen, addiction to drugs, endocrine
gland disorders, or kidney disorders in which there is a large accumulation
of waste products, or psychic disorders, etc. Excess fatigue causes exhaus-
tion.
fibrositis: Inflammation of the body’s connective tissue.
flavonoid: A generic term for a group of flavone-containing compounds
that are found widely in nature. They include many of the compounds that
account for plant pigments (anthocyanins, anthoxanthins, apigenins, fla-
vones, flavonols, bioflavonols, etc.). These plant pigments exert a wide va-
riety of physiological effects in the human body.
fluid extracts: These extracts are typically hydroalcohol solutions with a
strength of one part solvent to one part herb. The alcohol content varies with
each product. They are, in essence, concentrated tinctures.
gallstone: Insoluble stones which occur in the gallbladder.
gastritis: Inflammation of the stomach lining.
gastroenteritis: Inflammation of stomach and intestines.
genin: A term used to refer to the aglycone or nonsugar portion of glyco-
sides in plants.
gerontology: The study of aging.
gingivitis: Inflammation of the gums.
ginsenoside: Japanese term referring to a number of ginseng saponin
glycosides isolated from the methanol extract of Panax ginseng root.
glaucoma: A condition in which the pressure of the fluid in the eye is so
high that it causes damage.
glucose: A monosaccharide that is one of the primary energy sources.
gluten: One of the proteins in wheat and some other grains that gives dough
its tough elastic character.
glycosides: Sugar-containing compounds composed of a glycone (sugar
component) and an aglycone (nonsugar-containing component) that can be
cleaved in hydrolysis. The glycone portion may be glucose, rhamnose,
xylose, fructose, arabinose, or any other sugar. The aglycone portion can be
any kind of compound—e.g., sterols, triterpenes. anthraquinones, hydro-
quinones tannins, carotenoids, or anthocyanidins.
glycosuria: The presence of sugar in the urine.
goiter: Condition where there is enlargement of the thyroid gland causing
swelling at the front of the neck.
gonadotrophic: A substance (hormone) that is gonad stimulating, or sex-
gland stimulating.
gout: Inflammation in joints caused by a build up of uric acid.
hay fever: Allergic reaction to pollen causing inflammation of the mucus
membranes of the nose.
helper T cell: Lymphocytes that help in the immune response.
hematinic: A blood tonic that increases the formation of hemoglobin and
red blood cells.
hemoglobin: The red coloring matter of the red blood corpuscles and a pro-
tein yielding heme and globin in hydrolysis; it carries oxygen from the
lungs to tissues and carbon dioxide from tissues to the lungs.
hemorrhage: Loss of blood, bleeding.
hemorrhoids: Distended or enlarged veins in the lining inside or just out-
side of the rectum that cause pain, itching, discomfort, and bleeding.
hepatic: Pertaining to the liver.
herbal: Referring to a plant used for medicinal purposes.
histamine: An amine produced by the decarboxylation of histidine and
found in all organic matter; it is released by the tissues in allergic reactions,
lowers blood pressure by dilating blood vessels, stimulates gastric secre-
tions, etc.
histaminic: Causes the stimulation of the visceral muscles, dilation of the
capillaries, stimulation of the salivary, pancreatic, and gastric secretions.
hepatomegaly: Enlargement of the liver.
holistic medicine: A form of therapy aimed at treating the whole person,
not just the part or parts in which symptoms occur.
homeostasis: The maintenance of steady states in organism by coordina-
tion of physiologic processes. All organ systems are integrated by auto-
matic adjustments to keep within narrow limits the disturbances excited by
the changes in the organism or in the surroundings of the organism. The ten-
dency to maintain, or the maintenance of normal, internal balance.
hormone: A secretion of an endocrine gland that controls and regulates
body functions.
hyperglycemia: Excess sugar in the blood.
hyperglycemic: Referring to the condition of hyperglycemia.
hypertension: Excessive tension, usually synonymous with high blood
pressure.
hypertensive: Referring to hypertension.
hypnotic: A remedy that causes sleep.
hypochlorhydria: Insufficient gastric acid output.
hypoglycemia: Low blood sugar.
hypoglycemic: Referring to the condition of hypoglycemia.
hypotension: Diminished or abnormally low tension, usually synonymous
with low blood pressure.
iatrogenic: Literally, “physician produced.” This term can be applied to
any medical condition, disease, or other adverse occurrence that results
from medical treatment or medication.
impotence: Inability of the male to perform sexual intercourse; erection
difficulties. Impotence may result from physical causes such as structural
abnormalities of the genital organs, decreased activity of the thyroid, pitu-
itary, or sex glands, anemia, or other debilitating diseases, alcoholism, or
may be psychological in origin.
indigestion: Condition in which digestion is difficult, resulting in abdomi-
nal pain.
infarction: Death to a localized area of tissue as a result of an inadequate
supply of oxygen. Myocardial infarction usually results from formation of a
thrombus.
inflammation: The reaction of the tissues to injury. The essential process,
regardless of the causative agent, is characterized clinically by local heat,
swelling, redness, and pain.
infusions: Teas produced by steeping a botanical substance in hot water.
insomnia: Sleeplessness or disturbed sleep; a prolonged condition of in-
ability to sleep.
insulin: A hormone secreted by the pancreas that lowers blood sugar levels.
interferon: A potent immune-enhancing substance that is produced by the
body’s cells to fight off viral infection and cancer.
in vitro: In glass; referring to a process or reaction carried out in a culture
dish, test tube, etc. Outside a living body and in an artificial environment.
in vivo: In the living organism (in a living body of an animal or plant) used
in contrast to in vitro.
jaundice: A condition caused by elevation of bilirubin and characterized by
a yellow discoloration of the skin and the eyes.
lactose: One of the sugars present in milk. It is a disaccharide.
laryngitis: Inflammation of the larynx.
laxative: A substance that promotes the evacuation of the bowels.
leukemia: Any disease of the blood-forming organs resulting in an abnor-
mal increase in the production of leukocytes often accompanied by anemia
and enlargement of the lymph nodes, spleen, and liver.
leukocyte: One of the colorless more or less ameboid cells of the blood
containing a nucleus and cytoplasm.
leukorrhea: Vaginal discharge, often indicating infection.
lipid: Fats, phospholipids, steroids, and prostaglandins.
longevity: Term denoting the length or duration of life used to indicate an
unusually long life.
lymph: Fluid contained in lymphatic vessels that flows through the lym-
phatic system and is returned to the blood.
lymphocyte: A type of white blood cell found primarily in lymph nodes.
malaise: A vague feeling of being sick or of physical discomfort. A general
feeling of illness, lack of appetite, and decreased energy.
malignant: A term used to describe a condition that tends to worsen and
eventually causes death.
mast cell: A cell found in many tissues of the body that contributes greatly
to allergic and inflammatory processes by secreting histamine and other
similar particles.
mastitis: Acute inflammation of the breasts.
materia medica: The branch of science dealing with all drugs used in treat-
ment of diseases, their sources, descriptions, actions, preparations, dosage,
and use.
meningitis: Inflammation of the membranes that protect the brain.
menorrhagia: Excessive loss of blood during menstrual periods.
menstrual flow: Discharge of blood and tissue debris of monthly period.
metabolism: Sum of all biochemical processes involved in life: two subcat-
egories of metabolism are anabolism, the building up of complex organic
molecules from simpler precursors, and catabolism, the breakdown of com-
plex substances into simpler molecules, often accompanied by the release
of energy; metabolic reactions are usually catalyzed by enzymes.
metrorrhagia: Bleeding that occurs in the middle of the menstrual cycle.
monosaccharide: A simple, one-unit sugar, such as fructose or glucose.
mucous membrane: The soft pink tissue that lines most of the cavities and
tubes in the body, including the respiratory tract, gastrointestinal tract, geni-
tourinary tract, and eyelids. Mucous membranes secrete mucus.
mucus: The slick, slimy fluid secreted by the mucous membranes. Mucus
acts as a lubricant and mechanical protector of the mucous membranes.
neoplasis: A medical term for a tumor formation, characterized by a pro-
gressive, abnormal replication of cells.
neurasthenia: A group of symptoms ascribed to debility or exhaustion of
the nerve centers; fatigability, lack of energy, various aches and pains, and
disinclination to activity.
neurogenic: Of nervous origin; stimulated by the nervous system.
neurosis: A disorder of the psyche of psychic functions.
night blindness: The inability to see well in dim light or at night.
nocturia: The disturbance of a person’s sleep at night by the need to pass
urine.
normalization: Reduction to normal or standard state.
oleoresins: Primarily, mixtures of resins and volatile oils. They either occur
naturally or are made by extracting the oily and resinous materials from bo-
tanicals with organic solvents (e.g., hexane, acetone, ether, alcohol). The
solvent is then removed under vacuum, leaving behind a viscous, semisolid
extract, which is the oleoresin. Examples of prepared oleoresins are pa-
prika, ginger, and capsicum.
oncology: The study or science of neoplastic growth or cancer.
organism: Any living entity with differentiated members with specialized
functions that are interdependent, and that is so constituted as to form a uni-
fied whole capable of carrying on life processes.
osteoarthritis: Most common form of arthritis, affecting mainly hips,
knees, and shoulders.
osteopathy: A manipulative technique used on the joints and now accepted
in orthodox medicine.
otitis media: Acute infection of the middle ear.
panaxoside: Russian term referring to a number of ginseng saponin glyco-
sides isolated from the methanol extracts of Panax ginseng.
pancreatitis: Inflammation of the pancreas.
paralysis: Partial or complete loss or temporary interruption of a function,
especially of voluntary motion or of sensation in some parts or all of the
body.
Parkinson’s disease: a slowly progressive, degenerating nervous system
disease characterized by resting tremor, pill rolling of the fingers, a mask-
like facial expression, shuffling gait, and muscle rigidity and weakness.
pathogen: Any agent, particularly a microorganism, that causes disease.
pathogenesis: The process by which a disease originates and develops, par-
ticularly the cellular and physiological processes.
pathogenic factors: A typical TCM term. They can be exogenous or en-
dogenous; pathogenic factors cause disease.
peptic ulcer: An ulcer occurring on the internal membranes of the digestive
tract.
pH: A chemical symbol used to express acidity and alkalinity in terms of
hydrogen ion concentration. The pH values may range from 0 to 14; num-
bers less than 7 indicate acidic, and numbers greater than 7 indicate basic.
pharmacognosy: The science dealing with the preparation, uses, and prop-
erties of crude drugs. In a broad sense, pharmacognosy embraces the
knowledge of the history, distribution, cultivation, collection, selection,
preparation, commerce, identification, evaluation, preservation, actions,
and use of crude (natural) drugs and other agents affecting the health of hu-
mans and animals.
pharyngitis: Inflammation of the pharynx, the airway in back of the nose
connected to the trachea (windpipe).
phlebitis: Inflammation of the veins closest to the skin.
phlegm: Thick mucus from the respiratory passages.
phospholipid: A type of lipid compound that is an ester of phosphoric acid
and contains one or two molecules of fatty acid, an alcohol, and a nitroge-
nous base, such as lecithin, cephalin, and sphingomyelin.
physiology: The study of the functioning of the body including the physical
and chemical processes of its cells, tissues, organs, and systems.
phytosterol: Any of several steroid alcohols found in plants.
placebo: A biologically inert substance, such as lactose, that is used as a
sham drug. Placebos have no inherent pharmacological activity but may
produce a biological response.
pneumonia: A lung infection usually caused by bacteria or viruses.
polysaccharide: A molecule composed of many sugar molecules linked to-
gether.
polyuria: Excessive urination.
pressor: Designating a nerve that, when stimulated, causes a rise in blood
pressure; a substance capable of raising blood pressure.
prostaglandin: Hormonelike compound manufactured from essential fatty
acids.
prostate gland: Male gland surrounding neck of the bladder and urethra.
prostatitis: Inflammation or enlarged prostate gland.
psychosomatic: Pertaining to the relationship between the mind and body.
Commonly used to refer to those physiological disorders thought to be
caused entirely or partly by psychological factors.
pulmonary: Of the lungs.
pulse: Alternative expansion and contraction of artery walls as heart action
varies blood volume within the arteries. Usually, the pulse rate is deter-
mined by counting the pulsations per minute in the radial artery at the wrist.
Various diseases may be indicated by changes in the rate, rhythm, and force
of the pulse.
purgative: An agent that causes watery evacuation of the intestinal contents.
pyretic: Of, causing, or characterized by fever.
rejuvenation: A renewal of youth; a renewal of strength and vigor; specifi-
cally, a restoration of sexual vigor.
resins: Complex oridative products of terpenes that occur naturally as plant
exudates or are prepared by alcohol extraction of botanicals that contain
resinous particles.
rheumatism: A popular term of any of various painful conditions of the
joints and muscles, characterized by inflammation, stiffness, etc., including
rheumatoid arthritis, bursitis, neuritis, etc.
rheumatoid arthritis: A chronic disease whose cause is unknown, charac-
terized by inflammation, pain, and swelling of the joints accompanied by
spasms in adjacent muscles and often leading to deformity in the joints.
RNA (ribonucleic acid): Nucleic acid occurring in cell cytoplasm and the
nucleolus, first isolated from plants, but later found also in animal cells,
containing phosphoric acid D-ribose, adenine, guanine, cytosine, and ura-
cil.
saccharide: A sugar molecule.
sapogenin: Term referring to the nonsugar portion of ginseng saponin
glycosides.
saponins: Non-nitrogenous glycosides, typically with sterol or triterpenes
as the aglycone, that possess the common property of foaming, or making
suds, when strongly agitated in an aqueous solution. Saponins are charac-
terized by forming colloidal solutions in water that foam upon shaking,
have a bitter, acrid taste, and are irritating to the mucous membranes;
hemolytic to blood cells.
satiety: A feeling of fullness or gratification.
saturated fat: A fat whose carbon atoms are bonded to the maximum
number of hydrogen atoms; found in animal products such as meat,
milk, dairy products, and eggs.
sciatica: Severe pain in the lower back, legs, along the course of sciatic
nerve.
sclerosis: The process of hardening or scarring.
sedative: A substance with quieting function or activity.
senile dementia: Mental deterioration associated with aging.
shingles: Viral infection of the nerve ganglia, herpes zoster.
side effect: Drug-induced symptoms that may be undesirable.
sinusitis: Inflammation of the mucous membrane of the sinuses, eyes,
and nasal cavity.
stigmasterol: A sterol derived from the soybean.
stimulant: An agent that causes increased functional activity.
stomachic: One of the class of substances that may stimulate the secretory
activity of the stomach.
stomatitis: Inflammation of the stomach.
stress: Any stimulus or succession of stimuli that disrupt the homeostasis of
an organism.
syndrome: A group of signs and symptoms that occur together in a pattern
characteristic of a particular disease or abnormal condition.
synergism: The response or action of one drug enhanced by another. The
term potentiation has been used for synergism.
synergistic: Referring to synergism.
T cell: A lymphocyte that is under the control of the thymus gland.
tapeworm: Long, flat worm that lives as a parasite in human digestive
tracts.
thrombosis: Formation of a blood clot in a blood vessel.
thyroid gland: Gland that regulates the body’s metabolic rate, situated in
front of the windpipe.
tinctures: Alcohol or hydroalcohol solutions usually containing the active
principles of botanicals in low concentrations. They are usually prepared by
maceration, percolation, or by dilution of their corresponding fluid or na-
tive extracts. The strengths of tinctures are typically 1:10 or 1:5. Alcohol
content will vary.
tinnitus: A condition in which sounds (ringing) occur in the ears for no ap-
parent reason.
tonic: An agent or drug given to improve the normal tone of an organ, or the
general well-being of the patient.
tonic effect: Mentally or morally invigorating; stimulating.
tonsillitis: Inflammation of the tonsils.
tuberculosis: Infectious disease caused by tubercula bacteria in the lungs.
tumor: Abnormal growth of cells anywhere in the body. Slow-healing sore
occurring internally or externally.
urethris: Inflammation of the tube from the bladder.
uric acid: Waste product produced by metabolism.
urinalysis: The analysis of urine.
urticaria: Hives.
vasoconstriction: The constriction of blood vessels.
vasodilation: The dilation of blood vessels.
vermifuge: Anthelmintic remedy that eliminates worms from the body.
viscera: Organs enclosed within a cavity, especially the abdominal organs.
visceral pain: Pain in the intestines and abdominal cavity.
vitality: Mental or physical vigor; energy.
vitamin: An essential compound that acts as a catalyst in normal processes
of the body.
volatile oils: Essential oils that represent the odoriferous principles of
plants: peppermint oil, clove oil, rose oil, etc.
Western diet: A diet characteristic of Western societies, i.e., a diet high in
fat, refined carbohydrates, processed foods, and low in dietary fiber.
whooping cough: Infectious childhood disease of the upper respiratory
tract.

IMPORTANT TRADITIONAL CHINESE MEDICINE TERMS

General and Physiological Terms

Da Chang (TCM large intestine): Passes waste received from the small in-
testine.
Dan (TCM gallbladder): The function of this organ is related to psychic
and emotional activities.
Fei (TCM lung): The lungs are in charge of vital energy and perform the
function of respiration. The lungs clean the inspired air and keep it and the
vital energy flowing downward. If this function is impeded, coughing,
asthma, oliguria, or edema may occur. The lungs are associated with the
skin surfaces. Dysfunction of the lungs may cause spontaneous sweating
and colds. The lungs have their specific manifestations in the nose and are
associated with the voice. The volume of one’s voice is determined by the
condition of the lungs.
food stagnation: Stagnant food in the body. Herbs are used to remove the
stagnant food and restore the normal functions of the stomach and spleen.
Gan (TCM liver): Stores blood, controls the flow of vital energy, and con-
trols functions of sinews, tendons. Gan serves as a reservoir, and regulates
the circulation and volume of blood. Gan smooths and regulates the flow of
vital energy and blood and supplies the tendons with nutrients to develop
physical strength. If this function is impaired, numbness, tremor, or spasm
of the muscles and tendons and sluggishness of the joints may occur. The
outward manifestation of Gan is reflected in the nails, for example, lustrous
nails signify a sound Gan. Gan is also reflected in the eyes. Poor eyesight or
discoloration of the eyes may indicate a pathological condition of the liver.
Gan-Qi (vital energy of the liver): The disturbance of the Liver-Qi, either
a physiological state or pathological condition is marked by fullness of the
chest and pain in the costal region with symptoms of indigestion or abnor-
mal menstruation (menoxenia).
Gan-Yin and Gan-Yang (yin of the liver and yang of the liver): The liver
stores the soul and is easily affected by anger. Pathogenic Wind can damage
the liver which causes vertigo, tremors, or even convulsions.
Jin Ye (body fluids): A general term for all fluids in the body, including se-
cretions such as saliva, tears, sweat, urine, etc., and liquid nutrients and mu-
cous body fluid, such as those stored in the articular and cranial cavities.
Jing (Essence of Life): The fundamental substance that underlies all or-
ganic life. It maintains body function. The source of organic changes (Shen)
is supportive and nutritive and is the basis of reproduction and development
in TCM.
Pang huang (TCM bladder or urinary bladder): Stores and discharges
urine.
Pi (TCM spleen): The Pi normalizes blood circulation within the blood
vessels, and nourishes the flesh and the limbs. Its impairment usually leads
to chronic hemorrhagic disease, loss of flesh, and weakness of limbs. The
Pi has its specific body opening in the mouth and has its outward manifesta-
tion in the lips, i.e., red and lustrous lips signify normal functioning of the
spleen.
Pi-Qi (vital energy of the spleen): Includes digestion, assimilation, trans-
portation, and distribution of nutrients and fluid.
Qi (Vital Energy): Qi is believed to be the basic element. The concept of Qi
has no English equivalent. It is often translated as “energy,” but this does not
convey the complexity of its meaning. Broadly, Qi is the life force within
the human organism, encompassing all the emotional, mental, and physical.
Qi is the source of all movement in the body.
San Jiao (TCM Triple Burners): The three sections of the body cavity:
Upper-Jiao, middle-Jiao, and Lower-Jiao.
Shen (Spirit or mental faculties): Shen is the substance unique to human
life. If Jing is the source of life, and Qi is the ability to activate and move,
Shen is the vitality behind Jing and Qi in human body. Animate and inani-
mate movement are indicative of Qi, instinctive organic processes reflect
Jing, human actions indicate the presence of Shen. In a healthy person, Shen
is the capacity of the mind to form ideas and is the desire of the personality
to live life.
Shen (TCM kidney): Stores the essence of life, whether congenital or ac-
quired. Shen stores the reproductive essence and regulates water circula-
tion. The health of the Shen determines the condition of the bones and teeth
and controls the Fire of the Vital Gate, which is the source of heat energy of
the body. It serves as the dynamic force of functional activity of viscera and
also plays an important role in development, growth, and sexual potency.
Shen is intolerant of dryness, and has its outward manifestation in the hair
of the head. The health condition of the kidneys is reflected in the ears and
healthy Shen ensures sharp hearing.
Shen-Yin and Shen-Yang: The Vital Essence or genuine Essence and the
vital function of the kidneys.
viscera and bowels (internal organs): The five viscera are the five yin
organs: heart, liver, spleen, lungs, and kidneys. The six bowels are yang or-
gans: the stomach, large intestines, small intestines, gallbladder, bladder,
and the Triple Burners.
Wei (TCM stomach): Receives and digests food.
Xiao Chang (TCM small intestine): Receives digested food from the
stomach, digests it further, absorbs useful nutrients, and excretes the waste,
passing it on to the large intestine.
Xin (TCM heart): Xin controls blood circulation and is in charge of mental
activities, including consciousness and thinking. Dysfunction of the Xin
may result in insomnia, amnesia, impairment of consciousness, psychosis,
etc. Xin has its outward manifestation in the face, and also in the tongue. A
dark purple tongue indicates blood stasis; pallor of the tongue reveals blood
deficiency, ulcer on the tongue indicates excessive fire of the heart.
Xin Bao (TCM pericardium): Surrounds the heart and protects it against
attack from exogenous pathogenic factors.
Xue (blood): The red fluid circulating through the blood vessels which
nourishes the body tissues. Xue is derived from the transformation of food
essence and nutrients produced in the spleen and stomach, and from the vi-
tal essences stored in the kidneys. Xue is stored in the liver and distributed
throughout the body based on demand. Its circulation is promoted by the
heart with the assistance of the lungs and is controlled by the spleen. The
dysfunction of any of these organs may lead to blood deficiency or abnor-
mal blood flow.
yin and yang: The two fundamental forces in the universe, ever opposing
and complementing each other. An old philosophical concept used in Chi-
nese medicine to refer to various antitheses in anatomy, physiology, pathol-
ogy, and the diagnosis and treatment of diseases. For example, yin qualities
are referred to as interior, Cold, and hypofunctional, while yang qualities
are exterior, Heat, and hyperfunctional.

Pathology and Treatment of Disease Terms

cause of diseases: TCM classifies etiology into exogenous causes, endoge-

nous causes, and non-exo-endogenous causes. The exogenous causes of
disease refer chiefly to the six excessive and climatic influences, the patho-
genic factors of Wind, Cold, Summer Heat, Dampness, Dryness, and Heat.
These factors are also called Six Evils. The endogenous causes refer chiefly
to excessive emotional changes. Non-exo-endogenous causes refer chiefly to
intemperance in eating, drinking, sex, and work, burn, trauma, and animal
bite injuries.
Cold: Cold is one of the six pathogenic factors and includes external Cold
and internal Cold. Symptoms of external Cold are chills, headache, and
general aching. Symptoms of internal Cold are watery diarrhea, abdominal
pain, and cold limbs.
Dampness: Dampness is one of the six pathogenic factors that are exoge-
nous causes of disease. It can also be caused by water retention or impaired
water distribution, often referred to as endogenous Dampness. Dampness
disturbs the normal flow of Qi and the functioning of the spleen and stom-
ach. It can also be caused by water retention or impaired water distribution,
often referred to as endogenous Dampness.
Dampness and Heat in the liver and gallbladder: Symptoms such as fe-
ver and chills, jaundice, costal and abdominal pain, a bitter taste in the
mouth, nausea, and a slippery, rapid pulse may occur.
deficiency of blood: A condition that may lead to symptoms of pallor, diz-
ziness, palpitations, insomnia, etc., usually resulting from profuse bleeding
or chronic hemorrhage, or impaired blood production due to impaired func-
tion of the spleen.
deficiency of both Lung-Qi and Kidney-Qi: Symptoms such as dyspnea,
asthma, shortness of breath, spontaneous sweating, and cough with profuse
sputum may occur.
deficiency of both lung yin and kidney yin: Symptoms such as dry cough,
shortness of breath, dryness of throat, afternoon fever, lumbago, night
sweating, and nocturnal emission may occur.
deficiency of kidney yang: Marked by general debility with symptoms
such as aversion to cold, lumbago, nocturnal emission, impotence, and fre-
quent urination at night. Serious cases are called Decline of the Fire of the
Vital Gate in TCM.
deficiency of Qi: A deficiency or absence of Qi causing a Qi deficiency in
the spleen, the lungs, kidneys, or liver.
deficiency of Spleen-Qi: Symptoms such as dizziness, fatigue, shallow
face, indigestion, abdominal distension, lassitude, anorexia, gastric neuro-
sis, chronic dysentery, and anemia may occur. It is also usually seen in cases
of peptic ulcer.
differentiation syndrome: Overall analysis of symptoms and signs of dis-
ease, including the cause, nature, and location and the patient’s physical
condition.
Dryness: Dryness prevails in autumn. It impairs Vital Essence and body
fluid and causes red eyes, dryness of the nasal cavities and lips and dry
cough.
eight principals in diagnosis: Yin and yang, exterior and interior, Heat and
Cold, Insufficiency (or deficiency), and Excessiveness of illness. TCM uses
the eight principal syndrome when analyzing and diagnosing a disease.
emotional factors: The endogenous factors causing diseases if in excess:
joy, anger, melancholy, anxiety, sorrow, fear, and fright.
endogenous Wind stirring in the liver: Endogenous Wind causes dizzi-
ness, convulsions, and spasms.
exuberance of liver yang: May be caused by a deficiency of liver yin and
kidney yin. Marked by dizziness, headache, flushed face, blurred vision,
tinnitus, a bitter taste in the mouth, and scarlet redness of the tongue. In
cases of hypertension, a taut pulse is usually present.
Heat: Heat is one of the six pathogenic factors that are exogenous causes of
disease. Pathological manifestations of Fire are: flushed face, bloodshot
eyes, acute inflammation, etc.
hypofunction and Coldness of the spleen and stomach: Symptoms such
as Cold and pains over the stomach, anorexia, abdominal fullness, belching,
vomiting thin fluid, chronic diarrhea, lassitude, and cold limbs may occur.
intense Heat (Fire) in the liver: Strong emotional agitation. Symptoms are
headache, dizziness, bloodshot eyes, flushed face, and a scarlet redness of
the tip and sides of the tongue with a yellow coating. The patient is easily
angered and exhibits mental irritability.
phlegm (mucus): Pathogenic secretions of the diseased respiratory organs.
pulse feeling: TCM diagnosis. There are many kinds of pulses, including:
floating, sinking (deep), slow, rapid, smooth, hesitant, feeble, forceful, re-
laxed, taut, hollow, and uneven.
stagnancy: In pathology, stagnancy is a stoppage of motion of any fluid in
the body. Six kinds of Stagnancy are: Qi, (vital energy) blood, Dampness,
Fire, phlegm (mucus), and food.
stagnation of Liver-Qi: caused by emotional factors. Symptoms include a
feeling of fullness in the chest and costal region. Choking sensations,
sighinglike breaths, dizziness, a bitter taste in the mouth, loss of appetite,
nausea, and menstrual complaints in women may occur.
stagnation of vital energy (Qi): Various pathogenic factors, such as emo-
tional depression, improper diet, infections, and injury can impede the nor-
mal circulation of Qi and result in its stagnation. This results in stuffiness
and pain. Long-standing or continued stagnation of Qi may lead to stagna-
tion of blood, a condition in which the blood moves sluggishly or is clogged
in the blood vessels. The pathological symptoms may be blood stasis,
marked by aggravation of local pain, with tenderness, or mass formation in
the tissue.
Summer Heat: It brings on symptoms such as fever, headache, thirst, fidg-
eting, sweating, and rapid pulse.
tongue: In a TCM diagnosis, the size, form, color, smoothness (moisture),
and coating (fur), of the tongue are inspected. For example, a reddened
tongue indicates the presence of Heat, a whitish tongue indicates a defi-
ciency of vital energy and blood, a deep redness indicates intense Heat usu-
ally seen in febrile disease, and a blue and purple tongue indicates blood
stasis. A white coating on the tongue indicates a Cold factor or disease with
only the surface of the body involved; a yellow coating indicates illness
with Heat, and a grey or black coating indicates a severe illness.
Wind: Wind is one of the six pathogenic factors that are exogenous causes
of disease. It is the most common of the exogenous factors.
yin-yang imbalance: Imbalance can occur when there is a predominance
or deficiency of either yin or yang. For example, a preponderance of yin can
lead to a deficiency of yang, a deficiency of yang can lead to a preponder-
ance of yin. An exuberance of yang can lead to a deficiency of yin. Con-
versely, a deficiency can lead to exuberance of yang. An imbalance in
which both yin and yang are deficient is also possible.
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 Index

Page numbers followed by the letter “t” indicate tables; those followed by the letter
“f” indicate figures.

abdominal distention abdominal distention, as side effect

acorus, 280 (continued)
acronychia, 252 dandelion, 528
agastache, 429 gingko leaves, 258-259
amomum fruit, 432 loranthus, 394
atractylodes, 441, 602 rabdosia, 552
aucklandia root, 210, 211, 613 abdominal injuries, 452
barley, 435 abdominal masses
bitter orange, 204, 612, 613, 618
cinnamon twig, 303
chaenomeles, 410
coptis root, 514 curcuma, 230
curcuma, 230, 613 moutan bark, 254
cyperus tuber, 207, 602, 612 patrinia, 532
fritillary, 361 rhubarb, 452
hawthorn, 425 abdominal pain. See also stomachache
lepidium seed, 376 aconite, 328, 614
lobelia, 548 acronychia, 251
magnolia, 448, 610, 613, 625 aucklandia, 210, 211, 613
radish seeds, 445 bitter orange, 204, 613, 625
recipes carthamus, 226
Chai Hu Shu Gan San, 611 cinnamon twig, 303
Da Cheng Qi Tang, 625 cnidium, 61, 221
Huo Xiang Zheng Qi Wan, 610 and cold-expelling herbs, 64
Shu Gan Wan, 613 curcuma, 230, 613
Si Ni San, 618 cynanchum, 407, 409
Yi Qi Li Pi Zhi Zhu Wan, 634 cyperus tuber, 207
Yue Ju Wan, 602
dahurian angelica, 313
rhubarb, 451, 625
scute barbata, 550 dandelion, 527
tangerine peel, 201, 202, 610, 612, evodia fruit, 437
613 ginger, 316, 614, 617-618
white atractylodes, 118, 610 hawthorn, 425, 426
zedoaria, 565, 566, 567 and licorice root, 107, 614
abdominal distention, as side effect phellodendron, 518
capillaris, 482 postpartum (see postpartum pain)
coptis root, 515 radish seeds, 445
abdominal pain (continued) achyranthes root, combinations
recipes (continued)
Da Cheng Qi Tang, 625 morinda root, 178
Fu Zi Li Zhong Tang, 614 peach kernel, 245, 603
Shen Qi Wan, 594-595 phellodendron, 519
Shu Gan Wan, 613 pilose antler, 192
Xiao Jian Zhong Tang, 617-618 polygonum, 136
rhubarb, 451, 452, 625 pubescent angelica, 387, 614
salvia, 216 siegesbeckia, 418, 419
schisandra, 114 stephania, 399
as side effect vaccaria, 233
black nightshade, 558 white peony root, 132
chrysanthemum, 339 zedoaria, 566
gingko seeds, 259 acid reflux, 195
houttuynia, 560 evodia fruit, 437, 624
TCM view, 195 ginger, 316, 617
white atractylodes, 119, 614 radish seeds, 445
white peony, 131, 613 recipes
abortions. See also miscarriages Ping Wei Wan, 617
albizzia bark, 286 Shu Gan Wan, 613
asparagus root, 162 Wu Zhu Yu Tang, 624
Dan Zhi Xiao Yao Wan, 606 Yue Ju Wan, 602
emotional distress of, 606
acne. See skin eruptions
trichosanthes, 369
aconite, 65, 67, 328-30
zedoaria, 567
combinations, 328-329, 594-595,
abutilon seed, 559
acanthopanax, 413-414 612, 614, 626
combinations amomum fruit, 432-433
chaenomeles, 410 cinnamon, 303, 306, 307
lycopodium, 416 ephedra, 299
siegesbeckia, 418, 419 epimedium, 164
Acanthopanax senticosus. See Siberian gastrodia, 288-289, 614
ginseng ginseng, 88, 614
acetylcholine, 357 large-leaf gentian root, 404
acetylcholinesterase, 439 morinda root, 178
acetylsalicylic acid, 3, 5 siler, 310
achyranthes root, 236-238 stephania, 399
combinations, 236-237, 238, white peony, 132, 626
595-596, 597-598, 603, 614 interactions, 329, 368, 564
acanthopanax, 413 Aconitum ausnezoffii, 310. See also
atractylodes, 441 aconite
chaenomeles, 404 acorus rhizome, 65, 280-282
curcuma, 231 combinations, 607, 608, 631-32
eucommia bark, 168, 614 biota seed, 274, 608
gastrodia, 288, 289 cornus, 188
large-leaf gentian root, 404 polygala, 267-269, 608, 631
loranthus, 393 poria, 468, 608, 631
lycium fruit, 152-153 schisandra, 114, 607, 608
acquired immune deficiency syndrome akebia quinata fruit, 545, 554-555
(AIDS), 99, 101, 614 alangium, 416
acratia, 348 albiflorin, 133
acrid herbs, 61 albizzia bark, 286-287, 607
acronychia, 251-252 alcohol. See also wine
combinations, 251-252, 600, 604 in cupping, 26
carthamus, 226, 600, 604 interactions with, 67, 69, 329
hawthorn, 426 and mental disorders, 34
red peony, 241, 600 in tinctures, 71
salvia, 219, 600, 604 alcoholism, 202, 347, 433
active ingredients, 57 alisma, 64, 75, 463-65
acupoints, 27, 31
combinations, 74, 463-464, 593-
acupressure, 26
acupuncture, 8, 26, 28-31 595, 622, 628, 629-630, 634-
acute disorders, 66 635, 639, 642, 645-646
adaptogens black nightshade, 557
astragalus, 100 Chinese yam, 110-111, 639
cordyceps, 176 cinnamon, 304, 306
ginseng, 91 cornus, 187, 639
schisandra, 115-116 gingko leaves, 258
Siberian ginseng, 95 oldenlandia, 545
addiction, 3, 5 phellodendron, 519
adenosine. See ganoderma polyporus, 470, 622, 646
adenosine diphosphate (ADP), 189 poria, 467, 622, 628, 646
adhesions, 612 rehmannia, 127-128, 629, 639
adjuvant herbs, 73-74 sargassum, 373
adrenal gland scute barbata, 550
aconite, 330 white atractylodes, 119, 622,
and astragalus, 101 628, 646
and ginseng, 91 alkaloids, 58-59
and Siberian ginseng, 96 allergic reaction
adrenergic receptors, 347 alisma, 464
adrenocortocotropic hormone (ACTH), ganoderma, 271
91, 105, 108, 179 gingko leaves, 258-259
agastache, 64, 429-431, 610 ginseng, 90
age, 67, 68, 82. See also antiaging lepidium seed, 377
effect; children; elderly
zizyphus, 278
agitation, 34, 90, 214
ailanthus bark, 519 allergies. See also contact dermatitis
akebia, 65, 75 and astragalus, 100
combinations, 74, 629-630, 634-635 dahurian angelica, 313
black nightshade, 557 magnolia, 327
gardenia, 491, 629 peach kernel, 246
phellodendron, 518 rehmannia, 129
phragmites, 493 of skin, 246, 327
plantain seed, 475, 629 allium, 309
polyporus, 470 almond. See bitter almond
rhubarb, 452 alopecia areata, 170
scute root, 510, 629 alpha-lipoproteins, 232
vaccaria, 233 alpinia fruit, 64, 188, 473
alternative medicine, 2, 5-6 analgesics (continued)
alum, 267-268 curculigo rhizome, 191
Alzheimer’s disease, 258, 645 cynanchum, 407-408
Amaryl, 146 cyperus tuber, 209
amber, 633-634 dahurian angelica, 312, 314
amebic infections, 318, 450, 531 eucommia bark, 169
American ginseng, 145-147 evodia fruit, 439
combinations, 267, 639, 641-642, ganoderma, 271
645 gastrodia, 290
amnesia glehnia, 160
acorus, 280, 607
hawthorn, 427
recipes
large-leaf gentian root, 405
An Shen Bu Xin Wan, 607
Bai Zi Yang Xin Wan, 607 magnolia flower, 326
Jian Nao Bu Shen Wan, 601-602 moutan bark, 255
Jiao Gan Wan, 633 notopterygium, 390, 391
Nan Bao, 598 oldenlandia, 546
Yan Ling Yi Shou Dan, 632 patrinia, 533
Yang Xin Jian Pi Wan, 636-637 peppermint, 334
rehmannia, 128, 607 pinellia, 357
amomum, 432-33 platycodon, 359
combinations, 432-433, 599, pubescent angelica root, 387,
601-602, 613, 634, 636 388-389
agastache, 430 pueraria, 347
asparagus root, 161 radish seeds, 446
aucklandia, 211, 613 red peony root, 241
pinellia, 356 sarcandra, 573
salvia, 216, 599 schizonepeta, 323
tangerine peel, 201 Siberian ginseng, 96
ampelopis, 329 siler, 311
amphetamines, 3-4, 301 stephania, 401
an mo, 26 white peony root, 133
An Shen Bu Xin Wan, 114, 607 zizyphus, 278
An Shen Ding Zhi Wan, 280, 468 anaphylaxis, 271, 377. See also shock
anabolics, 92, 215
and pubescent holly root, 249
analgesics
and rhubarb, 452
acanthopanax, 414
achyranthes root, 238 and salvia
aconite, 330 recipes, 599-600
albizzia bark, 287 and sarcandra, 573
asarum, 320, 321 and scute barbata, 551
bitter apricot kernel, 365 and vaccaria, 234
bupleurum, 344 and white atractylodes, 119
capillaris, 483 and Xue Fu Zhu Yu Tang, 603-604
Chinese angelica root, 125 and zedoaria, 566, 567
cinnamon bark, 308 and zizyphus, 278
cinnamon twig, 305 androgenics, 215
clematis, 397 andropause, 596, 639-640
anemarrhena angina (continued)
combinations, 596, 605 schisandra, 117
asparagus root, 161 as side effect, 380
Chinese yam, 111 TCM view, 196
epimedium, 165, 596 trichosanthes, 368
houttuynia, 559 anodynes, 539, 552
phellodendron, 519, 596 anorexia. See also appetite
poria, 468, 605 acorus, 280
rehmannia, 128 agastache, 429, 430
scute barbata, 550 amomum fruit, 432
trichosanthes, 368
aucklandia, 210, 211
zizyphus, 277, 605
anemia Chinese angelica, 123, 605-606
aplastic, 365 codonopsis, 103
aucklandia, 211 evodia fruit, 437
bitter apricot kernel, 365 ginger, 316, 617
ginseng, 92 hawthorn, 425
licorice root, 106 poria, 467, 605-6
lycopodium, 417 recipes
siegesbeckia, 419 Jiao Gan Wan, 633
siler, 310 Ping Wei Wan, 617
anesthetics, 330, 557 Xiao Yao Wan, 605-606
angelica root. See Chinese angelica; Yang Xin Jian Pi Wan, 636-637
dahurian angelica; pubescent rehmannia, 128
angelica schisandra, 114
anger, 263-264 as side effect, 299, 371
angina tonics, 84t
acronychia, 251, 252, 604 antelope horn, 289, 338. See also pilose
amomum fruit, 599 antler
astragalus, 101 antiaging effect
chrysanthemum, 339 astragalus, 100, 101-102
cnidium, 61, 224, 603-604 biota seed, 274
ganoderma, 271 cinnamon bark, 306
and gingko, 258, 259 codonopsis, 105
hawthorn, 425-426, 427
cordyceps, 175, 176
loranthus, 395
ginseng, 92
notoginseng, 50, 213, 599-600, 604
ophiopogon, 150 leonurus, 242
polygonum, 135-136 lycium fruit, 152-153, 595-596
pubescent holly root, 248 notoginseng, 215
recipes polygonatum root, 156, 157
Dan Shen Yin, 599 polygonum, 135, 137, 597-598
Guan Xin Bing II Fang, 600 psoralea fruit, 172
Huo Xue Tong Mai Pian, 604 recipes
Xue Fu Zhu Yu Tang, 603-604 He Shou Wu Wan, 597-598
Yuan Hu Zhi Tong Wan, 615 Qi Bao Mei Ran Dan, 595-596
red peony, 241, 603-604 Yan Ling Yi Shou Dan, 632
salvia, 219, 599, 604 rehmannia, 127, 597-598
antiallergenics. See also antihistamines antiemetics (continued)
Chinese star jasmine, 403 forsythia, 505
cinnamon twig, 305 magnolia bark, 448
ephedra, 300 phragmites, 494
ganoderma, 272 recipes
and ginseng, 92 Fu Zi Li Zhong Tang, 614
moutan bark, 255 Wu Zhu Yu Tang, 624
peach kernel, 246 Yue Ju Wan, 602
peppermint, 334 antiendotoxics
scute root, 512 isatis root, 521
stephania, 401 antifungals. See also dermatomycoses
antibacterials. See antimicrobials agastache, 431
antibiotics, 486. See also arctium fruit, 490
antimicrobials; antivirals areca seed, 456
anticoagulants bitter orange, 206
acorus, 282 chrysanthemum, 497
acronychia, 252 cinnamon bark, 308
carthamus, 228 coptis root, 516
and Chinese angelica, 124 curcuma, 232
cnidium, 224 dahurian angelica, 314
cordyceps, 176 houttuynia, 561
cornus, 189 leonurus, 244
gingko biloba, 260 lobelia, 548, 549
with ginseng, 89 lonicera, 508
Guan Xin Bing II Fang, 600 magnolia bark, 450
hawthorn, 426 magnolia flower, 326
leonurus, 244 notopterygium, 391
notoginseng, 213, 214 phellodendron, 520
peach kernel, 246 radish seeds, 446
pubescent holly root, 249 red peony root, 241
red peony root, 241 scrophularia, 537
rehmannia, 129 scute root, 512
salvia, 218 siler, 311
interactions, 217 stemona, 372
sargassum, 374 antihelmintics, 64, 68
warfarin/ginseng, 89 albizzia bark, 287
white atractylodes, 120 areca seed, 455
white peony root, 133 bitter apricot kernel, 365
zedoaria, 567 capillaris, 481
antidepressants, 3-4. See also depression gardenia, 492
antidiuretics recipes, 76
cuscuta, 186 rhubarb, 454
antiemetics sargassum, 374
agastache, 430, 431 stemona, 370
amomum fruit, 433 antihistamines
atractylodes, 441 asarum, 321
chaenomeles, 411 clematis, 397
evodia fruit, 437, 438 and dahurian angelica, 314
antihistamines (continued) anti-inflammatories (continued)
and ganoderma, 272 red peony root, 241
large-leaf gentian root, 405 rehmannia, 129
magnolia bark, 449 rhubarb, 454
magnolia flower, 326 salvia, 216
pubescent angelica root, 389 sarcandra, 572
stemona, 371 schizonepeta, 324
anti-inflammatories scute root, 512
acanthopanax, 414 Siberian ginseng, 96
achyranthes root, 238 siegesbeckia, 419
aconite, 330 sophora root, 562
acupressure, 26 tangerine peel, 203
albizzia bark, 286
bitter orange, 206 vaccaria, 233
black nightshade, 557, 558 in Western medicine, 5, 8, 129
bupleurum, 344 white atractylodes, 120
capillaris, 483 white peony root, 133
chaenomeles, 411 wild chrysanthemum, 495
Chinese star jasmine, 402, 403 antimicrobials, 3, 4, 485-488
codonopsis, 105 acanthopanax, 414
coptis root, 516 aconite, 330
cynanchum, 408 acorus, 282
cyperus tuber, 209 agastache, 431
dandelion, 528 akebia quinata, 555
duchesnea, 571 alisma, 465
eucommia bark, 169 antipyretic herbs as, 64
ginger, 318 arctium fruit, 489
gingko biloba, 260 asparagus root, 162
isatis, 521, 525 astragalus, 100
large-leaf gentian root, 405 atractylodes, 443
leonurus, 243 aucklandia, 212
lobelia, 548 bitter apricot kernel, 365
lonicera, 508 black nightshade, 557
lycopodium, 417 bupleurum, 344
moutan bark, 255 capillaris, 483
notoginseng, 213-214, 215 carthamus, 228
notopterygium, 391 Chinese angelica, 125
oldenlandia, 546
paris rhizome, 538 Chinese star jasmine, 403
plantain seed, 477 chrysanthemum, 340, 496-497
platycodon, 359 cimicifuga, 349
polygonum, 136 cinnamon bark, 308
pubescent angelica root, 388-389 cinnamon twig, 305
pubescent holly root, 249 clematis, 397
pueraria, 347 cnidium, 224
radish seeds, 446 codonopsis, 105
recipes coptis root, 516
Huang Lian Jie Du Tang, cordyceps, 176
624-625 curculigo rhizome, 191
Zhi Shi Dao Zhi Wan, 628-629 curcuma, 232
antimicrobials (continued) antimicrobials (continued)
cynanchum, 408 rhodendron, 380
dahurian angelica, 314 rhubarb, 454
dandelion, 528, 538 rubus, 474
duchesnea, 571 salvia, 218
ephedra, 301 sarcandra, 572, 573
epimedium, 166 schisandra, 116
eucommia bark, 169 schizonepeta, 324
evodia fruit, 439 scute barbata, 551
forsythia, 505 scute root, 511, 512
fritillary, 363 semiaquilegia root, 569
gentiana root, 502 siler, 311
ginger, 318 sophora root, 563
hawthorn, 427 stemona, 372
houttuynia, 560 stephania, 401
isatis root, 521, 522 tangerine peel, 203
large-leaf gentian root, 405 trichosanthes, 369
leonurus, 244 white peony root, 133
lobelia, 549 zedoaria, 567
lonicera, 508, 538 antioxidants
loranthus, 394 American ginseng, 147
lycopodium, 417 cordyceps, 176
magnolia bark, 450 gingko biloba, 260
magnolia flower, 326 licorice root, 109
morinda root, 179 lycium fruit, 155
moutan bark, 255 and medicinal herbs, 50
mulberry leaves, 337 polygonum, 137
notopterygium, 391 antipyretics, 64-65, 68, 485-488. See
oldenlandia, 546 also fever
ophiopogon, 151 acorus, 281
paris rhizome, 538, 539 American ginseng, 145, 146, 147
patrinia, 532, 533 arctium fruit, 490, 609
peach kernel, 246 asarum, 321, 611
phellodendron, 520 bupleurum, 344, 618
plantain seed, 477 capillaris, 483
polygala, 269 Chinese star jasmine, 402
polygonatum root, 158 chrysanthemum, 338, 340, 495-496
polygonum, 137 cimicifuga, 348, 349
polyporus, 471 cinnamon, 305, 308
prunella, 499 clematis, 397
pubescent holly root, 249, 250 coptis root, 514
rabdosia, 553 cynanchum, 408
radish seeds, 446 cyperus tuber, 209
recipes dandelion, 528
Huang Lian Jie Du Tang, duchesnea, 570
624-625 ephedra, 298, 300, 301
Zhi Shi Dao Zhi Wan, 628-629 forsythia, 505, 609
red peony root, 241 gardenia, 491, 492
antipyretics (continued) antispasmodics (continued)
gentiana root, 502 fritillary, 363
ginger, 316-317, 610 lonicera, 508
glehnia, 160 notopterygium, 391
hawthorn, 427 peppermint, 333
houttuynia, 559 plantain seed, 477
isatis, 520, 521, 524, 525 pubescent angelica root, 389
large-leaf gentian root, 405 recipes
lobelia, 549 Si Ni San, 618
lonicera, 507, 609 Xiao Jian Zhong Tang, 617-618
lycopodium, 417
red peony root, 241
moutan bark, 254, 255
rhubarb, 454
mulberry leaves, 335
notopterygium, 391, 611 scute root, 512
phellodendron, 518, 519, 520 siler, 310
phragmites, 493 white peony, 131-132, 133, 618
platycodon, 359, 609, 610 antitumorals. See cancer
pubescent holly root, 249 antitussives, 64, 268, 352, 353-354t
pueraria, 345, 347 apocynum, 283
rabdosia, 552 asparagus root, 161, 162
recipes bitter apricot kernel, 365
Chuan Xiong Cha Tiao San, 611 bupleurum, 344
Huang Lian Jie Du Tang, chrysanthemum, 495-496
624-625 cinnamon twig, 305
Huo Xiang Zheng Qi Wan, 610 cordyceps, 174, 175
Si Ni San, 618 and descending properties, 62
Yin Qiao Jie Du Pian, 609 ephedra, 299, 300, 609-610, 619
red peony, 240, 241 epimedium, 166
rhubarb, 452 fritillary, 361, 363
schizonepeta, 323, 611 ganoderma, 270, 271
scrophularia, 535-536, 536-537, 537 ginger, 316, 619
scute root, 510, 512 ginseng, 87, 623
siegesbeckia, 418 glehnia, 159, 160
siler, 311, 611 lepidium seed, 376
sophora root, 562 licorice root, 106, 107, 609-610, 619
stephania, 401
magnolia bark, 448
zizyphus, 278
antirheumatics, 383-386. See also joint mulberry leaves, 335
pain; rheumatism oldenlandia, 545
antisclerotics, 129, 147, 232. See also ophiopogon, 149, 623
arteriosclerosis paris rhizome, 539
antispasmodics peach kernel, 246
acorus, 281 pinellia, 355-56, 619
chaenomeles, 410, 411 plantain seed, 477
cimicifuga, 349 platycodon, 358, 359, 609-610
cinnamon bark, 308 polygala, 268
clematis, 397 pubescent holly root, 250
epimedium, 165 radish seeds, 445
antitussives (continued) aphrodisiacs (continued)
recipes phellodendron, 518
Ban Xia Hou Po Tang, 603 psoralea fruit, 170
Mai Men Dong Tang, 623 rubus, 473
Mai Wei Di Huang Wan, 594 aplastic anemia, 365
Su Zi Jiang Qi Tang, 644 apocynum, 283-284
Tong Xuan Li Fei Pian, 609-610 apoplexy. See strokes
Xiao Qing Long Tang, 619 appendicitis, 532, 572
rhodendron, 379, 380 appetite. See also anorexia
sarcandra, 573 aconite, 328
schisandra, 116, 619
acorus, 280
sophora root, 562
stemona, 370, 371 astragalus effect, 101, 102
tangerine peel, 202, 609-610 Chinese angelica root, 123
trichosanthes, 367, 369 Chinese yam, 110, 112
antivirals. See also viruses and codonopsis, 103
atractylodes, 443 gentiana root, 502
cinnamon bark, 308 germinated barley, 435
coptis root, 516 ginseng effect, 91, 92
ephedra, 301 glehnia, 159
evodia fruit, 439 magnolia bark, 449
isatis, 521, 525 pilose antler, 194
loranthus, 394 recipes
magnolia flower, 326 Yi Qi Li Pi Zhi Zhu Wan, 634
peppermint, 333 side effect
stemona, 372 bupleurum, 343
antler glue, 181 chrysanthemum, 496
anxiety, 3, 195, 263 coptis root, 515
albizzia bark, 286 gingko leaves, 258
cyperus tuber, 208 loranthus, 394
drugs against, 3 tangerine peel, 202
gardenia, 491 TCM view, 195
polygala, 267 apricot. See bitter apricot kernel
poria, 468, 605-606 aquilaria, 181-182, 449, 613
recipes
arctium fruit, 489-90
Jiao Gan Wan, 633
combinations, 601-602, 609
Tiao Shen Tang, 639
Xiao Yao Wan, 605-606 chrysanthemum, 495-496
as side effect, 259, 299 forsythia, 504, 609
zizyphus, 279 fritillary bulb, 362
aorta, 232 isatis, 521, 524
aphasia, 82, 84t, 178, 356 licorice root, 106, 601, 609
aphrodisiacs peppermint, 332, 609
cistanche, 181 schizonepeta, 322, 609
cordyceps, 176 scrophularia, 535
cuscuta, 184 siler, 309
epimedium, 164, 166 areca husk, 413
ophiopogon root, 149 areca peel, 610
areca seed, 64, 455-56 asarum, combinations (continued)
combinations, 618-619, 634, magnolia flower, 325
642-643 notopterygium, 390-391
aucklandia, 210, 618-619 pinellia, 355, 619
zedoaria, 210, 565 pubescent angelica, 388, 616
arisaema, 310, 367, 612 ascending Qi, 62, 355, 644
arms, 390. See also joint pain; limbs asparagus root, 161-162
arrhythmias combinations, 608
cordyceps, 176 achyranthes root, 237
epimedium, 166 lycium fruit, 153
hawthorn, 427 polygonatum root, 157
loranthus, 395 asphyxia, 356, 371
and San qi, 50 aspirin, 3, 5
as side effect, 104, 300, 301, 329 assistant herbs, 73-74
sophora root, 563, 564 asthenia
stephania, 401 areca seed, 456
artemisia leaf, 222. See also capillaris atractylodes, 442
arteriosclerosis. See also under cimicifuga, 348
prevention magnolia, 449
American ginseng, 147 as side effect, 380
Chinese angelica, 125 white atractylodes, 118
cordyceps, 175 asthma, 64, 195, 352, 353t-354t
curcuma, 232 acorus, 282
ginseng, 91 apocynum, 283
lycium fruit, 153 aucklandia, 212
polygonatum root, 158 bitter apricot kernel, 365
polygonum, 138 Chinese angelica, 125
prevention (see under prevention) cinnamon bark, 306, 308
arthralgia. See joint pain cordyceps, 175, 176
arthritis and descending properties, 62
acanthopanax, 413 ephedra, 299, 609-610, 619
Chinese angelica, 125 epimedium, 166
cinnamon twig, 303 ganoderma, 270, 271, 272
clematis, 396 gingko seeds, 258
Cold-Damp, 303 ginseng, 88
ephedra, 299 lepidium seed, 376
ginger, 318 licorice root, 108, 619
large-leaf gentian root, 418 magnolia, 326, 448
sarcandra, 572 peach kernel, 246
Siberian ginseng, 94 pubescent holly root, 250
siler, 311 recipes
Wind-Cold-Damp, 299 Ban Xia Hou Po Tang, 603
asarum, 319-321 Mai Wei Di Huang Wan, 594
combinations, 616, 619 Shen Qi Wan, 594-595
cnidium, 222, 616 Su Zi Jiang Qi Tang, 644
ephedra, 299, 619 Tong Xuan Li Fei Pian, 609-610
ginger, 316, 619 Xiao Qing Long Tang, 619
large-leaf gentian root, 405, 616 rhodendron, 379, 380
asthma (continued) atractylodes, combinations (continued)
sarcandra, 573 asarum, 319
schisandra, 116, 619 bupleurum, 342, 605-606
scute root, 512 chaenomeles, 410
sophora root, 563, 564 Chinese star jasmine, 402
tangerine peel, 203, 609-610 clematis, 396
astragalus root, 82, 85t, 97-102 cyperus tuber, 208, 602, 631, 636
combinations, 97-98, 598, 601, 607, gentiana root, 501
621, 631-633, 639, 641, magnolia, 448, 617
643-644, 645 notopterygium, 390
bitter orange, 204-205 phellodendron, 441, 442, 519
bupleurum, 342-343, 645 polygonatum root, 157
Chinese angelica, 123, 601, 607, siler, 309
631 tangerine peel, 202, 617, 631
Chinese yam, 110, 111 white peony, 132, 605-606, 626,
cinnamon, 303, 607 631-633
clematis, 396 atropine, 214-215
cnidium, 221, 222, 601, 607, 645 attention, 117. See also cognitive
codonopsis, 103, 643 function
coptis root, 516 aucklandia root, 63, 210-12
cordyceps, 175 combinations, 604, 613, 618-19,
cornus, 188 631, 638, 639, 642-643
ginseng, 88, 89, 97, 101, 607 amomum fruit, 432, 613
large-leaf gentian root, 405 areca seed, 455, 618-619
lycium fruit, 152, 153 cinnamon bark, 307
peach kernel, 245-246, 601 coptis root, 514
pilose antler, 193 cynanchum, 407
polygonatum root, 157, 641 dahurian angelica, 313
red peony, 239, 601, 645 hawthorn, 425
rehmannia, 128, 6444 lysimachia, 478
stephania, 399-400, 621 tangerine peel, 201, 613, 631
trichosanthes, 368, 641 zedoaria, 565
white atractylodes, 118, 621 aurantium fruit, 342-343
astringents, 64 auscultation, 24
cinnamon bark, 307 autoimmune disorders, 129, 272, 453,
cornus, 187 560
recipes, 76 autonomic nervous system, 18, 21, 141
rubus, 474
schisandra, 116
atherosclerosis, 133, 374, 601
Ativan, 3 B cells, 154
atractylodes, 441-443 ba ji. See blatilla
combinations, 602, 605-606, 617, ba ji tian. See morinda root
626, 631-633, 636-637, 642 ba jiao feng. See alangium
acanthopanax, 413 ba jiao lian. See Dysosma pleiantha
agastache, 429 Ba Xian Chang Shou Wan, 128
alisma, 463 ba yue zha. See akebia quinata fruit
amomum fruit, 432 Ba Zheng San, 452, 475, 476, 491
back chills, 316 barks, 54, 55
back pain. See also lumbago slicing, 56
cupping, 26 barley, germinated, 64, 435-436
curculigo rhizome, 190 aucklandia, 211
pubescent angelica, 387 bitter orange, 204
pueraria, 345 hawthorn, 425, 426
spondylitis, 445 bedwetting. See enuresis
white atractylodes, 119 beetle, 452
bacteria, resistant, 4 behavior, 15-16
bai bian dou. See dolichos nut; white behavioral conditioning, 147
hyacinth bei che hu. See bupleurum
bai bu. See stemona bei mu. See fritillary bulb
Bai Bu Gao, 370 bei sha shen. See glehnia root
Bai Bu Wan, 370 belamcanda, 402, 545
Bai Du San Tang, 641-642 belching
Bai He Gu Jin Tang, 536 magnolia bark, 449, 613
bai hua she she cao. See oldenlandia radish seeds, 445
bai ji li. See tribulus recipes
bai jiang cao. See patrinia Shu Gan Wan, 613
bai jingcao. See thiaspi Yue Ju Wan, 602
bai lian. See ampelopis tangerine peel, 201, 613
bai mao gen. See imperata Ben Cao, 13, 37-42
bai shao. See white peony Ben Cao Gang Mu, 39-40, 43
bai tou weng. See pulsatilla Ben Cao Jung Ji Zhu, 33
Bai Tou Weng Tang, 518, 530 Ben Shi Fang, 43
bai xian pi. See dittany bark benincasa, 493
bai yeng. See solanum dulcamra benzediazepines, 3
bai ying. See solanum lyratum benzene fumes, 95
bai zhi. See dahurian angelica; beta-lipoprotein, 158, 231-232
ganoderma Bi syndromes, 383-85. See also Cold-
bai zhu. See white atractylodes Damp Bi syndrome; Wind-
bai zi ren. See biota seed Cold-Damp Bi syndrome
Bai Zi Ren Wan, 114 achyranthes root, 237, 238
Bai Zi Yang Xin Wan, 274, 607-608 clematis, 396
balance, 1, 21, 32. See also homeostasis curculigo rhizome, 190
Qi and blood, 63 epimedium, 165
tonics, 81-82 biao zheng. See Exterior syndromes
bamboo leaf. See lophatherum bile secretion
bambusa, 119 capillaris, 483
ban bian lian. See lobelia coptis root, 516
ban lan gen. See isatis root curcuma, 232
ban xia. See pinellia dandelion, 528
Ban Xia Bai Zhu Tian Ma Tang, 289 forsythia, 505
Ban Xia Hou Po Tang, 355, 448, 603 gardenia, 492
Ban Xia Xie Xin Tang, 514 gentiana root, 502
ban zhi lian. See scute barbata lobelia, 549
Bao He Wan, 445 Long Dan Pai Shi Pian, 642-643
Bao Mei Ran Dan, 135 lysimachia, 479-480
bile secretion (continued) bitter orange, combinations (continued)
patrinia, 533 magnolia bark, 448, 625
phellodendron, 520 rhubarb, 451
rhubarb, 453 tangerine peel, 201, 612, 619,
schisandra, 116 634
scute root, 512 white peony, 131, 612, 618
in urine, 232 zedoaria, 565, 619
bilirubin, 483 black hellebore, 217, 240
bin lang. See areca seed black nightshade, 557-558, 570
bing pian. See borneol black plum, 98
biota seed, 63, 274-275 black sesame seed, 442, 595-596,
combinations, 607, 608, 637-638 597-598
albizzia bark, 286 bladder, 22, 23t. See also cystitis
amobarbital, 275 ephedra, 300
fritillary, 361 pathology, 23t
salvia, 217, 608 sphincter, 300
schisandra, 114, 607 bladder cancer, 568
zizyphus, 277 bleeding. See also hemafecia;
biota tops, 559 hematemesis; hemorrhage;
bitter almond, 299, 358, 609-610 metrorrhagia; nose bleeds
bitter apricot kernel in blood/urine, 231, 388, 636-637
combinations, 364-365 cornus, 189
ephedra, 298, 299 lycopodium, 417
lepidium seed, 376, 377 notoginseng, 50, 213
licorice root, 106 red peony root, 240
magnolia bark, 448 rhubarb, 453
mulberry leaves, 335 salvia, 217
ophiopogon, 149 schizonepeta, 322-323
plantain seed, 476 as side effect, 90, 307
polygala, 268 subcutaneous, 254
stemona, 370 tangerine peel, 203
trichosanthes, 367 TCM view, 50, 196
bitter herbs, 61 bletilla, 175, 329
bitter orange, 204-206 bloating. See abdominal distention
combinations, 204-205, 603, blood
609-610, 612, 618-619, 625, Chinese angelica, 122-123
628, 634, 637-638 ganoderma, 270
akebia quinata, 554 gingko biloba, 259-260
amomum fruit, 432, 634 Heat, 196, 240, 452, 536
aucklandia, 210-211, 619 loranthus, 393-394
bupleurum, 342, 603, 612, 618 pueraria, 346-347
cinnamon twig, 304 recipes
cistanche, 181-182 Chai Hu Shu Gan San, 612
curcuma, 230, 634 Shi Quan Da Bu Wan, 633
cyperus tuber, 207, 619 Yan Ling Yi Shou Dan, 632
hawthorn, 425, 634 rheology, 259-260
lobelia, 548 rhubarb, 453
lysimachia, 478 spitting, 251, 254
blood (continued) blood pressure. See also hypertension
in stool (see hemafecia) achyranthes root, 238
vomiting, 231, 254 aconite, 330
white peony root, 131 acorus, 282
yin/yang balance, 127 alisma, 465
blood cells, 189 American ginseng, 147
American ginseng, 147 apocynum, 283
and astragalus, 101 arctium fruit, 490
Chinese angelica, 125 areca seed, 456
Chinese yam, 110, 111 aucklandia, 212
codonopsis, 105 bitter orange, 206
epimedium, 166 black nightshade, 557
and ginseng, 91, 92 carthamus, 228
houttuynia, 561 Chinese star jasmine, 403
leukopenia, 564 chrysanthemum, 340, 497
lycium fruit, 154 cimicifuga, 349
lymphocytes, 528 cistanche, 182
macrophages, 411 clematis, 397
natural killer cells, 101, 154 cnidium, 224
notoginseng, 214 codonopsis effect, 105
oldenlandia, 546 coptis root, 516
pilose antler, 194 cordyceps, 176
platelets, 214, 228 cornus, 189
rehmannia, 128, 129 ephedra, 299
and Siberian ginseng, 96 epimedium, 166, 168
sophora root, 564 eucommia bark, 168, 169
white atractylodes, 120 evodia fruit, 439
white peony root, 133 forsythia, 505
zedoaria, 567 fritillary, 363
blood clots, 196. See also ganoderma, 272
anticoagulants gardenia, 492
blood deficiency, 84t, 199t gastrodia, 290
arctium fruit, 489 ginger, 318
astragalus, 97 ginseng effect, 89, 91, 92
biota seed, 274 Huang Lian Jie Du Tang, 624-625
Chinese angelica, 123, 124 leonurus, 244
clematis, 397 lepidium seed, 377
cnidium, 222 licorice root, 107, 108
codonopsis, 103 lobelia, 549
notopterygium, 391 lycium fruit, 154
pilose antler, 192 magnolia bark, 450
polygonum, 135 magnolia flower, 326
rehmannia, 128 morinda root, 179
siegesbeckia, 419 moutan bark, 255
symptoms, 82-83 mulberry leaves, 336
and yin, 83 peach kernel, 246
zedoaria, 566 phellodendron, 520
zizyphus, 277-278 polygala, 269
blood pressure (continued) blood tonics, 63, 82, 85t
polygonatum root, 158 blood vessels. See also Buerger’s
polygonum, 137 disease
prunella, 499 achyranthes root, 238
pubescent angelica root, 389 acorus, 282
pubescent holly root, 248-249, 250 astragalus, 100
pueraria, 347 capillaries, 218
radish seeds, 446 carthamus, 228
rehmannia, 129 Chinese angelica, 125
rhodendron, 380 chrysanthemum, 340
rhubarb, 453 cinnamon bark, 308
salvia, 219 cnidium, 224
schisandra, 116 codonopsis, 105
scrophularia, 536-537 curcuma, 232
scute root, 512 cuscuta, 186
side effect, 259 dahurian angelica, 314
tangerine peel, 203 epimedium, 166
zizyphus, 278 gastrodia, 290
blood stasis, 196, 197t ginger, 318
achyranthes root, 236, 603-604 gingko biloba, 259-260
acronychia, 251 ginseng, 91
akebia quinata, 554-555 leonurus, 244
carthamus, 226, 603-604 lepidium seed, 377
duchesnea, 570 notoginseng, 214
hawthorn, 425-426 peach kernel, 245
leonurus, 242-243 peppermint, 333
moutan bark, 254, 623 pubescent angelica root, 388
notoginseng, 213, 599-600 pubescent holly root, 249
peach kernel, 245, 603-604 salvia, 218
pubescent holly root, 248 tangerine peel, 203
recipes varicosities, 260
Fu Fang Dan Shen Pian, vasculitis, 245
599-600 blue citrus, 455, 619, 642-643, 645
Huo Xue Shu Jing Zhi Tong bo he. See peppermint
Fang, 638 boils. See carbuncles
Lao Nian Chi Dai Zheng Tang, boluses, 71
645 bones
Tiao Jing Wan, 636 acanthopanax, 413
Xi Jiao Di Huang Wan, 623 curculigo, 190, 597-598
Xue Fu Zhu Yu Tang, 603 eucommia bark, 167
Yuan Hu Zhi Tong Wan, 615 He Shou Wu Wan, 597-598
Yue Ju Wan, 602 hyperosteogenesis, 445
red peony, 239, 603-604 loranthus, 393
rhubarb, 452 morinda root, 178, 179, 597-598
salvia, 216, 217, 599-600 pilose antler, 193
zedoaria, 565 radish seeds, 445
blood sugar. See diabetes rehmannia, 128, 597-598
borborygmus breathing
aucklandia root, 210 asphyxia, 356, 371
Huo Xiang Zheng Qi Wan, 610 atractylodes, 443
as side effect, 284, 496, 515 bitter apricot kernel, 364
borneol, 65, 213, 599-600, 604 cnidium, 224
brain dahurian angelica, 314
blood flow to, 50, 260, 346 ginger, 318
gingko biloba, 260
cnidium, 224 leonurus, 244
cordyceps, 175 pubescent angelica, 389
edema, post-traumatic, 260 schisandra, 116
gastrodia, 290 side effects
hyoxia tolerance, 260 cinnamon, 304, 307
medulla, 224 houttuynia, 560
recipes lobelia, 549
Jian Nao Bu Shen Wan, 601-602 stemona, 371
Yan Ling Yi Shou Dan, 632 breathlessness. See also dyspnea
brain functions, 22. See also cognitive astragalus, 98, 103, 607
function bitter orange, 204
breast cancer bupleurum, 342-343
akebia quinata, 554 chrysanthemum, 339
black nightshade, 557 codonopsis, 103
rabdosia, 552 cordyceps, 175
ginseng, 88, 604, 607
semiaquilegia root, 568
ophiopogon, 150
breast fullness, 605-606 as Qi deficiency, 82, 84t
breast inflammation recipes
cynanchum, 409 Bai Zi Yang Xin Wan, 607
dandelion, 527 Huo Xue Tong Mai Pian, 604
fritillary, 362 Su Zi Jiang Qi Tang, 644
prunella, 498-499 as side effect, 217, 371
salvia, 217 Brekhman, I. I., 7, 91
semiaquilegia root, 568 bronchi, 260
trichosanthes, 368 bronchitis, 639-640, 409
vaccaria, 233 ephedra, 298, 299, 619
breast masses, 435 ganoderma, 270, 271
breast pain glehnia, 158
asparagus root, 162 houttuynia, 559, 561
bupleurum, 342, 606 platycodon, 358
curcuma, 230 polygala, 269
rabdosia, 552
cyperus tuber, 207 recipes
dahurian angelica, 313 Ban Xia Hou Po Tang, 603
Dan Zhi Xiao Yao Wan, 606 Xiao Qing Long Tang, 619
germinated barley, 435 rhodendron, 379
of hyperlactation, 202 sargassum, 373
tangerine peel, 202 scrophularia, 536
TCM view, 195 scute root, 511
breath training, 31-32 stemona, 370
bronchodilators, 363 Can Cao Fu Zi Tang, 328
bruises, 243 Can Er Zi San, 313
Bu Gu Zhi Wan, 170 cancer, 65, 541-543. See also specific
bu gu zi. See psoralea fruit types
Bu Huan Jin Zheng Qi San, 429 aconite, 330
bu lao cao, 53 asparagus root, 162
Bu Wang San, 267 astragalus, 99, 101
Bu Yang Huan Wu Tang, 98, 221, 239, bitter apricot kernel, 365
601 chaenomeles, 411
Bu Zhong Yi Qi Tang, 98, 118, 342-343 cordyceps, 176
Buerger’s disease, 125, 217, 219, 249 curculigo rhizome, 191
bulrush, 251 cuscuta, 186
bupleurum, 61, 64, 75, 342-344 ganoderma, 272
combinations, 74, 342-343, 603, ginseng effect, 92, 101
605-66, 611-612, 613, 618, herbs, 65, 68, 82
629-630, 634-635, 637-638, versus chemotherapy, 541
641-642, 645 of intestine, 234
astragalus, 98, 645 leukemia, 162
aucklandia, 210-211 lonicera, 508
capillaris, 481 lycium fruit, 154, 155
carthamus, 603 lymphoma, 568
Chinese angelica, 123, 603, 605, plantain seed, 477
629 polyporus, 471
cnidium, 221, 222, 603, 612, 645 poria, 469
curcuma, 230, 645 psoralea fruit, 172
cyperus tuber, 207, 612, 645 pubescent holly root, 250
gardenia, 491-492, 606, 629 rhubarb, 454
gentiana root, 501, 629 sarcoma, 162, 563, 566
ginseng, 88, 613 schisandra, 116
isatis root, 521 stephania, 401
magnolia bark, 449 TCM view, 541
moutan bark, 254 vaccaria, 234
pueraria, 345 white atractylodes, 120
red peony, 239, 603, 645 zedoaria, 566-567
schizonepeta, 322, 323 cancer patients. See also leukopenia
scute root, 511, 613, 629 astragalus, 100, 101
white peony, 131, 605-606, 612, bitter apricot kernel, 365
618 codonopsis, 105
burdock fruit. See arctium fruit epimedium, 166
burns, 519 ganoderma, 272
ginseng, 92, 101
lycium fruit, 153
Qi deficiency, 82
caffeine, 69, 89, 301 Qigong, 32-33
calamus, 227 rehmannia, 129
calcium, 179 Siberian ginseng, 95
calculi, 233 therapy side effects, 32-33
calisthenics, 32 white atractylodes, 120
cang er zi. See xanthium fruit cardiotonics. See heart
cang zhu. See atractylodes cardiovascular system, 60. See also
canker sores, 519, 524, 608 coronary artery
cao wu. See Aconitum ausnezoffii carminatives. See flatulence
capillaries, 218, 260 carthamus, 50, 63, 226-228
capillaris, 481-483 combinations, 226-227, 600-601,
combinations, 622, 642-643 604, 629, 638, 645
achyranthes root, 237 acanthopanax, 413
cnidium, 222 achyranthes root, 236-237
curcuma, 231 acronychia, 251, 252, 600, 604
dandelion, 527 astragalus, 98, 601, 645
gardenia, 491, 622 Chinese angelica, 122, 123, 601,
gentiana root, 501 629
isatis root, 521 cinnamon bark, 306
large-leaf gentian root, 405 cnidium, 221, 222, 600, 601, 604,
lobelia, 548 629
lysimachia, 478, 642-643 gingko leaves, 258
oldenlandia, 545 hawthorn, 426
phellodendron, 519 lycopodium, 416
rhubarb, 452, 622 peach kernel, 245, 601, 604, 629
scute root, 510 pubescent holly root, 248
Capiscum minimum, 60 red peony, 239, 241, 600, 601,
capsules, 72 629, 645
carbohydrates, 436 salvia, 216, 600, 604, 629, 645
carbonized palm, 188
siegesbeckia, 419
carbuncles, 64-65. See also infections,
suppurative vaccaria, 233
albizzia bark, 286 zedoaria, 565
arctium fruit, 489 cassia seed
astragalus, 98 combinations, 645-646
Chinese star jasmine, 402 chrysanthemum, 496
fritillary, 362 mulberry leaves, 335
lonicera, 507 plantain seed, 475, 476
lysimachia, 479 prunella, 498
oldenlandia, 545 castor oil seed, 67
patrinia, 532 cataracts, 475
pilose antler, 193 cell walls, 260
platycodon, 358 central nervous system (CNS), 21
polygonum, 136 aconite, 329
recipes acorus, 281
Fang Feng Tong Sheng San, American ginseng, 147
620-621 asarum, 321
Shi Quan Da Bu Wan, 633 codonopsis, 105
salvia, 217 gentiana root, 502
sarcandra, 572 leonurus, 244
scute barbata, 550 peppermint, 334
semiaquilegia root, 568 pilose antler, 194
siegesbeckia, 419 schisandra, 115
trichosanthes, 368 stephania, 401
cerebral blood flow, 50, 260, 346, 439 chest fullness, recipes (continued)
cerebral vascular disease, 418 Ling Gui Zhu Gan Tang, 627
cerebrovascular accidents (CVAs). See Xiao Chai Hu Tang, 613
strokes Yue Ju Wan, 602
cerebrovascular insufficiency, 50, 260 scute root, 510
cervical cancer trichosanthes, 367
black nightshade, 557 chest pain
duchesnea, 570 acronychia, 252
lobelia, 548 akebia quinata, 554
scute barbata, 550 carthamus, 226
sophora root, 562 Chinese angelica, 123, 603-604
zedoaria, 565, 566 chrysanthemum, 339
cervical spondylosis, 445 cinnamon twig, 304
cervicitis, 559 curcuma, 230
chaenomeles, 410-411 cyperus tuber, 207
achyranthes root, 238 ginger, 316, 603
areca seed, 455 hawthorn, 426
Chinese star jasmine, 402 recipes
clematis, 396 Ban Xia Hou Po Tang, 603
large-leaf gentian root, 404 Su Zi Jiang Qi Tang, 644
lycopodium, 416 Xue Fu Zhu Yu Tang, 603-604
pubescent angelica root, 388 as side effect, 217, 371
tangerine peel, 202
chai hu. See bupleurum
TCM view, 195, 196
Chai Hu Shu Gan San, 207, 342,
Ch’i. See Qi
611-612 chi shao. See red peony
chan yi. See cicada slough chi zhi. See ganoderma
chang pu. See acorus rhizome chian, 66
che qian zi. See plantain seed chicken, 128, 478
Che Qian Zi San, 475 children. See also infants
chemotherapy, 541. See also cancer atractylodes, 443
patients; mitomycin C bitter apricot kernel, 365
Chen, K. K., 3 convulsions, 289
chen pi. See tangerine peel dosage, 66, 67, 68
chen xiang. See aquilaria duchesnea, 570
Cherokee rose hip, 94, 473, 597-958, ephedra, 300
601-602 gastrodia, 289
chest fullness gingko seeds, 259
acorus, 280 growth, 193
alisma, 463 peppermint, 333
bitter orange, 204 pilose antler, 193
bupleurum, 342, 613 chills
chrysanthemum, 338 ginger, 316, 605-606, 613
cinnamon twig, 304 recipes
pinellia, 355, 610, 613 Xiao Chai Hu Tang, 613
recipes Xiao Yao Wan, 605-606
Ban Xia Hou Po Tang, 603 Yin Qiao Jie Du Pian, 609
Huo Xiang Zheng Qi Wan, 610 scute root, 511, 613
Jiao Gan Wan, 633 as side effect, 336
China. See also dynasties; People’s Chinese angelica, combinations
Republic of China (continued)
herb cultivation, 53-54 pubescent holly root, 249
manufacturing, 76-77 red peony, 239, 603, 629
chinaberry. See melia rehmannia, 128, 603, 608, 616,
Chinese angelica, 75, 85t, 122-125 629, 632
combinations, 74, 122-123, 595, salvia, 216, 217, 608, 629, 645
598, 601, 603, 605, 607, 608, scrophularia, 536, 608
614-615, 616, 620-621, scute root, 511
629-630, 631-633, 634-635, siler, 309-310, 616, 620, 635
636-639, 644, 645 vaccaria, 233
achyranthes, 236-237, 603, 614 white atractylodes, 118
acronychia, 251 white peony, 131, 616, 631-633
American ginseng, 145, 645 zizyphus, 277, 608, 639
astragalus, 97, 98, 607, 631-633 Chinese dates. See jujube
bupleurum, 342, 603, 605-606, Chinese elia, 207-208
629 Chinese motherwort. See leonurus
carthamus, 227, 603, 629 Chinese star jasmine, 402-403
cinnamon, 303, 306, 607, 632 Chinese yam, 85t, 110-112
cistanche, 181-182 combinations, 110-111, 593-595,
clematis, 397 601-602, 636-637, 639-640
cnidium, 221, 222, 603, 607, 611, astragalus, 98
616, 620, 629, 632, 645 cinnamon bark, 306
coptis root, 515 cornus, 187, 639
cordyceps, 175 cuscuta, 184
cornus, 187, 188 gingko seeds, 258
curcuma, 230 moutan, 593
cynanchum, 407 pilose antler, 192, 193
cyperus tuber, 207-208, 636 polygala, 267
epimedium, 164, 165 polygonatum root, 156, 157
fritillary, 361 poria, 593
gardenia, 491-492, 606, 629 rehmannia, 127-128, 639
gastrodia, 288-289, 614, 635 schisandra, 114
ginseng, 88, 601-602, 607, 608, chloriazepoxide, 3
632 cholecystitis
glehnia, 159 recipes
hawthorn, 426 Li Dan Pai Shi Pian, 642-643
large-leaf gentian root, 404, 405 Long Dan Xie Gan Tang, 630
leonurus, 242, 629 Xiao Chai Hu Tang, 614
loranthus, 393 sarcandra, 572
lycium fruit, 152 cholelithiasis, 478, 481, 642-643
lycopodium, 416 cholesterol
peach kernel, 245, 603, 629 alisma, 463, 465
pilose antler, 193 American ginseng, 147
polygala, 267, 607, 608, 631, 639 capillaris, 481, 483
polygonum, 135, 136 carthamus, 228
pubescent angelica, 387, 614, Chinese angelica, 125
616 coptis root, 516
cholesterol (continued) chrysanthemum, combinations
cordyceps, 176 (continued)
curcuma, 231-232 mulberry leaves, 335
eucommia bark, 169 peppermint, 332
ganoderma, 271 plantain seed, 475, 476
and garlic, 51 platycodon, 358
ginger, 318 white peony, 132
gingko biloba, 260 flower, 132, 358
ginseng, 91 chuan bei mu. See fritillary bulb
hawthorn, 427 chuan lian zi. See melia; Sichuan
Jiang Zhi Fang, 645-646 chinaberry
lonicera, 508 chuan mu tong. See akebia quinata
morinda root, 179 chuan wu. See aconite
mulberry leaves, 337 chuan xiong. See cnidium
notoginseng, 215 Chuan Xiong Cha Tiao San, 50, 222,
polygonatum root, 158 310, 312, 611
polygonum, 137, 138 chun gen pi. See ailanthus bark
radish seeds, 446 chun shan jia. See pangolin scale
rehmannia, 129 ci wu jia. See Siberian ginseng
rhubarb, 453 cibotium, 238
salvia, 218 cicada slough, 322, 333, 339
sargassum, 374 cimicifuga, 348-349
scute root, 512 combinations
white peony root, 133 arctium fruit, 489
chong cao. See cordyceps astragalus, 98
chong lou. See paris rhizome bitter orange, 204-205
Chong meridian bupleurum, 342-343
clematis, 397 cinnabar, 631
cnidium, 222 cinnamon bark, 306-308
Er Xian Tang, 596 combinations, 306-307, 594, 598,
morinda root, 178 601, 607, 632, 643, 644
phellodendron, 519 aconite, 328
pilose antler, 193 astragalus, 98, 607, 632, 643
chou wu tong. See clerodendron Chinese angelica, 123, 601, 607,
trichotomi 632, 644
chronic disorders, 66 clematis, 397
chrysanthemum, 64, 65, 338-340, 495. curculigo rhizome, 190
See also wild chrysanthemum epimedium, 164, 165
combinations, 338-39, 595, 640 ginseng, 88, 601, 607, 632
bitter apricot kernel, 364 large-leaf gentian root, 404
capillaris, 481 pilose antler, 193
cnidium, 222, 640 pubescent angelica, 387
cornus, 187 stephania, 399
cuscuta, 184 cinnamon twig, 63, 303-305
eucommia bark, 168 combinations, 303-304, 616, 617,
hawthorn, 425-426 619, 620, 622, 626
loranthus, 393-394 aconite, 328
lycium fruit, 152 alisma, 463, 622
cinnamon twig, combinations circulatory system (continued)
(continued) Raynaud’s disease, 260
astragalus, 98 recipes
atractylodes, 441 Fu Fang Dan Shen Pian,
bitter orange, 204 599-600
Chinese yam, 111 Huo Xue Shu Jing Zhi Tong
clematis, 396 Fang, 638
ephedra, 298, 299, 619 Pian Tao Tong Tang, 640
ginger, 111, 316-317, 619 Xiao Huo Luo Dan, 612
hawthorn, 426 Yi Shen Tang, 629
large-leaf gentian root, 404, 616 Yuan Hu Zhi Tong Wan, 615
licorice root, 107, 616, 626 red peony, 239
lycopodium, 416 rhubarb, 452
moutan bark, 254 schisandra, 116
poria, 467, 616, 622, 626 vaccaria, 233
pueraria, 345 cirrhosis
siler, 309-310, 616 alisma, 463, 465
stephania, 400 bupleurum, 344
white atractylodes, 119, 622, 626 Chinese angelica, 125
white peony, 132, 619 stephania, 399
circulatory system cistanche, 181-182
achyranthes root, 236-237 combinations, 181-182, 598
aconite, 329 asparagus root, 161
Chinese angelica, 124
acupressure, 26
morinda root, 178, 598
albizzia bark, 286
radish seeds, 445
astragalus, 98 rubus, 473, 598
carthamus, 226, 227, 228 Citrus aurantium. See bitter orange
Chinese angelica, 123, 125, 615 Citrus reticulata. See tangerine peel
cinnamon bark, 308 citrus seeds, 373
cnidium, 222 Citrus sinensis. See bitter orange
curcuma, 230 clematis, 396-398
of elderly, 138 combinations
ephedra, 300 acanthopanax, 413
ginger, 318 achyranthes root, 238
gingko biloba, 259-260 chaenomeles, 410
ginseng effect, 91 epimedium, 165
hawthorn, 425-426, 427 lycopodium, 416
herbs for, 50, 198-200 sarcandra, 572
leonurus, 242 Siberian ginseng, 94
microcirculation clerodendron trichotomi, 418
gingko biloba, 260 climatic evils, 293
salvia, 218 clove oil, 67
moutan bark, 254 cloves, 231, 430
notoginseng, 213, 599-600 cnidium, 50, 61, 63, 221-224
patrinia, 532, 533 combinations, 221-222, 600, 602,
peach kernel, 245 603, 604, 607, 611-612, 616,
pubescent holly root, 248 620, 629, 632-633, 636, 640,
rabdosia, 552 641-642, 645
cnidium, combinations (continued) codonopsis root, combinations
achyranthes root, 236-37, 237, (continued)
603 agastache, 429, 430
acronychia, 251, 252, 600, 604 amomum fruit, 432, 634
asarum, 319, 611, 616 astragalus, 100, 631, 643
bupleurum, 342, 612, 645 aucklandia, 211, 631
carthamus, 226, 227, 600, 603, bitter orange, 205, 634
629, 645 bupleurum, 342
Chinese angelica, 122, 123, 603, Chinese yam, 110, 111
607, 616, 620, 629, 632, 636 fritillary, 362
cinnamon, 303, 306, 607, 616,
hawthorn, 426, 634
632
licorice root, 106, 608, 614, 631,
clematis, 397
cynanchum, 407 634
cyperus tuber, 207-208, 602, 612, ophiopogon, 149, 608
636 polygonatum, 156
dahurian angelica, 312 poria, 467, 468, 608, 616, 634
epimedium, 165 rehmannia, 128, 608, 616
gastrodia, 50, 611 salvia, 217, 608
gingko leaves, 258 tangerine peel, 201, 631, 634
hawthorn, 426 white atractylodes, 119, 614, 634
large-leaf gentian root, 404, 405, zizyphus, 278, 608
616 cognitive function
leonurus, 242, 629 acorus, 280
magnolia flower, 325-326 American ginseng, 147
notopterygium, 390-391, 611 astragalus, 100
peach kernel, 245, 603, 604, 629 cordyceps, 176
plantain seed, 476 in elderly, 260-261, 280, 645
poria, 467, 468, 607, 632, 636, evodia fruit, 439
641 gingko biloba, 258, 260-261
pubescent angelica, 387, 616 ginseng, 92
pubescent holly, 248-249 and ginseng, 91, 92
red peony, 239, 241, 600, 603, Lao Nian Chi Dai Zheng Tang, 645
629 polygala, 267, 268-269
salvia, 216, 217, 600, 604, 629, polygonatum root, 157
645
salvia, 217
sarcandra, 572
schizonepeta, 322, 323, 611 schisandra, 115, 117
siler, 310, 611, 616, 620 Siberian ginseng, 94
vaccaria, 233 white peony root, 133
white peony, 131, 612, 616, 620, coix seed
632 combinations, 634, 636-637, 642
zedoaria, 565, 566 Chinese star jasmine, 402
zizyphus, 277 fritillary, 362
codonopsis root, 85t, 103-105 patrinia, 532
combinations, 103-104, 601-602, phragmites, 493
608, 614, 616, 631, 634, platycodon, 358
636-637, 643 pubescent angelica, 388
Cold, 293 common colds (continued)
chrysanthemum, 496 recipes
evodia fruit, 437 Bai Du San Tang, 641-642
gardenia, 492 Fang Feng Tong Sheng San,
lonicera, 508 620-621
phellodendron, 519 resistance to, 103
recipes TCM view, 293
Huo Xiang Zheng Qi Wan, 610 Wind-Cold type, 293-295
Xiao Jian Zhong Tang, 617-618 cinnamon twig, 303
scute root, 511 ephedra, 62, 298-299
cold foods/drinks, 35, 69 ginger, 316-17
cold intolerance, 176, 332 magnolia flower, 325
Cold phlegm, 355 schizonepeta, 322
Cold-Damp pathogens siler, 309
aconite, 328 Tong Xuan Li Fei Pian, 609-610
amomum fruit, 432-33 Wind-Heat type, 293-295
chaenomeles, 410 apocynum, 283
dahurian angelica, 313 magnolia, 325
polyporus, 470 mulberry leaves, 335
Cold-Damp-Bi-Syndrome, 190, 303, peppermint, 332
616 schizonepeta, 322, 609
cold-natured herbs, 59-60, 62, 68 symptoms, 609
coldness. See chills; limb coldness Yin Qiao Jie Du Pian, 609
colitis, 31, 409. See also diarrhea; complexion, 82-83, 103
enteritis recipes, 632-637
collection, 55 comus fruit, 64
colon, 209. See also intestines concentration, 32. See also cognitive
colon cancer, 545, 548, 550, 572 function
colony-stimulating factor (CSF), 185 concussion, 290
coma. See unconsciousness confusion, 267, 281
common colds as side effect, 558, 560
apocynum, 283 conjunctivitis
arctium fruit, 489, 609 chrysanthemum, 339, 498
asarum, 319 gentiana root, 501
astragalus, 98, 101 Long Dan Xie Gan Tang, 630
black nightshade, 557 mulberry leaves, 335
chrysanthemum, 497 peppermint, 332
cinnamon bark, 306 prunella spike, 498
ephedra, 299 constipation. See also purgatives
forsythia, 504 akebia quinata, 554
isatis, 521, 524 aucklandia, 210, 619
licorice root, 106, 609 biota seed, 275, 608
lonicera, 507, 609 bitter apricot kernel, 364, 365
notopterygium, 390 bitter orange, 204, 628
Pauling view, 7 Chinese angelica, 124, 608
peppermint, 62, 609 cistanche, 181
polygala, 269 dandelion, 528
rabdosia, 552 glehnia, 159
constipation (continued) convulsions, as side effect (continued)
magnolia bark, 448, 625 loranthus, 394
ophiopogon, 150, 608 radish seed, 446
peach kernel, 245, 246 cooling herbs, 293
polygonum, 136, 137 cool-natured herbs, 59-60, 62, 68
poria, 467, 608, 628 coordination, 117
recipes coptis, 64, 514-516
Da Cheng Qi Tang, 625 combinations, 619, 624-625, 628
Fang Feng Tong Sheng San, 621 areca seed, 455
Huang Lian Jie Du Tang, aucklandia, 210
624-625 capillaris, 481
Mu Xiang Bing Lang Wan, cimicifuga, 348
618-619 dandelion, 527
Shen Qi Wan, 594-595 gardenia, 491, 624-625
Tian Wang Bu Xin Wan, 608 lonicera, 507
Zhi Shi Dao Zhi Wan, 628 ophiopogon, 149
rhubarb, 452, 453, 625, 628 phellodendron, 518, 624-625
as side effect, 436 plantain seed, 475
trichosanthes, 369 pueraria, 345
contact dermatitis, 108-109 pulsatilla, 530
contraindications rhizome, 538
of acupuncture, 31 rhubarb, 452
of medicinal herbs, 66, 67 (see also salvia, 217
under specific herbs) scrophularia, 535-536
convulsions scute root, 510-511, 624-625,
acorus, 281 628
cinnamon twig, 305 zedoaria, 565
cnidium, 224 rhizome, 452
cynanchum, 408 cordyceps, 66, 174-176
duchesnea, 570 Cornu cervi nippon. See pilose antler
ganoderma, 271 cornus, 187-189
gastrodia, 61, 289, 290 combinations, 187-88, 593-95, 598,
moutan bark, 255 639
oyster shell, 65 aconite, 328
paris rhizome, 538 Chinese yam, 110-111, 639
polygala, 268 epimedium, 164
radish seeds, 446 eucommia bark, 167
recipes lycium, 152
Da Cheng Qi Tang, 625 morinda root, 178
red peony root, 241 pilose antler, 192, 193
siler, 310, 311 rehmannia, 127, 639
white peony root, 133 schisandra, 114
zizyphus, 278 zizyphus, 278
convulsions, as side effect coronary artery
aconite, 329 aconite, 330
barley, 281 alisma, 465
ephedra, 301 carthamus, 228
gingko seeds, 259 chrysanthemum, 340, 497
coronary artery (continued) costal region (continued)
cinnamon, 305, 308 recipes
cordyceps, 175 Chai Hu Shu Gan San, 612
curcuma, 232 Shu Gan Wan, 613
dahurian angelica, 314 Xiao Chai Hu Tang, 613
ganoderma, 272 coughs, 195, 293, 352. See also
hawthorn, 426, 427 antitussives
loranthus, 394 cow-bezoare, 452
morinda root, 179 Crataegus spp. See hawthorn
notoginseng, 214, 604 crushing, 56
psoralea fruit, 172 crying, 259. See also tearing, of eyes
pubescent holly, 248, 249 cupping, 26
pueraria, 346, 604 curculigo, 190-191
red peony root, 241 combinations, 596, 598, 639
salvia, 218, 219, 604 epimedium, 164, 165, 596
coronary disease curcuma, 230-232
acronychia, 252 combinations, 230-231, 613,
chrysanthemum, 339 634-635, 642-643
cnidium, 224 acorus, 281
gingko leaves, 258 acronychia, 251
hawthorn, 425-426, 427 albizzia bark, 286
notoginseng, 213 aucklandia, 210-211, 613
ophiopogon, 150 capillaris, 481, 642-643
polygonatum root, 158 Chinese angelica, 123
polygonum, 138 fritillary, 361
pueraria, 346 lysimachia, 478, 642-643
recipes magnolia, 449
Bu Yang Huan Wu Tang, 601 morinda root, 178, 598
Guan Xin Bing II Fang, 600 pubescent holly, 248
Huo Xue Tong Mai Pian, 604 salvia, 219
red peony, 241 cuscuta seed, 184-186
salvia, 217 combinations, 184-185, 595-596,
trichosanthes, 368 597-598, 607
corticosteroids, 129 cistanche, 181
cortisone, 5 cornus, 187, 188
corydalis lycium fruit, 152-153
combinations, 613, 615, 640 morinda root, 178
aucklandia, 210, 613 pilose antler, 192
cynanchum, 407 plantain seed, 476
cyperus tuber, 207-208 polygonum, 135, 597-598, 607
dahurian angelica, 313 psoralea fruit, 170
hawthorn, 426 rubus, 473
zedoaria, 565, 566 cuspidatum, 98
cosmetics, 312 cutting, 56
cost factors, 5, 51, 66 cuttlebone, 188, 313
costal region cyathula
bupleurum, 342-343, 612, 613 combinations, 601-602, 620
gardenia, 491 curculigo rhizome, 190
cyathula, combinations (continued) Damp-Heat, 210-211
duchesnea, 570 atractylodes, 442
red peony root, 239 aucklandia, 210-211
salvia, 216 capillaris, 481
cynanchum, 64, 376, 407-409 curcuma, 231
cynomorium, 598 dahurian angelica, 313
cyperus seed, 233 dandelion, 527
cyperus tuber, 207-209 duchesnea, 570
combinations, 207-208, 602, 604, gardenia, 491, 602
618-619, 631-632, 633, gentiana root, 501-502
634-635, 636, 637-638, 644, gingko leaves, 258
645 large-leaf gentian root, 405
acanthopanax, 413 lobelia, 548
akebia quinata, 554 lysimachia, 478
areca seed, 455, 619 oldenlandia, 545
aucklandia, 210, 211, 631 plantain seed, 475-476
bupleurum, 342, 645 and pueraria, 345
Chinese angelica, 123, 631, 636 rhubarb, 452
cnidium, 222, 602, 645 scute barbata, 550
curcuma, 230, 645 and urinary tract, 460
cynanchum, 407 Zhi Shi Dao Zhi Wan, 628
gardenia, 491-492 Dampness, 64, 68, 293, 459-461
hawthorn, 426 agastache, 429, 430, 610
rehmannia, 128, 644 amomum fruit, 432
white peony, 131, 631, 644 ascending, 62
cystitis, 409, 475, 491, 501. See also atractylodes, 441, 442
urinary tract infections chaenomeles, 410
Chinese yam, 111
dahurian angelica, 313
Da Cheng Qi Tang, 204, 451, 625 dry, 486
da huang. See rhubarb duchesnea, 570
Da Qin Jiou Tang, 405 lobelia, 548
dahurian angelica, 312-314 magnolia, 448, 610
combinations, 312-313, 610-611, oldenlandia, 545
615, 640, 642 pinellia, 355
agastache, 430, 610 polyporus, 470
asarum, 319, 611 poria, 468, 610
cnidium, 222, 611, 640 pubescent angelica, 387
large-leaf gentian root, 405 recipes, 74-76
magnolia flower, 325-326 Huo Xiang Zheng Qi Wan, 610
notopterygium, 390, 640 Yi Qi Li Pi Zhi Zhu Wan, 634
scute root, 510 Yue Ju Wan, 602
siler, 310, 611 rheumatic pain, 64
Dai channel, 193 scute root, 510
dai zheu shi. See red ochre Siberian ginseng, 94
dairy products, 34 stomachics, 422, 423t
Dalbergia odorifera. See acronychia tangerine peel, 201-202, 610
Damp syndrome, 459 zedoaria, 565
dan pi. See moutan bark deer antler. See pilose antler
dan shen. See salvia root dehydration, 211, 345. See also
Dan Shen Yin, 216, 599 astringents
Dan Zhi Xiao Yao Wan, 123-124, 491- desiccating recipes, 76
492 delirium
dandelion, 527-28 herbs for, 65
combinations coptis root, 515
Chinese star jasmine, 402 gardenia, 491
chrysanthemum, 495 rhubarb, 452, 625
coptis root, 515 scrophularia, 536-537
dahurian angelica, 313 recipes
forsythia, 504 Da Cheng Qi Tang, 625
fritillary, 362 Huang Lian Jie Du Tang,
houttuynia, 559 624-625
lonicera, 507 dementia, 258, 260, 268-69, 281
lysimachia, 479 dendrobium, 145-146, 178, 493, 634
magnolia flower, 325-326 depression, 3-4
paris rhizome, 538 albizzia bark, 287
patrinia, 532 atractylodes, 442, 602, 605-606
peach kernel, 245-246 Chinese angelica, 124, 605-606
polygonum, 136 cyperus tuber, 208, 602
prunella, 498 drugs for, 3-4
red peony, 241 fritillary, 361
salvia, 217 gardenia, 491
scute barbata, 550 gingko biloba, 260
semiaquilegia root, 568 ginseng, 146
siegesbeckia, 418 magnolia bark, 449, 613
trichosanthes, 368 recipes
vaccaria, 233 Ban Xia Hou Po Tang, 603
wild chrysanthemum, 507, 527, Jiao Gan Wan, 633
538 Shu Gan Wan, 613
dang gui. See Chinese angelica Si Ni San, 618
Dang Gui Wan, 122, 123 Tiao Shen Tang, 639
dang shen. See codonopsis root Xiao Yao Wan, 605-606
deafness. See hearing Yue Ju Wan, 602
debility TCM view, 195, 263-264
astragalus, 98, 101 dermatitis, 323. See also skin eruptions
Chinese angelica, 123 allergic, 108-109, 246, 272, 327,
polygonum, 135-36 408, 409
recipes neurodermatitis, 323
Mai Wei Di Huang Wan, 594 dermatomycoses
Shi Quan Da Bu Wan, 633 chrysanthemum, 497
Yan Ling Yi Shou Dan, 632 lobelia, 548
Yang Xin Jian Pi Wan, 636-637 magnolia bark, 450
Yi Qi Li Pi Zhi Zhu Wan, 634 red peony root, 241
rehmannia, 128 scute root, 512
decoctions, 65, 70, 71 stemona, 370
Four Noble Herbs, 73-74 descending, 62, 230
Descurainia sophia. See lepidium seed diabetes
desiccating recipes, 76 American ginseng, 147
detoxification, 64-65, 486. See also arctium fruit, 490
food poisoning asparagus root, 162
acupuncture, 31 astragalus, 98
amomum fruit, 433 atractylodes, 442-443
black nightshade, 557 Chinese yam, 110, 112
coptis root, 514, 515 coptis root, 516
cynanchum, 408 cornus, 189
duchesnea, 570 drug interactions, 146
fasting for, 627-628 epimedium, 166
forsythia, 504 fritillary, 363
fritillary, 362 ganoderma, 272
ginger, 317 germinated barley, 436
houttuynia, 559 gingko biloba, 260
isatis, 524 and ginseng, 88, 91
licorice root, 107, 108 lycium fruit, 153, 154
lobelia, 548 mulberry leaves, 336
lonicera, 507 neuritis of, 138
lysimachia, 479, 480 ophiopogon, 150
and medicinal herbs, 50 phellodendron, 520
paris rhizome, 538 platycodon, 359
polygonatum root, 157-158
patrinia, 532
polygonum, 137, 138
pinellia, 357
pueraria, 345, 347
polygonum, 136 recipes
prunella, 498-499 Jiang Tang Wan, 641
pubescent holly, 249 Mai Wei Di Huang Wan, 594
pueraria, 347 rehmannia, 127-128, 129
radish seeds, 446 salvia, 218
recipes schisandra, 114
Huang Lian Jie Du Tang, scrophularia, 537
624-625 Siberian ginseng, 96
Lao Nian Chi Dai Zheng Tang, trichosanthes, 368, 369
645 white atractylodes, 120
Long Dan Xie Gan Tang, diabetes insipidus, 108
629-630 Diabinase, 146
Yi Shen Tang, 629 diagnosis, 24-25
Zhi Shi Dao Zhi Wan, 628-629 diaphoretics, 293-297. See also
rhubarb, 451 sweating
scute barbata, 550 agastache, 431, 610
scute root, 510-511 akebia quinata, 554
semiaquilegia root, 568 arctium fruit, 489, 609
Siberian ginseng, 95, 96 chrysanthemum, 64, 338
siegesbeckia, 418, 419 cinnamon bark, 306
sophora root, 562 cinnamon twig, 303, 305, 619
di er cao. See Hypericum japonicum dahurian angelica, 314
Di Qi, 59-60 ephedra, 298-299, 300, 609-610,
DiaBeta, 146 619
diaphoretics (continued) diarrhea, recipes (continued)
and floating properties, 62 Si Shen Wan, 597
ginger, 318, 610, 619 Wu Ling San, 622
magnolia, 325, 610 Yan Ling Yi Shou Dan, 632
notopterygium, 390, 611 Yi Qi Li Pi Zhi Zhu Wan, 634
peppermint, 334, 609 Zhen Wu Tang, 626
pueraria, 345 rhubarb, 452, 453
recipes, 76 schisandra, 114, 116, 597
Chuan Xiong Cha Tiao San, 611 tangerine peel, 202, 610, 617
Huo Xiang Zheng Qi Wan, 610 white atractylodes, 118, 119, 610,
Tong Xuan Li Fei Pian, 609-610 622
Xiao Qing Long Tang, 619 diarrhea, as side effect
Yin Qiao Jie Du Pian, 609 apocynum, 284
siler, 309, 611 black nightshade, 558
tonics, 63-64 chrysanthemum, 339, 496
diarrhea. See also dysentery; enteritis coptis root, 515
aconite, 328 cordyceps, 175
alisma, 463, 622 dandelion, 528
amomum fruit, 432-433 ganoderma, 271
arctium fruit, 489 gingko seeds, 259
astragalus, 97 hawthorn, 426
aucklandia, 210, 211 lobelia, 549
bloody (see hemafecia) loranthus, 394
chaenomeles, 410 rabdosia, 552
Chinese angelica, 123 scute root, 511
Chinese star jasmine, 402 trichosanthes, 368
Chinese yam, 110 diazepam, 3
cinnamon bark, 307 diet pills, 52
codonopsis, 103 Dietary Supplement Health and
cold-expelling herbs, 64 Education Act (DSHEA), 78
coptis root, 514 dietary therapy, 33-35
duchesnea, 570 digestive system. See also enzymes;
evodia fruit, 437, 597 stomachics
gardenia, 492 acorus, 280
ginger, 316, 610, 617 agastache, 431, 610
hawthorn, 425 and carbohydrates, 436
large-leaf gentian root, 405 chrysanthemum, 339
lonicera, 507 cinnamon bark, 307, 308
phellodendron, 518, 519 cinnamon twig, 305
plantain seed, 475 cistanche, 182
polyporus, 470, 622 codonopsis, 105
poria, 467, 468, 610, 622 Cool/Warm herb effects, 60
as Qi deficiency, 82, 84t and descending herbs, 62
recipes ginger, 318, 610
Huo Xiang Zheng Qi Wan, 610 ginseng, 91
Ping Wei Wan, 617 licorice root, 106, 610
Shen Qi Wan, 594-595 and Qi, 195
Si Ni San, 618 recipes, 76, 610
digestive system (continued) diuretics (continued)
side effects, 356, 464 lycopodium, 417
spleen role, 422 lysimachia, 478
TCM view, 22, 264, 421 mulberry leaves, 336
white atractylodes, 118, 120, 610 phellodendron, 520
digitalis, 2 phragmites, 493, 494
ding xiang. See cloves plantain seed, 475, 477
Dioscorea opposita. See Chinese yam polyporus, 470, 471
diphtheria, 570 poria, 467, 469, 622, 626
dipsacus psoralea fruit, 172
combinations, 598 recipes
achyranthes root, 238 Fang Ji Huang Qi Tang, 621
amomum fruit, 433 Huang Lian Jie Du Tang,
cuscuta, 184 624-625
eucommia bark, 168 Ling Gui Zhu Gan Tang, 626
loranthus, 393 Pai Shi Tang, 642
lycopodium, 416 Qing Shen Jian Fei Fang, 646
white atractylodes, 119 Wu Ling San, 622
dispensing, 69-72 Yi Shen Tang, 629
dittany bark, 310 Zhen Wu Tang, 626
diuretics, 64, 459-462 rehmannia, 129
acanthopanax, 413 rhubarb, 453, 454
achyranthes root, 238 sargassum, 373
akebia quinata, 554, 555 scute barbata, 550, 551
albizzia bark, 287 scute root, 512
alisma, 463, 465, 622 semiaquilegia root, 568
apocynum, 283, 284 stephania, 399-400, 621
arctium fruit, 490 types, 460-461
areca seed, 455 vaccaria, 233
asparagus root, 162 white atractylodes, 119, 120, 621,
astragalus, 98, 100, 621 622, 626
bitter orange, 206 white peony root, 132
black nightshade, 557 dizziness
capillaris, 483 achyranthes root, 237
cinnamon, 304, 305, 626 apocynum, 283
clematis, 397 Chinese angelica, 123
coptis root, 516 chrysanthemum, 338, 339, 496
cornus, 189 and codonopsis, 103, 601-602
dandelion, 528 cordyceps, 176
ephedra, 299 cornus, 187
epimedium, 166 eucommia bark, 168
eucommia bark, 169 ganoderma, 270
forsythia, 505 gardenia, 491
ganoderma, 272 gastrodia tuber, 288, 289
leonurus, 243, 244 loranthus, 393-394
lepidium seed, 376 lycium fruit, 152, 153
lobelia, 549 mulberry leaves, 335
loranthus, 394 pilose antler, 192
dizziness (continued) dosage, 119. See also under specific
plantain seed, 476 herbs
polygonum, 135, 607 age factors, 66, 67, 68
prunella, 498 of essential oils, 67
recipes forms, 69-72
An Shen Bu Xin Wan, 607 general guidelines, 65-66
Jian Nao Bu Shen Wan, 601-602 measurements, 66
Qi Ju Di Huang Wan, 595 prolonged use, 66, 68
Wu Ling San, 622 in recipes, 75
rehmannia, 127, 607 of tinctures, 71
schisandra, 116, 607 dragon bone, 473, 601
siegesbeckia, 418 dragon’s tooth, 280
Suan Zao Ren Tang, 605 dreaminess
dizziness, as side effect polygala, 267, 608
bitter apricot kernel, 365 schisandra, 114, 608
capillaris, 482 as side effect, 271
ephedra, 299 TCM view, 195, 263
ganoderma, 271 Tian Wang Bu Xin Wan, 608
gingko leaves, 259 zizyphus, 277, 608
ginseng, 90 dried extract granules, 72
loranthus, 394 drowsiness, 175, 329, 343
lysimachia, 479 drugs, 67, 69. See also interactions
magnolia flower, 326 drying, 56
moutan bark, 255 drynaria, 445
mulberry leaves, 336 Dryness, 293
rhodendron, 380 Du channel, 21, 23t
salvia, 217 du huo. See pubescent angelica
sophora root, 563 Du Huo Ji Sheng Tang, 319, 387, 393,
stemona, 371 616
zizyphus, 278 Du Shen Tang, 88
dodder seed, 94, 167, 170, 174 du zhong. See eucommia bark
dog’s kidney, 598 Du Zhong Wan, 168
dolichos nut, 159, 425 duchesnea, 557, 570-571
dong chong xia cao. See cordyceps Duo Huo Ji Sheng Tang, 404
Dong gong, 32 duodenal ulcers
dong gua zi, 493 and astragalus, 98
dong kui zi, 559 bupleurum, 344
dong ling cao, 552-553 and codonopsis, 105
Dong quai. See Chinese angelica licorice root, 108
Dong Su, 43 poria, 468
donkey hide sarcandra, 573
combinations, 598 Shen Qi Wan, 594-595
cnidium, 222 dynasties, 38-43
eucommia bark, 168 dysentery, 64-65
loranthus, 393 aucklandia root, 210, 619
ophiopogon, 149 coptis root, 514, 516, 619
white atractylodes, 119 ginger, 318
donkey kidney, 598 licorice root, 106
dysentery (continued) eczema (continued)
lonicera, 507 siler, 310
patrinia, 532 stemona, 370
phellodendron, 518, 619 edema. See also diuretics
pueraria, 345-346 acanthopanax, 413
pulsatilla, 530 aconite, 328
recipes albizzia bark, 286
Mu Xiang Bing Lang Wan, alisma, 464
618-619 apocynum, 283
Zhi Shi Dao Zhi Wan, 628 areca seed, 455
sarcandra, 572 astragalus, 98
schisandra, 116 of brain, 260
scute root, 510, 511 cinnamon twig, 304
zedoaria, 565, 619 and codonopsis, 103
Dysosma pleiantha, 538 ephedra, 299
dyspepsia, 425. See also stomachics Fang Feng Tong Sheng San, 621
dysphagia, 355 of injuries, 260, 286
dysphoria. See anxiety; restlessness of kidneys, 283, 299
dyspnea. See also breathlessness leonurus, 243
Chinese yam, 111 lepidium seed, 376
codonopsis, 103 oldenlandia, 545
ephedra, 299 poria, 467, 469
ginger, 316 of pregnancy, 283, 464
gingko seeds, 258
of retina, 260
hawthorn, 426
sargassum, 373
lepidium seed, 376
scute barbata, 550
radish seeds, 445
scrophularia, 536 as side effect, 107
as side effect, 356 siegesbeckia, 418
stemona, 370 stephania, 399-400
Su Zi Jiang Qi Tang, 644 tangerine peel, 203
of vocal cords, 603
white atractylodes, 119
efficiency, 194
e zhu. See zedoaria elderly. See also antiaging effect
earaches, 501, 515, 630 acorus, 280
ears, 5. See also hearing; tinnitus and akebia quinata, 555
earthworms, 239, 402, 601, 612 and Chinese yam, 112
eclipta prostrate, 607 cistanche, 181
eczema cognitive function, 260-261, 280,
atractylodes, 442 645
Fang Feng Tong Sheng San, 620- constipation, 181
621 cordyceps, 176
houttuynia, 559 cornus, 187
lobelia, 548 dosages, 67, 68
phellodendron, 519 gingko biloba, 260-261
schizonepeta, 323 libido, 176
siegesbeckia, 418 mild strokes, 196
elderly (continued) ephedra, combinations (continued)
polygonum, 136, 138 licorice root, 106, 609-610, 619,
polyuria in, 187 620
psoralea fruit, 172 magnolia bark, 448
and Qi, 82 platycodon, 358, 609-610, 620
Qi Ju Di Huang Wan, 595 poria, 467, 609-10
electroacupuncture, 30 pueraria, 345
electromagnetic energy. See Qi schisandra, 114, 619
Eleutherococcus spp. See Siberian stemona, 370
ginseng versus ephedrine, 52, 300-301
elshotzia, 475 ephedrine, 3-4, 301
emetics, 65, 68 pseudoephedrine, 301
emotional disorders, 34, 606, 607 substitute, 327
emotions, 263-264 versus ephedra, 52, 300
emphysema, 299 epidemic febrile disease. See
encephalitis, 525 antipyretics; fever
endocrine functions. See Liu Wei Di epilepsy, 61. See also convulsions
Huang Wan acorus, 281
Endogenous Wind, 263, 264t, 266, 289 gastrodia, 290
endurance, 194 polygala, 267
energy, 59-60. See also Qi epimedium
enteritis. See also diarrhea combinations, 164-165, 596, 598
aucklandia, 211 curculigo, 190, 596
coptis root, 514 ginseng, 89, 598
hawthorn, 425 morinda root, 178, 596
patrinia, 532 plantain seed, 476
peach kernel, 245 psoralea fruit, 170
plantain seed, 476 radish seeds, 445
recipes epinephrine, 158, 189, 564
Yan Ling Yi Shou Dan, 632 equilibrium, 260
Yang Xin Jian Pi Wan, 636-637 side effects, 304, 307
Zhi Shi Dao Zhi Wan, 628 Er Chen Tang, 202, 355
sarcandra, 572 Er Miao San, 442
scute root, 510 Er Xian Tang, 596
enuresis erysipelas, 489, 524
cornus, 188 erythema, 489
ephedra, 300 esophageal cancer
gingko seeds, 258 akebia quinata, 554
psoralea fruit, 171 black nightshade, 557
rubus, 473 lobelia, 548
enzymes, 427, 436, 439 oldenlandia, 545
ephedra, 62, 63, 65, 298-301 rabdosia, 552
amphetamines, 301 sarcandra, 572
combinations, 298-299, 609-610, scute barbata, 550
619, 620 esophagus, 397
bitter apricot kernel, 364 Essence of Life, 601-602
ginger, 316-317, 619 essential oils, 59, 67
lepidium seed, 377 estrogenics, 209
eucommia bark, 167-169 expectorants (continued)
combinations, 167-168, 598, plantain seed, 476, 477
601-602, 614, 616, 620, platycodon, 358, 359
636-637 polygala, 268, 269
achyranthes root, 237, 238, 614 pubescent holly root, 250
amomum fruit, 433, 601-2 radish seeds, 445
cinnamon, 306, 616 recipes, 76
cistanche, 181 Mai Men Dong Tang, 623
cordyceps, 174 Su Zi Jiang Qi Tang, 644
cornus, 187, 188 Xiao Qing Long Tang, 619
gastrodia, 288, 614, 620 rhodendron, 379, 380
gingko leaves, 258 sargassum, 373
large-leaf gentian root, 404, 616 schisandra, 116, 619
leonurus, 243, 620 sophora root, 562
pilose antler, 192 stemona, 371
polygala, 267 tangerine peel, 202, 203
polygonum, 136, 620 trichosanthes, 367, 369
psoralea fruit, 170 Exterior syndromes, 293
scute root, 511, 620 cimicifuga, 348
Siberian ginseng, 94 Cold, 610
white atractylodes, 119, 601-602, recipes
614 Bai Du San Tang, 641-642
euphorbia, 67 Fang Feng Tong Sheng San, 621
euryale seeds, 258, 518 Qiang Huo Sheng Shi Tang, 616
evodia fruit, 67, 437-39 Wind-Cold, 309, 316-17, 635
combinations, 624, 643 Wind-Cold-Damp (see Wind-Cold-
areca seed, 455 Damp Exterior Syndromes)
chaenomeles, 410 Wind-Heat (see Wind-Heat Exterior
cinnamon bark, 306, 643 syndromes)
ginger, 316, 624 external use, 65, 68, 635
morinda root, 178 extracts, 71
psoralea fruit, 170 dried, 72
schisandra, 114 whole versus isolated ingredient,
exercise, 31-33 51-52
exogenous pathogens, 293 eye pain, 255
expectorants, 64, 352, 353t-354t. See eye redness. See also conjunctivitis
also phlegm chrysanthemum, 496, 498
asparagus root, 162 gardenia, 491
bitter orange, 204 gentiana root, 501-502
cinnamon twig, 304 moutan bark, 255
dahurian angelica, 314 peppermint, 332
epimedium, 166 plantain seed, 475
fritillary, 361-362, 363 red peony root, 240
ginger, 316 rhubarb, 452
glehnia, 159, 160 as side effect, 326
houttuynia, 559 eyes. See also vision
ophiopogon, 149, 623 atractylodes, 442
peppermint, 334 cataracts, 475
eyes (continued) Febrile-Bi, 383-385, 404, 418
dryness, 335 feet
gingko biloba, 260 acanthopanax, 413
inflammation, 495 atractylodes, 441
intraocular pressure, 357 bone spurs, 445
maculae, 240, 254 clematis, 396
mulberry leaves, 335 numbness (see numbness, of
mydriasis, 558 extremities)
pinellia, 357 phellodendron, 519
Qi Ju Di Huang Wan, 595 pubescent angelica, 387
retinal disorders, 147, 260 Su Zi Jiang Qi Tang, 644
side effects, 558 sweaty, 625
tearing, 335, 595 swollen, 644
wild chrysanthemum, 495 Fei, 22
fen, 66
fennel seed, 554
facial flushing, 263, 271, 521 fertility, female
facial infection, 521 cistanche, 181
facial neuralgia, 314, 401, 615, 621 epimedium, 164
facial paralysis, 391, 601 morinda root, 178
Fang. See recipes pilose antler, 192
fang feng. See siler rubus, 473
Fang Feng Tong Sheng San, 467, white peony root, 133
620-621 fertility, male, 194, 473, 476
Fang Ji. See recipes ferulic acid, 224
Fang Ji Huang Qi Tang, 98, 621 fever. See also antipyretics
Fang Xian, 43 in afternoons, 536
fasting, 627-28 coptis root, 514-515
fatigue and descending, 62
acanthopanax, 414 gardenia, 491
aconite, 329 ginseng, 87, 613
agastache, 429 honeysuckle, 62
American ginseng, 145, 147 recipes
astragalus, 100 Xiao Chai Hu Tang, 613
atractylodes, 441 Xiao Yao Wan, 605-606
bupleurum, 342-343 as side effect, 259, 336
cordyceps, 176 feverfew, and migraine, 51
of diabetes, 147 fibrinolysis, 218, 244
ginseng, 91, 92 fibromyositis, 238
lycium fruit, 153 fibrositis, 238, 388, 413
pilose antler, 194 fidgeting. See restlessness
as Qi deficiency, 82, 84t fingers, 310
Siberian ginseng, 94, 96 Fire, 293
fear chrysanthemum, 339, 496
Bai Zi Yang Xin Wan, 607 ginger, 317
poria, 467, 607 magnolia flower, 326
as side effect, 259 pubescent angelica, 388
TCM view, 263 Five Elements, 18-20
five fingers. See American ginseng forgetfulness (continued)
Fixed-Bi, 383-385 Siberian ginseng, 94
atractylodes, 441 Tian Wang Bu Xin Wan, 608
clematis, 396 zizyphus, 277, 608
ginseng, 88 formularies, 43
large-leaf gentian root, 404 forsythia, 64, 504-505
flaccidity, 418 combinations, 609, 620
flatulence arctium, 489, 609
aucklandia root, 210, 212, 619 black nightshade, 557
cinnamon bark, 307, 308 chrysanthemum, 338, 495, 496
and efficacy, 69 fritillary, 362
Mu Xiang Bing Lang Wan, 618-619 houttuynia, 559
pinellia, 280 isatis root, 521
radish seeds, 445 licorice root, 107, 609
tangerine peel, 203 lonicera, 507, 609
TCM view, 195 mulberry leaves, 335
zedoaria, 567 oldenlandia, 545
flavor, 20, 61 peppermint, 332, 333, 609
flavorings, 69, 607 rhubarb, 452
fleece flower root. See polygonum salvia, 217
floating and sinking, 62 schizonepeta, 322, 609
flowers, 54, 55 scrophularia, 535-536
processing, 56 scute barbata, 550
fluid, loss of, 64 siler, 309
follicle-stimulating hormone, 133 sophora root, 562
food(s), 33-35 stephania, 399
effects of, 69 Four Noble Herbs, 73-74, 88, 106, 118,
fruits, 54, 55 467
hot, 69, 89, 593, 594, 598, 607, 612 fraxinus bark, 518, 530
spicy, 34, 35, 69 frigidity, 114
and yin/yang, 19-20 Fritellaria thunbergii, 536
Food and Drug Administration (FDA) fritillary bulb, 329, 361-363
acupuncture, 8, 31 combinations
manufacturing practices, 77-78 akebia quinata, 554
side effects, 5 codonopsis, 103-104
food poisoning cordyceps, 175
agastache, 430 dahurian angelica, 313
ginger, 317 houttuynia, 559
licorice root, 107 mulberry leaves, 335
lysimachia, 480 platycodon, 358
Zhi Shi Dao Zhi Wan, 628 polygonatum, 156
food stagnation, 64, 76 prunella, 498
forgetfulness. See also amnesia; scrophularia, 536
cognitive function semiaquilegia root, 568
cordyceps, 176 sophora root, 562
polygala, 267, 608 stemona, 370
rehmannia, 128, 608 trichosanthes, 367
salvia, 217, 608 fruits, 54, 55
Fu, 22 gardenia, 64, 491-92
Fu Fang Dan Shen Pian, 213, 599-600 combinations, 602, 606, 620, 622,
fu ling. See poria 624-625, 629-630, 634-635,
fu pen zi. See rubus 637-638
fu zi. See aconite capillaris, 481, 622
Fu Zi Li Zhong Tang, 328, 614 Chinese angelica, 123-124, 606,
Fu-Hsi, 13 629
fungi, 55. See also antifungals Chinese star jasmine, 402
furuncles. See carbuncles; infections, coptis root, 515, 624-625
suppurative curcuma, 231
dandelion, 527
gentiana, 74-75, 501, 629
isatis, 524
gall, 251 lysimachia, 478
gallbladder, 22, 23t. See also bile oldenlandia, 545
secretion; cholecystitis phellodendron, 519, 624-25
capillaris, 481 plantain seed, 475, 629
gardenia, 491 rhubarb, 452, 622
lysimachia, 478 scute root, 510-511, 620,
parasites, 481 624-625, 629
recipes stephania, 399
Huang Lian Jie Du Tang, garlic, 26, 51
624-625 gastric neuroses, 603
Jia Wei Long Dan Xie Gan Wan, gastritis
635 acorus, 280
Li Dan Pai Shi Pian, 642-643 atractylodes, 441
rhubarb, 453 aucklandia, 211, 619
sarcandra, 572 cinnamon bark, 307
gallstones. See cholelithiasis polygala, 268
gambir, 65 recipes
combinations, 620, 640 Mu Xiang Bing Lang Wan,
apocynum, 283 618-619
chrysanthemum, 338, 640 Xiao Chai Hu Tang, 614
gastrodia, 288, 289, 620, 640 Yan Ling Yi Shou Dan, 632
gingko leaves, 258 Yang Xin Jian Pi Wan, 636-637
leonurus, 243, 620 sarcandra, 572
polygonum, 138, 620 gastrodia, 61, 64, 65, 288-290
prunella, 498 combinations, 288-289, 614, 620,
Gan, 22 635, 640
gan cao. See licorice root cnidium, 611
gan jiang. See ginger siler, 635
ganoderma, 53, 66, 270-272 gastroenteritis, 106, 316, 429, 463. See
combinations, 270-271 also enteritis; gastritis
astragalus, 98 gastrointestinal ailments, 64
polygonum, 138 gastrointestinal flu, 610
Ganoderma boninense, 272 ge gen. See pueraria
Ganoderma tsugae, 272 Ge Gen Jie Ji Tang, 345
Gao, 71 Ge Gen Qin Lian Tang, 345, 514
Ge Gen Tang, 345 gingko biloba seeds
ge jie (gecko), 88 combinations, 258, 518, 643
gelatin. See donkey hide preparation, 258, 259
gender factors, 66, 82 toxicity, 67, 259
and ginseng, 91 ginseng
Geng Nian Lou Tang, 639-640 and insulin, 91, 146
gentian root. See large-leaf gentian root sugar-processed, 87
gentiana root, 64, 74, 501-502 ginseng root, 85t, 87-92. See also
combinations, 74, 629-630, 634-635 American ginseng; Siberian
Chinese star jasmine, 402 ginseng
plantain seed, 475, 476, 629, 634 in combinations, 88-89, 598,
German measles, 322, 333 601-602, 607, 613-614, 623,
Germany, 49 624, 632-633
ginger, 64, 316-318 achyranthes root, 237
chemical components, 58 aconite, 328, 614
combinations, 316-317, 597, 603, acorus, 280
605-606, 610, 613-614, acronychia, 252
617-619, 621, 624, 626, asparagus, 161
641-642, 644 astragalus, 97, 98, 101, 607, 632
acanthopanax, 413 bupleurum, 342-343
aconite, 329, 626 Chinese angelica, 123, 601-602,
agastache, 429, 430, 431, 610 607, 632
amomum fruit, 432-433 Chinese yam, 110, 601-602
astragalus, 98 cnidium, 222, 607, 632
chaenomeles, 410 coptis root, 514
cinnamon, 303, 306, 307, 617, cordyceps, 175
619, 644 eucommia bark, 168
codonopsis, 103-104, 614 evodia fruit, 437, 624
coptis root, 514 Four Noble Herbs, 73-74
curculigo rhizome, 190 ginger, 316, 614, 624
cyperus tuber, 207 large-leaf gentian root, 404
ephedra, 299, 619 lepidium seed, 376-377
evodia fruit, 437, 438, 624 ophiopogon, 149, 150, 623
morinda root, 178 pilose antler, 192
pinellia, 355, 610, 613, 619 polygala, 267, 268-269, 601-602,
rubus, 473 607
siler, 309 rehmannia, 128, 632
stephania, 399-400 schisandra, 113, 115, 607
white atractylodes, 119, 610, 614 scute root, 511, 613
white peony, 132, 605-606, 619, white atractylodes, 118, 614
626 zizyphus, 89, 601, 607
and dietary therapy, 34 cultivation, 53, 87
and lungs, 62 dosage, 65
peel, 413 early descriptions, 38
gingivitis, 61 homeostatic effect, 7
gingko biloba leaves, 257-261 and lungs, 62
combinations, 138, 258 quality issues, 66
versus tacrine, 260 types, 87, 96, 146
ginsenosides, 58 gypsum, 61
glaucoma, 357 combinations, 620-621
glehnia root, 160-161 cnidium, 222, 620
combinations magnolia flower, 325
fritillary bulb, 361 ophiopogon, 149
lycium fruit, 152 phragmites, 493
ophiopogon, 150
polygonatum, 156
glomerulonephritis, 244 haematite, 237
Glucophase, 146 hai zao. See sargassum
glutamic acid-oxalactic transaminase hair
(SGOT), 483 alopecia, 170
glutamic acid-pyruvic transaminase astragalus effect, 102
(SGPT), 115, 344, 469, 483 and blood deficiency, 84t
glycosides, 58 He Shou Wu Wan, 597-598
Glycyrrhiza uralensis. See licorice root polygonatum root, 157
gonadotrophic effect, 92, 96. See also polygonum, 135, 597-598
ovaries; testicles rehmannia, 127, 597-598
gou qi zi. See lycium fruit haliotis, 442, 620
gou teng. See gambir Han dynasty, 38, 42
Gou Teng Yin Zi, 289 han fang ji. See stephania
granules, 72 han lian cao, 127
green tea, 391, 646 hawthorn, 425-27
groin itch, 530, 630, 635 combinations, 634, 645-646
groin pain, 642. See also loins aucklandia, 211
growth abnormalities, 193 barley, 435
Gu Chong Tang, 188 gingko leaves, 258
Gu Zhi Zeng Sheng Wan, 445 radish seeds, 445, 634
gua lou pi. See trichosanthes salvia, 219
gua lou ren. See trichosanthes zedoaria, 565
gua lou shi. See trichosanthes hawthorn fruit, 64, 204
gua wei. See trichosanthes hay fever, 327
guan mu tong. See akebia quinata he huan pi. See albizzia bark
Guan Xin Bing II, 226, 600 he shou wu. See polygonum
guan yin cha. See sarcandra He Shou Wu Wan, 135, 597-598
guang dong jin qian cao. See headaches
lysimachia achyranthes root, 237
Guei Zhi Wan, 307 apocynum, 283
Gui Ling Ji, 193 asarum, 319, 611
Gui Pi Tang, 89, 97, 467 chrysanthemum, 338, 496
gui zhi. See cinnamon bark; cinnamon cinnamon bark, 306
twig cnidium, 50, 221-222
Gui Zhi Fu Ling Wan, 254 dahurian angelica, 312, 314
Gui Zhi Tang, 303 ephedra, 298-299
guiding herbs, 74 evodia fruit, 437
Guillain-Barr syndrome, 147 gardenia, 491
gums, 61, 348, 352 gastrodia, 288, 289, 290, 615, 635
gynecological pain, 216 gentiana root, 501
headaches (continued) heart (continued)
ginger, 316-317, 610 aucklandia, 212
of hypertension, 393-394, 476 bitter orange, 206
liver-yang origin, 237, 289 black nightshade, 558
loranthus, 393-394 and blood deficiency, 83
magnolia flower, 325 blood flow to, 50
moutan bark, 255 carthamus, 228
mulberry leaves, 335 Chinese angelica, 125
neurovascular origin, 319, 621, 640 and chuan xiong, 61
(see also migraine) cimicifuga, 349
notopterygium, 390, 611 cnidium, 223, 224
peppermint, 332 curculigo rhizome, 191
plantain seed, 476 edema of, 283
prunella, 498 ephedra, 299, 300
pubescent angelica, 387, 615 and flavor, 61
pueraria, 345 ganoderma, 270
recipes and ginseng, 89
Chuan Xiong Cha Tiao San, 611 ginseng effect, 91
headwash, 635 glehnia effect, 160
Huo Xiang Zheng Qi Wan, 610 Guan Xin Bing II Fang, 600
Qiang Huo Sheng Shi Tang, 616 hawthorn, 427
Tian Ma Wan, 615 lepidium seed, 377
rhubarb, 452
loranthus, 394, 395
schisandra, 116
myocardial infarct, 196
as side effect
myocarditis, 399
black nightshade, 558
cimicifuga, 348 pathology, 23t
ephedra, 299 pericardium, 23t, 61, 65
gentiana root, 502 phlegm retiontion, 267-268
germinated barley, 436 pilose antler, 194
gingko leaves, 259 polygonum, 137
ginseng, 89, 90 poria, 467, 468
lobelia, 549 psoralea fruit, 172
sophora root, 563 pueraria, 346-347
siler, 309, 310, 610, 635 Qi deficiency, 84t, 89
white peony root, 132 radish seeds, 446
hearing recipes
and Chinese yam, 110 Tiao Shen Tang, 639
gentiana root, 501 Yang Xin Jian Pi Wan, 636-637
and kidneys, 5 rehmannia, 128, 129
pueraria, 345 rhodendron, 379, 380
rehmannia, 127 salvia, 218
schisandra, 115 and schisandra, 114, 116
heart, 22 tangerine peel, 203
aconite, 329, 330 yin deficiency, 140, 142t, 149, 607
acronychia, 252 heart attack. See myocardial infarct
apocynum, 283, 284 heart blood flow
asarum, 321 cuscuta, 186
heart disease, ischemic Heat (continued)
salvia, 219 isatis, 524
heart failure in liver (see liver Heat)
apocynum, 283 lobelia, 548
and astragalus, 100 lonicera, 507
cordyceps, 176 in lungs, 320, 367, 511
and ginseng, 92 lysimachia, 479
lepidium seed, 376-377 oldenlandia, 545
Tian Wang Bu Xin Wan, 608 phellodendron, 519
heart muscle phragmites, 493
pubescent holly root, 248, 250 pulsatilla, 530
heart rate. See also palpitations rabdosia, 552
acronychia, 252 recipes
areca seed, 456 Tiao Shen Tang, 639
biota seed, 275 Xi Jiao Di Huang Wan, 623
cimicifuga, 349 Yi Shen Tang, 629
cnidium, 223 rhubarb, 451, 452
cordyceps, 176 scute barbata, 550
hawthorn, 427 scute root, 510, 511
lepidium seed, 377 semiaquilegia root, 568
magnolia bark, 450 zedoaria, 565
pueraria, 347 Heat Dampness. See Damp-Heat
salvia, 217, 218
Heat phlegm
as side effect
pinellia, 355
lobelia, 549
heavy sensation
salvia, 217
side effects, 563 stephania, 399
black nightshade, 558 hectic fever, and phellodendron, 519
houttuynia, 560 heel pain
heartbeat, premature clematis, 396
cordyceps, 176 hei zhi. See ganoderma
heartburn, as side effect hellebore rhizome, 217, 240
capillaris, 482 helplessness
stemona, 371 cyperus tuber, 208
Heart-Qi hemafecia
acorus, 280 lonicera, 507
Bai Zi Yang Xin Wan, 607-608 recipes
and emotions, 263 Xi Jiao Di Huang Wan, 623
symptoms and herbs, 264t Yan Ling Yi Shou Dan, 632
Heat, 293, 485-488 rehmannia, 128
and amomum fruit, 433 schizonepeta, 322-323
black nightshade, 557 scute root, 511
in blood, 196, 240, 452, 536 hemastatics
Damp-Heat (see Damp-Heat) acronychia, 251
dandelion, 527 hematemesis
duchesnea, 570 duchesnea, 570
evodia fruit, 438 moutan bark, 231, 254, 623
houttuynia, 559 and platycodon, 359
hematemesis (continued) hemp seed (continued)
recipes polygonum, 136
Huang Lian Jie Du Tang, uses, 64
624-625 hepatitis
Xi Jiao Di Huang Wan, 623 and astragalus, 98
rhubarb, 452 aucklandia, 211
schizonepeta, 322-323 capillaris, 481
hematoma, creation of, 26 Chinese angelica, 125
hematopoeisis curcuma, 232
acanthopanax, 414 dandelion, 527
hematopoiesis. See also blood cells gardenia, 491
bitter apricot kernel, 365 gentiana root, 501
ginseng, 92 isatis root, 521
lycium fruit, 154 large-leaf gentian root, 405
hematuria licorice root, 108, 614
curcuma, 231 lysimachia, 478
leonurus, 243 phellodendron, 519
pubescent angelica, 388 recipes
recipes Long Dan Xie Gan Tang, 630
Xi Jiao Di Huang Wan, 623 Xiao Chai Hu Tang, 614
scute root, 511 salvia, 217, 219
hemiplegia. See stroke patients and salvia, 50
hemoglobin, 92 schisandra, 50, 114, 115, 116
hemolytic effect, 558 hepatomegaly, 217, 230, 565
hemorrhage, 320, 367, 511, 511. See herba eclipta, 127
also bleeding herbal medicines. See medicinal herbs
acronychia, 251 herbal teas. See teas
internal, 213, 214 hernia, 195, 554
notoginseng, 213, 214 herpes simplex, 333
rhubarb, 453 herpes zoster
as side effect cynanchum, 409
ginseng, 90 Long Dan Xie Gan Tang, 630
mulberry leaves, 335 lycopodium, 416
TCM view, 196 pueraria, 346
hemorrhoids red peony root, 241
houttuynia, 559 vaccaria, 234
phellodendron, 519 heydotis. See oldenlandia
hemostasis. See also San qi hiccups, 195, 60360-4
gardenia, 491 ho shou wu, 595-596, 636, 645-646
phellodendron, 519 hoarseness, 103, 402, 603
symptoms, 50-51 hoelen. See poria
tonics for, 63 hogbane, 283-284
hemostatics, 63 holly root. See pubescent holly root
hemp seed homalomena rhizome, 416
bitter apricot kernel, 364 homeostasis, 7, 139-144, 594-595
Chinese angelica, 124 honey, 88
cistanche, 181-182 honeysuckle flower, 62, 524
peach kernel, 245 hong hua. See carthamus
Hordium vulgare. See barley, hydrocodone, 5
germinated hyperactive symptoms, 348
hormone therapy, alternatives, 639-640 Hypericum japonicum, 219
hormones hyperlipidemia. See also cholesterol;
lipolytic, 314 triglycerides
luteinizing, 133 aconite, 330
sexual, 154, 182, 209, 414 alisma, 463, 465
hot foods, 34, 35, 69, 89, 593, 594, 598, chrysanthemum, 497
607, 612 cordyceps, 175
hot-natured herbs, 59-60, 62, 68 curcuma, 231-232
hou po. See magnolia bark ganoderma, 271, 272
Hou Po Ma Huang Tang, 448 gingko leaves, 258
houttuynia, 559-561 hawthorn, 426, 427
combinations mulberry leaves, 337
fritillary, 362 notoginseng, 215
magnolia flower, 325-326 radish seeds, 445, 446
patrinia, 532 recipes
platycodon, 358 He Shou Wu Wan, 598
scute barbata, 550 Jiang Tang Wan, 641
sophora root, 562 Jiang Zhi Fang, 646
Hu Sihei, 33 sargassum, 373
hu zhang, 98, 478 trichosanthes, 369
Hua qi shen. See American ginseng hypertension
apocynum, 283, 284
Hua To, 557
capillaris, 483
huai niu xi. See achyranthes root chrysanthemum, 338, 339, 496
huang bai. See phellodendron cnidium, 224
huang jing. See polygonatum cornus, 188
huang lian. See coptis curculigo rhizome, 190
Huang Lian Jie Du Tang, 510-511, cynanchum, 408
515, 624-625 dietary therapy, 35
huang qi. See astragalus root epimedium, 165
Huang Qi Gui Zhi Wu Wu Tang, 98 ganoderma, 270
Huang Qi Jian Zhong Tang, 98 gastrodia, 288, 620
Huang Qi Tang, 114 gentiana root, 501
huang qin. See scute root hawthorn, 425-426
huang zhi. See ganoderma headaches of, 393-394, 476
Huang-Ti, 13 large-leaf gentian root, 405
human body leonurus, 243, 620
energy circuit, 21 loranthus, 394, 620
five viscera, 20, 22-23 plantain seed, 476, 477
TCM view, 25-26, 27 polygonum, 138, 620
human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), prunella, 498
512 pueraria, 346
Huo Luo Xiao Ling Dan, 123 and Qigong, 32
huo xiang. See agastache radish seeds, 445, 446
Huo Xiang Zheng Qi Wan, 430, 611 recipes
Huo Xue Shu Jing Zhi Tong Fang, 638 Long Dan Xie Gan Tang, 630
Huo Xue Tong Mai Pian, 252, 604 Tian Ma Gou Teng, 620
hypertension (continued) immune system. See also antiallergic
sargassum, 373, 374 effect; reticuloendothelial
as side effect system
ginseng, 89 acanthopanax, 414
licorice root, 107, 108 astragalus, 98, 100, 101
lobelia, 549 carthamus, 228
siegesbeckia, 418, 419, 420 chaenomeles, 411
stephania, 401 chrysanthemum, 497
TCM view, 196, 263 cinnamon twig, 305
white peony, 132 cistanche, 182
hypnotics, 264. See also insomnia codonopsis, 104-105
acorus, 281 cordyceps, 175, 176
albizzia bark, 287 cuscuta, 185-186
cinnamon twig, 305 dandelion, 528
cordyceps, 175, 176 epimedium, 166
cynanchum, 408 eucommia bark, 169
gardenia, 492 forsythia, 505
gastrodia, 290 ganoderma, 272
lycium fruit, 154 ginseng, 92, 614
morinda root, 179 houttuynia, 561
moutan bark, 255 interferon, 101
oldenlandia, 546 isatis, 525
lycium fruit, 154
polygala, 268
macrophages, 411
pubescent angelica, 388-389
natural killer cells, 101, 154
white peony, 133 oldenlandia, 546
zizyphus, 278 ophiopogon, 151
hypochondriac region pilose antler, 194
akebia quinata, 554 polyporus, 471
bupleurum, 61 as Qi deficiency, 82, 84t
cnidium, 61 recipes
gentiana root, 501 Shi Quan Da Bu Wan, 633
recipes Xiao Chai Hu Tang, 614
Ban Xia Hou Po Tang, 603 Zhi Shi Dao Zhi Wan, 628-629
Ling Gui Zhu Gan Tang, 626 rehmannia, 129
Long Dan Xie Gan Tang, 630 rhubarb, 453
Shu Gan Wan, 613 scute barbata, 551
Su Zi Jiang Qi Tang, 644 scute root, 512, 614
Xiao Yao Wan, 605-606 Siberian ginseng, 95, 96
hypoglycemics. See diabetes suppression of, 453
hypoxia, 260 T cells, 101, 154, 166, 272
hysterectomy patients, 606 white atractylodes, 120
zedoaria, 566-567
imperata
combinations, 629
Ilex pubescentis. See pubescent holly dandelion, 527
root leonurus, 243, 629
immature bitter orange. See bitter phragmites, 493
orange scute root, 511
Imperial Palace recipes, 631-638 infections, suppurative (continued)
impotence. See also aphrodisiacs houttuynia, 559
aconite, 328 in intestines, 532, 545
asparagus root, 161 licorice root, 107
cordyceps, 174 in lung (see lung abscesses)
cuscuta, 184 lysimachia, 479
epimedium, 164 paris rhizome, 538
eucommia bark, 167 peach kernel, 245
gingko biloba, 260 phellodendron, 519
and ginseng, 87, 89 prunella, 498
morinda root, 178 sarcandra, 572
pilose antler, 192-193 schizonepeta, 322
psoralea fruit, 170 scute root, 510
recipes semiaquilegia root, 568
Nan Bao, 598 influenza
Shen Qi Wan, 594-595 arctium, 489, 609
rubus, 473 astragalus, 101
and Siberian ginseng, 94 black nightshade, 557
as side effect, 348 forsythia, 504, 609
tonics for, 63 gastrointestinal type, 610
impurities, 56 isatis, 521, 525
Indian bread. See poria lonicera, 507, 609
indigestion, 64. See also stomachics mulberry leaves, 335
infants, 515, 593 notopterygium, 390
infections, 485-488. See also rabdosia, 552
antimicrobials; urinary tract recipes
infections Bai Du San Tang, 641-642
external, 495 (see also infections, Fang Feng Tong Sheng San,
supurative) 620-621
general, 402 Huo Xiang Zheng Qi Wan, 610
intestinal, 245 (see also enteritis) Tong Xuan Li Fei Pian, 609-610
of lung, 358 (see also pneumonia) Yin Qiao Jie Du Pian, 609
protozoal, 318, 450, 531 scrophularia, 535-536
in throat, 521, 524 stemona, 372
upper respiratory, 511 (see also TCM view, 293
common colds) infusions, 69
vaginal, 530, 559 (see also injuries
leukorrhea) achyranthes root, 236-237
infections, suppurative, 64-65, 76. See albizzia bark, 286
also carbuncles bleeding from, 251
astragalus, 98 carthamus, 227
black nightshade, 557 cnidium, 221
chrysanthemum, 495 edema of, 260, 286
coptis root, 515 leonurus, 243
dandelion, 527 rhubarb, 452
duchesnea, 570 salvia, 216
forsythia, 504 inquiry, 24
gingko seeds, 258 insect bites, 408, 548
insects interactions (continued)
earthworms, 239 ampelopis, 329
leech, 565, 645 with anticoagulants, 89, 124, 218
lice, 371 atropine, 214-215
scabies, 310 barbiturates, 268
scorpion, 289 biota seed, 275
silkworm, 222, 289, 335 black hellebore, 217, 240
insomnia. See also hypnotics cloves, 231
acorus, 280, 607, 608 codonopsis, 104
apocynum, 283 curcuma, 231
astragalus, 102, 607 diabetes drugs, 146
biota seed, 274, 608 digitoxin, 564
and foods, 34 epinephrine, 158, 564
ganoderma, 270 evodia fruit, 438
gastrodia, 288, 620 gardenia, 74-75
ginseng, 89, 607, 608 gentiana, 74-75
polygala, 267, 607, 608 ginger, 431, 438
polygonum, 135-136, 137, 607, 620 ginseng, 89
poria, 467, 468, 605, 607, 608, 620 jujube seed, 278
recipes licorice, 374
An Shen Bu Xin Wan, 607 MAO inhibitors, 146
Bai Zi Yang Xin Wan, 607 notoginseng, 214-215
Huang Lian Jie Du Tang, 624- pinellia, 329
625 polygala, 268
Jian Nao Bu Shen Wan, 601-602 potassium, 564
Jiao Gan Wan, 633 salvia, 217, 218, 240
Suan Zao Ren Tang, 605 sargassum, 374
Tian Ma Gou Teng, 620 scute root, 74-75
Xue Fu Zhu Yu Tang, 603-604 between sedatives, 281
Yan Ling Yi Shou Dan, 632 sophora root, 564
Yang Xin Jian Pi Wan, 636-637 synergy, 73-75
rehmannia, 128, 607, 608 trichosanthes, 329, 368
salvia, 217, 607, 608 veratrum, 89, 104, 132, 160, 217
schisandra, 114, 116, 607, 608 with vitamins, 67
Siberian ginseng, 94, 96 white peony, 132
as side effect, 89, 90, 214 zizyphus, 278
TCM view, 263 interferon, 101
tonics for, 84t Interior syndromes, 294
zizyphus, 279, 605, 607, 608 intestinal abscess, 532, 545
inspection, 24 intestinal cramps, 107, 610
insulin, 91, 146 intestinal infection. See enteritis
interactions, 67, 69 intestines, 22. See also colon
acetylcholine/bitter orange, 205-206 achyranthes root, 238
aconite, 329, 368, 564 acorus, 281
with acorus, 281 agastache, 431
agastache, 431 amomum fruit, 433
American ginseng, 146 apocynum, 284
amobarbital, 275 areca seed, 456
intestines (continued) itching (continued)
aucklandia, 212 in perineum, 501
bitter orange, 205-206 pulsatilla, 530
cinnamon bark, 308 recipes
cleansing recipe, 628 Fang Feng Tong Sheng San, 621
ephedra, 300 Jia Wei Long Dan Xie Gan Wan,
evodia fruit, 438 635
fritillary, 363 Long Dan Xie Gan Tang, 630
licorice root effect, 108 scabies, 310
lycopodium, 417 schizonepeta, 322, 323
mulberry leaves, 337 siegesbeckia, 419
pathology, 23t siler, 310
polygonum, 137
pueraria, 347
red peony, 241
rhubarb, 451 jaundice
stephania, 401 capillaris, 481
white peony, 133 coptis root, 515
intoxication, with gingko, 259 curcuma, 231, 232
irritability gardenia, 491
ginseng, 89 gentiana root, 501
ophiopogon, 149 large-leaf gentian root, 405
polygala, 267 lobelia, 548
recipes lysimachia, 478
Dan Zhi Xiao Yao Wan, 606 oldenlandia, 545
Jiang Tang Wan, 641 phellodendron, 519
Tian Ma Gou Teng, 620 recipes
Xue Fu Zhu Yu Tang, 603-604 Huang Lian Jie Du Tang,
as side effect, 90, 217 624-625
TCM view, 263 Yin Chen Hao Tang, 622
tonics for, 84t rhubarb, 452
isatis leaf, 521, 524-525, 559 scute root, 510
isatis root, 521-522 Ji Ming San, 455
combinations, 629 Ji Sheng Fang, 43
arctium fruit, 489 ji xue teng. See millettia
cimicifuga, 348 Jia Kang Fang, 644
houttuynia, 559 Jia Wei Di Huang Wan, 193
magnolia flower, 325-326 Jia Wei Long Dan Xie Gan Wan, 501,
pubescent holly, 249 634-635
sophora root, 562 Jia Yu Ben Cao, 39
isoproterenol, 3-4 Jian Ling Tang, 132
itching Jian Nao Bu Shen Wan, 267, 601-602
coptis root, 515 jiang can. See silkworm
cynanchum, 408 Jiang Tang Wan, 641
gentiana root, 501 jiang xiang. See acronychia
in groin, 530, 630, 635 jiang zhen xiang. See acronychia
houttuynia, 559 Jiang Zhi Fang, 645-646
peppermint, 333, 334 Jiao Ai Tang, 222
Jiao Gan Wan, 633 ju hua. See chrysanthemum
jiao ma huang. See ephedra Juan Bi Tang, 123, 309-310
jie geng. See platycodon jujube
Jie Geng Tang, 358 combinations, 610, 617, 621, 623,
jin, 66 624, 631-632, 636-637, 644
Jin gong, 32 astragalus, 98, 613, 621
Jin Gui Shen Qi Wan, 111, 594-595 biota seed, 274
Jin Gui Yao Lue Fang Lun, 42 cinnamon twig, 303, 617
jin qian cao. See lysimachia coptis root, 514
jin yin hua. See lonicera eucommia bark, 168
jin ying zi, 473 evodia fruit, 437, 624
Jing. See meridia ginger, 316, 621, 624, 644
Jing Fang Bai Du San, 309, 322, 323 lepidium seed, 376
jing jie. See schizonepeta ophiopogon root, 149
Jinhuang Zhou, 82 poria, 467, 631, 636-637
rehmannia, 128
jiu jie cha. See sarcandra
schisandra, 114
Jiu Wei Qiang Huo Tang, 313, 319, 390
wild, 278, 607 (see also
joint pain. See also knees zizyphus)
acanthopanax, 413
aconite, 328
asarum, 319
atractylodes, 441 Kai Bao Ben Cao, 39
Chinese angelica, 123 kidney(s), 22. See also nephritis
cinnamon twig, 303 achyranthes root, 237
cnidium, 61, 616 alisma, 464
curculigo rhizome, 190 of animals, 598
cynanchum, 407 apocynum, 283
epimedium, 165 bitter apricot kernel, 365
carthamus, 228
gastrodia, 289
Chinese yam, 110
loranthus, 393
chrysanthemum, 497
lycopodium, 416 cordyceps, 176
morinda root, 178 cuscuta, 184
phellodendron, 519 edema of, 283, 299
pubescent angelica, 387-388, 616 ephedra, 299
Qiang Huo Sheng Shi Tang, 616 evodia fruit, 437
rabdosia, 552 and flavor, 61
sarcandra, 572 ginger effect, 317
and Siberian ginseng, 94 ginseng, 89
siler, 309-310, 616 and hearing, 5
stephania, 399 mulberry leaves, 336
TCM view, 293 plantain seed, 476, 477
joint stiffness, 310, 612 polygonum, 136
joint swelling, 404, 519. See also knees poria, 468
joy, 263 preexisting conditions, 68
Ju Fang Fa Hui, 43 psoralea fruit, 170
Ju He Wan, 373 pyelitis, 475, 550
kidney(s) (continued) Kidney-Qi, 111, 188, 622
recipes knees, aches in
Jiang Zhi Fang, 645-646 achyranthes root, 237
Shi Quan Da Bu Wan, 633 cistanche, 181
Yi Shen Tang, 629 cordyceps, 174
schisandra effect, 114, 116 curculigo rhizome, 190
Siberian ginseng, 94 eucommia bark, 167
side effects, 333, 555 pilose antler, 192
tonics, 63 recipes
yin/yang balance, 89, 110, 111, 114, Nan Bao, 598
127-128, 136, 139-140, 142t Tian Ma Wan, 615
(see also kidney yang; kidney knees, swelling in
yin) achyranthes root, 238
kidney disease, 244, 555. See also atractylodes, 441, 442
nephritis phellodendron, 519
kidney failure, 176, 188, 333, 608 knees, weakness in
kidney stones, 233, 477, 478, 642 Chinese yam, 110
kidney yang, 140-141 epimedium, 164
aconite, 328 polygonum, 135
cinnamon, 306 rehmannia, 128
cistanche, 181 ku shen. See sophora root
cornus, 187 ku xing ren. See bitter apricot kernel
curculigo, 190 kudzu. See pueraria
eucommia bark, 167 kun cao. See leonurus
evodia fruit, 437
pilose antler, 192-193
plantain seed, 476 lactation, 66, 67, 68
psoralea fruit, 170 barley, 435
recipes rhubarb, 452
Er Xian Tang, 596-597 tangerine peel, 202
Long Bi Xiao Tang, 643 vaccaria, 233, 234
Shen Qi Wan, 594-595 lactic acid, 346-347
Zhen Wu Tang, 626 lai fu zi. See radish seeds
kidney yin, 139-140 Lao Nian Chi Dai Zheng Tang, 645
asparagus root, 161 large-leaf gentian root, 404-405
chrysanthemum, 338 combinations, 616
cornus, 187 achyranthes root, 237
epimedium, 164 asarum, 319, 616
eucommia bark, 168 Chinese star jasmine, 402
loranthus, 393-394 cnidium, 222, 616
lycium fruit, 152 gastrodia, 289
recipes loranthus, 393, 616
He Shou Wu Wan, 597-598 notopterygium, 390
Jia Kang Fang, 644 laryngitis, 402, 552
Liu Wei Di Huang Wan, 593 lassitude
Mai Wei Di Huang Wan, 594 achyranthes root, 237
Qi Ju Di Huang Wan, 595 American ginseng, 145
scrophularia, 536 astragalus, 98
lassitude (continued) leukorrhagia
bupleurum, 342-343 alisma, 463
Chinese angelica, 123 atractylodes, 442
Chinese yam, 110 dahurian angelica, 313
cistanche, 181 gentiana root, 501
epimedium, 164 gingko seeds, 258
eucommia bark, 167 polyporus, 470
ginseng, 89 recipes
large-leaf gentian root, 418 Long Dan Xie Gan Tang, 630
pilose antler, 192 Yan Ling Yi Shou Dan, 632
polygonum, 135 leukorrhea
poria, 467 phellodendron, 518
as Qi deficiency, 82, 84t polygonum, 135
recipes recipes
Jian Nao Bu Shen Wan, 601-602 Jia Wei Long Dan Xie Gan Wan,
Ping Wei Wan, 617 635
Shi Quan Da Bu Wan, 633 Ping Wei Wan, 617
rehmannia, 128 Yang Xin Jian Pi Wan, 636-637
Siberian ginseng, 94 Li Dan Pai Shi Pian, 642-643
as side effect, 217, 343 Li Shizhen, 39, 43
tangerine peel, 202 Li Zhong Tang, 119, 316
white atractylodes, 118 lian qian cao. See lysimachia
laxatives. See constipation lian qiao. See forsythia
leaven, medicated Lian Qiao Bai Du San, 504
combinations, 602, 628
liang, 66
barley, 435
Liang Fu Wan, 207
bitter orange, 204, 628
Liang Ge San, 452
cyperus tuber, 208
hawthorn, 425 Liao diao zhu. See cynanchum
radish seeds, 445 libido, 176. See also aphrodisiacs
leaves, 54, 55 Librium, 3
slicing, 56 lice, 371
ledebouriella root. See siler licorice root, 50, 106-109
leech, 565, 645 combinations, 74, 106-107, 598,
leg muscles, 410, 416. See also limbs; 601, 603, 605, 607-612,
muscles 613-614, 616-619, 620-621,
leonurus, 242-244 623, 626, 629-630, 632-635,
combinations, 242-243, 620, 629 639, 641-642, 643, 644
akebia quinata, 555 aconite, 328, 329, 614
duchesnea, 570 agastache, 429, 610
gastrodia, 288, 620 asarum, 319, 611, 619
hawthorn, 426 asparagus root, 161, 608
plantain seed, 476 astragalus, 98, 607, 632, 643
pubescent holly, 248-249 aucklandia, 211
salvia, 216, 629 bitter apricot, 364
lepidium seed, 376-377 black nightshade, 557
leukemia, 162 bupleurum, 343, 603, 605-606,
leukopenia, 564 612, 613, 618, 629, 641
licorice root, combinations (continued) lightheadedness, 61, 168, 288
Chinese angelica, 123, 601, 605, lignin, 54
607, 608, 616, 629, 632, 644 ligustrum
Chinese star jasmine, 402 combinations, 597-98, 607, 616,
Chinese yam, 110, 601-602 639-640
cimicifuga, 348 cornus, 187, 639
cinnamon twig, 303, 304, 617, cuscuta, 184
626 polygonum, 136
cnidium, 222, 603, 605, 607, pubescent angelica, 387, 616
611-612, 616, 632 rehmannia, 127, 607, 639
codonopsis, 103-104, 601, 608, rubus, 473
614, 616 lily, 536
coptis root, 514 limb coldness
dahurian angelica, 313 aconite, 328, 329
ephedra, 299, 609-610, 619 cinnamon, 307
gardenia, 491, 606, 629 evodia fruit, 437
gastrodia, 289 recipes
ginger, 316, 613, 614, 617, 641 Da Cheng Qi Tang, 625
ginseng, 88, 89, 607, 608, 613, Fu Zi Li Zhong Tang, 614
623, 632 Shen Qi Wan, 594
glehnia, 159 Si Ni San, 618
isatis root, 521 limb neuritis, 138
limb pain
large-leaf gentian root, 405, 616
astragalus, 99
leonurus, 243
cinnamon twig, 303
magnolia flower, 325-326 clematis, 396, 616
notopterygium, 390, 616 cnidium, 222, 616
ophiopogon, 150, 608, 623 loranthus, 393, 616
peach kernel, 245-246, 603 pubescent angelica root, 388, 616
platycodon, 358, 603, 608, 609- recipes
610 Chuan Xiong Cha Tiao San, 611
polygala, 268, 601, 607, 608, 639 Du Huo Ji Sheng Tang, 616
poria, 467, 468, 605, 607, 608, Zhen Wu Tang, 626
609-610, 626, 643 limb spasms, 132
pubescent holly root, 249 limb weariness
red peony, 239, 603 chaenomeles, 410
rehmannia, 128, 603, 629 lycium fruit, 152-153
rhubarb, 452 pilose antler, 193
salvia, 217, 608 recipes
scrophularia, 535, 608 Shi Quan Da Bu Wan, 633
stephania, 399-400 Su Zi Jiang Qi Tang, 644
tangerine peel, 201, 202, Yan Ling Yi Shou Dan, 632
609-610, 612, 617 limbs. See also numbness
white atractylodes, 118, 119, arterial disorders, 260
610, 614, 626 arthralgia in, 404, 441 (see also joint
white peony, 132, 605-606, 612, pain)
616, 618, 619, 632 eczema in, 442
zizyphus, 277, 601-602, 605, edema in, 413
607, 608, 639 side effects, 98, 563
Ling Gui Zhu Gan Tang, 119, 304, 626 liver (continued)
Ling Jiao Gou Teng Tang, 338 poria, 469, 605
ling zhi. See ganoderma preexisting conditions, 68
lipid peroxidation, 392 protection, 50, 100, 469, 483, 502,
lipolytic hormones, 314 505, 512, 563
lipoprotein, 158 prunella, 498
lips, 82-83, 84t, 339 pubescent, 388
liquid extracts, 71 pubescent holly, 249
listlessness. See lassitude recipes, 74
litchi seed, 554 Jiang Zhi Fang, 645-646
Liu Qin Gao, 71 Long Dan Xie Gan Tang,
Liu Wei Di Huang Wan, 127-128, 187, 629-630
593 Suan Zao Ren Tang, 605
Liu Yu Tang, 208 Xiao Jian Zhong Tang, 617-618
liver, 22. See also jaundice; liver Heat; red peony, 240
Liver-Qi rehmannia, 128
acanthopanax, 414 related disorders, 61, 65
achyranthes root, 237 rhodendron, 379
aconite, 329 and rhubarb, 452
alisma, 463, 465 salvia, 218
apocynum, 283 sargassum, 374
and blood deficiency, 83 schisandra, 115, 116
bupleurum, 344 scute root, 512
capillaris, 483 side effects, 394
Chinese angelica, 125 sophora root, 563
cimicifuga, 349 white atractylodes, 120
curcuma, 232 white peony, 132
cuscuta, 184 Wind expulsion, 263
cyperus tuber, 207 yang-induced headaches, 237
enlarged, 217, 230, 565 zedoaria, 565
Fire (see liver Heat) liver, as therapy, 442
and flavor, 61 liver cancer
forsythia, 505 black nightshade, 557
ganoderma, 272 rabdosia, 552
gardenia, 491 scute barbata, 550
gentiana root, 74, 501-502 semiaquilegia root, 568
Heat in (see liver Heat) sophora root, 563
hyperactivity, 498 zedoaria, 565
licorice root effect, 108, 109 liver Heat
moutan bark, 255 bupleurum, 343
mulberry leaves, 336 chrysanthemum, 339, 496
notopterygium, 393 gentiana root, 501-502, 634-635
parasite damage, 374 Jia Wei Long Dan Xie Gan Wan,
pathology, 23t 634-635
patrinia, 533 mulberry, 335
peach kernel, 246 red peony, 240
plantain seed, 475 TCM view, 255, 263
polygonum, 136, 137 zizyphus, 277
liver yang loins, aches in
deficiency, 141 acanthopanax, 413
cornus, 187 achyranthes root, 237
and emotions, 263 cistanche, 181
eucommia, 167, 168 eucommia bark, 167
symptoms, 264t loranthus, 393
hyperactivity pilose antler, 192
apocynum, 283 loins, weakness in
chrysanthemum, 338 epimedium, 164
epimedium, 165 polygonum, 135
gastrodia, 61, 65, 288, 289, 620 recipes
hawthorn, 425-426 Jian Nao Bu Shen Wan, 601-602
siegesbeckia, 418 Shen Qi Wan, 594
Tian Ma Gou Teng, 620 Long Bi Xiao Tang, 643
liver yin deficiency, 140, 142t long dan cao. See gentiana root
chrysanthemum, 338 Long Dan Xie Gan Tang, 74-75, 501,
loranthus, 393-394 629-630
and lycium fruit, 152 long kui. See black nightshade
polygonum, 136, 597-598 longan aril
recipes, 128, 393-394, 594, combinations, 631, 639
597-598 astragalus, 97, 631, 639
Liver-Qi, 131-132, 195, 263-264 ginseng, 89
akebia quinata, 554 poria, 467, 631
atractylodes, 442, 605-606 rehmannia, 128
bupleurum, 342, 605-606, 612, 618 zizyphus, 277, 639
Chinese angelica, 123, 124 longevity pills. See Ba Xian Chang
curcuma, 230 Shou Wan; Mai Wei Di
cyperus, 207 Huang Wan; Yan Ling Yi
evodia fruit, 437 Shou Dan; Yan Shou Dan
fritillary, 361 lonicera, 64, 65, 507-508
gardenia, 491, 602 combinations, 597-598, 601-602,
magnolia bark, 449, 613 609, 629, 635
peppermint, 333 arctium, 489, 601-602, 609
recipes Chinese star jasmine, 402
Chai Hu Shu Gan San, 611 chrysanthemum, 495, 496
Dan Zhi Xiao Yao Wan, 606 coptis root, 515, 516
Jiao Gan Wan, 633 dandelion, 527
Pian Tao Tong Tang, 640 forsythia, 504, 609
Shu Gan Wan, 613 hawthorn, 426
Si Ni San, 618 houttuynia, 559
Xiao Yao Wan, 605-606 isatis, 521, 524, 629
Yue Ju Wan, 602 large-leaf gentian root, 404
and spleen, 264 licorice root, 107, 609
white peony, 131, 612, 613, 618 lysimachia, 479
li-zheng. See Interior syndromes oldenlandia, 545
lobelia, 65, 548-49, 550 paris rhizome, 538
lochiostasis, 222 patrinia, 532
logan fruit, 270 peppermint, 332, 609
lonicera, combinations (continued) lung(s), 22, 62. See also Lung-Qi
prunella, 498 chrysanthemum, 497
pubescent holly root, 249 cordyceps, 174-175
salvia, 217, 629 ephedra, 62
schizonepeta, 322, 609 and flavor, 61
scrophularia, 536 fritillary, 361-362
semiaquilegia root, 568 ginger, 62
sophora root, 562 gingko biloba, 260
trichosanthes, 368 gingko seeds, 258
lophatherum, 149, 217, 609 ginseng, 62
loranthus, 64, 393-395 Heat, 320, 367, 511
honeysuckle, 62
acanthopanax, 413
inflammation, 249
achyranthes root, 237, 238 mulberry leaves, 336
amomum fruit, 433 pathology, 23t
Chinese angelica, 123, 616 pubescent holly, 249
cinnamon bark, 306 yin/yang balance, 140, 142t, 145,
cnidium, 222, 616 149, 156, 536
combinations, 616, 620 recipe for, 623
cuscuta, 184 lung abscesses
eucommia bark, 168, 616, 620 fritillary, 362
ganoderma, 138 houttuynia, 559
gastrodia, 288, 289, 620 patrinia, 532
gingko leaves, 258 phragmites, 493
large-leaf gentian root, 404, 616 platycodon, 358
leonurus, 243, 620 lung cancer
lycopodium, 416 asparagus root, 162
pubescent angelica, 387, 616 astragalus, 101
siegesbeckia, 418, 419 black nightshade, 557
lotus seed, 636-637, 643 houttuynia, 559
Lower-Jiao, 459, 510 rabdosia, 552
recipes, 634-635, 643 scute barbata, 550
lu gen. See phragmites rhizome small cell, 101
lu han cao, 445 sophora root, 562
lu rong. See pilose antler vaccaria, 234
Lucid ganoderma. See ling zhi lung congestion, 150. See also
pneumonia
lumbago, 26 Lung-Qi, 82, 84t
cinnamon bark, 306 astragalus, 97, 98
clematis, 398 codonopsis, 103-104
morinda root, 178 ephedra, 299
polygonum, 136 ginseng, 88
psoralea fruit, 170 mulberry leaves, 336
recipes ophiopogon, 150
Du Huo Ji Sheng Tang, 616 radish seeds, 445, 634
Nan Bao, 598 recipes
Pai Shi Tang, 642 Tong Xuan Li Fei Pian, 609-610
Su Zi Jiang Qi Tang, 644 Yi Qi Li Pi Zhi Zhu Wan, 634
Xiao Huo Luo Dan, 612 trichosanthes, 368
Luo bu ma. See apocynum magnolia bark, combinations
luo shi teng. See Chinese star jasmine (continued)
lupus erythematosus, 560 amomum fruit, 432, 613
luteinizing hormone, 133 atractylodes, 441
lycium fruit, 152-55 bitter orange, 204, 613, 625
combinations, 152-153, 595-596, fritillary, 361
598 pinellia, 355, 603, 644
biota seed, 274 rhubarb, 451, 625
chrysanthemum, 338 tangerine peel, 202, 613
cordyceps, 175 magnolia flower, 313, 319, 325-327
cornus, 187 magnolia fruit, 437
cuscuta, 184 mai men dong. See ophiopogon root
epimedium, 164 Mai Men Dong Tang, 150, 623
eucommia bark, 168 Mai Wei Di Huang Wan, 594
pilose antler, 192 Mai Wei Di Wan, 128
plantain seed, 476 mai ya. See barley, germinated
polygonatum root, 157 malaria, 87, 108, 318, 559
polygonum, 135 malnutrition, 88
psoralea fruit, 170 malt, 617, 634
rubus, 473 Man shan hong. See rhodendron
lycopodium, 413, 416-417, 642 mang xiao. See sodium sulfates
lycopus, 230, 233, 241 mania, 34, 625
lygodium, 233, 478 mantis cocoon, 153, 473
lymph node masses, 498 manufacturing, 77
lymph node swelling, 530 mao dong qing. See pubescent holly
lymphocytes, 528. See also T cells root
lymphoma, 568 martial arts, 32
lysimachia, 478-480 massage, 26
combinations, 642-643 mastalgia. See breast pain
capillaris, 481, 642 mastic
dandelion, 527 combinations, 612, 638
oldenlandia, 545 carthamus, 226, 638
vaccaria, 233 Chinese angelica, 123, 638
cynanchum, 407
salvia, 217
ma chi xian, 570 siegesbeckia, 418
ma huang. See ephedra trichosanthes, 368
Ma Huang Tang, 298 mastitis. See breast inflammation
ma qian zi, 65 materia medica, 13, 37-42
ma ren. See hemp seed measles, 322, 333, 348, 489
macrophages, 411 measurements, 66
macrostem onion, 204, 304, 368 mediation recipes, 76
magnolia, 610, 617 medicinal herbs
magnolia bark, 448-450 active ingredients, 57-59
combinations, 603, 613, 625, versus whole extract, 51-52
642-643, 644 benefits, 5-7, 49-51
acorus, 280 collection, 55
agastache, 429, 430, 610 in complex recipes, 73-74
medicinal herbs (continued) menopause, recipes (continued)
dosage, 65-66 Yang Xin Jian Pi Wan, 636-637
efficacy factors, 68-69 Yue Ju Wan, 602
floating and sinking, 62 zizyphus, 278
forms, 69-72 menstrual disorders, 554-55. See also
growing environment, 53-54 metrorrhagia
inert substances, 50, 58 achyranthes root, 236-237, 603-604
materia medica (Ban Cao), 18, 37-42 and blood deficiency, 82-83, 84t
in moxibustion, 26 bupleurum, 342-43, 603-604,
multiple actions, 50 605-606
number of, 53 carthamus, 227
pharmacopeias, 45 Chinese angelica, 122-123, 125,
plant parts, 54-55 603-604, 605-606
processing, 51, 55-57 cinnamon, 303, 305, 306
properties clematis, 397
in TCM, 59-62 cnidium, 222
therapeutic types, 62-65 cornus, 188
recipes, 42-45, 50 (see also under curcuma, 230, 231
specific herbs) cyperus tuber, 207-8, 602
safety, 66-68 duchesnea, 570
shopping for, 78
gardenia, 491, 602, 606
U. S. classification, 78
hawthorn, 426
melia
leonurus, 242
combinations
akebia quinata, 554 morinda root, 178
areca seed, 455 moutan, 254, 255, 606
aucklandia, 210 peach kernel, 245, 603-4
sargassum, 373 recipes
white peony, 613 Dan Zhi Xiao Yao Wan, 606
memory. See amnesia; cognitive Ping Wei Wan, 617
function; forgetfulness Shi Quan Da Bu Wan, 633
men. See androgenics; andropause; Tiao Jing Wan, 636
gender factors; impotence; Xiao Yao Wan, 605-6
seminal emissions; Xue Fu Zhu Yu Tang, 603-604
spermatorrhea; testicles; Yue Ju Wan, 602
testosterone red peony, 239, 603-604
menopause rehmannia, 128, 603-604
Chinese angelica, 123-124, 606 salvia, 216
curculigo rhizome, 190 as side effect, 223
epimedium, 165 TCM view, 195
and ginseng, 92 vaccaria, 233
in men, 596, 639-640 white peony, 131, 133, 605-606
recipes menstrual pain
Chai Hu Shu Gan San, 612 clematis, 397
Dan Zhi Xiao Yao Wan, 606 cnidium, 61
Er Xian Tang, 596 cynanchum, 407, 409
Geng Nian Lou Tang, 639-640 dahurian angelica, 313
Yan Ling Yi Shou Dan, 632 menstruation, 452
mental disorders. See also confusion; metrorrhagia
dementia; psychosis astragalus, 97
acupuncture, 31 Chinese angelica, 122
dementia, 258 cnidium, 222
foods/drink, 34 cornus, 188
Qigong, 32 duchesnea, 570
Siberian ginseng, 94 phellodendron, 519
TCM view, 263 pilose antler, 193
mental fatigue recipes
aconite, 329 Yan Ling Yi Shou Dan, 632
recipes Yang Xin Jian Pi Wan, 636-637
Shi Quan Da Bu Wan, 633 rehmannia, 128
Tian Wang Bu Xin Wan, 608 schizonepeta, 322-323
Xiao Yao Wan, 605-606 scute root, 511
mental stress white peony, 131
atractylodes, 442, 602 metrostaxis, 98, 570
polygala, 61, 63 mi dan pi. See moutan
Siberian ginseng, 96 Middle-Jiao
Yue Ju Wan, 602 agastache, 429, 430, 610
mentha. See peppermint amomum fruit, 432
Mentha haplocalyx. See peppermint areca seed, 456
Mentha piperita. See mint astragalus, 98
mephentermines, 3-4 aucklandia, 211
meridia bupleurum, 342-343
cinnamon twig, 303, 617-618
affinity for, 61-62
evodia fruit, 437, 624
balancing recipe, 596 ginger, 316, 610, 614, 617-618, 624
circulation enhancement, 410 magnolia, 448, 610
gastrodia, 289 polyporus, 470
Qi flow, 22t poria, 467, 610
anterior view, 28f recipes
lateral view, 30f Fu Zi Li Zhong Tang, 614
posterior view, 29f Huo Xiang Zheng Qi Wan, 610
and symptoms, 23t Wu Zhu Yu Tang, 624
Xiao Huo Luo Dan, 612 Xiao Jian Zhong Tang, 618
metabolism tangerine peel, 202, 610
astragalus, 98, 621 migraine
Chinese yam, 110 cnidium, 50, 222, 224, 611
ginseng, 91, 92 dahurian angelica, 314
poria, 467 feverfew, 51
recipes gastrodia, 288, 290, 615
Fang Feng Tong Sheng San, 621 pubescent angelica, 388, 615
Fang Ji Huang Qi Tang, 621 pueraria, 346
Mu Xiang Bing Lang Wan, 619 recipes
Qing Shen Jian Fei Fang, 646 Chuan Xiong Cha Tiao San, 611
Yan Ling Yi Shou Dan, 632 Pian Tao Tong Tang, 640
Zhi Shi Dao Zhi Wan, 628-629 Tian Ma Wan, 615
stephania, 401, 621 Yuan Hu Zhi Tong Wan, 615
TCM view, 264 siler, 310, 611
milk thistle, 50 motion sickness, 318
millettia motor imbalance, 304, 307
combinations, 604 moutan, 254-255
Chinese angelica, 123 combinations, 593-595, 606, 623,
codonopsis, 103 636, 637-638, 639-640
cornus, 188 acronychia, 251
lycopodium, 416 alisma, 593, 639
Siberian ginseng, 94 Chinese angelica, 123-124, 606,
minerals, 264. See also calcium; oyster 636
shell; selenium Chinese yam, 110-111, 639
Ming dynasty, 39, 43 cinnamon twig, 303
Ming Xi, 33 cornus, 187, 639
Ming Yi Bie Lu, 37-38 curcuma, 231
mint, 56, 60, 222, 313 gardenia, 491-492, 606
mirabilite, 245, 376, 451, 625 lonicera, 507
miscarriages patrinia, 532
induction, 162 peach kernel, 245
prevention phellodendron, 519, 636
amomum fruit, 433 poria, 593, 606
Chinese angelica, 123 red peony, 239, 240
cuscuta, 184 rehmannia, 127, 623, 639
eucommia bark, 167-168 salvia, 216
loranthus, 393 zedoaria, 556, 565
scute root, 511 mouth dryness
white atractylodes, 119 American ginseng, 145
mitomycin C, 563 Chinese angelica, 123
monoamine oxidase inhibitors, 146 cyperus tuber, 208
mood, 92 glehnia, 159
morinda root, 178-179 lepidium seed, 376
combinations, 178, 596, 598 ophiopogon, 150, 623
cistanche, 181 recipes
cordyceps, 174 Da Cheng Qi Tang, 625
curculigo rhizome, 190 Huang Lian Jie Du Tang,
epimedium, 164, 165 624-625
eucommia bark, 167 Mai Men Dong Tang, 623
rubus, 473 Mai Wei Di Huang Wan, 594
morning sickness, 356 Suan Zao Ren Tang, 605
agastache, 430 salivation, 356, 549
Ban Xia Hou Po Tang, 603 scrophularia, 536
evodia fruit, 438 zizyphus, 277, 605
pinellia, 356 mouth dryness, as side effect
Morus alba. See mulberry leaves cordyceps, 175
morus bark. See also mulberry bark epimedium, 165
combinations, 598 ganoderma, 271
alisma, 464 ginger, 317
houttuynia, 559 gingko leaves, 259
scute root, 511 leonurus, 243
trichosanthes, 367 loranthus, 394
mouth dryness, as side effect muscle spasms
(continued) chaenomeles, 410
notoginseng, 214 epimedium, 165
salvia, 217 gentiana root, 502
stemona, 371 magnolia bark, 450
moxibustion, 26, 31 and white peony root, 132
mu gua. See chaenomeles muscle stiffness, 345
mu mian. See eucommia bark muscle strain, 398, 616
mu tong. See akebia muscle strength
mu xiang. See aucklandia root cistanche, 181
Mu Xiang Bing Lang Wan, 210, 455, curculigo rhizome, 190
565, 618-619 eucommia bark, 167
Mu Xiang Shun Qi Wan, 211 loranthus, 393
mucous membranes, 356 pilose antler, 193
mugwort, 26 muscle tone, 300
mulberry bark, 358, 377. See also muscles, smooth
morus bark achyranthes root, 238
mulberry fruit, 270, 597-598 acorus, 281
mulberry leaves, 335-337 amomum fruit, 433
combinations, 335, 635 Chinese angelica, 125
bitter apricot, 364 clematis, 397
chrysanthemum, 338, 339, ephedra, 300
495-496 fritillary, 363
fritillary bulb, 362 pueraria, 347
glehnia, 159 red peony root, 241
licorice root, 106 white peony root, 133
ophiopogon, 149 musculoskeletal disorders, 26
platycodon, 358 mushrooms. See ganoderma
rubus, 473 musk, 65, 227, 538
schizonepeta, 322 mustard seed, 445
mulberry twig, 402, 634-635 mutagenicity, 454
mumps, 489, 498, 525 myasthenia gravis, 300
mung bean, 107 myocardial infarct, 196, 219, 401, 600
muscle(s), 300, 597-598 as side effect, 301
of legs, 410, 416 myocardial ischemia, 394
numbness, 416 myocarditis, 399
twitching, 263 myristica. See nutmeg
muscle fatigue myrrh
ephedra, 300 combinations, 612, 638
pilose antler, 194 carthamus, 226, 638
muscle pain Chinese angelica, 123, 638
acanthopanax, 413 cynanchum, 407
clematis, 396 salvia, 217
cynanchum, 407 trichosanthes, 368
Huo Xue Shu Jing Zhi Tong Fang,
638
lycopodium, 416 Nan Bao, 598
pueraria, 345 nasal cancer, 562, 570
National Cancer Institute, 101 Nei Jing
National Center for Complementary and acupuncture, 27
and Alternative Medicine, 51 background, 13
National Institutes of Health (NIH), 51, diagnostics, 24-25
301 Five Elements, 19-20
natural killer cells, 101, 154 yin and yang, 18
nausea nephritis. See also kidney disease
agastache, 429, 610 American ginseng, 147
atractylodes, 441, 602 astragalus, 98, 100
aucklandia, 211 black nightshade, 557
coptis root, 514 cordyceps, 176
ginger, 316, 610, 613 Nan Bao, 598
magnolia, 448, 610 plantain seed, 475, 477
pinellia, 356, 357, 610, 613 recipes
of pregnancy, 356 Nan Bao, 598
recipes Yi Shen Tang, 629
Huo Xiang Zheng Qi Wan, 610 scute barbata, 550
Xiao Chai Hu Tang, 613 white peony root, 132
tangerine peel, 201, 610 nephrolithiasis, 477, 478
TCM view, 195 neuralgia, 401. See also tic douloureux
nausea, as side effect neurasthenia
apocynum, 284 biota seed, 274
bitter apricot kernel, 365 ganoderma, 270
capillaris, 482 ginseng, 92, 601-602
coptis root, 515 Jian Nao Bu Shen Wan, 601-602
dandelion, 528 polygala, 267
duchesnea, 571 polygonum, 135-136
ephedra, 299, 301 rehmannia, 128
epimedium, 165 schisandra, 116
ganoderma, 271 neuritis, of diabetes, 138
gingko, 258-259 neurodermatitis, 409
lobelia, 549 neurological disorders, and
moutan bark, 255 acupuncture, 31
notoginseng, 214 neuroses, 603-604, 607, 614
notopterygium, 391 Newcastle disease, 333, 334
polygala, 268 night blindness, 442, 595
pubescent angelica root, 388 night sweats. See also sweating
rabdosia, 552 American ginseng, 145
radish seeds, 446 Chinese yam, 110
rhodendron, 380 cordyceps, 174
rhubarb, 452 phellodendron, 519
salvia, 217 recipes
sophora root, 563 An Shen Bu Xin Wan, 607
trichosanthes, 368 Yan Ling Yi Shou Dan, 632
zizyphus, 278 Yang Xin Jian Pi Wan, 636-637
navel, 455 rehmannia, 127-128
neck, 445, 612 schisandra, 113-114, 607
necrosis, 125 zizyphus, 277-278
nightmares, 607 numbness, of extremities (continued)
Ning Xin Bao, 176 cnidium, 61, 221, 616
nitroglycerin, 219 epimedium, 165
niu bang zi. See arctium fruit large-leaf gentian root, 418, 616
Niu Huang Jie Du Wan, 452 polygonum, 136
nonsteroidal anti-inflammatories recipes
(NSAIDs), 8 Du Huo Ji Sheng Tang, 616
nose dryness, 371 Tian Ma Wan, 615
nose stuffiness. See rhinitis Xiao Huo Luo Dan, 612
nosebleeds Siberian ginseng, 94
curcuma, 231 as side effect, 217
moutan, 254 nutmeg
rhubarb, 452 combinations, 597, 613
schizonepeta, 322-323 evodia fruit, 437
scrophularia, 536 hawthorn, 425
Xi Jiao Di Huang Wan, 623 polyporus, 470
notoginseng, 50, 63, 213-215 psoralea fruit, 170, 597
combinations, 213, 599-600, 604, schisandra, 114, 597
640, 645 nutrition, 19-20, 33-35
acronychia, 252, 604
asparagus root, 161
salvia, 213, 599-600, 604, 645 obstetrics, 119, 222, 227, 433. See also
stemona, 370 abortions; lactation;
notopterygium, 64, 390-392 miscarriages; postpartum pain;
combinations, 611, 614, 616, 635, pregnancy
640 odors, 24, 559
asarum, 319, 611 oldenlandia, 65, 545-546
atractylodes, 441 astragalus, 98
chaenomeles, 410 black nightshade, 557
Chinese angelica, 123, 614 lobelia, 548
clematis, 396 semiaquilegia root, 568
cnidium, 222, 611, 616, 640 sophora root, 562
curculigo rhizome, 190 olfaction, 24
dahurian angelica, 312, 313 oliguria
gastrodia, 288, 614, 635, 640 acanthopanax, 413
large-leaf gentian root, 404, 405 alisma, 463
pubescent angelica, 387, 614, capillaris, 481
616 gardenia, 491
schizonepeta, 322, 323, 611 lepidium seed, 376
siler, 309, 611, 616, 635 polyporus, 470
Novopoxide, 3 rubus, 473
numbness, 334 omphalia, 455
of lips, 339 onion, macrostem, 204, 304, 368
of muscles, 416 ophiopogon root, 149-151
numbness, of extremities combinations, 149-150, 594, 598,
astragalus, 98 608, 623
chaenomeles, 410 alisma, 111
Chinese angelica, 123, 616 American ginseng, 145
ophiopogon root, combinations Paeoniae lactifloria. See red peony
(continued) Pai Shi Tang, 642
asparagus root, 163, 608 pain. See also analgesics
astragalus, 98 aconite, 328
biota seed, 274, 608 acupuncture, 27-31
Chinese yam, 111 akebia quinata, 554
codonopsis, 103-104, 608 Chinese angelica, 123, 615
cordyceps, 175 cinnamon bark, 306
fritillary bulb, 361 clematis, 396-397
ginseng, 89, 608, 623 dahurian angelica, 313
glehnia, 159 descending, 230
mulberry leaves, 335 gate control theory, 27
phragmites, 493 in groin, 642
pilose antler, 192 gynecological, 216
polygonatum root, 156 in limbs (see limb pain)
pueraria, 345 of liver cancer, 365
rehmannia, 128, 608 menstrual (see menstrual pain)
salvia, 217, 608 of menstruation (see menstrual pain)
schisandra, 113 peppermint, 334
scrophularia, 535, 536, 608 recipes
scute root, 511 Huo Xue Shu Jing Zhi Tong
stemona, 370 Fang, 638
trichosanthes, 367 Qiang Huo Sheng Shi Tang, 616
optic nerve, 442 Yuan Hu Zhi Tong Wan, 615
orange, immature. See bitter orange sarcandra, 572
orange peel. See tangerine peel Siberian ginseng, 96
orthomolecular medicine, 7 siler, 309
ovaries, 186, 191, 330 of surgery, 409, 557
polycystic, 133 TCM view of, 195
overdoses, 66, 68. See also under of trauma, 123
specific herbs whole body, 387
oxycodone, 5 Painful-Bi, 383-385, 396, 404
OxyContin, 5 painkillers, synthetic, 5
oxygen deficiency, 260 palpation, 24
oyster shell, 65 palpitations
combinations, 601-602 acorus, 280, 607
achyranthes root, 237 apocynum, 283
cornus, 188 biota seed, 274, 608
fritillary bulb, 362 and blood deficiency, 82-83
prunella, 498 ginseng, 89, 607, 608
schisandra, 114 Jian Nao Bu Shen Wan, 601-602
ophiopogon, 149, 608
polygala, 267, 607, 608
poria, 467, 468, 605, 607, 608
paederia, 445 recipes
Paeonia lactifloria rubra. See red An Shen Bu Xin Wan, 607
peony Bai Zi Yang Xin Wan, 607
Paeonia suffruticosa. See moutan bark Shi Quan Da Bu Wan, 633
palpitations, recipes (continued) patrinia, combinations (continued)
Suan Zao Ren Tang, 605 isatis root, 521
Tian Wang Bu Xin Wan, 608 magnolia flower, 325-326
Xue Fu Zhu Yu Tang, 603-604 oldenlandia, 545
Yan Ling Yi Shou Dan, 632 red peony, 241
Yang Xin Jian Pi Wan, 636-637 vaccaria, 233
rehmannia, 128, 608 Pauling, Linus, 7
salvia, 217, 607, 608 peach kernel, 67, 245-246
schisandra, 113, 114, 607, 608 combinations, 245, 601, 603, 604,
Siberian ginseng, 94 629, 645
TCM view, 263 achyranthes root, 236-237, 603
tonics for, 84t astragalus, 98, 601, 645
zizyphus, 277, 605, 607, 608 biota seed, 275
palpitations, as side effect bitter apricot kernel, 364
capillaris, 482 carthamus, 226, 227, 601, 603,
ephedra, 299, 301 604, 629
ginseng, 89 Chinese angelica, 122, 123, 601,
lysimachia, 479 603, 629
Panax ginseng. See American ginseng; cinnamon twig, 303
ginseng cnidium, 221, 222, 601, 603, 629,
Panax notoginseng. See notoginseng 645
Panax pseudoginseng. See notoginseng
cordyceps, 175
pancreas, 150
gingko seeds, 258
pancreatic cancer, 572
moutan bark, 254
pangolin scale, 217
papaya fruit, 94 phragmites, 493
papillomas, 186 pubescent holly, 248
paralysis. See also stroke patients red peony, 239, 601, 603, 629,
of face, 391, 601 645
as side effect, 304, 307 rhubarb, 452
parasites. See also antihelmintics salvia, 216, 604, 629, 645
capillaris, 481 sargassum, 373
cinnamon bark, 308 vaccaria, 233
in gallbladder, 481 pearl, 607
recipes for, 76 Pedicellus melo, uses, 65
scabies, 310 pelvic inflammation, 475, 550, 601
trichomoniasis, 318 Pen Cao Tu Jing, 39
parasympathetic nervous system, 18, 21 penicillins, 4
areca seed, 456 pennyroyal oil, 67
yang deficiency, 141 pentagalloylglucose, 133
yin deficiency, 139 peony. See also red peony; white peony
paridis, 568 with dahurian angelica, 313
paris rhizome, 538-539 in Xi Jiao Di Huang Wan, 623
patent medicines, 67 in Xiao Jian Zhong Tang, 617
patrinia, 532-533 in Yi Qi Li Pi Zhi Zhu Wan, 634
combinations People’s Republic of China, 45, 53
akebia quinata, 554 People’s Welfare Pharmacies, 43
houttuynia, 559 pepper, 60, 635
peppermint, 62, 64, 332-334 phellodendron, combinations
combinations, 332-333, 605-606, (continued)
609, 611, 620, 635, 641-642 achyranthes root, 238
arctium, 489, 609 areca seed, 455, 619
arctium fruit, 489 atractylodes, 441, 442, 519
Chinese angelica, 123 aucklandia, 210
chrysanthemum, 338 Chinese yam, 111
isatis root, 521 coptis root, 515, 596, 624-625
lonicera, 507, 635 dahurian angelica, 313
magnolia flower, 325 dandelion, 527
mulberry leaves, 335 epimedium, 165, 596
notopterygium, 391, 635 gardenia, 491
polygonum, 136 gentiana root, 501
schizonepeta, 322, 609 large-leaf gentian root, 404
scrophularia, 535 lobelia, 548
siler, 309 polyporus, 470
sophora root, 562 pulsatilla, 530
pericardium, 23t, 61, 65 rehmannia, 128
perilla fruit, 316-17 scute barbata, 550
perilla leaf scute root, 510-511, 624-625
combinations, 603, 609-610, 644 stephania, 399
agastache, 610 zedoaria, 565
chaenomeles, 410 phenylephedrines, 3-4
ephedra, 299, 609-610 phlegm. See also expectorants
magnolia, 448, 603, 610, 644 bitter orange, 204
pinellia, 355, 603, 610, 644 Heat and Cold types, 351, 355
platycodon, 355, 610 magnolia bark, 448, 603
siler, 309 plantain seed, 476
perilla seed radish seeds, 445
combinations, 644 recipes
agastache, 430 Ban Xia Hou Po Tang, 603
areca seed, 455 Ling Gui Zhu Gan Tang, 626
lepidium seed, 376 Qing Shen Jian Fei Fang, 646
radish seeds, 445 Yue Ju Wan, 602
perilla stem, 356, 433 tangerine peel, 201-202
periodontal disease, 61, 348, 452 and vertigo, 463
peritoneal fluid, 399 phragmites rhizome, 64, 493-494
persica. See peach kernel physical performance, 92
peucedanum, 106, 610, 644 physical therapy, 26, 31
pharbitis, 618-19 Pi, 22, 422. See also spleen
pharmaceuticals, history of, 2-6 Pian Tao Tong Tang, 640
pharmacokinetics, 6, 49, 68, 69 pigment
pharmacopoeias, 45 maculae, 240, 254
pharyngitis, 448, 489, 552, 603 purple, 128
pharyngoneuroses, 448, 603 vitiligo, 170, 172, 317
phellodendron, 518-520 pills, 71
combinations, 596, 619, 624-625, pilose antler, 53, 63, 192-194
636 combinations, 598, 601-602
pilose antler, combinations (continued) platycodon, 64, 358-359
cornus, 187 combinations, 603, 608, 609-610,
ginseng, 89, 601-602 620, 634-635, 641-642
plantain seed, 476 black nightshade, 557
rehmannia, 128 Chinese star jasmine, 402
rubus, 473 cnidium, 222, 603, 620
pinellia, 67, 329, 355-357 ephedra, 299, 609-610, 620
combinations, 603, 607, 609-610, houttuynia, 559
613, 619, 623, 644-645 isatis root, 521
acorus, 280 licorice root, 106, 107, 603, 608,
agastache, 429, 430, 610 609-610, 620
mulberry leaves, 335
bupleurum, 342, 645 patrinia, 532
coptis root, 514 peppermint, 332, 609, 620
cyperus tuber, 208 plantain seed, 476
ephedra, 299, 609-610, 619 polygala, 268, 608
evodia fruit, 437 pubescent holly root, 249
gastrodia, 289 red peony, 239, 603
ginger, 316, 603, 610 rhubarb, 452
lepidium seed, 376 schizonepeta, 322, 323, 609, 620
magnolia bark, 448, 603 scrophularia, 535, 536, 608
ophiopogon, 150, 623 stemona, 370
platycodon, 358, 609-610 pleural effusion, 376
tangerine peel, 202, 609-610 pleuritis, 614
trichosanthes, 367, 368 plum weed, 275
Ping Wei San, 202, 441, 448, 617 pneumonia, 559, 572
pituitary gland, 91, 186, 191, 330 Pogostemi cablin. See agastache
plantain leaves, 452 poliomyelitis, 166
plantain seed, 75, 475-77 pollen typhae, 426. See also bulrush
combinations, 74, 629-630, polygala root, 61, 267-269
634-635, 643, 646 combinations, 267-268, 601-602,
black nightshade, 557 607, 608, 631-032, 636, 639
Chinese yam, 111 acorus, 280, 608, 631
cuscuta, 184 albizzia bark, 286
dahurian angelica, 313 ginseng, 88, 601, 607, 608
poria, 468, 607, 608
gardenia, 491, 629
rehmannia, 128
gentiana root, 501, 629 rubus, 473
gingko seeds, 258 salvia, 217, 608
leonurus, 243 polygonatum
lobelia, 548 rhizome, 156, 159, 604
oldenlandia, 545 root, 152, 156-58, 641, 645-646
phellodendron, 518 stem, 286
polyporus, 470, 646 polygoni, 478
scute barbata, 550 polygonum, 85t, 135-138, 137
semiaquilegia root, 568 combinations, 135-136, 138, 597-598,
platelet aggregation, 189, 224, 260, 347 607, 620, 639-640, 644
platelets, 214, 228 astragalus, 98, 101, 644
Platycladus orientalis. See biota seed Chinese angelica, 124
polygonum, combinations (continued) poria, combinations (continued)
gardenia, 491, 620 Chinese angelica, 123, 601-602,
gingko leaves, 258 607, 608, 616, 631, 636
loranthus, 393-394, 620 Chinese yam, 110-111, 111,
polyporus, 470 601-602, 639
rehmannia, 127, 607, 639, 644 cinnamon bark, 306, 307,
salvia, 217 601-602, 607
semiaquilegia root, 568 cinnamon twig, 304, 616, 622,
zizyphus, 277 626
polyporus, 64, 470-471 codonopsis, 103, 608, 631
combinations, 622, 646 cornus, 187, 639
dahurian angelica, 313
alisma, 463, 622
ephedra, 299
cinnamon twig, 304, 622 in Four Noble Herbs, 74
lobelia, 548 gastrodia, 288, 289, 620
poria, 467, 622 ginseng, 88, 601-602, 607, 608
sargassum, 373 large-leaf gentian root, 404, 405,
white atractylodes, 119, 622 616
polyuria leonurus, 243, 620
aconite, 328 licorice root, 106, 601-602, 605,
Chinese yam, 110 607, 608, 609-610, 616, 626,
cornus, 187 631, 634
epimedium, 164 lycium fruit, 152
eucommia bark, 167 magnolia, 448, 610
gingko seeds, 258 pinellia, 355, 607, 608-610
ginseng, 88 plantain seed, 475, 646
large-leaf gentian root, 405 platycodon, 358, 608, 610
lycium fruit, 153 polygala, 267, 268-269, 607, 608,
pilose antler, 192 631
psoralea fruit, 170, 171 polyporus, 470, 646
Shen Qi Wan, 594-595 rehmannia, 127-128, 128, 608,
poria, 64, 467-69 639
combinations, 74, 593-596, 598, salvia, 217, 608
601-602, 605, 607-610, 613, sargassum, 373
616, 620, 622, 626, 628, scute barbata, 550
631-634, 636-638, 639-640, stephania, 400, 646
641-642, 643, 646 tangerine peel, 202, 609-610,
631, 634
acanthopanax, 413
trichosanthes, 367
achyranthes root, 237 white atractylodes, 118, 119,
aconite, 328, 626 601-602, 610, 622, 626, 628,
acorus, 280, 631 634, 646
alisma, 463, 622, 628, 646 white peony, 132, 601-602, 613,
amomum, 432, 601-602, 613, 616, 626
634 zizyphus, 277, 601-602, 605, 608
astragalus, 97, 98, 607, 631-633, portulaca, 570
643 postpartum pain
aucklandia, 211, 631 achyranthes root, 236-237
biota seed, 274, 608 carthamus, 227
postpartum pain (continued) premature ejaculation, 170, 184, 190
hawthorn, 426 premenstrual syndrome, 122, 254
leonuris, 242 preparations, 69-72
patrinia, 532 pressing, 56
rhubarb, 452 pressure, 26
white atractylodes, 119 prevention
posture, 32 acupuncture role, 31
potassium, 443, 479, 564 of alcohol abuse, 347
powders, 65-66, 71-72 of arteriosclerosis, 463, 645-646
practitioner, relationship with, 69 (see also arteriosclerosis)
Precose, 146 of cancer, 116
pregnancy, 66, 67, 68. See also of common cold, 98, 101, 103, 497
abortions; miscarriages; of convulsions, 133
morning sickness; of coronary blood clots, 426
teratogenicity; uterus of coronary disease, 179
achyranthes root, 237, 238 of corticosteroid lowering, 129
aconite, 329 of hepatotoxicity, 469, 483, 502,
albizzia bark, 286 505, 512, 563
alisma, 464 of hyperlipidemia, 337
amomum fruit, 433 of memory loss, 645
apocynum, 283, 284 of menopause symptoms, 639-640
asparagus root, 162 of migraine, 51, 640
bitter orange, 205 of miscarriages (see under
black nightshade, 558 miscarriages)
carthamus, 227, 228 of myocardial infarct, 401, 600
cinnamon bark, 307 of necrosis, 125
cnidium, 223 of nephritis, 629
coptis root, 515 of obesity, 646
cuscuta, 184 of polio, 166
Da Cheng Qi Tang, 625 of post-trauma edema, 260
Du Huo Ji Sheng Tang, 616 recipes, 639-646
ectopic, 217 of rheumatoid arthritis, 311
edema of, 283, 464 of stomach ulcers (see stomach
ephedra, 299 ulcers)
evodia fruit, 438 of viral infections, 443
ginger, 317 processing, 51, 55-57, 56
ginseng, 87 prolapses, 84t
hawthorn, 426, 427 bitter orange, 204-205
Huo Xue Tong Mai Pian, 604 bupleurum, 342-343
Jiang Zhi Fang, 645-646 ginseng, 88
Lao Nian Chi Dai Zheng Tang, 645 poria, 468
leonurus, 243 of rectum, 204-205, 342-343
Li Dan Pai Shi Pian, 642-643 prontosil, 3
Long Dan Xie Gan Tang, 630 properdin, 561
loranthus, 393 prosopalgia, 401
lycopodium, 417 prostaglandins, 105. See also anti-
magnolia bark, 449 inflammatories
vaccaria seed, 234 prostate cancer, 572
prostatitis psoriasis (continued)
American ginseng, 147 psoralea fruit, 170, 172
black nightshade, 557 schizonepeta, 323
fritillary bulb, 362 stemona, 370
plantain seed, 476 psychosis, 147, 281, 351
recipes pu gong ying. See dandelion
Long Bi Xiao Tang, 643 pu huang. See bulrush; pollen typhae
Long Dan Xie Gan Tang, 630 Pu Ji Ben Shi Fang, 43
red peony root, 241 Pu Ji Fang, 43
saw palmetto, 51 Pu Ji Xiao Du Yin, 348, 521
vaccaria, 233 pubescent angelica, 64
protein synthesis, 147 combinations, 387-389, 614,
protozoal infections, 318, 450, 530, 531 615-616
prunella, 64, 65, 498-499 acanthopanax, 413
combinations, 638, 642, 644 achyranthes root, 237, 614
akebia quinata, 554 asarum, 319, 616
apocynum, 283 chaenomeles, 410
chrysanthemum, 339, 496 Chinese star jasmine, 402
eucommia bark, 168 cinnamon bark, 306
fritillary bulb, 362 clematis, 396
hawthorn, 425-426 cnidium, 222, 616
leonurus, 243 cynanchum, 407
gastrodia, 288, 289, 614
plantain seed, 476
large-leaf gentian root, 404, 405,
semiaquilegia root, 568 616
siegesbeckia, 418 loranthus, 393, 616
vaccaria, 233 lycopodium, 416
Prunus armeniaca. See bitter apricot notopterygium, 390, 614, 616
kernel paris rhizome, 538
Prunus davidiana. See peach kernel siegesbeckia, 418, 419
Prunus mandshurica. See bitter apricot pubescent holly root, 50, 248-250
kernel pueraria, 345-347
Prunus Persica. See peach kernel combinations, 604
Prunus sibirica. See bitter apricot arctium fruit, 489
kernel astragalus, 98
pruritis. See itching Chinese yam, 111
pseudoephedrine, 301 cimicifuga, 348
pseudostellaria root, 641 trichosanthes, 368
psoralea fruit, 170-172 pulsatilla, 64, 65, 530-531
combinations, 595-596, 597-598 combinations
aconite, 167 coptis root, 514
cornus, 187 lonicera, 507
eucommia bark, 167 patrinia, 532
evodia fruit, 437 phellodendron, 518
schisandra, 114 pulse, 24-25
psoralea root, 152-153 cimicifuga, 348
psoriasis recipes
clematis, 398 Da Cheng Qi Tang, 625
cynanchum, 408, 409 Fang Ji Huang Qi Tang, 621
pulse, recipes (continued) Qi deficiency (continued)
Fu Zi Li Zhong Tang, 614 breathlessness, 82, 84t
Huang Lian Jie Du Tang, bupleurum, 342-343
624-625 cancer patients, 82
Ling Gui Zhu Gan Tang, 626 chrysanthemum, 339
Long Dan Xie Gan Tang, 630 ganoderma, 270
Tian Ma Gou Teng, 620 herbal remedies, 198t
Tian Wang Bu Xin Wan, 608 liver (see Liver-Qi)
Xiao Chai Hu Tang, 613 lung (see Lung-Qi)
Yan Ling Yi Shou Dan, 632 lung/spleen, 82 (see also under
schisandra, 113, 608 spleen)
scute root, 510-511, 613, 620 radish seeds, 446
TCM view, 263, 293 recipes
zizyphus, 277 Fang Ji Huang Qi Tang, 621
pumpkin seed, 455 Jiang Tang Wan, 641
pungent herbs, 62, 63-64 Shi Quan Da Bu Wan, 633
purchase information, 78 Yan Ling Yi Shou Dan, 632
purgatives, 64 Yi Qi Li Pi Zhi Zhu Wan, 634
arctium fruit, 490 rehmannia, 128
and descending properties, 62 stomach (see Stomach-Qi)
recipes, 76 trichosanthes, 368
rhubarb, 451, 453 zedoaria, 566
pyelitis, 475, 550 zizyphus, 277-278
pyridoxine, 95 Qi flow
pyrolae, 445 cynanchum, 407
pyrrosia, 557, 568 recipes
Ban Xia Hou Po Tang, 603
Da Cheng Qi Tang, 625
Du Huo Ji Sheng Tang, 617
Qi Jiang Zhi Fang, 645-646
and acupuncture, 27-28 Lao Nian Chi Dai Zheng Tang,
ascending, 62, 355, 644 645
and blood, 50, 63 Long Bi Xiao Tang, 643
description, 1, 20-23 Tiao Jing Wan, 636
and kidneys, 111, 188, 622 Xue Fu Zhu Yu Tang, 603
kidney/ear, 5 zedoaria, 565
magnolia bark, 448 Qi Ju Di Huang Wan, 152, 338
meridia, 22t Qi Ju Wan, 153
pathology of, 23t Qi stagnation
morinda root, 178 herbs for, 63, 84t, 196-200, 422
primordial, 178 acronychia, 251
recipes, 76, 565 bitter orange, 204
and yin/yang, 17-18, 83 carthamus, 226
Qi Bao Mei Ran Dan, 152-153, cinnamon twig, 304
595-596 cyperus tuber, 207
Qi deficiency salvia, 216
arctium fruit, 489 symptoms, 195
biota seed, 274 Qi Xiao Liang Fang, 43
Qian Jing Shi Zhi, 33 red peony, combinations (continued)
qian nian jian, 416 Chinese star jasmine, 402
qiang ho. See notopterygium cnidium, 221, 222, 603, 640
Qiang Huo Sheng Shi Tang, 222, 387, coptis root, 515
615-616 fritillary bulb, 362
Qigong, 31-33 hawthorn, 426
Qi-invigorating stomachics, 422 magnolia flower, 325-326
Qin dynasty, 38, 40 paris rhizome, 538
qin jiao. See large-leaf gentian root patrinia, 532
Qin Jiao San, 405 peach kernel, 245, 603, 629
Qing dynasty, 40, 44 pubescent holly, 248-249
Qing Fei Tang, 511 salvia, 216, 629
Qing Qi Hua Tan Wan, 367 red salvia, 123
Qing Shen Jian Fei Fang, 646 rehmannia. See also rehmannia root,
Qing Wen Bai Du Yin, 491 processed
Qing Ying Tang, 535-536 combinations, 74, 597-598, 603,
qing zhi. See ganoderma 607, 608, 614, 623, 629-630,
quality, 66, 68-69 634-635, 637-638, 639-640,
of ephedra, 301 641, 644
impurities, 56 American ginseng, 145-146
and yellow color, 99 asarum, 319
quality control, 77-78 asparagus root, 161, 608
Quan Da Bu Wan, 123 Chinese yam, 111
quisqualis, 67 chrysanthemum, 338
cistanche, 181-182
curcuma, 231
rabdosia, 552-553 gastrodia, 288
radiation therapy gentiana root, 501
astragalus, 100, 101 glehnia, 159
ganoderma, 272 isatis, 524
lycium fruit, 153 large-leaf gentian root, 405
rehmannia, 129 lonicera, 507
Siberian ginseng, 96 loranthus, 393-394
white atractylodes, 120 lycium fruit, 152
radish seeds, 445-447, 634 morinda root, 178
Rand Corp., 301 moutan bark, 254
raspberry. See rubus notopterygium, 390, 614
Raynaud’s disease, 260 ophiopogon, 149, 150, 608
rectal prolapse, 84t, 204-205, 342-343 polygonatum, 156, 157
red berry. See American ginseng polygonum, 136, 607, 644
red ginseng, 87, 92 pubescent angelica, 387, 614
red ochre, 132 pueraria, 345
red peony, 50, 239-241 red peony, 239, 240, 603
combinations, 239-240, 241, 603, salvia, 217, 608
629, 638, 640 scrophularia, 535-536, 608, 614
acronychia, 241, 251, 252 scute root, 510, 511
carthamus, 226, 603, 629 stemona, 370
Chinese angelica, 122, 603, 629 white peony, 132, 644
rehmannia root, processed, 85t, 127-29 ren shen. See ginseng
combinations, 127-129, 593-595, Ren Shen Feng Wang Jiang, 88
598, 616, 632-633, 639-640 Ren Shen Hu Tao Tang, 88
aconite, 328 Ren Shen Yang Rong Tang, 88
asparagus root, 161 renal insufficiency, 176, 188, 333, 608
astragalus, 98, 632 resina draconis, 227
atractylodes, 442, 632 resistance
biota seed, 274 to disease, 63, 81, 95, 105, 120
Chinese angelica, 122, 616, 632 (see also immune system)
Chinese yam, 110-111, 593 common cold, 103
chrysanthemum, 338 to environmental stresses (see
cinnamon bark, 306 adaptogens)
cistanche, 181 to hypoxia, 260
cnidium, 222, 632 respiration. See breathing
codonopsis, 103, 616 restlessness
cornus, 187, 639 American ginseng, 145
cuscuta, 184 apocynum, 283
epimedium, 164, 168 coptis root, 515
eucommia bark, 167, 616 gardenia, 491
gingko seeds, 258 polygala, 267
ginseng, 88, 632 recipes
large-leaf gentian root, 405, 616 Huang Lian Jie Du Tang,
lycium fruit, 152, 153 624-625
Tiao Shen Tang, 639
lycopodium, 416
Xiao Chai Hu Tang, 613
phellodendron, 519 Yan Ling Yi Shou Dan, 632
pilose antler, 192, 193 scrophularia, 536-537
polygonum, 136 as side effect, 301
radish seeds, 445 resuscitation, 65. See also
rubus, 473 unconsciousness
schisandra, 114, 128 reticuloendothelial system
scute root, 511 codonopsis, 105
Siberian ginseng, 94 ginseng, 92
white peony, 131, 132, 616, 632 lycium fruit, 154
zizyphus, 277 pilose antler, 194
Reishi mushrooms. See ganoderma polyporus, 471
relationship, with practitioner, 69 sophora root, 563
relaxation exercise, 31-33 retinal disorders, 147, 260
release. See pharmacokinetics Rezulin, 146
religion, 14-18, 27 rheumatic arthralgia. See also joint pain
Ren meridian, 21 asarum, 319
clematis, 397 Chinese angelica, 123
cnidium, 222 gastrodia, 289, 615
Er Xian Tang, 596 Siberian ginseng, 94
loranthus, 393 stephania, 399
morinda root, 178 Tian Ma Wan, 615
pathology, 23t rheumatism
phellodendron, 519 acanthopanax, 413
pilose antler, 193 and acupuncture, 31
rheumatism (continued) rhubarb, combinations (continued)
curculigo rhizome, 191 patrinia, 532
ginger, 318 peach kernel, 245
herbal therapy, 64 poria, 467, 628
lycopodium, 416 scute root, 510, 620, 628
morinda root, 178 zedoaria, 565, 566
siegesbeckia, 418 ribonucleic acid (RNA), 147
TCM view, 383-384 rice, 623, 636
rheumatoid arthritis. See also Fixed-Bi Ricinus communis. See castor oil seed
achyranthes root, 238, 615 ringworm, 548
large-leaf gentian root, 404, 616 roots, 54, 55
recipes slicing, 56
Du Huo Ji Sheng Tang, 616 rosa cherokee, 94, 473, 597-598,
Tian Ma Wan, 615 601-602
Xiao Huo Luo Dan, 612 rou cong rong. See cistanche
siler, 311 rou dou kou. See nutmeg
rhinitis royal jelly, 88
allergic, 327 ru xiang. See mastic
asarum, 319 rubella, 322, 333
cnidium, 222 rubia root, 188
dahurian angelica, 313 rubus, 473-474
ephedra, 299 combinations, 598
ginger, 316-317 cuscuta, 184, 598
magnolia flower, 325, 326, 327 morinda root, 178, 598
platycodon, 358 plantain seed, 476
TCM view, 293 polygonum, 136
rhinoceros horn Run Chang Wan, 181-82, 364
combinations, 623
isatis, 524
moutan bark, 254
red peony, 240 sadness, 263
scrophularia, 536 safety, 49, 51, 66-69
rhizomes, 54, 55 safflower. See carthamus
slicing, 56 saffron, 226
rhododendron, 379-380 salivation, 356, 549. See also mouth
rhubarb, 64, 451-454 dryness
combinations, 618-619, 620, 622, salty herbs, 61
625, 628, 642-643 salvia, 216, 217
areca seed, 455, 619, 642-643 salvia root, 63, 216-219. See also red
aucklandia, 210, 619 salvia
bitter orange, 204, 625, 628 combinations, 216-17, 219,
capillaris, 481, 622, 642-643 599-600, 604, 607, 608, 629,
Chinese angelica, 123, 620 637-38, 645
gardenia, 491, 622 acronychia, 219, 251, 252, 600,
lepidium seed, 376 604
lysimachia, 478, 642-43 akebia quinata, 555
magnolia bark, 448, 625 amomum, 219, 252, 599
paris rhizome, 538 astragalus, 101-102, 645
salvia root, combinations (continued) schisandra fruit, combinations
carthamus, 226, 600, 629 (continued)
cnidium, 222, 600 cuscuta, 184, 607
curcuma, 230 ephedra, 299, 619
hawthorn, 426 epimedium, 165
notoginseng, 213, 599, 604 evodia fruit, 437
ophiopogon root, 138, 608 ginger, 316, 619
peach kernel, 245, 604, 629 gingko seeds, 258
plantain seed, 476 ginseng, 88, 89, 607, 608
polygonum, 135-136, 138 ophiopogon, 149
pubescent holly, 248-249 pilose antler, 192
red peony, 241, 600, 629, 645 plantain seed, 476
rehmannia, 128, 607, 608 polygonum, 135-136, 607
sandalwood, 216, 599 psoralea fruit, 170
schisandra, 114, 607, 608 rehmannia, 127-128, 607, 608
versus nitroglycerin, 239 rubus, 473
San. See powders salvia, 217, 607, 608
san leng, 565, 566 Siberian ginseng, 94, 95
San Miao San, 441, 519 trichosanthes, 368
San qi. See notoginseng zizyphus, 277, 278, 607, 608
sandalwood, 216, 599 schistosomiasis. See antihelmintics
sang. See American ginseng schizonepeta, 322-324
sang ji sheng. See loranthus combinations, 322-323, 609, 611,
Sang Ji Sheng San, 393 620
Sang Ju Yin, 335, 338, 358, 364 cnidium, 222, 611
Sang Xing Tang, 335 forsythia, 504, 609
sang ye. See mulberry leaves ginger, 316-317
Sanjiao (triple burner), 22, 23t, 624-625 notopterygium, 390-391, 611
saponins, 59, 90 peppermint, 332, 609
sappan wood, 227, 565 poria, 467
sarcandra, 572-573 siler, 309, 310, 611
sarcoma, 162, 563, 566 stemona, 370
sargassum, 362, 373-374, 498, 568 sciatica
saussurea. See aucklandia root achyranthes root, 238
saw palmetto, 51 Du Huo Ji Sheng Tang, 616
scabies, 310 large-leaf gentian root, 404
schisandra fruit, 64, 85t, 113-117, 115 loranthus, 393, 616
combinations, 113-114, 594, 597, moxibustion, 26
607, 608, 619 pubescent angelica root, 387, 616
alisma, 594 scirpus rhizome, 565, 566
barley, 435 scopolamine, 133
biota seed, 274, 607, 608 scorpion, 289
Chinese yam, 111 scrofula
chrysanthemum, 338 forsythia, 501
cistanche, 181 fritillary, 362
codonopsis, 103-104, 608 prunella, 498
cordyceps, 175 sargassum, 373
cornus, 187 TCM view, 351
scrophularia, 535-537 scute root, combinations (continued)
combinations, 598, 608, 614 rhubarb, 452
achyranthes root, 237, 614 sophora root, 562
fritillary bulb, 362 trichosanthes, 367
gastrodia, 288-289, 614 white atractylodes, 119
isatis, 521, 524 seasons, 60, 459
oldenlandia, 545 seaweed. See sargassum
ophiopogon root, 149, 608 sedatives, 264
peach kernel, 245-246 acorus, 281
polygonatum root, 157 albizzia bark, 287, 607
prunella, 498 American ginseng, 147
pubescent holly, 249 apocynum, 283, 284
salvia, 217, 608 asarum, 320
sophora root, 562 atractylodes, 443
zizyphus, 277, 608 biota seed, 275
scute barbata, 548, 550-551, 557 bupleurum, 343, 344
scute root, 64, 74, 510-512 carthamus, 228
combinations, 609-610, 613, Chinese angelica, 125
620-621, 624-625, 628, cimicifuga, 349
629-630, 637-638, 642-643 cinnamon, 305, 308
arctium fruit, 489 cnidium, 224
asarum, 319 Cool herbs, 60
asparagus root, 161
cordyceps, 176
bupleurum, 342, 613, 629
cynanchum, 408
capillaris, 481
cyperus tuber, 209
cimicifuga, 348
coptis root, 514, 515, 628 eucommia bark, 169
dandelion, 527 fritillary bulb, 363
eucommia bark, 168 ganoderma, 270, 271
gardenia, 491, 620, 629 gardenia, 491, 492
gastrodia, 288, 620 gastrodia, 290
gentiana, 74-75 gentiana root, 502
gentiana root, 501 ginseng, 91
hawthorn, 425-426 hawthorn, 427
houttuynia, 559 interactions, 281
isatis root, 521 large-leaf gentian root, 405
large-leaf gentian root, 405 loranthus, 394
leonurus, 243, 620 magnolia flower, 326
lobelia, 548 morinda root, 179
lonicera, 507 moutan bark, 255
lysimachia, 478 oldenlandia, 546
magnolia, 325-326 paris rhizome, 539
moutan, 254 patrinia, 533
notopterygium, 390 pinellia, 357
oldenlandia, 545 platycodon, 359
phellodendron, 519, 624-625 polygala, 268-269
pinellia, 355, 609-610, 613 poria, 468, 469
pueraria, 345 pubescent angelica, 388-389
sedatives (continued) shan zha. See hawthorn
recipes shan zhu yu. See cornus
An Shen Bu Xin Wan, 607 Shang dynastry, 42
Shen Qi Wan, 594-595 Shang Han Lun, 42
red peony root, 241 Shao Yang diseases, 613
salvia, 218, 607 shao yao. See peony root
schisandra, 116, 607 she gan, 402, 545
scute root, 512 she mei, 557, 570-571
Siberian ginseng, 96 Shen, 22
white peony, 133 Shen di. See rehmannia
zizyphus, 278 Shen Fu Tang, 88
seeds, 54, 55 shen jiang. See ginger
selenium, 100, 176 shen jin cao. See lycopodium
semiaquilegia root, 507, 568-569 Shen Ling Bai Zhu San, 110
seminal emissions. See also premature Shen Qi Gao, 97
ejaculation Shen Qi Wan, 111, 306, 328, 594-595
alisma, 464 Shen (spirit), 263-264
asparagus root, 161, 608 sheng di. See rehmannia
Chinese yam, 110 Sheng Ji Zong Lu, 42-43
cordyceps, 174, 176 sheng ma. See cimifuga
curculigo, 190 Sheng Mai San, 89, 113
cuscuta, 184 Sheng Yu Tang, 222
epimedium, 166 Shen-Nong, 13, 37, 53
ginseng, 87, 89 Shi Bu Wan, 192
morinda root, 178 shi chang pu. See acorus rhizome
phellodendron, 519 shi gao. See gypsum
pilose antler, 192, 194 shi hu. See dendrobium
polygonum, 135 shi ju ming, 442, 620
poria, 468 Shi Quan Da Bu Wan, 98, 100, 632-633
psoralea fruit, 170 shi wei, 557, 568
recipes Shi Wuan Da Bu Wan, 123
Nan Bao, 598 Shi Yi De Xiao, 43
Tian Wang Bu Xin Wan, 608 Shi Zing Ben Cao, 33
rehmannia, 127-128, 608 shingles. See herpes zoster
rubus, 473 shock, 88, 92, 329. See also anaphylaxis
schisandra, 117, 608 shopping, 78
Siberian ginseng, 94 shou wu. See polygonum
sensory nerves, 334 Shou Wu Wan, 135, 597-598
serotonin, 347 shoulders
sesame seed. See black sesame seed frozen, 26, 612
sexual function, 92, 96, 187. See also pain, 303
aphrodisiacs; impotence; shu di. See rehmannia root, processed
libido shu di huang. See rehmannia root,
sexual hormones, 154, 182, 209, 414 processed
sha ren. See amomum Shu Gan Tang (Wan), 449
shampoo, 635 Shu Gan Wan, 613
shan dou gen. See sophora root Si Jun Zi Tang, 73-74, 88, 106, 118,
shan yao. See Chinese yam 467
Si Ling San, 470 sinus headaches
Si Ni San, 329, 618 Chuan Xiong Cha Tiao San, 611
Si Shen Wan, 114, 170, 437, 597 cnidium, 222, 611
Si Wu Tang, 122, 131 dahurian angelica, 314
Si Zi Jiang Qi Tang, 644 gentiana root, 501
Siberian ginseng, 7, 85t, 94-96 sinus infections
combinations, 94 dahurian angelica, 312-313
achyranthes root, 238 magnolia flower, 325-326
curculigo, 190 sinus inflammation
morinda root, 178 magnolia flower, 325
versus ginseng, 96 skin. See also pigment
Sichuan chinaberry. See melia skin allergies, 108-109, 246, 327
Sichuan pepper, 635 skin cancer, 565
side effects, 49, 51, 67 skin dryness, 159, 160
avoidance of, 68-69 skin eruptions, 507, 519. See also
of cancer therapy (see cancer carbuncles
patients) as side effect, 89, 175
and FDA approval, 5 skin itching. See itching
siegesbekia, 418-420 skin pigment, 128, 172, 240, 254
skin rash, 129, 489
combinations, 597-598
as side effect, 259, 271, 464, 560
leonurus, 243
skin reactivity, 115
loranthus, 393-394
skin temperature, 125, 214
polygonum, 136 skull cap, 548
siler, 63, 309-311 sleep. See also hypnotics; insomnia
combinations, 611, 616, 620, 635 pilose antler, 194
achyranthes root, 237 scrophularia, 537
asarum, 319, 611, 616 side effects (see drowsiness)
astragalus, 98 zizyphus, 279
chaenomeles, 410 slicing, 56
Chinese angelica, 123, 616 smilax glabra, 559
Chinese star jasmine, 402 smothering sensation, 111
clematis, 396 snake bites
cnidium, 222, 611, 616, 620 cynanchum, 408
dahurian angelica, 312, 313 dandelion, 527
large-leaf gentian root, 404, 405, houttuynia, 559
616 lobelia, 548
licorice root, 107, 611, 616, 620 paris rhizome, 538
magnolia flower, 325 scute barbata, 550
notopterygium, 390-391, 611, sodium
616 alisma, 465
poria, 467 atractylodes, 443
pubescent angelica, 387, 616 licorice root, 107
schizonepeta, 322, 323, 611, 620 lysimachia, 479
siegesbeckia, 419 white atractylodes, 120
silkworm, 222, 289, 335 sodium sulfates, 620, 625
sinus disorders, 319 soja, 609
allergic, 327 solanum dulcamra, 570
solanum lyratum, 550, 557 spleen (continued)
Song dynasty, 39, 42-43 stephania, 400
sophora root, 65, 562-564 TCM view, 22, 23t, 82, 84t, 195,
combinations 422, 459
fritillary bulb, 362 and urination, 459
gentiana root, 501 zedoaria, 565
oldenlandia, 545 spleen yin/yang balance, 114
polygonum, 136 yang deficiency, 140, 328, 437, 459
pulsatilla, 530 recipes
sorrow, 263 Ling Gui Zhu Gan Tang, 626
sorting, 56 Shou Wu Wan, 597-598
sounds, 24 Zhen Wu Tang, 626
sour herbs, 61 Spleen-Qi, 82, 84t, 195
soybean, 491 astragalus, 97, 98
spasmolytics, 311 aucklandia, 211
spasms, as side effect, 304, 307, 356. Chinese angelica, 123, 605-606
See also antispasmodics Chinese yam, 111
speech, 82, 84t, 178, 356 codonopsis, 103
spermatorrhea. See seminal emission ginseng, 89, 92
spicy foods, 34, 35, 69 licorice root, 106, 605-606, 618
Spirit, 263-64 polygonatum root, 156
spleen
recipes
agastache, 430
Si Ni San, 618
amomum fruit, 432
Wu Ling San, 622
atractylodes, 441
blood deficiency, 83 Xiao Yao Wan, 605-606
Chinese yam, 110 Yi Qi Li Pi Zhi Zhu Wan, 634
curcuma, 230 Siberian ginseng, 94
enlarged, 217, 565 white atractylodes, 118, 119
evodia fruit, 437 spondylitis, 445
and flavor, 61 stability, 56, 71, 72
Four Noble Herbs, 73-74 stamina, 91, 194
Liver-Qi, 264 stemona, 64, 370-372
magnolia bark, 449 asarum, 320
pinellia, 355 polygonatum root, 156
poria, 467, 468 scute root, 511
psoralea fruit, 170 trichosanthes, 367
recipes stems, 54
Fang Ji Huang Qi Tang, 621 stephania, 64, 399-401
Qing Shen Jian Fei Fang, 646 combinations, 621, 646
Shi Quan Da Bu Wan, 633 astragalus, 98, 621
Si Shen Wan, 597 cynanchum, 407
Tiao Shen Tang, 639 large-leaf gentian root, 404
Xiao Jian Zhong Tang, 617-618 lepidium seed, 376
Yan Ling Yi Shou Dan, 632 pubescent angelica, 388
Yang Xin Jian Pi Wan, 636-637 stimulants, 60, 89, 91
Yi Qi Li Pi Zhi Zhu Wan, 634 in diet pills, 52
rehmannia, 128 history, 3-4
stomach, 22, 423t. See also gastritis stomachache (continued)
acorus, 281 hawthorn, 426
agastache, 431 licorice root, 107
amomum fruit, 433 rabdosia, 552
bitter orange, 204-205 stomachache, as side effect
bupleurum, 342-343 coptis root, 515
cyperus tuber, 208 duchesnea, 571
Four Noble Herbs, 73-74 epimedium, 165
gastric neuroses, 603 pubescent angelica, 388
gentiana root, 502 rhubarb, 452
licorice root, 108 scute root, 511
magnolia bark, 449
trichosanthes, 368
prolapse, 84t
red peony root, 241 stomachics, 421-424
and rhubarb, 453 agastache, 429
schisandra, 116 akebia quinata, 554
side effects, 115, 271, 278 amomum fruit, 432, 613
tangerine peel, 203 areca seed, 455, 619
yin deficiency, 140, 142t, 145 atractylodes, 441, 602, 617
stomach cancer barley, 435, 436
akebia quinata, 554 chaenomeles, 410-411
black nightshade, 557 cinnamon, 305, 307, 308
duchesnea, 570 dandelion, 528
lobelia, 548 evodia fruit, 438
oldenlandia, 545 gentiana root, 502
rabdosia, 552 ginger, 318, 617, 624
sarcandra, 572 hawthorn, 425-427
scute barbata, 550 magnolia, 448, 449, 613, 617
stomach ulcers poria, 468, 613
American ginseng, 147 radish seeds, 445
astragalus, 98 recipes
bupleurum, 344 Du Huo Ji Sheng Tang, 617
cinnamon bark, 308 Mu Xiang Bing Lang Wan,
codonopsis, 105 618-619
and hawthorn, 426 Shu Gan Wan, 613
licorice root, 108
magnolia bark, 449 Wu Zhu Yu Tang, 624
pilose antler, 194 Yi Qi Li Pi Zhi Zhu Wan, 634
platycodon, 359 Zhi Shi Dao Zhi Wan, 628
and polygala, 268 rhubarb, 451
poria, 468, 469 schizonepeta, 324
pubescent angelica root, 389 zedoaria, 565, 566, 567, 619
sarcandra, 573 Stomach-Qi, 195, 211
Shen Qi Wan, 594-595 deficiency, 84t, 106, 118, 120
sophora root, 564 stomatitis
white peony root, 133 cimicifuga, 348
stomachache. See also abdominal pain coptis root, 515
chaenomeles, 410 gum swelling, 61
and cold foods, 35 isatis, 524
stomatitis (continued) sweating (continued)
as side effect, 356 ophiopogon, 149
Tian Wang Bu Xin Wan, 608 as Qi deficiency, 82, 84t
storage, 71 recipes
storax, 65 Da Cheng Qi Tang, 625
stress. See adaptogens; mental stress Dan Zhi Xiao Yao Wan, 606
stroke patients Shi Quan Da Bu Wan, 633
astragalus, 99 as side effect, 380
cnidium, 221, 601 sweet herbs, 61, 62
large-leaf gentian root, 405 sweeteners, 88, 607. See also jujube
morinda root, 178 sympathetic nervous system, 18, 21,
recipes 279, 394
Bu Yang Huan Wu Tang, 601 sympathomimetic amines, 3-4
Tian Ma Wan, 614-615, 615 syndromes, differentiation of, 25
red peony, 239, 601 synergy, 73-75
salvia, 219 synthetic substances, 2-6
siegesbeckia, 418
speech, 178
strokes, 615
astragalus, 98 T cells, 101, 154, 166, 272
cnidium, 224 tablets, 72
gastrodia tuber, 288 tachycardia. See heart rate
rehabilitation after, 27 tacrine, 260
as side effect, 301 Tai ji, 31-33
TCM view, 196, 263 Tai Ping Hui Min He Ji Ju Fang, 43
Tian Ma Wan, 614-615 Tai Ping Sheng Hui Fang, 42
strychnine, 357 talc
Strychnos nux-vomica, 65 combinations, 642
su mu. See sappan wood oldenlandia, 545
suan zao ren. See zizyphus plantain seed, 475
Suan Zao Ren Tang, 277, 278, 468, 605 pueraria, 345
sulfanilamides, 3 scute root, 510
Summer Heat, 293, 459, 475 talking, lack of, 82, 84t
superficial syndrome, 619 tan xiang. See sandalwood
surgery Tang dynasty, 42
pain of, 409, 557, 612 Tang kuei. See Chinese angelica
recuperation from, 82 tangerine leaf, 207
swallowing, 355 tangerine peel, 201-203
sweating. See also diaphoretics; night combinations, 201-202, 609-610,
sweats 611, 613, 617, 619, 620,
aconite, 328, 329 631-632, 634, 636, 637-638,
astragalus, 98 645
codonopsis, 103 acanthopanax, 413
cold sweats, 82, 328, 329 acorus, 280
cornus, 187 acronychia, 251
gardenia, 491 agastache, 429, 430, 610
ginseng, 88 atractylodes, 441, 617
notopterygium, 390 aucklandia, 211, 613, 619, 631
tangerine peel, combinations temperature, of skin, 125, 214
(continued) tendons
bupleurum, 342, 612, 645 acanthopanax, 413
curcuma, 230, 613, 634, 645 chaenomeles, 410
cyperus tuber, 208, 612, 619, 631 Chinese star jasmine, 402
gastrodia, 289 curculigo rhizome, 190
ginseng, 88 Huo Xue Shu Jing Zhi Tong Fang,
isatis root, 521 638
magnolia, 448, 613, 617 lycopodium, 416
pinellia, 355, 609-610 morinda root, 178
radish seeds, 445, 634 pilose antler, 193
stemona, 370 Teng Hong, 43
trichosanthes, 367 teratogenicity, 4, 67
white atractylodes, 119, 610, 634 testicles
zedoaria, 565, 619 aconite, 330
green, 130 akebia quinata, 554
tangerine seed, 554 gentiana root, 501
Tao Hong Si Wu Tang, 122, 222, 227, ginger, 318
245 sargassum, 373
Tao Hongjing, 37-38 testosterone, 154
tao ren. See peach kernel
tetanus, 310
Taoism, 14-18, 27
tetrapanax, 510
Tartar dynasty, 39
thalidomide, 4
taste
bitter therapeutic types, 62-65
aucklandia, 210-211 thiaspi. See patrinia
bupleurum, 342, 605-606, 613 thirst
gentiana root, 501 American ginseng, 145
recipes, 605-606, 613, 620 asparagus root, 161
loss of, 617 Chinese yam, 111
tearing, of eyes, 335, 595 glehnia, 159
teas, 70, 72 Jiang Tang Wan, 641
capillaris, 481 phragmites, 493
clematis, 397 pueraria, 345
and fasting, 626-627 rehmannia, 127-128
germinated barley, 435 schisandra, 113
green, 391, 646 trichosanthes, 368
hawthorn, 425-426 thlapsi. See patrinia
isatis, 524 throat cancer, 562
lysimachia, 478 throat dryness
phellodendron, 519 bupleurum, 342, 605-606, 613
prunella, 498 mulberry leaves, 335
recipes recipes
Bai Du San Tang, 641-642 Mai Men Dong Tang, 623
Chuan Xiong Cha Tiao San, 611 Suan Zao Ren Tang, 605
Long Dan Xie Gan Tang, 629-630 Xiao Chai Hu Tang, 613
sarcandra, 572 Xiao Yao Wan, 605-606
siegesbeckia, 418 throat infections, 521, 524
throat inflammation, 489, 535. See also tian nan xing. See arisaema
pharyngitis; tonsilitis Tian Wang Bu Xin Wan, 114, 149, 217,
throat soreness. See also pharyngitis 277, 608
black nightshade, 557 Tiao Jing Wan, 636
Chinese star jasmine, 402 tic douloureux, 314, 401, 615, 621
chrysanthemum, 495-496 tidal fever, 127, 519, 625
cimicifuga, 348 tien hua fen. See trichosanthes
duchesnea, 570 tinctures, 71, 90, 171
ephedra, 299 tinea, 548
gentiana root, 501 ting li zi. See lepidium seed
isatis, 521, 524 tinnitus
licorice root, 107, 609 acorus, 280, 607
magnolia bark, 448, 603 Chinese yam, 110
mulberry leaves, 335 cordyceps, 176
oldenlandia, 545 cornus, 187
pubescent holly root, 249 cuscuta, 184, 607
recipes gingko biloba, 260
Ban Xia Hou Po Tang, 603 loranthus, 393-394, 620
Yin Qiao Jie Du Pian, 609 lycium fruit, 153
rhubarb, 452 pilose antler, 192
scrophularia, 535, 536 prunella, 498
as side effect, 317 recipes
sophora root, 562 An Shen Bu Xin Wan, 607
thromboangiitis obliterans, 125, 217, Jian Nao Bu Shen Wan, 601-602
219, 249 Qi Ju Di Huang Wan, 595
thromboembolism, 245 Tian Ma Gou Teng, 620
thrombosis, 196 as side effect, 259, 299
thymoturbidity, 125 tokoro
thyroid cancer, 552 combinations, 614, 643
thyroid gland achyranthes root, 238, 614
acanthopanax, 414 gastrodia, 288-289, 614
ginseng, 91 scute barbata, 550
licorice root, 107, 607 tolerance, 5
prunella, 498, 644 tong cao. See tetrapanax
recipes Tong Xuan Li Fei Pian, 299, 358,
Bai Zi Yang Xin Wan, 607 609-610
Jia Kang Fang, 644 tongue
rhubarb, 452 aucklandia, 210-11
sargassum, 373, 374 in diagnosis, 24
scrophularia, 536 fissures, 625
TCM view, 351 recipes
tian hua fen. See trichosanthes Da Cheng Qi Tang, 625
tian kui. See semiaquilegia root Fang Ji Huang Qi Tang, 621
tian kui zi. See semiaquilegia root Huang Lian Jie Du Tang, 624-25
tian ma. See gastrodia Ling Gui Zhu Gan Tang, 626
Tian Ma Gou Teng, 288, 620 Long Dan Xie Gan Tang, 630
Tian Ma Wan, 288-289, 614-615 Su Zi Jiang Qi Tang, 644
tian men dong. See asparagus root Tian Wang Bu Xin Wan, 608
tongue, recipes (continued) tranquilizers (continued)
Yan Ling Yi Shou Dan, 632 gastrodia, 290
Yue Ju Wan, 602 ginseng, 89, 607
scute root, 510 loranthus, 394
tangerine peel, 202 polygala root, 61, 63, 267, 607
tonics. See also astragalus root; Chinese poria, 468, 607
yam; codonopsis root; recipes, 76, 607
ganoderma; ginseng; An Shen Bu Xin Wan, 607
rehmannia; Schisandra Bai Zi Yang Xin Wan, 607
chinensis; Siberian ginseng; Chuan Xiong Cha Tiao San, 611
white atractylodes; white Geng Nian Lou Tang, 639-640
peony root Huang Lian Jie Du Tang,
for blood deficiency, 84t 624-625
for Qi deficiency, 84t Jiao Gan Wan, 633
recipes, 75 Si Ni San, 618
in TCM, 63, 81-83 Suan Zao Ren Tang, 605
Warm herbs as, 60 Tiao Shen Tang, 639
for yin/yang deficiencies, 140-144 Yan Ling Yi Shou Dan, 632
tonsilitis, 249, 489, 545, 562 Yang Xin Yan Ling Yi Shou Dan,
toothache 637-638
achyranthes root, 237 salvia, 218
asarum, 319, 320, 321 schisandra, 114, 607
cynanchum, 408, 409 transplant patients, 453
dahurian angelica, 312, 314 tribulus
dandelion, 527 combinations, 636-37
topical agents, 65 cornus, 187
tortoise plastron, 557, 565. See also loranthus, 393-394
turtle shell schizonepeta, 322
toxicity, 5, 68. See also side effects siler, 310
grades of, 67 white peony, 132, 636
traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) trichomoniasis, 318, 530
deficiency, 81-82 trichosanthes fruit, 64, 329, 367-369
diagnosis, 24-25 combinations
early writings, 13 American ginseng, 145
emotions, 263 asparagus root, 161
herb properties, 59-62 astragalus, 98
tools, 25-35 bitter orange, 204
underlying philosophy, 13-20 Chinese yam, 110, 111
and Western medicine, 9-10 cinnamon twig, 304
tranquilizers, 3, 263-266, 264t, 265t cyperus tuber, 207
albizzia bark, 286, 607 dahurian angelica, 313
American ginseng, 147 fritillary bulb, 362
biota seed, 63, 607 glehnia, 159
carthamus, 228 lycium fruit, 153
cnidium, 224, 605, 607, 611 peach kernel, 245
cordyceps, 176 pinellia, 355
eucommia bark, 169 polygonatum root, 157
ganoderma, 270 pueraria, 345
trichosanthes fruit, combinations unconsciousness (continued)
(continued) gardenia, 491
schisandra, 114 herbs for, 65
sophora root, 562 polygala, 267
vaccaria, 233 rhubarb, 452
trichosanthes peel, 368, 369 scrophularia, 536-537
trichosanthes root, 367 as side effect, 259, 558
combinations, 641 TCM view, 62, 351
forsythia, 504 United States. See also Food and Drug
houttuynia, 559 Administration (FDA)
paris rhizome, 538 acupuncture in, 8
phragmites, 493 common colds, 7
scute root, 510 cordyceps, 176
trichosanthes seed, 367 DSHEA classifications, 78
peach kernel, 245 ephedra products, 301
semiaquilegia root, 568 health care, 1-2
trigeminal neuralgia, 314, 401, 615, herbal remedies, 51-52
621 liver-yang deficiency, 141
triglycerides urethritis, 491
alisma, 463, 465, 645-646 urinary tract infections, 459, 460
hawthorn, 427, 645-646 black nightshade, 557
Jiang Zhi Fang, 645-646 dandelion, 527
polygonatum root, 158, 645-646 gardenia, 491
polygonum, 137 gentiana root, 501
tu fu ling, 559 Long Dan Xie Gan Tang, 630
tu si zi. See cuscuta seed oldenlandia, 545
tuberculosis phellodendron, 518
asparagus root, 161 phragmites, 493, 494
cordyceps, 175 plantain seed, 475
houttuynia, 560 polyporus, 470
of intestines, 597 scute root, 510
of lymph nodes (see scrofula) urination. See also enuresis; hematuria;
Mai Men Dong Tang, 623 oliguria; polyuria
schizonepeta, 324 bleeding in, 231, 388, 636-637
stemona, 370 and descending properties, 62
tui na, 26 nocturia, 176
tumeric. See curcuma TCM view, 459-461
tumors. See cancer urination difficulty, 460. See also
turtle shell, 128, 230. See also tortoise diuretics
plastron alisma, 463
typhae, pollen, 426. See also bulrush cinnamon twig, 304
typhonium, 310 coptis root, 514, 619
dandelion, 527
ephedra, 299
uncaria. See gambir gardenia, 491
unconsciousness, 65 leonuris, 243
acorus, 281 oldenlandia, 545
coptis root, 515 phellodendron, 518
urination difficulty (continued) uterus (continued)
phragmites, 493 leonurus, 244
plantain seed, 475 lycium fruit, 154
polyporus, 470 lycopodium, 417
poria, 467 magnolia flower, 326
recipes mulberry leaves, 337
Jia Wei Long Dan Xie Gan Wan, pilose antler, 194
635 polygala, 269
Long Bi Xiao Tang, 643 prunella, 499
Mu Xiang Bing Lang Wan, psoralea fruit, 172
618-619 pubescent angelica, 389
Pai Shi Tang, 642 red peony root, 241
Yin Chen Hao Tang, 622 schisandra, 116
rhubarb, 452 vaccaria, 233, 234
scute root, 510 zizyphus, 278
semiaquilegia root, 568
stephania, 399-400
urination frequency, 473, 491 vaccaria seed, 233-234, 234, 527, 643
urine, bile in, 232 vaccinia virus, 333
urolithiasis, 233, 477, 478-79, 642 vaginal infections, 530, 559. See also
urticaria leukorrhea
cynanchum, 409 Valium, 3
Fang Feng Tong Sheng San, 621 varicosities, 260
peach kernel, 246 vasculitis, 245
as side effect, 90, 271, 278 veratrum root, 65
siegesbeckia, 418 interactions
uterus. See also cervical cancer; codonopsis, 104
cervicitis; prolapses ginseng, 89
achyranthes root, 238 glehnia, 160
albizzia bark, 287 salvia, 217
asparagus root, 162 white peony, 132
bitter orange, 204-205, 206 verbena, 548
bleeding, 135, 172, 631-33, 637 (see vertigo
also metrorrhagia) achyranthes root, 237
bupleurum, 342-343 alisma, 463
carthamus, 228 Chinese yam, 110
Chinese angelica, 125 gastrodia, 288, 290, 620
cinnamon twig, 305 gingko biloba, 260
cnidium, 223 pinellia, 355
curculigo rhizome, 191 polygonatum root, 157
cuscuta, 186 polygonum, 136, 620
cyperus tuber, 209 recipes
ephedra, 300 Jian Nao Bu Shen Wan, 601-602
epimedium, 164 Long Dan Xie Gan Tang, 630
eucommia bark, 169 Shi Quan Da Bu Wan, 633
fibrositis, 233 Tian Ma Gou Teng, 620
fritillary, 363 as side effect, 348, 394, 452, 502
hawthorn, 427 white peony, 132
viola, 65 vomiting. See also antiemetics; emetics
combinations, 629 agastache, 429-430, 610
chrysanthemum, 495 amomum fruit, 432
coptis root, 515 and ascending/descending, 62
forsythia, 504 atractylodes, 441, 602
lonicera, 507 aucklandia, 211
oldenlandia, 545 of blood (see hematemesis)
paris rhizome, 538 coptis root, 514
prunella, 498 curcuma, 231
scute barbata, 550 evodia fruit, 437
semiaquilegia root, 568 ginger, 316, 318, 610, 614
siegesbeckia, 418 magnolia, 448, 610
viruses. See also antivirals pinellia, 356, 357, 610
AIDS/HIV, 99, 101, 512, 614 in pregnancy, 87, 356, 430, 603
hepatitis, 232 recipes
herpes simplex, 333 Huo Xiang Zheng Qi Wan, 610
herpes zoster (see herpes zoster) Wu Ling San, 622
polio, 166 tangerine peel, 201, 610
TCM view, 195
vaccinia, 333
vomiting, as side effect
viscera, 20, 22-23
apocynum, 284
bleeding, 50 astragalus, 99
visceroptosis, 98 bitter apricot kernel, 365
vision cimicifuga, 348
An Shen Bu Xin Wan, 607 dandelion, 528
and blood deficiency, 82-83 duchesnea, 571
chrysanthemum, 338, 595 ephedra, 299, 301
cuscuta, 184, 607 epimedium, 165
lycium fruit, 152, 154, 595 ganoderma, 271
night blindness, 442, 595 gingko, 258-259
plantain seed, 475 lobelia, 549
polygonatum root, 157 notoginseng, 214
polygonum, 135-136, 607 polygala, 268
prunella, 498 pubescent angelica root, 388
rehmannia, 127, 607 rhodendron, 380
rubus, 473 rhubarb, 452
schisandra, 115, 116-117, 607 salvia, 217
side effects, 438 scute root, 511
Vital Energy, recipes for, 633, 644 sophora root, 563
Vital Essence, 187-188, 192 trichosanthes, 368
vitamin C, 7 vulval cancer, 565
vitamins, interactions with, 67 vulval itching, 630
vitex fruit, 390, 616
vitiligo, 170, 172, 317
Vivol, 3 waist pain, 110, 418. See also
vocal cords, 603 hypochondriac region
voice, 103, 402 walnut kernel, 88, 165, 170
volatile oils, 59, 67 Wan, 71
Wandering-Bi, 383-385, 396 white atractylodes, combinations
wang bu liu xing. See vaccaria seed (continued)
Wang Tao, 42 Chinese angelica, 123, 600-601,
warfarin, 89 620
warm herbs, 59-60, 62, 64, 68 Chinese yam, 110, 111, 600-601
warming cinnamon twig, 304, 622, 626
herbs for, 293 codonopsis, 103, 614
recipe for, 76 cornus, 188
washing, 56 cuscuta, 184
waxgourd seed, 245 dahurian angelica, 313
wei ling xian. See clematis ephedra, 299
Wei Yilin, 43 eucommia bark, 168
weight gastrodia, 289
ephedra, 301 ginger, 316, 610, 614, 621, 626
and Qi deficiency, 82 ginseng, 88, 600-601, 614
weight control hawthorn, 425, 634
sargassum, 374 large-leaf gentian root, 405
weight gain leonurus, 243
lycium fruit, 154 licorice root, 106, 610, 614, 626
weight loss plantain seed, 475, 646
and acupuncture, 31 polygonatum root, 156
diet pills, 52 poria, 467, 468, 610, 622, 626,
recipes 646
Fang Feng Tong Sheng San, 621 scute root, 511, 620, 628
Fang Ji Huang Qi Tang, 621 stephania, 399-400, 621
tangerine peel, 201, 610, 634
Qing Shen Jian Fei Fang, 646
in Four Noble Herbs, 74
rehmannia, 128
processed versus dried, 118
stephania, 401
white atractylodes root, 97
Weil, Andrew, 7-8, 50 white ginseng, 87
Wen Jing Tan, 303 white hoelen, 304
West Nile virus white hyacinth, 634
and peppermint, 333 white mustard seed, 445
Western medicine, 1-5 white peony, 85t, 131-33
in China, 40 combinations, 131-132, 601-602,
and Chinese herbal medicine, 9-10 605-606, 611-612, 613, 616,
wheezing, 88 618, 619, 620, 626, 631-633,
white atractylodes, 118-21 636, 637-38, 644
combinations, 598, 600-601, 610, achyranthes root, 237
614, 620, 621, 622, 626, 628, albiflorin, 133
634, 637-638, 639, 646 astragalus, 98, 631-633, 644
aconite, 328, 614 bupleurum, 342, 343, 605-606,
agastache, 430, 610 612, 618
alisma, 463, 464, 622, 628, 646 Chinese angelica, 123, 605-606,
amomum fruit, 432, 433, 634 616, 632
astragalus, 97, 98, 621 cimicifuga, 348
aucklandia, 211 cinnamon, 303, 616, 619, 620,
chaenomeles, 410 632
white peony, combinations (continued) Wind, expulsion of (continued)
cistanche, 181 sarcandra, 572
cnidium, 222, 612, 632 schizonepeta, 324
codonopsis, 103, 631 siler, 309, 310
cornus, 188 Wind-Cold Exterior Syndromes, 309,
curcuma, 230, 613 316-317, 635
cyperus tuber, 207-208, 631, 644 Wind-Cold pathogens, 293-294, 303,
eucommia bark, 168, 616 306, 313, 322, 325
gardenia, 491-492, 606 lycopodium, 416
ginseng, 88, 632 notopterygium, 390-391
large-leaf gentian root, 405, 616 platycodon, 358
licorice root, 107, 606-6, 612, pubescent angelica root, 387
616, 618, 619, 631-633 stephania, 399
lycopodium, 416 Tong Xuan Li Fei Pian, 609-610
moutan bark, 254, 606 Wind-Cold-Damp arthritis, 299
phellodendron, 519 loranthus, 393
polygonum, 135-136 notopterygium, 390
poria, 467, 605-6, 610, 613, 626, Wind-Cold-Damp Bi syndrome
628, 631 acanthopanax, 413
pueraria, 345 asarum, 319
rehmannia, 128, 616, 632, 644 recipes
scrophularia, 536 Du Huo Ji Sheng Tang, 616
zizyphus, 277 siler, 309-310
whole plants, 55 Wind-Cold-Damp Exterior Syndromes
processing, 56 atractylodes, 441
whooping cough, and stemona, 370 ginger, 316
wild chrysanthemum, 495-497. See recipes
also chrysanthemum Bai Du San Tang, 641-642
combinations Huo Xiang Zheng Qi Wan, 610
apocynum, 283 Qiang Huo Sheng Shi Tang, 616
Chinese star jasmine, 402 silder, 309
dandelion, 507, 527, 538 Wind-Damp pathogens, 222, 237
duchesnea, 570 chaenomeles, 410
forsythia, 504 clematis, 396
lonicera, 504, 507 pubescent angelica root, 387
lysimachia, 479 recipes
magnolia flower, 325-326 Xiao Huo Luo Dan, 612
oldenlandia, 545 Wind-Heat Exterior symptoms
prunella, 498 asarum, 319
semiaquilegia root, 568 fritillary, 362
siegesbeckia, 418 ginger, 316-317
Wind, 293 scrophularia, 535
Endogenous Wind, 263, 264t, 266, siler, 309
289 Wind-Heat pathogens
expulsion of, 76, 221-222 apocynum, 283
cynanchum, 407 arctium fruit, 489
dahurian angelica, 312 chrysanthemum, 338, 495
from liver, 263 cnidium, 222
Wind-Heat pathogens (continued) Wu Wei Xiao Du Yin, 507, 568
forsythia, 504, 609 wu wei zi. See schisandra fruit
fritillary, 362 wu zhu yu. See evodia fruit
isatis, 521, 524 Wu Zhu Yu Tang, 316, 437, 624
lonicera, 507, 609 Wu Zi Yan Zong Wan, 184, 476
mulberry leaves, 335
peppermint, 332, 609
schizonepeta, 322, 609
scrophularia, 535 Xaio Chai Hu Tang, 342
Yin Qiao Jie Du Pian, 609 xanthium fruit, 165, 313, 319, 325-326
Wind pathogens xi cao, 188
Chinese star jasmine, 402 Xi Jiao Di Huang Wan, 254, 623
recipes xi xian cao. See siegesbeckia
Chuan Xiong Cha Tiao San, 611 xi xin. See asarum
Pian Tao Tong Tang, 640 Xi yang shen. See American ginseng
wine xia ku cao. See prunella
with clematis, 396 xian mao. See curculigo
with dandelion, 527 xiang fu. See cyperus tuber
with notopterygium, 391 Xiang ling pi. See epimedium
with salvia, 216, 217 xiang ru, 475
with trichosanthes, 368 Xiang Sha Liu Jun Zi Tang, 211, 432
wines Xiao Chai Hu Tang, 511, 613-614
acanthopanax, 413 Xiao Huo Luo Dan, 612
Withering, William, 2 Xiao Jian Zhong Tang, 132, 303, 617
wolfberry fruit. See lycium fruit Xiao Luo Wan, 362
women. See fertility, female; gender Xiao Qing Long Tang, 299, 316, 619
factors; hysterectomy Xiao Yao Wan, 123, 333, 342-343,
patients; leukorrhea; 605-606
menopause; menstrual Xin, 22
disorders; uterus xin xin. See asarum
wonder drugs, 3 Xin yi hua. See magnolia
World Health Organization (WHO), 49 Xin Yi San, 325
wound healing Xiong Zhu Wan, 442, 602
and astragalus, 98 xu chang qing. See cynanchum
carthamus, 227 xu duan. See dipsacus
Chinese angelica, 125 Xu Shuwei, 43
notoginseng, 213 xuan shen. See scrophularia
pilose antler, 193 Xuan Yu Tong Jing Tang, 123, 254
wu bei zi. See gall Xue Fu Zhu Yu Tang, 222, 239, 603
Wu Ji Bai Feng Wan, 123, 128
Wu jia pi. See acanthopanax
Wu Jia Pi Jua, 413
wu jia shen. See Siberian ginseng Yan Ling Yi Shou Dan, 631-632
Wu Ling San, 119, 304, 463, 467, 622 Yan Qi, 633
Wu Qizun, 40 Yan Shi Ji Sheng Fang, 43
Wu Ren Wang, 275 Yan Shou Dan, 136
Wu Shih Er Bing Fang, 42 Yan Yonghe, 43
Wu Wei, 61 yang. See yin and yang
yang deficiency, 83, 140-141. See also yin deficiency (continued)
under kidneys and pubescent angelica root, 388
eucommia bark, 167 recipes
pilose antler, 193 Jiang Tang Wan, 641
and prunella, 499 Suan Zao Ren Tang, 605
syndrome, 329 salvia, 217
yang excess, 329 scrophularia, 535
Yang Xin Jian Pi Wan, 636-637 siegesbeckia, 419
Yang Xin Tang, 274 siler, 310
Yang Xin Yan Ling Yi Shou Dan, 637 syndrome, 139, 147, 187-188
Yao Xing Lun, 59 trichosanthes, 368
ye ju hua. See wild chrysanthemum Yin Qiao Jie Du Pian, 322, 332, 504,
yellow color. See under quality; tongue 507, 609
Yellow Emperor, 13. See also Nei Jing Yin Qiao San, 332, 489, 504, 507
Yi Fang Ji Jie, 44 Yin Shan Zheng Yao, 33
Yi Gong San, 201 yin xing ye. See gingko biloba
Yi Guan Jian, 152 yin and yang
yi jiao teng. See polygonum stem balance, 1, 139-144
yi mu cao. See leonurus and blood, 127-128
Yi Mu Wan, 242 deficiencies (see yang deficiency;
Yi Qi Li Pi Zhi Zhu Wan, 634 yin deficiency)
Yi Shen Tang, 629
description, 6, 16-18, 19t
Yi Wei Tang, 150
Five Elements, 18-20
yi yi ren. See coix seed
heart, 140, 142t, 149, 607
yin chen hao. See capillaris
Yin Chen Hao Tang, 452, 481, 491, 622 kidneys (see under kidney)
yin deficiency, 83 liver (see under liver)
acanthopanax, 414 lungs (see under lungs)
agastache, 430 and pulse, 24
amomum fruit, 433 and Qi, 83
asarum, 320 recipes, 593-98
atractylodes, 442 Siberian ginseng, 95
bitter apricot kernel, 364, 365 sinking versus floating, 62
bupleurum, 343 stomach, 140, 142t, 145
chaenomeles, 411 tonics, 63, 75
cimicifuga, 348 and viscera, 22
cinnamon bark, 307 and Wind and Cold, 293
dahurian angelica, 313 yin yang huo. See epimedium
dandelion, 528 Yin-Ti, 13, 37, 53
evodia fruit, 438 yu li ren, 275
ginger, 317 Yu Ping Feng San, 98
and Heat, 486 Yu Quan Wan, 98, 110, 345
magnolia flower, 326 yu xing cao. See houttuynia
notopterygium, 391 Yu Ye Tang, 111, 368, 369
phellodendron, 519 Yu Zhen San, 310
pinellia, 356 yu zhu. See polygonatum
and platycodon, 359 Yuan dynasty, 39
polygonum, 135 Yuan Hu Zhi Tong Wan, 313, 615
yuan zhi. See polygala root zhi zi. See gardenia
Yue Ju Wan, 442, 602 zhong. See schisandra fruit
Zhong Hua Yao Shan Da Ci Dian, 33
Zhong Yao Da Ci Dian, 42
Zang, 22 Zhou dynasty, 38
zang hang hua, 226 zhu gu, 119
ze lan, 230, 233, 241 zhu ling. See polyporus
Ze Xie Tang, 463 Zhu Ling Tang, 470
ze zie. See alisma Zhu Su, 43
zedoaria, 210, 455, 557, 565-567 zhu ye. See lophatherum
recipe, 619 Zhu Zhenheng, 43
Zhang Ji, 42 Zi Xue Tang, 239
zhe bei mu. See fritillary bulb zizyphus, 277-279
zhe xie. See alisma combinations, 277-278, 605, 608,
Zhen Gan Xi Feng Gang, 237 637-638, 639
Zhen Wu Tang, 132, 328, 626 ginseng, 89, 601
Zheng He Ban Cao, 39 polygonum, 135-136
Zhi Bai Di Huang Wan, 519 poria, 468, 605
zhi mu. See anemarrhena rehmannia, 128
Zhi Shi Dao Zhi Wan, 628 salvia, 217
Zhi Wu Ming Shi Tu Kao, 40 wild jujube, 278
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