CHAPTER ONE

1.0 INTRODUCTION

The definition of management cannot easily be stated in one line of

thought.

Individuals differ in their understanding and definitions of the term.

Advanced Dictionary of current English defined management as

skilful treatment and delicate contrivance.

Obikeze and Obi (2004) defined management as the process of

combining and utilizing or allocating organization inputs (me,

material and money) by planning, organizing, directing and

controlling for the purpose of producing outputs (goods and services

or whatever the object are) desired by customers so that the

organizational objectives are accomplished.

Drucker (1989) sees management as denoting a function as well as

the people who discharge it, a social position and authority, and a

discipline.

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Some scholars see management as a collective noun referring to a

certain group of people occupying the top echelon of organization.

Management can be seen as the process of utilizing the available

human and material resources in order to achieve the goals and

objective of an organization. In essence, management involves

combing and utilizing men, material and money to achieve desired

results in an organization.

Prison is an institution designed to securely house people who have

been convicted of crimes. These individuals known as prisoners or

inmates are kept in continuous custody on a long term basis. The

Encyclopedia of social sciences defines prison as a place where

persons whose liberty has been curtailed by law are confined to

assume the successful administration of justice or application of panel

treatment. Individuals who commit the most serious crimes are sent to

prison for one more years, the more serious the offense, the longer the

prison term imposed.

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Before the advent of British rule in Nigeria, there were, in the various

towns and villages diverse ways of punishing miscreants. These

varied from one community to the other and were dictated largely by

the tradition, customs and belief of a people. One thing seems clear

however, that is natural that a wrong doer whose continued freedom

and liberty pose a threat to the general community should be

restrained. It was therefore common to lock up a suspected wrong

doer till a competent body or authority “tried” him/her or as a means

of punishment (mostly prescribed by the adjudicating body or

authority) binds him with shackles etc., there by confining and

restraining him. Ikeazor (1986).

In our traditional societies, the Ogboni house serves as a sort of

prison in

Yoruba land. The Edo’s, the Ewedo building served only for keeping

those to be sold but also those offenders who had to be put away for

sometimes. It is also on record that in 1908 Sir Frederick Lugard

recorded the existence of prisons among the Fulani ethnics who used

3
them both for incarcerating offenders and for locking away

condemned persons. The Ibo’s built darkroom or houses were

constructed by communities, villages and powerful individuals in the

society for the purpose of confining offenders and captives.

Nnonyelu and Obiajulu (1997). Thus the concept and reality of

imprisonment in Nigeria came with the arrival of British Colonialists

in Nigeria. The British people were for administrative conveniences

and imperialist motives that any other reason else. The penal system

was introduced into Nigeria as an ancillary measure led to the

promulgation of staggering member of regulations. The Nigerian

penal system as it stands today has its roots in country’s colonial past.

1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

Management of prisons in Nigeria has long been a neglected area,

which has recently been incorporated in the e-governance program of

Government of Nigeria. Currently a rudimentary process of storing all

the prisoner data in manual files and registers is in place. The Prison

Management System project will integrate all the prisoner data into a

4
single integrated system, which will in turn result all the information

being present in a digital format.

ICT in prisons was initiated in the year 2002 at Delhi Prisons, Tihar.

The Tihar Prisons Complex in New Delhi is the biggest prison

complex in Asia comprising of 9 prisons and one District Jail at

Rohini with a total strength of more than 11,000 prisoners against a

normal sanctioned capacity of 6250 prisoners. In a year about 70,000

- 80,000 inmates remain lodged in these prisons for different duration

and crimes committed by them. This prison population has about 80%

under trials and includes about 480 women inmates. About 400

inmates are foreigners from different parts of the world. Many high

security criminals also live here. There has been a substantial increase

in number of prison inmates coming to Tihar because of a

phenomenal increase in the crime scene at Delhi that has resulted in

the increase of the ICT needs and its management at the Tihar Jail

Complex.

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Nearly 1700-1800 visitors meet their relative inmates’ every day.

There was manual system of booking (meetings) in each jail for its

respective inmates. Centralized visitor record was not available.

There was lack of exchange of visitors’ information within jails and

prison headquarters. No provision for identification / detection /

verification of visitors was there.

Managing the prisoner record and monitoring of prisoner / visitor was

always difficult since most of the records were normally maintained

manually, so the concerned authorities were required to go through all

the registers to find out the details and status of the inmate as well as

of the visitor.

In order to cope up with the increasing number of prisoners being

lodged in, the Tihar Administration required a re-engineering and

rationalization of their key business processes and functions of

prisoners’ related information and their computerization in order to

speed up the processing of information need of courts and various

other national agencies.

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As the technology evolution is taking place, there arose a need for

centralization of prisoner’s data to facilitate information exchange

and data sharing to the users of the prison. It shall reduce

administrative overheads, speed up responsiveness to users, reduce

risks involved in inmate’s custody, eliminated obsolete processes and

reap cost-cutting benefits.

1.2 STATEMENT OF PROBLEM

Management of prisons in Nigeria is still at a nascent stage and

follows rudimentary processes. Most of the prisons in Nigeria have a

collection of manual files and registers to store prisoner/criminal

records. This is a very inefficient and cumbersome way of storing

records, which greatly impedes the flow of critical information as

well as makes looking up of information time consuming. Also,

different files and registers are required to store the information

which is relevant to a single prisoner. This hinders the profiling

process of prisoners.

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1.3 AIM & OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

The main purpose behind the implementation of the Prison

Management System (PMS) was to enhance the administrative

capabilities of the jails in terms of monitoring and security of the

prison while improving the efficiency and productivity of the Prisons.

The main goals of the project are enunciated below:

 To develop a system that can be monitored properly by the top

officials.

 To develop a system that would made sure no impersonation of

the prisoners happens, by proper validation and authentication of

the prisoner’s identity

 To create the availability of data in digital form for preservation,

analysis and reporting.

1.4 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

This project is very essential in the prisons and other social security

organization, because it gives a constructive solution to most

8
problems faced in keeping records of the inmates in the prison. Some

areas of its benefit are:

 Automatic detection of duplication

 Immediate generation of report on categorization of prisoners on

basis of their cases, period of confinement etc.

 Automatic calculation of Remission to be granted to a convict

prisoner for good behavior, discipline etc.

 Reduction in the cost (Saving of resources) of physical production

of prisoners in Courts.

1.5 SCOPE OF THE STUDY

The basic purpose of this study is to develop an online system for

prison management. The system developed covers prisoner’s

information such as picture, conviction, offence, visitors, address, jail

term record etc.

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1.6 LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY

Generally, a study of this nature would have some constraints such as

time, money and data collection method. I wish to say that data

collection method used has the limitation of rigidity (people finding it

difficult to respond to questions) thereby restricting the information

obtained. Also, lack of finance is another obstacle that hindered a

wider consultations and research on the project. Some materials may

have some cost implications, which may be above the budgeted

money for the research work.

1.7 DEFINITION OF TERMS

Data: This can be defined as facts about the organization and its

business transaction.

Information: This can be defined as data that has been transformed

and organized by processing and purposeful intelligence.

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Information system: This is an arrangement of people, data,

processes and interface that interact to support and improve day to

day operation in a business as well as support the problem solving

and decision making needs for management and users.

Management: It is the co-ordination of all the resources of an

organization through the process of planning, organization, directing

and controlling in order to attain organizational objectives.

1.8 METHODOLOGY

A thorough investigation of the current system was made in order to

obtain detailed fact about the application area to be re-designed.

Investigation also covered looking at the functional requirement of

the present system and finding out whether the requirements and

objective of the present system are being achieved. In the

investigation proper, several methods of data collection were

employed which includes interviewing of office representatives,

evaluation/ inspection of forms and direct observation. These

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methods were adopted to ensure the validity of data collected and

relevance of the result after processing the data.

CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM

The introduction of computer into information technology has

massively improved the information need of organization; the success

of this machine is dependent on the knowledge base.

A database is an organized collection of data. The data is typically

organized to model relevant aspects of reality, in a way that supports

processes requiring this information.

Database management systems (DBMS) are specially designed

applications that interact with the user, other applications, and the

database itself to capture and analyze data. A general-purpose

database management system (DBMS) is a software system designed

to allow the definition, creation, querying, update, and administration

of databases.

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Database management system is typical information processing

system or organizational information system on people’s information.

World Net describes an information system (I.S) as “a system

consisting of the network of all communication channels used within

an organization, and includes software and hardware”. It may also be

defined as “a system that collects and processes data (information)

and provides it to managers at all levels that use it for decision

making, planning, program implementation and control.

The aim of information system in prisons is improving the quality and

accuracy of information provided to all involved as well as assisting

management in compiling and reporting information.

Computerization is a social process for providing access to and

support for computer equipment to be used in activities such as

teaching, accounting, writing, designing, circuits, file processing etc.

computerization entails social choices about the levels of appropriate

investment and control over equipment and expertise, as well as

choices of equipment.

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Dunlop and Kling (1991), by the early 1990s, computing and

telecommunications accounted for half of the capital investments

made by private firms. However, paper (1980), Feigenbaum and

McCorduck (1983) and Yourdon (1986) stated that the most fervent

advocates of computerization have argued that the actual pace of

computerization in schools, factories and homes is too slow.

King (1986), others emphasize a labor-market pragmatism that we

label “vocational matching”. In this view, people will need computer

skills, such as programming, to compete in future labor markets and

to participate in a highly automated society; a responsible school will

teach some of these skills today. Kling (1986), advocate of computer-

based education promote a utopian image of computer- using schools

as places where students learn in a cheerful, cooperative setting and

where all teachers can be supportive, enthusiastic mentors.

Therefore, a computerized database management system is usually a

system, which is implemented with a computer to achieve the utmost

efficiency and desired goals.

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Russell, M. (1987) dealt extensively on the need for the use of

computers on such database system like database management

system. In the words of David (2003), at the center of any information

system is a database, which is any collection of related information

grouped together as a simple item. The term can also apply to the

ways in which information is catalogued, analyzed, stored and used

manually.

Database management systems (DBMS) have become a standard tool

for shielding the computer user from details of secondary storage

management. They are designed to improve the productivity of

application programmers and to facilitate data access by computer-

naive end users. There have been several database models. Whichever

conceptual model or database management system is adopted, the use

of a central database management system has a number of advantages

and some costs compared to the commonly employed special purpose

data files. A data file consists of a set of records arranged and defined

for a single application system. Relational information between items

15
in a record or between records is not explicitly described or available

to other application systems. For example, a file of project activity

durations and scheduled times might be assembled and manipulated

by a project scheduling system. This data file would not necessarily

be available to the accounting system or to corporate planners.

A centralized DBM has several advantages over such stand-alone

systems:

 Reduced redundancy: good planning can allow duplicate or

similar data stored in different files for different applications to be

combined and stored only once.

 Improved availability: information may be made available to any

application program through the use of the DBM

 Reduced inconsistency: if the same data is stored in more than

one place, then updating in one place and not everywhere can lead

to inconsistencies in the database.

 Enforced data security: authorization to use information can be

centralized.

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For the purpose of project management, the issue of improved

availability is particularly important. Most application programs

create and own particular data files in the sense that information is

difficult to obtain directly for other applications. Common problems

in attempting to transfer data between such special purpose files are

missing data items, unusable formats, and unknown formats.

As an example, suppose that the Purchasing Department keeps

records of equipment rental costs on each project underway. This data

is arranged so that payment of invoices can be handled expeditiously

and project accounts are properly debited. The records are arranged

by individual suppliers for this purpose. These records might not be

particularly useful for the purpose of preparing cost estimates since:

 Some suppliers might not exist in the historical record.

 Finding the lowest cost supplier for particular pieces of equipment

would be exceedingly tedious since every record would have to be

read to find the desired piece of equipment and the cost.

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 No direct way of abstracting the equipment codes and prices might

exist.

An alternative arrangement might be to separately record equipment

rental costs in (1) the Purchasing Department Records, (2) the Cost

Estimating Division, and (3) the Company warehouse. While these

multiple databases might each be designed for the individual use, they

represent considerable redundancy and could easily result in

inconsistencies as prices change over time. With a central DBM,

desired views for each of these three users could be developed from a

single database of equipment costs.

A manager need not conclude from this discussion that initiating a

formal database will be a panacea. Life is never so simple. Installing

and maintaining databases is a costly and time consuming endeavor.

A single database is particularly vulnerable to equipment failure.

Moreover, a central database system may be so expensive and

cumbersome that it becomes ineffective. But lack of good information

and manual information management can also be expensive.

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One might also contrast the operation of a formal, computerized

database with that of a manual filing system. For the equipment

supplier example cited above, an experienced purchasing clerk might

be able to immediately find the lowest cost supplier of a particular

piece of equipment. Making this identification might as well occur in

spite of the formal organization of the records by supplier

organization. The experienced clerk will have his (or her) own

subjective, conceptual model of the available information. This

subjective model can be remarkably powerful. Unfortunately, the

mass of information required, the continuing introduction of new

employees, and the need for consistency on large projects make such

manual systems less effective and reliable.

2.2 MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEM (MIS)

The concept of the MIS has evolved over a period of time comprising

many different facets of the organizational function. MIS is a

necessity of all the organizations. The initial concept of MIS was to

process data from the organization and presents it in the form of

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reports at regular intervals. The system was largely capable of

handling the data from collection to processing. It was more

impersonal, requiring each individual to pick and choose the

processed data and use it for his requirements. This concept was

further modified when a distinction was made between data and

information. The information is a product of an analysis of data. This

concept is similar to a raw material and the finished product. What

are needed are information and not a mass of data. However, the data

can be analyzed in a number of ways, producing different shades and

specifications of the information as a product. It was, therefore,

demanded that the system concept be an individual- oriented, as each

individual may have a different orientation towards the information.

This concept was further modified, that the system should present

information in such a form and format that it creates an impact on its

user, provoking a decision or an investigation. It was later realized

then that even though such an impact was a welcome modification,

some sort of selective approach was necessary in the analysis and

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reporting. Hence, the concept of exception reporting was imbibed in

MIS. The norm for an exception was necessary to evolve in the

organization. The concept remained valid till and to the extent that the

norm for an exception remained true and effective. Since the

environment turns competitive and is ever changing, fixation of the

norm for an exception becomes futile exercise at least for the people

in the higher echelons of the organization. The concept was then

evolved that the system should be capable of handling a need based

exception reporting. This need maybe either of an individual or a

group of people. This called for keeping all data together in such a

form that it could be accessed by anybody and can be processed to

suit his needs. The concept is that the data is one but it can be viewed

by different individuals in different ways. This gave rise to the

concept of DATABASE, and the MIS based on the DATABASE

proved much more effective.

The concept of MIS gives high regard to the individual and his ability

to use information. A MIS gives information through data analysis.

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While analyzing the data, it relies on many academic disciplines.

These include the theories, principles and concepts from the

Management Science, Psychology and Human Behavior, making the

MIS more effective and useful. These academic disciplines are used

in designing the MIS, evolving the decision support tools for

modeling and decision - making.

The MIS model of the organization changes over a time as the

business passes through several phases of developmental growth

cycle. It supports the management of the business in each phase by

giving the information, which is crucial in that phase. Every model

has critical success factors in each phase of growth cycle and the MIS

model gives more information on the critical success factors for

decision making.

The role of the MIS in an organization can be compared to the role of

heart in the body. The information is the blood and MIS is the heart.

In the body, the heart plays the role of supplying pure blood to all the

elements of the body including the brain. The heart works faster and

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supplies more blood when needed. It regulates and controls the

incoming impure blood, processes it and sends it to the destination in

the quantity needed. It fulfills the needs of blood supply to human

body in normal course and also in crisis.

The MIS plays the role of information generation, communication,

problem identification and helps in the process of decision making.

The MIS, therefore, plays a vital role in the management,

administration and operations of an organization.

2.3 REVIEW OF PRISON MANAGEMENT SYSTEM

Automating and streamlining the process of prisoner / visitor

movement at Prisons. Followings are the accomplishment in this area

of prison management:

1. Establishment of LAN: Establishment of LAN connecting all

prisons situated in a big wide spread complex using 5,500 meters

of Optical Fiber Cable (12 and 6 core) operated with one Layer - 3

switch supported by 16 Layer - 2 switches in the entire jail

complex.

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The network has 185 IOs and can be expanded to 300 nodes without

any additions / modifications / disruptions to the existing

infrastructure. Surveys were got conducted and laying of OFC was

found to be the best suitable option;

2. Development and Implementation of PMS: Prison Management

System (PMS) comprises of 12 primary functional modules. More

than 65 reports of various types have been developed under

Client / Server architecture. It has been developed, tested and

implemented. This PMS is having following major features:

 Based on Client-Server Architecture and supporting latest GUI

features;

 Centralized Database for supporting powerful & fast retrieval of

data;

 Monitors physical location of inmate, their movements within and

outside the jail complex, punishments, medical history of the

inmate at the time of his / her arrival at the jail, cases filed against

him, court hearings among other attributes; and

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 Supports more than 65 reports as per the present needs of the

various monitoring agencies like National Human Rights

Commission, National Crime Records Bureau and Tihar Jail itself.

3. Biometric Tools: The PMS has been integrated with biometrics

tools, which stores inmate’s biometric details at the time of entry

and shall be used to authenticate him at the time of their

movement. The biometric based verification and authentication

system is installed in all 9 jails of Tihar Prisons Complex and at

District Jail, Rohini, and New Delhi with facility to store prisoner

photograph. Tihar Prisons was the first prison using this

technology for prisoner’s identification and verification along with

the photograph;

4. Photo pass for visitors: Visitor Management System [VMS] is

implemented at Central

Public Relation Office situated at Gate # 3 and at Gate # 4 of the

Tihar Prisons. All visitors coming to Jail to meet their relative

prisoners are first being photographed and then they are issued photo

25
pass. Details of the visitors are being kept in the database and this

information is shared with police for the investigation purpose. The

meeting slip is generated within 45 seconds. The booking is using the

concept of call Centre. ISO Certification has been obtained for this

process;

5. Video conferencing: The use of videoconferencing facility in

prisons has drastically reduced expenditure incurred as compared

to being physically producing the jail inmates in the courts.

Physical production of an inmate require transportation, escort by

armed police personnel, prevention of fights between inmates and

nearly 6 hours of time wasted by each inmate. Fear of custody

break is always there during the physical production.

There are incidents when prisoners have fled after breaking lockups

in the courtroom or from the custody of armed security personnel

escorting them to court or by armed attack on the police vans by

daredevils. In some cases, there are incidents of clashes between the

prisoners inside the lockup vans during transportation. There is

26
sometimes remote possibility that inmate may get changed during

transportation, which keeps the number intact but inmate is changed.

By the use of videoconferencing, there is a check on all such

incidents; and

6. Cameras: Using analog and digital cameras security has been

enhanced in the Tihar Prison complex. Cameras have been

installed at strategic locations within wards, inside high security

cells, at meeting points where inmates are searched whenever they

are escorted out of jail or are brought inside the jail complex. Each

and every inmate can be watched from a video wall and

surveillance brief is also sent to DG (Prisons) in real time. These

video graphed shots are produced in case of any disputes.

2.4 HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT (HRM)

The term ‘Human Resource Management’ has been the subject of

considerable debate, and its underlying philosophy and character are

highly controversial. Much of this controversy stems from the

absence of a precise formulation of an agreement on its significance

27
and definition (Storey, 1995), as cited by Bratton and Gold (2003).

Obviously, definition of the subject matter is needed for analysis and

understanding of HRM theory and practice.

HRM has a variety of definitions but there is general agreement that it

has a closer fit with business strategy than previous models,

specifically personnel management. In all the debates about the

meaning, significance and practice of HRM, nothing seems more

certain than the link between HRM and performance (HRM Guide

October 2006). Below are some of the definitions of HRM, although

it can be argued that these will only be ones of several possible

definitions.

De Cenzo and Robbins (1996) defined HRM as the part of the

organization that is concerned with the people dimension, and it is

normally a staff or support function in the organization. HRM role is

the provision of assistance in HRM issues to line employees, or those

directly involved in producing the organization’s goods and services.

Acquiring people’s services, developing their skills, motivating them

28
to high levels of performance, and ensuring their continuing

maintenance and commitment to the organization are essential to

achieving organizational goals. This is much the case regardless of

the type of organization, government, business, education, health,

recreation, or social action. The authors proposed an HRM specific

approach as consisting of four functions- staffing, training and

development, motivation, and maintenance.

In addition, Bratton and Gold (2003) define HRM as the strategic

approach to managing employment relations, which emphasizes that

leveraging people’s capabilities is critical to achieving sustainable

competitive advantage. This is achieved through a distinctive set of

integrated employment policies, programs and practices. The authors

presented HRM functions as planning, recruitment and selection,

appraisal and performance management, reward management,

development, employee relations, health and safety, and union-

management relations. Moreover, to Alan Price (2004) HRM aims at

29
recruiting capable, flexible and committed people, managing and

rewarding their performance and developing key competencies.

Contributing to the working definition of HRM is Abecker et al.,

(2004). They see HRM as a strategic and target oriented composition,

regulation and development of all areas that affect human resources in

a company. Efficient and effective management of these resources to

a large extend, affects human resource behavior, and consequently the

performance of the organization as a whole. Moreover, the authors

identified HRM with the field it covers. These include planning

aspects such as; personnel requirements analysis and personnel asset

analysis, and change aspects such as; recruitment, personnel

development and labor displacement.

According to Torrington et al., (2005) HRM is fundamental to all

management activities have evolved from a number of different

strands of thought. It is best described as a loose philosophy of people

management rather than a focused methodology. Thus, distinction has

been made between HRM as body of management activities on one

30
hand (generically described as personnel management) and then on

the other as a particular approach to execute those activities (carrying

out people-oriented organizational activities than traditional personnel

management).

An organization gains competitive advantage by using its employees

effectively, drawing on their expertise and ingenuity to meet clearly

defined objectives. Torrington et al., (2005) identified the role of the

human resource functions with four key objectives.

These four objectives are the corner stone of all HR activities. These

include Staffing, Performance, Change-management and

Administration. Staffing objective focuses on finding the appropriate

pool of human resources needed to ensure full and timely supply of

work force. It therefore involves designing organizational structures,

identifying working conditions for different groups of employees

followed by recruiting, selecting and developing the personnel

required to fill the roles. Performance objective aims at ensuring

workforce motivation and commitment for effective performance.

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2.5 ISSUES IN PRISON MANAGEMENT:

Modern organization and its management requires the co-ordination

of men, materials, equipment, money and time, while the other,

inanimate objects are relatively easier to understand and handle, the

human factor poses the greatest problem of management today.

Organizations are structured into departments and sections, which are

made up of groups of individuals. Each group in the Organization has

its own objective which is components of the Organizational

objectives.

To achieve its objectives each group requires among others:

1. The spirit of team work

2. Effective communication

3. Skills of members to perform their jobs in the group.

4. Utilization of the abilities and skills of everyone in the group to

the fullest extent possible.

5. Willingness of each member to share responsibilities for the

success of the group

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6. An atmosphere of trust.

The Nigerian prison service being a social security organization is as

old as country and has been under great pressure to modernize.

This has become necessary because of the changing role it has often

been called upon to play in the social security organization of Nigeria.

In response to the demand for modernization, the prison system in

Nigeria has undergone many changes over the years. The system has

moved from Local government and state Government controls to join

other Federal controlled prisons service under the control of the

federal government.

The Nigerian prisons service which operates under Decree No 9 1972

and other ordinances before it is charged with the following

responsibilities:

1. Identifying the reason for anti-social behavior of offenders,

teaching and training them to be useful citizens of a free society.

2. Treating, training and rehabilitating them to become useful

citizens of free society. Regrettably, Nigerians Prisons Service is

33
finding it increasingly difficult to meet its goals. A visit to any of

Nigeria Prison (Benin, Oko, and Ogba prisons) in Edo State

reveals that none of the prisons is meeting the United Nations

organizations minimum regulation on treatment of prisoners. The

civil liberties organization (CLO) and Human Rights organizations

say presently that life in Nigeria is rough and terrible. The physical

appearance of many of the awaiting trial prisoners who go to court

for hearing of their cases or to the hospital for medical treatment

lead credence to what has been written and said by these

organization. They look pale and haggard. Besides, the

infrastructure looks obsolete and is poorly maintained. Inmates

especially awaiting trial inmates sleep on bare without blankets,

there is constant stench and around the cells because the awaiting

trial inmates seldom take their bath. Common medicines a local

peasant can buy are not available in the prisons. Worse ‘chaff’ is

supplied in the name of food.

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2.6 PROBLEM OF MANAGING NIGERIA PRIOSONS

SERVICES

A. Inadequate lack of information and rehabilitation of the

inmates: Kayode (1987) says that the penal policy of the reformation,

rehabilitation in Nigeria is no more than a public disguise for

modernizing, while in practice nothing have changed from the

inherited penal system that was geared towards the punishment,

incapacitation and deprivation of incarcerated offenders in spite of

official declaration that the Nigerian Prison Service goals have done

in any meaningful way to change the operations and organization of

this service to fulfill such goals.

Orah, said in one of the Nigerian newspaper that though president

Obasanjo has introduced majors to recognize the prison, it has not

gone far enough as the system is incapable of reforming any prisoner.

According to him the system is not capable of reforming prisoners

because of congestion and inadequate recreational facilities coupled

35
with the presence of many disease in the prison which include

HIV/AIDS, with the death toll conservatively put at 25 inmates

prisons weekly “for you to know damage the Nigerian prisons can do

to human being, look at Obasangos picture before he went to the

prison, when he came out and “he said”, He was like a working

skeleton”.

Abdul Orah said further that president Obasanjo, was just fortunate

that God preserved his life, “Others like him did not make it. He cited

Bisi Onabanjo, former governor of Ogun State, Busan Adelakun,

former commissioner in Oyo State, Barkin Zuwo, former governor of

Kano State, and Ambrose Ali former governor of Bendel State as

example of those who do not survive prisons horror. They died

shortly after their release from prisons. While former commissioner

of police in Oyo State during the second republic Olu Akeyode, Musa

Yaradua all these men did not walk out of prisons alive.

B. Lack of vocational training equipment: There are inadequate

training facilities for reforming and rehabilitating the prisoners.

36
C. Lack of comprehensive policy on medical care: The poor

condition of the prison increase health risk. Most inmates take in

easily and those who take ill always never receive treatment.

Medical care in our prisons is appealing, the clinics are in shambles.

Diseases spread fast: prisoners are prone to such contagious diseases

as cholera, scabies, tuberculosis, dysentery, [Link] etc. The lack

of comprehensive policy on HIV, AIDS in prisons portends great

danger to the health and human right of the prisoners.

The prison environment has presently constituted is a veritably

avenue for the spread of HIV/AIDS virus among prisoners. Report

show that the dreaded is more prevalent at the medium prison,

Kirikiri Lagos. There, it is gathered that out of the 2,376 prisoners, 13

have tested positive to the killer disease, like tuberculosis. Recorded

gathering statistics reveals that due to the inadequate medical

attention and facilities hardly does a week pass without one causality

or another in most of the large prisons, Kirikiri and Enugu prisons.

37
D. Prisons Congestion: Is partly responsible for the seemingly

insufficient infrastructural amenities in Nigeria prisons. Prisons

facilitates are stretched to the limits by the unchecked population

explosion.

According to Ujah (2004), the majority of inmates are living under

the most horrendous conditions with appealing food, poor to non-

existent medical facilities, no showers and no beds, because of silly

policy, they do not perform work or attend any programmers, they do

they receive any social or physiological care, instead they sit ideally

for months and years wasting their lives, losing their self-esteem and

with no knowledge of when their case will be hard, unable to aim a

living or make a contact with their families. The case of the awaiting

trial persons (ATP) brings out both the brutality and perversity of the

Nigerian prisons system. As a rule, (ATP) constitute a significant

percentage of the prison population.

B.B.C news article on the state of Nigerian prison and legal system on

Jan. 6, 2006 stated that Nigeria is to set free about half of all prisoners

38
to reduce overcrowding. Then ministers of justice (Bayo Ojo) said

that up to 25,000 people, including the sick, the elderly and those

with HIV will be freed, also those who have been awaiting trial for

longer that the sentences they face and those case file have been lost

by the authorities will also benefit. Nigeria has 148 prisons and about

83 satellite prisons, 10 prisons farm and nine cottage industries for the

training of inmates. The actual capacity of the Nigerian Prisons is

about 33,348 but prison currently holds 47,000 inmates in awaiting

trials constituting 24,953 (59%) of this figure. In a more recent

statistic of the Nigerian Prisons Service (Nov. 2000) report shows that

Nigerian Prisons are over populated.

Obia (2001) contends that population explosion in Nigerian prisons is

one of the major problem militating against proper and effective

administration of the Nigerian Prisons.

E. The inadequacy of office accommodation, stationary, transport

and communication facilities further limits their efficiency:

Transfer of officers handling a case and lack of transportation

39
facilities to bring prisoners to court constitute additional constraints.

The ministries of justice are similarly faced with the problems of

actual shortage of dedicated, honest and well trained state counsel

thus necessitating calls for adjournment of cases

F. Class differentiation: Inmates who are materially buoyant are

allowed a free hand to indulge in unethical practices in return for

gratification, Sunday independent newspaper 18th March 2006 stated

that rich prisoners are often allowed to bring in their own foods, and

use gadgets like television sets, radio and mobile phones. Some even

brings in women.

According to the former internal affairs minister, Mohammed Mogeji

in an inspection of the confusion at Ikoyi Prisons “I saw what we

recovered from them. Some things like weapons and mobile phones,

we even saw television sets, knives, machetes, daggers and hammer.

“Rich inmates use their resources to maintain loyalties among fellow

prisoners and the prison officers. Recent riots in some Nigerian

Prisons have been attributed to attempts by prisoners to stop the

40
removal of some rich generous inmates on whom many of them

depend for food.

G. Lack of motivation: The prison staffs complain that their

promotion comes sparingly to both junior and senior staff, Hospital or

medical expenses are hardly refunded.

Etanibi and Alamika (1987) said that poor wages, adverse working

condition and social stigma that go with prison services employment,

affect the moral of the staff. The right of prisons staff to dignity and

sense of justice is violated when they are forced to administer cruelty

to poor prisoners while simultaneously treating the few inmates that

are provided with better clothing and bedding materials.

H. Poor Sanitation: The prisoners in Nigeria today still make use of

bucket system of human waste disposal of faces in the environment is

unhealthy for staff and inmates.

I. Poor sleeping condition: The convicted inmates sleep on bare

spring iron bed covered only with dirty and tattered mats, the

awaiting trial inmates sleep on unkempt cold concrete floor.

41
J. Public Attitude: The staff claims that they have been subjected too

much adverse criticism by the general public in recent years and very

few people fully appreciate that treatment of offenders in modern

society is a complicated administrative task requiring the co-operation

of the society as a whole.

What is responsible for the low assessment of the prisons service is

because the service has no public relations unit that should educate

the public on the laudable objective of service.

K. Inadequate Training of Staff: Prisoners and prison guards in

Africa remain understudied and ill understood and are most often

represented in the literature as objects/subjects of critique or targets of

reform. There should be more workshops/seminars for prison staff in

order to update.

42
 CHAPTER THREE

SYSTEM ANALYSIS AND DESIGN

3.1 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

The waterfall model was adopted for the development of the prison

management system (PMS). The model views the process of software

development in five stages. The activities in one stage will be

completed before moving to the other. Phases involved in the

waterfall model are.

1. requirement analysis and definition

2. system and software design

3. implementation and testing

4. system testing

5. maintenance

 Requirement Analysis and Definition

A thorough investigation of the current system was made in order to

obtain detailed fact about the application area to be re-designed.

43
Investigation also covered looking at the functional requirement of

the present system and finding out whether the requirements and

objective of the present system are being achieved. In the

investigation proper, several methods of data collection were

employed which includes interviewing of office representatives,

evaluation/ inspection of forms and direct observation. These

methods were adopted to ensure the validity of data collected and

relevance of the result after processing the data.

Interviewing: In view to investigation, prison management staffs

were interviewed. This method yields the most profitable result as it

is obtained by physical contacts; hence, a firsthand knowledge of the

various processes involved is obtained by speaking to the operator of

the system. The essential element of the interview is obtained directly

and in a short time than when other methods are employed since the

interviewer is with the interviewed. This immediate feedback gives

the opportunity to ask ambiguous questions and hence, obtain detailed

responses.

44
Observation: The method of data collection enables the researchers

to witness a firsthand operation of the old system or manual system.

Direct observation is the surest method of learning as a scientist and

this method was richly employed.

 System and Software Design:

The requirement specifications from the first phase were studied and

a system design was prepared to help in specifying hardware and

software requirements and also help in defining the overall system

architecture. This includes the use of data flow diagrams and activity

diagram.

 Implementation and Testing:

This stage involved the actual development of the system by

developing the graphical user interface, implementing the model

using visual studio 2010 and creating the system database using

mysql server 2008.

45
 System Testing:

This is the stage after coding where every unit of the program was

tested and integrated as a complete system in order to ensure the

system works according to required specification.

 Maintenance:

This is the final stage of development in which all necessary

maintenance activities were carried out in order to see that the

software continues to work even when there is a new development in

the future.

3.2 ANALYSIS OF THE EXISTING SYSTEM

Management of prisons in Nigeria is still at a nascent stage and

follows rudimentary processes. Most of the prisons in Nigeria such as

the Nigerian prison service Benin have a collection of manual files

and registers to store prisoner/criminal records. This is a very

inefficient and cumbersome way of storing records which greatly

impedes the flow of critical information as well as makes looking up

of information time consuming. Also, different files and registers are

46
required to store the information which is relevant to a single

prisoner. This hinders the profiling process of prisoners.

STRUCTURE OF EXISTING SYSTEM

FIG 3.1 Existing System Structure

1. Personnel: The work of function of personnel section in the prison

is different from the functions of personnel offices in complex

organization. The prison personnel section is in charge of handling

correspondences between the prison and its headquarters; it processes

correspondence for staff and inmates.

47
2. Welfare: The welfare unit sees to the social and economic

conditions of the inmates and staff. It seeks to provide recreational

activities to the inmates and staff, example ludo, draft, table tennis,

football etc. It also tries to reconcile some inmates with their

parents/relation where relationship is strained.

3. Medical and Health Service: This section takes care of the health

of the prisoners, and also in charge of the general cleanliness of the

compound, sell and ensure high standard of neatness in the prison

kitchen and certifies that meals served to the inmates is of good

quality.

4. Industry: In the section, convicted inmates are apprenticed to

carpentry, tailoring, cane making, basket making, shoes making, soap

making etc. This is a training ground for in-mates.

5. Agriculture: This section is headed by Assistant superintendent.

This section is in-charge of prison farm.

48
6. General duties: This section does the main job for which the

prison service is created. Members of this section do the surveillance

job of the service, they run three shifts, morning, afternoon and night.

While those in general duties are seen as line officers, those in the

other five divisions are staff officers.

3.3 CONSTRAINTS OF EXISTING SYSTEM

The existing system has the following limitations;

 Inefficient organization of prison information and records.

 Information look up is cumbersome and time consuming.

 Impedes the flow of critical information.

3.4 PROPOSED SYSTEM

Taking in mind the above deficiencies, our project effectively deals

with the above problems by providing a single integrated system

49
where all the prison as well as prisoner/criminal information will be

stored in a single centralized system having complete prisoner

profiles. Each prisoner profile would have his/her demographic

details, a digital photograph of the prisoner as well as his parole ,

visitor and number of times the prisoner has been out of prison with

appropriate reason attached to it. This effectively scales down the

time in which critical information has to be transferred to concerned

agencies. In addition, maintenance of records is all the more easy as

well as efficient when compared to the manual system.

3.5 ADVANTAGES OF PROPOSED SYSTEM

 Efficient organization of prison information and records

 Information look up is easy

 Substantially decreases the time in which critical information is

passed on

50
3.6 PROPOSED SYSTEM STRUTURE

FIG 3.2 Main menu design; the management system would have

seven main menu and several sub menu as seen in the design above.

51
3.7 UML OF THE PROPOSED SYSTEM

FIG 3.3 Activity diagram of the system

3.8 INPUT DESIGN ANALYSIS

This system would have two inputs from a user; Authentication and

Prisoner details, which would be stored in a Database. This database

52
will contain all the information and necessary data required by the

application for its functioning. The various tables in the database

include;

 Prisoners’ database: This will store all the necessary details

pertaining to the prisoner profile e.g. Name, age, address etc.

 Users Database: This will store all the necessary information about

the users of the application e.g. name and password etc.

3.9 LOGIN INPUT SPECIFICATION

The Login input would require users to input their login details for

security of the system as seen in the diagram below. This module

would contain two text input fields and two buttons.

53
Fig 3.4 Input specifications for Login details

3.10 PRISONER DETAILS INPUT SPECIFICATION

The Prisoner’s details input would require users to input details for a

new prisoner as seen in the design diagram below;

54
Fig 3.5 Prisoner details input specification:

3.11 OUTPUT SPECIFICATION AND DESIGN

The output form is designed to generate printable reports from the

database. The output is placed on a database grid and contains

prisoner’s information. The output produced can be printed on a hard

copy or viewed on the screen.

55
Fig 3.6 Output design: As seen from the diagram this module when

implemented would be used to view the details of a prisoner.

56
INTERFACE DESIGN

Fig 3.7 Output design

3.12 SYSTEM DATABASE DESIGN

In any good database design, effort should be made to remove

completely or at worst reduce redundancy. The database design in the

software is achieved using MySQL database. Below is the structure

of the file designed in the database.

57
Table 3.1User Login Table

Table 3.2 Prisoners Registration Table

58
Table 3.3 User Registration Table

Table 3.4 THE INTERFACE TABLE

Interface Textbo Grid Hyperlin Dropdow Imag Butto Men

Name x - k n list e n u

Vie

w
Default 7 3 6

page
Registratio 15 4 5 3 5

Page

59
Login page 2 2 6
Visitors 1 4 5

record page
Staff record 1 4 5

page
Home page 6 3 5
Visitors 7 1 4 2 5

page

CHAPTER FOUR

60
 SYSTEM IMPLEMENTATION

4.0 INTRODUCTION

System implementation is the process of defining the user

requirements and designing a system to meet them. Testing on the

other hand is the process of testing the newly developed system to

ensure the hardware and the operating software is properly installed

and configured ensuring other system parameters are properly

established.

The Prison Management System project when implemented,

integrated all the prisoner data into a single integrated system, which

will in turn result all the information being present in a digital format.

4.1 SYSTEM DESIGN (DESIGN OVERVIEW)

The system designed aimed at developing an online system that can

be used by Nigerian prison to keep track of prison records. Security

of the database used in the design was highly taken care of by the

website developed. The objective of the design includes:

61
 Design software that can be used to stored prisoners information

on database.

 Structure a database system that will store all the information.

 Design a query system to retrieve specified prisoners information

 Design a well formatted output that will present information in a

meaningful format.

 Maintain a Database for prisoners jail term

 Ensure accuracy in the handling of data.

4.2 SYSTEM DESCRIPTION

The system was designed using Top – Down Approach. It makes use

of the fundamental program solving techniques. The software is

structured in such a way that each subsystem is selected and executed

62
independently. The task is divided into several modules, which come

together to give the solution to the problem. These modules are:

 Login module design

 New prisoner registration module design

 Output module design

 Interface module design

Login Module Design

This design module is used to verify and authenticate users’ access to

the management system.

New Prisoner Registration Module Design

This module is used to input the details of a prisoner such as image,

name, address, phone number etc.

Output Module Design

This module is used to view the details of a prisoner.

Interface Module Design

63
This module is the implementation of the design details

4.3 SYSTEM IMPLEMENTATION

System implementation has the coordination of the system

components in order to make it not just workable but highly

successful. It consist the following task, document compilation of

staff and inmates of the prison’s record, evaluating the input records

and stored in a general database.

The technology integration is the practice of integrating multiple

system activities to interact and generate information efficiently. In

both cases, the system development life cycle is heavily integrated in

this practice.

4.4 HARDWARE REQUIREMENT

64
In the cost of the design, the software developed required the

following hardware for an effective and efficient operation of the new

system.

 Pentium IV

 1GB RAM.

 2GigaHertz of processor speed and above

 At least 80GB hard disk.

 E.G.A/V.G.A, a colored monitor.

 An uninterruptible power supply (UPS) units

 LaserJet or Desk Jet printer.

 1024*768 screen resolution

4.5 SOFTWARE REQUIREMENT

The software requirement includes:

 A window7 or higher version for faster processing

 MySQL server 2008 for storage of input data

65
 Visual Studio 2010 frame work

 Web browser like internet explorer, Mozilla Firefox, Google

chrome

4.6 USER REQUIREMENTS

The major users of the system are the staffs of the Nigerian Prison

Service. Their requirements include the following;

 Visual studio 2010 frame work

 MySQL sever 2008 enterprise edition

 Pentium iv system

 IIS Installed

 Web browser

4.6.1 Functional Requirements

 The system provides a platform for the registration of prisoners

and prison staffs online.

 The system shall accept valid input of registered staffs of prisons

online.

66
 The system provides access to information about how to register

and be a valid user of the system online.

 The system provides a platform where you can get news update on

what is happening around the prisons in Nigeria.

 With this system one can locate the particular prison where a

person is been jailed and the number of years he/she is been

sentenced.

 The system will capture prisoner’s details and photograph for

proper identification.

 The system shall provide an efficient way to monitor staffs and

prisoners record.

 The system provides a general database where all prisoners’

information is stored.

 The system can keep the record of every visitor coming to visit the

prisoners

4.6.2 Non-Functional Requirements

 The system should be easy to maintain.

67
 The system should be compatible with different platforms.

 The system should be fast as users always need speed.

 The system should always be available online all times.

 The system should be secure.

 The system should be accessible to online users.

 The system should be easy to learn by both sophisticated and

novice users.

 The system should provide easy, navigable and user friendly

interfaces.

 The system should have a standard graphical user interface that

allows for the on-line data entry, editing, and deleting of data with

much ease.

4.7 SYSTEM TESTING

After the integration of modules, the whole system was tested. The

online prison management system was tested using a local host and it

worked properly. Sample prisoner details were imputed into the

68
system and it was stored in the database and viewed using the view

prisoner module.

4.8 SYSTEM REVIEW AND MAINTENANCE

The system needs to be review and maintained from time to time to

add more functionality, to expand the system activities and upgrade

system programming and the framework environment to higher

version.

4.9 INSTALLATION PROCEDURE

The application folder name is copy and pasted into the project file

folder of the visual studio document folder. Then click on the folder

to open it. Visual studio must be installed in the system.

4.10 USER GUIDE

To use this application, internet information service (IIS) must be

installed in the system. Open a web browser, type [Link]

69
application name/default the click on the keyboard or click on the go

button in the browser.

The default page will be displayed, then select user to login/register.

To login, you need to provide your username and password if already

you have registered and login or click on the register and create an

account then login.

It takes you to the home page where you can navigate to perform any

task, namely:

Home, about us, directorate, command, resources, complains, news,

management system.

70
 CHAPTER FIVE

5.1 SUMMARY

Management of prisons in Nigeria has long been a neglected area,

which has recently been incorporated in the e-governance program of

Government of Nigeria. Currently a rudimentary process of storing all

the prisoner data in manual files and registers is in place.

Management of prisons in Nigeria is still at a nascent stage and

follows rudimentary processes. Most of the prisons in Nigeria have a

collection of manual files and registers to store prisoner/criminal

records. This is a very inefficient and cumbersome way of storing

records, which greatly impedes the flow of critical information as

well as makes looking up of information time consuming. Also,

different files and registers are required to store the information

which is relevant to a single prisoner. This hinders the profiling

process of prisoners.

71
A thorough investigation of the current system was made in order to

obtain detailed fact about the application area to be re-designed.

Investigation also covered looking at the functional requirement of

the present system and finding out whether the requirements and

objective of the present system are being achieved. In the

investigation proper, several methods of data collection were

employed which includes interviewing of office representatives,

evaluation/ inspection of forms and direct observation. These

methods were adopted to ensure the validity of data collected and

relevance of the result after processing the data.

The project effectively deals with the problems by providing a single

integrated system where all the prison as well as prisoner/criminal

information will be stored in a single centralized system having

complete prisoner profiles. Each prisoner profile would have his/her

demographic details, a digital photograph of the prisoner as well as

his parole , visitor and number of times the prisoner has been out of

prison with appropriate reason attached to it. This effectively scales

72
down the time in which critical information has to be transferred to

concerned agencies. In addition, maintenance of records is all the

more easy as well as efficient when compared to the manual system.

It has now become essential to embrace the new technologies in the

area of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) for the

development, modernization, advancement of prisons.

Internetworking of all the jails across Nigeria for sharing of

information related to prison inmates who had been lodged in various

jails of the country should improve the law and order within the state.

It is recommended that Edo State Prisons be pioneer in this area and

they have shown it through their IT setup, a role model for other

states and even other countries. It is likely that this may be replicated

in the whole country.

73
5.2 CONCLUSION

Management of prisons as well as prison records is a vital aspect in

the national security which becomes all the more important in the

current volatile security situation. Prison management in Nigeria is

still in a nascent stage using manual system of files and folders to

store and organize prison record. This system is inefficient as well as

looking up of specific information is cumbersome and tedious. This

greatly impedes the flow of critical information. All these deficiencies

are removed using the online Prison Management System. PMS

effectively stores all the information in neat prison profiles which

shave all the necessary information about a prisoner as well as his/her

photogragh attached with the profile. Surname and ID numbers can

be used as a search key to identify prison records by comparing them

with external database that are found at crime scene. All these

improvements greatly reduce the time at which specific information is

delivered to concerned agencies.

74
5.3 RECOMMENDATIONS

Currently the Prison Management System can only be deployed for a

single prison. But the system has the scope to be developed as a

distributed application where each implementation of PMS in

different prisons can be connected and communicate with each other.

In such a scenario a person sitting in Edo state prison can access the

data of Abuja central jail. This will make the whole system highly

centralized as well as well connected. This will provide the end user

who has the necessary security clearance a single portal where he/she

can access prison records from all major prisons in Nigeria where the

PMS would be deployed thus making it a truly practical deployable

application which can be used in prisons all over Nigeria.

75
 REFERENCES

Aderind, A. & Stepheny, P. (2001). Human Resource Management

fifth edition. Australia:Australian Press.

Alan, P. (2004). Human Resource Management in a Business

Context. London: Pearson Publication Limited.

Archibong, M. (2004) Daily Sun News: Awka Memoriba:, April 29

Vol 109 no 130.

B.B.C, Article: The State of Nigeria Prison And The Legal System.

http/ news. B.B.C [Link] 3/18/06.

Bratton, J. & Gold P. (2003). Human Resource Management: Theory

and Practice. London: Palgrave Macmillan.

Drucker, P.F (1989) The Practice Of Management London:

Hienneman Professional.

Etanibi and Alamika (1987) Trouble with Nigeria Prisons X

Hienneman Professional. 3/ 18/ 2006

Ikeazor, C (1986) Anambra State Law Conferences On Prison System

And Reforms In Nigeria. Held In HotelPresidential Enugu:

76
 10th –12th December.

Koyode, I (1987) Nigeria Prison Service System http /

[Link] /Prawa 3/ 18 / 2006

Nigeria Government Human Right Commission In Africa. http /

Www. Hrw. Org/ 2001 /Africa / Nigeria. 3 / 28/ 2006.

Nnoyelu and Obiajulu, (1997) Contemporary Issue In. Sociology,

Enugu: John Jacob’s Classic Pub. Ltd.

Obia, V (2001) Prisons of Pain http / www. Independent [Link] 3 /

18 / 06

Obiekezie, O.S. and Obi, E.A. (2004) Administration In Nigeria. A

Development Approach, Onitsha: Book point Ltd.

Storey, J. (1995). Human Resource Management: A critical text.

London: Routledge Publishers.

Torrington, D. (2005). Human Resource Management sixth edition.

London: Pearson Education Limited.

Ujah, E (2004) Inside Prison, Vangard. Http / [Link]

3 / 29 / 2006

77
 APENDIX
Imports [Link]

Partial Class ADMIN

Inherits [Link]

Protected Sub Button1_Click(ByVal sender As Object, ByVal e As

[Link]) Handles [Link]

Dim cn As New SqlConnection

[Link] = "server= manninno-PC; user id= sa ;

password=manninno; database= Prisonmgt"

If [Link] = [Link] Then [Link]()

[Link]()

Dim cmd As New SqlCommand

[Link] = cn

[Link] = " INSERT INTO LOGIN VALUES ('" + [Link] +

"','" + [Link] + " ')"

[Link]()

[Link]()

[Link]("[Link]")

End Sub

End Class

Imports [Link]

Partial Class AdminLogin

78
 Inherits [Link]

Protected Sub Button1_Click(ByVal sender As Object, ByVal e As

[Link]) Handles [Link]

Dim cn As New SqlConnection

[Link] = "server= manninno-PC; user id= sa ;

password=manninno; database= Prisonmgt"

If [Link] = [Link] Then [Link]()

[Link]()

Dim cmd As New SqlCommand

[Link] = cn

[Link] = "SELECT * from LOGIN where USERNAME = '" +

[Link] + "'"

Dim rd As SqlDataReader

rd = [Link]

If [Link] = True Then

[Link]()

If [Link]("password") = [Link] Then

Session("user") = [Link]

[Link]("[Link]")

ElseIf [Link]("password") <> [Link] Then

[Link] = True

[Link] = False

End If

ElseIf [Link] = False Then

79
 [Link] = False

[Link] = True

End If

End Sub

Imports [Link]

Partial Class Complains

Inherits [Link]

Protected Sub Button2_Click(ByVal sender As Object, ByVal e As

[Link]) Handles [Link]

Dim cn As New SqlConnection

[Link] = " server = okarofrank-PC; user id = sa;

password = frank; database = Prison"

If [Link] = [Link] Then [Link]()

[Link]()

Dim cmd As New SqlCommand

[Link] = cn

[Link] = " INSERT INTO Complains_TABLE VALUES ('" +

[Link] + "','" + [Link] + " ')"

[Link]()

[Link]()

End Sub

80
 Protected Sub Button1_Click(ByVal sender As Object, ByVal e As

[Link]) Handles [Link]

[Link]("[Link]")

End Sub

End Class

Imports [Link]

Partial Class REGISTRATION

Inherits [Link]

Protected Sub Button1_Click(ByVal sender As Object, ByVal e As

[Link]) Handles [Link]

Dim cn As New SqlConnection

[Link] = "server= manninno-PC; user id= sa ;

password=manninno; database= Prisonmgt"

If [Link] = [Link] Then [Link]()

[Link]()

Dim cmd As New SqlCommand

[Link] = cn

[Link] = " INSERT INTO REG_TABLE VALUES ('" + [Link] +

"' , '" + [Link] + "' , '" + [Link] + "' , '" + [Link] +

"' , '" + [Link] + "' , '" + [Link] + "' , '" + [Link] +

"' , '" + [Link] + "' , '" + [Link] + "' , '" + [Link]

+ "' , '" + [Link] + "' , '" + [Link] + "' , '" +

81
[Link] + "' , '" + [Link] + "' , '" + [Link] +

"' , '" + [Link] + "' , '" + [Link] + "')"

[Link]()

[Link]()

[Link] = True

End Sub

Protected Sub Button2_Click(ByVal sender As Object, ByVal e As

[Link]) Handles [Link]

[Link]("[Link]")

End Sub

End Class

Imports [Link]

Partial Class VISITORS_FORM

Inherits [Link]

Protected Sub Button1_Click(ByVal sender As Object, ByVal e As

[Link]) Handles [Link]

Dim cn As New SqlConnection

[Link] = "server= manninno-PC; user id= sa ;

password=manninno; database= Prisonmgt"

If [Link] = [Link] Then [Link]()

[Link]()

Dim cmd As New SqlCommand

82
 [Link] = cn

[Link] = " INSERT INTO VISITORS_TABLE VALUES ('" +

[Link] + "','" + [Link] + " ','" + [Link] + " ','"

+ [Link] + " ','" + [Link] + " ','" + [Link] +

" ','" + [Link] + " ','" + [Link] + " ')"

[Link]()

[Link]()

[Link] = True

End Sub

Protected Sub Button2_Click(ByVal sender As Object, ByVal e As

[Link]) Handles [Link]

[Link]("Visitors [Link]")

End Sub

End Class

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