VIVA GUIDE
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PANELS
OPTICS/ REFRACTION
PATHOLOGY/ INSTRUMENTATION
BINOCULAR VISION
PHOROMETRY
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OPTICS/ REFRACTION
1. Give examples of the following:
Ametropia
High myopia
Convergence insufficiency
Low myopia
2. What is the significance and application of
decentration? Solve.
3. What do the following VA readings mean?
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LP/No projection
4. Discuss 4 ways you can prescribe a prescription
for your presbyopic patient with photosensitivity.
5. State the uses to which duo chrome chart can
be put, giving examples where necessary.
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6. What is EVP? What is the EVP of a 3x
telescope?
7. If an upper segment of a lens was neutralized
with + 0.5Ds and the lower segment neutralized
with - 2.00Ds. What is the prescription?
8. Mention 2 techniques of neutralization.
9. Why is the eye referred to as an imperfect
optical system?
10. What are the types of aberration?
11. Relate pupil size to age and Ametropia.
12. Put in an Optical cross: -2.00Ds/-1.25Dc x 90
13. Neutralize the given schematic eye.
14. What do we use the trial lens case for?
15. Mention pupillary light reflex defects and
tests for them.
16. A patient says the letters on the green are
sharper and clearer, what does it signify to a
myope?
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17. In a nutshell, describe accommodation with
relevance to when the eye changes fixation from
near to a distant target.
18. Identify the types of astigmatism from the
prescriptions given.
19. If the PD of frame is bigger than the PD of
your patient, what effect will it create?
20. How will you remedy the situation?
21. What is that new centre called?
22. What is the aim of paraxial rays?
23. What are paraxial rays?
24. What is AC/A ratio?
25. When is AC/A ratio considered during
prescription, say a first time wearer or a myope
of 10 years?
26. Describe JCC and state the function.
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27. How do you perform retinoscopy on a patient
that has opacity?
28. What is the clinical significance of the duo
chrome chart?
29. What will be the refractive error of a child
who has stayed inside the mother’s womb for 10
months?
30. What refractive error does a premature baby
come with?
31. Explain the term "Conical beam."
32. What are the applications of decentration?
33. What is the use of duochrome chart?
34. Perform a near V.A test and then perform any
test to improve PFV apart from the synotophore.
35. Give 5 tests for malingering patients.
36. What are the four steps to determine the
refractive status of a patient?
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37. What is a cylindrical lens?
38. What is a cylindrical lens used for?
39. What is the optical principle of the
retinoscope?
40. What tests do you perform to confirm that
your subjective refraction result is correct?
41. How can you perform retinoscopy on a
cataract patient?
42. What is the principle of an
autorefractometer and its set up?
43. What are the causes of premature presbyopia?
44. What refractive error is seen in aphakic
patients?
45. What is the optical principle of a keratometer?
46. Identify WTR and ATR astigmatism.
47. How do we check VA for the following?
a. Babies
b. Illiterates
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c. Infants
d. Undergraduates
48. What will you do if a patient comes to your
clinic with reduced V.A?
49. How would you fit a frame with PD less than
the IPD of your patient?
50. Define: Antimetropia, Oblique astigmatism,
Convergence insufficiency, Low myopia and mixed
astigmatism.
51. What is the effect of pinhole on visual acuity?
52. How will you bring the centre of least
confusion of a hyperopic eye that's behind the
retina to the retina?
53. Calculate the minimum AA of a 20years old
patient.
54. Transpose +2.00/-1.00 @ 45 to
spherocylinder and Crosscylinder. Put the answer
in an optical cross.
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55. With respect to the circle of least confusion,
define myopia, hyperopia and astigmatism.
56. What is bioblique astigmatism?
57. Mention five accessories of the TLC and their
functions.
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PATHOLOGY/
INSTRUMENTATION
1. What is Broadman area 17? What are the
primary functions and what are the layers?
2. What is the average keratometry reading?
3. What is the normal keratometry range?
4. What is Keratomalacia?
5. What is the treatment plan for POAG?
6. Perform retinoscopy.
7. How do you perform retinoscopy in children?
8. Outside a clinic setting, if a patient presents
with signs that are making you suspect ocular
hypertension and there are no equipment to
confirm your suspicion, what do you do?
9a. Demonstrate Perkins tonometer.
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9b. if there is an error on the reading scale what
do you do?
10. If patient walks into your clinic complaining of
dark shadows at his central vision, what will you
do?
11. Your patient presents with blepharitis. What
possible treatments would you use?
12. Describe how to use an applanation tonometer
and how to read the values.
13. Your roommate complains of dry eyes and
gritty sensation, especially during contact lens
wear, describe what could be the possible
problem. What test can you perform? Perform
the test and record your findings.
14. What refractive condition can aphakia induce?
15. Set the slit lamp to parallel piped and change
the color to white.
16. How will you perform retinoscopy on a patient
with low reflex and an opaque cornea?
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17. What is symblepharon? What are the cause of
symblepharon?
18. What lessons will give rise to homogenous
hemianopsia?
19. Demonstrate a test to show the amount/
quantity of tear production.
20. What nerve innervates the eyelid? What type
of innervation is that?
21. Given a perimetry result, interpret it.
22. What are the cranial nerves found on the
human pons?
23. Examine the pupil. Record the reading
assuming it is not equal.
24. You bought a new contact lens, your roommate
saw it and liked it. Unfortunately, she had cornea
infection/ulcer. After treatment she decided to
get hers. What test would be carried out to be
sure she’s infection free before contact lens
fitting?
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25. What are the clinical features of a
glaucomatous disc?
26. What do you look for when examining the
pupil?
27. Mention the EOMs, their innervations and the
arc they subtend.
28. Mention the parts of a keratometer. Where
does it measure on the cornea?
29. Mention the characteristics of bacterial
corneal ulcer.
30. List the parts of the keratometer. Identify
the power switch.
31. Give the clinical features of vernal
conjunctivitis.
32. Explain the location of the photoreceptors in
the retina.
33. How can you treat blepharitis?
34. Give the distribution of Topical drugs.
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35. What is Bells Phenomenon and the muscles
involved?
36. Where are alpha and beta receptors located?
37. Your roommate came back from night class
and started complaining of dry eyes, what would
you do?
38. Mention three uses of Atropine.
39. What is the full meaning of MD?
40. Mention visual field defects.
41. What is Ora serrata?
42. What is afferent pupillary defect?
43. Why would you use Keplerian telescope
instead of Galilean?
44. Which nerve is responsible for closing of the
lids?
45. Identify a pachymeter. State its uses and
highest calibration.
46. What's iridocyclitis?
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47. State the pupillary reflex pathway.
48. What is graded occlusion?
49. Explain Javal's rule.
50. Account for the low concentration of glucose
in the vitreous.
51. State the muscles responsible for the control
of activities of the eyebrow.
52. State the 3 types of eyelids closure.
53. What are the characteristic features of
bacterial corneal ulcer?
54. What are the disadvantages of glaucoma
treatment?
55. What are the structures that pass through
the optic foramen?
56. Check the PD of your patient at far and at
near.
57. What is in the ganglion layer?
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58. What are the long term conditions that can
affect IOP?
59. Show Parallelepiped illumination on a Slit Lamp.
60. What nerve is responsible for innervation of
the eyelid and what are their innervations?
61. Which two sensory organs does the lateral
geniculate body sub serve?
62. What are the parts and uses of the Schiotz
tonometer?
63. What are the visual Field Defects in glaucoma?
64. Supposing you're in a rural area, explain and
demonstrate an alternative test to gonioscopy.
65. What is the keratometer used for?
66. What are the causes of iridocyclitis? Talk
about visual field printout.
67. What are the functions of the choroid?
68. Describe the Goldman tonometer and how to
use it.
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69. Enumerate 4 cornea age related changes.
70. What part of the cornea does metabolism
occur? What are the contents of metabolites?
71. A patient comes to your eye clinic with the
eye lashes touching the eyes, what test will u
carry out? Perform the test.
72. What are the theories of mechanism of
aqueous?
73. List 10 parts of a keratometer.
74. What is the point of neutrality in retinoscopy
and lensometery?
75. List the parts of a lensometer.
76. List conditions that can arise from chemical
splash to the eye.
77. What technique does the Humphrey visual
field analyzer use?
78. Mention the extra ocular muscles and their
innervations.
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79. What is the difference between
neutralization in lensometry and retinoscopy?
80. What is cornea ulcer? What are the signs and
symptoms?
81. A friend of yours complained of itching and
discomfort. On examination, you diagnosed
corneal ulcer with pus. Perform an EE to
determine whether the ulcer is active or inactive.
82. Talk about the perkins tonometer.
83. How will you determine the prognosis of your
patient with matured cataract?
84. What is secondary glaucoma and types?
85. Perform optical section on the slit lamp?
86. What is the effect of cycloplegics in anterior
uveitis?
87. Give 5 signs of anterior synechiae.
88. Give examples of cycloplegics.
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89. Differentiate between anterior and posterior
synechiae.
90. What are the fundoscopic features of optic
neuritis?
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BINOCULAR VISION
1. What is amblyopia?
2. What are the different forms of duction?
3. Differentiate between Cover and alternating
cover test. Perform it.
4. Perform unilateral cover test and interpret it.
5. Identify fusion slides.
6. Perform alternate cover test. What are the
uses of the test?
7. What test(s) can you use to improve the
positive fusional vergence of your patient apart
from the synotophore? Perform the test.
8. State the primary and secondary positions of
gaze.
9. What are the conditions that cause monocular
diplopia?
10. State 3 ways of treating amblyopia.
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11. Your roommate has a paralysis of the dilator
muscle. Perform tests for this condition.
12. What is the limit of the binocular vision of
the visual field?
13. How can you test for second degree fusion?
14. How would you measure the IPD of a patient
with right eye esotropia?
15. What is anomalous retinal correspondence?
16. When do you do projection test?
17. What are the corneal reflex tests and
perform them. Perform accommodative reflex
test too.
18. What are the corneal reflex tests and
perform them. Perform accommodative reflex
test too.
19. List 3 grades of binocular vision. Maddox rod
is an example of what grade?
20. Determine phoria at near.
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21. What is convergence insufficiency?
22. What are the causes of diplopia?
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PHOROMETRY
1. Perform right infraduction at far.
2. What is the significance of test #13b?
3. Perform test #15a
4. Give the parts of a phoropter.
5. Perform vertical phoria test at far.
6. Given values, calculate maximum AA.
7. Perform #14A
8. When performing #11, what will be the report
from your patient who is suppressing his OD?
9a. Given #7: -3.50Ds, 14B :( xxx), perform NRA
9b. State the significance of the test.
10, Using sheard’s criterion, perform test #19 on
a patient with -0.75Ds.
11. How does pupil size affect AC/A ratio?
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12. Perform negative fusional reserve test. What
is the significance of this test?
13. Perform induced phoria test from test #14a.
14. Determine at far, Positive Fusional Vergence.
What is its significance?
15. Perform lateral induced phoria using the
unfused cross cylinder findings.
16. Mention 10 parts of a phoropter.
17. What tests are used to determined limit of
accommodation?
18. Given #3: 2exo; #13A: 4eso; #7: +1.00DS/-
0.50DC X 90. Perform #13b.
19. Perform a test for vertical phoria at near.
20. Given Add of +2.00, calculate AA.
21. Perform a test to determine the entry
convergence ability of your patient at near.
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22. Determine the AA of your patient with a
subjective finding of -1.50DS who reported
sustained blur at a distance of 10cm.
23. #7 -0.50Ds, #14B +0.50, perform PRA.
{Implementation of NRA -2.25Ds}.
24. Perform a lateral phoria test through fused
Cross cylinder.
25. How do you calculate the ADD of your patient?
26. Perform a test that is done monocularly and
requires fogging the patient.
27. Perform vertical phoria at near
28. What is the significance of lateral induced
phoria at near?
29. With #7 of -1.00, perform #19 and find out
the AA o2f the patient.
30. What is the significance of #19?
31. Perform PRA test and record your findings.
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32. Measure the maximum convergence ability of
your patient (NPC).
33. Perform test #21. State its significance.
34. Perform the entry convergence of your
patient.
35. Given # 7: -0.25 and #14b: +1.00 perform
negative relative accommodation. Give the
significance of the test.
36. Why is blur not reported in test #11?
37. Perform test #17a.
38. Given #7 -1.00 & #14 Plano perform test to
determine the AA. What is the significance of
the test?
39. Determine the AA of your patient using
sheards criterion with #7 as -0.75D.
40. What will your patient report if the OD is
suppressed in #11?
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41. Perform the test that checks the limit to
which accommodation can be stimulated with
convergence at the plane of regard.
42. What is the significance of vertical phoria
test?
43. What are the lenses in place for a subjective
refraction?
44. Write down how test #12 will be recorded.
45. Perform Postive fusional vergence test.
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