Maths IIT-JEE ‘Best Approach’ (MCSIR) Circle

BRAHMASTRA
FINAL REVISION MODULE BEFORE EXAMINATION

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Maths IIT-JEE ‘Best Approach’ (MCSIR) Circle

CIRCLE
1. INTERCEPTS MADE BY A CIRCLE ON THE AXES

The intercepts made by the circle x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 on the co-ordinate

axes are 2 g 2  c & 2 f 2  c respectively.
NOTE :
If g2  c > 0  circle cuts the x axis at two distinct points.
If g = c 
2  circle touches the x-axis.
If g < c 
2  circle lies completely above or below the x-axis.

2. POSITION OF A POINT W.R.T. A CIRCLE

The point (x1 , y1) is inside, on or outside the circle x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0.
according as x12 + y12 + 2gx1 + 2fy1 + c  0 .
Note : The greatest & the least distance of a point A from a
circle with centre C & radius r is AC + r & AC  r
respectively.

3. LINE & A CIRCLE

Let L = 0 be a line & S = 0 be a circle. If r is the radius of the circle & p is the length
of the perpendicular from the centre on the line, then :
(i) p > r   the line does not meet the circle i. e. passes out side the circle.
(ii) p = r   the line touches the circle.
(iii) p < r   the line is a secant of the circle.
(iv) p = 0   the line is a diameter of the circle.

4. TANGENT & NORMAL

(a) The equation of the tangent to the circle x2 + y2 = a2 at its point (x1 , y1) is,
x x1 + y y1 = a2. Hence equation of a tangent at (a cos , a sin ) is ;
x cos  + y sin  = a. The point of intersection of the tangents at the points P() and Q()
   
a cos 2 a sin 2
is  
,  
.
cos 2 cos 2
(b) The equation of the tangent to the circle x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 at its point
(x1 , y1) is xx1 + yy1 + g (x + x1) + f (y + y1) + c = 0.
(c) y = mx + c is always a tangent to the circle x2 + y2 = a2 if c2 = a2 (1 + m2) and the
 a2m a2 
point of contact is   , .
 c c 
(d) If a line is normal / orthogonal to a circle then it must pass through the centre of the
circle. Using this fact normal to the circle x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 at (x1 , y1) is
y1  f
y  y1 = (x  x1).
x1  g

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Maths IIT-JEE ‘Best Approach’ (MCSIR) Circle

5. A FAMILY OF CIRCLES

(a) The equation of the family of circles passing through the points of intersection of two
circles S1 = 0 & S2 = 0 is : S1 + K S2 = 0 (K 1).
(b) The equation of the family of circles passing through the point of intersection of a
circle S = 0 & a line L = 0 is given by S + KL = 0.
(c) The equation of a family of circles passing through two given points (x1 , y1) & (x2 , y2)
can be written in the form :
x y 1
(x  x1) (x  x2) + (y  y1) (y  y2) + K x1 y1 1 = 0 ,where K is a parameter.
x2 y2 1
(d) The equation of a family of circles touching a fixed line y  y1 = m (x  x1) at the fixed
point (x1 , y1) is (x  x1)2 + (y  y1)2 + K [y  y1  m (x  x1)] = 0 , where K is a
parameter.
In case the line through (x1 , y1) is parallel to y - axis the equation of the family of
circles touching it at (x1 , y1) becomes (x  x1)2 + (y  y1)2 + K (x  x1) = 0.
Also if line is parallel to x - axis the equation of the family of circles touching it at
(x1 , y1) becomes (x  x1)2 + (y  y1)2 + K (y  y1) = 0.
(e) Equation of circle circumscribing a triangle whose sides are given by L1 = 0 ; L2 = 0 &
L3 = 0 is given by ; L1L2 +  L2L3 +  L3L1 = 0 provided co-efficient of xy = 0 & co-
efficient of x2 = co-efficient of y2.
(f) Equation of circle circumscribing a quadrilateral whose side in order are represented
by the lines L1 = 0, L2 = 0, L3 = 0 & L4 = 0 is L1L3 + L2L4 = 0 provided co-efficient
of x2 = co-efficient of y2 and co-efficient of xy = 0.

6. LENGTH OF A TANGENT AND POWER OF A POINT

The length of a tangent from an external point (x1 , y1) to the circle
S  x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 is given by L = x12  y12  2 g x1  2 f1 y  c = S1 .
Square of length of the tangent from the point P is also called THE POWER OF
POINT w.r.t. a circle. Power of a point remains constant w.r.t. a circle.
Note that : power of a point P is positive, negative or zero according as the point ‘P’ is
outside, inside or on the circle respectively.

7. EQUATION OF THE CHORD WITH A GIVEN MIDDLE POINT

The equation of the chord of the circle S x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 in terms of its
x1  g
mid-point M (x1, y1) is y  y1 =  (x  x1). This on simplification can be put in
y1  f
the form xx1 + yy1 + g (x + x1) + f (y + y1) + c = x12 + y12 + 2gx1 + 2fy1 + c
Which is designated by T = S1.
Note that : the shortest chord of a circle passing through a point ‘M’ inside the
circle, is one chord whose middle point is M.

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Maths IIT-JEE ‘Best Approach’ (MCSIR) Circle

8. CHORD OF CONTACT

If two tangents PT1 & PT2 are drawn from the point P (x1, y1) to the circle
S x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0, then the equation of the chord of contact T1T2 is :
xx1 + yy1 + g (x + x1) + f (y + y1) + c = 0.

REMEMBER
(a) Chord of contact exists only if the point ‘P’ is not inside .
2LR
(b) Length of chord of contact T1 T2 = .
R 2  L2
R L3
(c) Area of the triangle formed by the pair of the tangents & its chord of contact =
R 2  L2
Where R is the radius of the circle & L is the length of the tangent from (x1, y1) on S = 0.
 2RL 
(d) Angle between the pair of tangents from (x1, y1) = tan1  2 
L  R 
2

where R = radius ; L = length of tangent.

(e) Equation of the circle circumscribing the triangle PT1 T2 is :
(x  x1) (x + g) + (y  y1) (y + f) = 0.
(f) The joint equation of a pair of tangents drawn from the point A (x1 , y1) to the
circle x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 is : SS1 = T2.
Where S  x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c ; S1  x12 + y12 + 2gx1 + 2fy1 + c
T  xx1 + yy1 + g(x + x1) + f(y + y1) + c.

9. POLE & POLAR

(i) If through a point P in the plane of the circle , there be drawn any straight line to
meet the circle in Q and R, the locus of the point of intersection of the tangents at
Q & R is called the POLAR OF THE POINT P ; also P is called the POLE OF THE
POLAR.
(ii) The equation to the polar of a point P (x1 , y1) w.r.t. the circle x2 + y2 = a2 is given by
xx1 + yy1 = a2, & if the circle is general then the equation of the polar becomes
xx1 + yy1 + g (x + x1) + f (y + y1) + c = 0. Note that if the point (x1 , y1) be on the circle
then the chord of contact, tangent & polar will be represented by the same equation.
 A a2 B a2 
(iii) Pole of a given line Ax + By + C = 0 w.r.t. any circle x2 + y2 = a2 is   , .
 C C 
(iv) If the polar of a point P pass through a point Q, then the polar of Q passes
through P.
(v) Two lines L1 & L2 are conjugate of each other if Pole of L1 lies on L2 & vice versa
Similarly two points P & Q are said to be conjugate of each other if the polar of P
passes through Q & vice-versa.

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Maths IIT-JEE ‘Best Approach’ (MCSIR) Circle

10. COMMON TANGENTS TO TWO CIRCLES

(i) Where the two circles neither intersect nor touch each other , there are FOUR common
tangents, two of them are transverse & the others are direct common tangents.
(ii) When they intersect there are two common tangents, both of them being direct.
(iii) When they touch each other :
(a) EXTERNALLY : there are three common tangents, two direct and one is the tangent
at the point of contact .
(b) INTERNALLY : only one common tangent possible at their point of contact.
(iv) Length of an external common tangent & internal common tangent to the two circles is
given by:
Lext = d 2  (r1  r2 )2 & Lint = d 2  (r1  r2 )2 .
Where d = distance between the centres of the two circles . r1 & r2 are the radii of the two
circles.
(v) The direct common tangents meet at a point which divides the line joining centre of
circles externally in the ratio of their radii.
Transverse common tangents meet at a point which divides the line joining centre
of circles internally in the ratio of their radii.

11. RADICAL AXIS & RADICAL CENTRE

The radical axis of two circles is the locus of points whose powers w.r.t. the two circles
are equal. The equation of radical axis of the two circles S1 = 0 & S2 = 0 is given ;
S1  S2 = 0 i.e. 2 (g1  g2) x + 2 (f1  f2) y + (c1  c2) = 0.
NOTE THAT
(a) If two circles intersect, then the radical axis is the common chord of the two circles.
(b) If two circles touch each other then the radical axis is the common tangent of the
two circles at the common point of contact.
(c) Radical axis is always perpendicular to the line joining the centres of the two circles.
(d) Radical axis need not always pass through the mid point of the line joining the
centres of the two circles.
(e) Radical axis bisects a common tangent between the two circles.
(f) The common point of intersection of the radical axes of three circles taken two at
a time is called the radical centre of three circles.
(g) A system of circles , every two which have the same radical axis, is called a
coaxial system.
(h) Pairs of circles which do not have radical axis are concentric.

12. ORTHOGONALITY OF TWO CIRCLES

Two circles S1= 0 & S2= 0 are said to be orthogonal or said to intersect orthogonally
if the tangents at their point of intersection include a right angle. The condition for
two circles to be orthogonal is : 2 g1 g2 + 2 f1 f2 = c1 + c2 .
Note : (a) Locus of the centre of a variable circle orthogonal to two fixed circles is the radical
axis between the two fixed circles .
(b) If two circles are orthogonal, then the polar of a point 'P' on first circle w.r.t. the second
circle passes through the point Q which is the other end of the diameter through P . Hence
locus of a point which moves such that its polars w.r.t. the circles S1 = 0 , S2 = 0 & S3 = 0
are concurrent in a circle which is orthogonal to all the three circles.

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Maths IIT-JEE ‘Best Approach’ (MCSIR) Circle

SOLVED EXAMPLES
1. The triangle PQR is inscribed in the circle, x2 + y2 = 25. If Q and R have co-ordinates
(3,4) & ( 4, 3) respectively, then  QPR is equal to
(A) /2 (B) /3 (C) /4 (D) /6

Ans. (C)
Sol.
Q

R
O

P
O(0, 0), Q(3, 4), R(4,3)
1
QPR  QOR
2
4
Slope of OQ  m1 
3
3
Slope of OR  m 2  
4

m1m2  1, QOR 
2

QPR 
4

2. Line 2x + 3y + 1 = 0 is a tangent to a circle at (1, -1). This circle is orthogonal to a circle

which is drawn having diameter as a line segment with end points (0, –1) and (– 2, 3).
Find equation of circle. [JEE 2004]

Sol. Equation of circle touching 2x  3y  1  0 at (1, 1) is

(x  1)2  (y  1)2  (2x  3y  1)  0
x 2  y2  2x(  1)  y(3  2)    2  0 …..(1)
is orthogonal to x(x  2)  (y  1)(y  3)  0
x 2  y2  2x  2y  3  0 …..(2)
n
Cond for orthogonal circles
 3  2 
2(  1)(1)  2   (1)    2  3
 2 
2  2  3  2   1
3
2  3    
2
Put  in equation (1)
2x 2  2y2  10x  5y  1  0

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3. Tangents drawn from the point P(l, 8) to the circle x2 + y2 – 6x – 4y – 11 = 0 touch the
circle at the points A and B. The equation of the circumcircle of the triangle PAB is
[IIT 2009]
(A) x + y + 4x – 6x + 19 = 0
2 2 (B) x + y – 4x – 10y + 19 = 0
2 2

(C) x2 + y2 – 2x + 6y – 29 = 0 (D) x2 + y2 – 6x – 4y + 19 = 0

Ans. (B)
Sol. O,A,P,B concyclic So circumcircle of A
PAB is the circle whose diametric end
points are 0(3, 2) and P(1,8) So,equation
(x  3)(x  1)  (y  2)(y  8)  0 P O
 x2 + y2 – 4x – 10y + 19 = 0 (1, 8)

4. The locus of the mid-point of the chord of contact of tangents drawn from points lying on
the straight line 4x – 5y = 20 to the circle x2 + y2 = 9 is [IIT 2012]
(A) 20(x + y ) – 36x + 45y = 0
2 2 (B) 20(x + y ) + 36x – 45y = 0
2 2

(C) 36(x2 + y2) – 20x + 45y = 0 (D) 36(x2 + y2) + 20x – 45y = 0

Ans. (A)
Sol.

P(h,k)
 4a  20 
 a,  x2 + y2 = 9
 5 

Equation of chord of contact

 4a  20 
ax +   y–9=0
 5 
5ax + 4ay – 20y – 45 = 0
5ax + (4a – 20) y – 45 = 0 .....(i)
Again , equation of chord of contact
hx + ky = h2 + k2 .....(ii)
by equation (i) and (ii)
5a 4a  20 45 9h
  2  a= 2
h k h k 2
h  k2
45k
4a – 20 = 2 put the value of a
h  k2
36h 45k
– 20 = 2
h k
2 2
h  k2
36x – 20(x2 + y2) = 45y
20(x2 + y2) + 45y – 36x = 0

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Maths IIT-JEE ‘Best Approach’ (MCSIR) Circle

5. The straight line 2x – 3y = 1 divides the circular region x2 + y2 6 into two parts. If
 3   5 3   1 1   1 1  
S =  2,  ,  ,  ,  ,   ,  ,   [IIT 2011]
 4   4 4   4 4   8 4  
then the number of point(s) in S lying inside the smaller part is

Sol. For a points to P() to lie in shaded region

2  2  6  0 and 2  3  1  0 (origin and P lies on opp. side)

  2, 
3 2x + 3y–1 = 0
for
 4
(0, 0)

2
3
   6  2   6  4 6  0
2 2 2

4 16 O
3 9
2  3  1  2(2)  3    1  3   0
4 4
 3
  2,  Lies in the shaded region
 4
1 1
for   ,  
4 4
1 1 1
2  2 6   6  6  0
16 16 8
2 3 1
2  3  1    1   0
4 4 4
1 1
  ,   Lies in the shaded region
4 4
5 3
for   , 
4 4
2 2
5 3 34
   6      6  6 0
2 2

4 4 16
5 3
  ,  does not lies in the shaded region
4 4

  , 
1 1
for
8 4
2 3
2  3  1   1  0
8 4
1 1
 ,  does not lies in the shaded region
8 4
So, 2 points lie in the smaller part.

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O
Maths IIT-JEE ‘Best Approach’ (MCSIR) Circle

6. Circle(s) touching x-axis at a distance 3 from the origin and having an intercept of length
2 7 on y-axis is (are) [IIT JEE Adv. 2013]
(A) x + y – 6x + 8y + 9 = 0
2 2 (B) x + y – 6x + 7y + 9 = 0
2 2

(C) x2 + y2 – 6x – 8y + 9 = 0 (D) x2 + y2 – 6x – 7y + 9 = 0

Ans. (AC)

x
Sol. 2 f 2 C = 2 7
f2 – C = 7 .....(i)
& circle via (3, 0)
or (–3, 0) .....(ii)
& radius = 4

(–3,0) (3,0)

7. A circle S passes through the point (0, 1) and is orthogonal to the circles (x – 1)2 + y2 = 16
and x2 + y2 = 1. Then, [IIT JEE Adv. 2014]
(A) radius of S is 8 (B) radius of S is 7
(C) centre of S is (–7, 1) (D) centre of S is (–8, 1)

Ans. (BC)
Sol. Let S : x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 ,S1: (x – 1)2 + y2 – 16 = 0 , S2: x2 + y2 – 1 = 0
S1 pass through (0, 1)
1 + 2f + c = 0
S & S1 orthogonal
2(-1)(g) + 2(0) (f) = c – 15
–2g = c – 15
S & S2 orthogonal
2(0) (g) + 2(0) (f) = c – 1
c–1=0
c = 1, g = 7  f = –1
S : x2 + y2 + 14x – 2y + 1 = 0
r=7
C : (–7, 1)

8. The number of integral values of k for which the line, 3x + 4y = k intersects the circle,
x2 + y2 –2x – 4y + 4 = 0 at two distinct points is................ [JEE Main 2020]

Ans. 9
Sol. C : (1,2) & r = 1
|CP| < r
3.1  4.2  k
1
C
5
|11-k|<5
–5<k-11<5 P
p L
6<k<16
k = 7, 8, 9, ......., 15  total 9 value of k

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Maths IIT-JEE ‘Best Approach’ (MCSIR) Circle

9. Locus of the image of the point (2, 3) in the line (2x – 3y + 4) + k(x – 2y + 3) = 0, k  R,
is a [IIT JEE Main 2015]
(A) Circle of radius 3 (B) straight line parallel to x-axis
(C) straight line parallel to y-axis (D) circle of radius 2

Ans. D
Sol.

Given family of line is,(2x – 3y + 4) + k(x – 2y + 3) = 0

(2x – 3y + 4) = 0….(i) and (x – 2y + 3) = 0…..(ii)
After solving these two equations we get x= 1 and y = 2
PR = RQ
(x – 1)2 + (y – 2)2 = (2 – 1)2 + (3 – 2)2
(x – 1)2 + (y – 2)2 = 2

10. For how many values of p, the circle x2 + y2 + 2x + 4y – p = 0 and the coordinate axes have
exactly three common points ? [JEE Adv. 2017]

Sol. 2
Centre(–1, –2) r= 5p

x 1
–2 r = 2 P=0 –1
–1

case (i) Touching y-axis and intersecting x- axis at two points i.e. f 2 C and g2  C
 4   p and 1   p
 p  4 and p  1
which is not possible.
case (ii) Passing through origin  p = 0
case (iii) Touching x-axis and intersecting y-axis at two points i.e. f 2 C and g2  C .
i.e. 4   p ND 1 = –p
 p  4 and p  1
 p  1
 Only two values of p are possible

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11. Let C1 and C2 be the centres of the circles x2 + y2 – 2x – 2y – 2 = 0 and x2 + y2–6x– 6y+14 = 0
respectively. If P and Q are the points of intersection of these circles, then the area
(in sq. units) of the quadrilateral PC1QC2 is: [JEE Main 2019]
(A) 8 (B) 6 (C) 9 (D) 4

Ans. A
Sol. C1 (1,1) & C2 (3,3)
r1  1  1  2 & r2  9  9  14
r1  2 r2  2
now, in PC1C2
4  4 8
cos   0
222
   90
Area of PC1QC2
1 
 2  Area of PC1C2   2   2  2  4
2 

12. A line y = mx + 1 intersects the circle (x – 3)2 + (y + 2)2 = 25 at the points P and Q. If the
3
midpoint of the line segment PQ has x-coordinate  , then which one of the following
5
options is correct ? [JEE Advanced 2019]
(A) 6  m < 8 (B) 2  m < 4 (C) 4  m < 6 (D) – 3  m < – 1

Ans. B

 3 
Sol. M   , k  lies on y = mx + 1
 5 
3
 K m 1
5

 3 3 
 M    ,1  m 
 5 5 
 3 
1  5 m  2 
mPQ. mCM = – 1 m.   =–1
  3  3  C
 5 
15  3m  P Q
 m  = – 1
 18 

 15m – 3m2 –18 = 0

m2 – 5m + 6 = 0
m = 2, m = 3  2  m < 4

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Maths IIT-JEE ‘Best Approach’ (MCSIR) Circle

13. Let RS be the diameter of the circle x2 + y2 = 1, where S is the point (1, 0). Let P be a
variable point (other than R and S) on the circle and tangents to the cricle at S and P meet
at the point Q. The normal to the circle at P intersects a line drawn through Q parallel to
RS at point E. Then the locus of E passes through the point(s). [IIT JEE Adv. 2016]
1 1  1 1 1 1  1 1
(A)  ,  (B)  ,  (C)  ,   (D)  ,  
3 3 4 2 3 3 4 2

Ans. (A,C)
Sol.

E(h,k)
Q1, 1  cos  
 sin  

P(cos , sin )

R S(1, 0)

1  cos  
TP : x cos + y sin = 1Q 1, 
 sin  
 NP : y = (tan )x …(1)
Line from Q & to RS 

2sin 2
1  cos  2  tan 
L: y   …(2)
sin    2
2sin cos
2 2
Point E(h,k) is intersection point

So,  tan   & k  tan
k
h 2
k 2k
   1  k 2  2h
h 1 k 2
1  y 2  2 x
y2  2x  1 ….(3)
 1 1   1 1 
point  , & ,  lies on equation (3)
3 3 3 3

14. A square is inscribed in the circle x2 + y2 – 6x + 8y – 103 = 0 with its sides parallel to the
coordinate axes. Then the distance of the vertex of this square which is nearest to the
origin is : [JEE Main 2019]
(A) 13 (B) 137 (C) 6 (D) 41

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Maths IIT-JEE ‘Best Approach’ (MCSIR) Circle

Ans. D
Sol.
x2 + y2 – 6x + 8y – 103 = 0
center (3, –4), r = 9  16  103 = 128 = 8 2

CP = CR = CQ = CS = 8 2
(–5,4) S R(11,4)
 1 1 
R   3  8 2. , 4  8 2. 
 2 2

R  11, 4 (–5,–12)
P Q (11,–12)
 OR = 137

 1 1 
P   3  8 2. , 4  8 2. 
 2 2

P  (–5, – 12)  OP = 13

  1   1 
Q  38 2   , 4  8 2     11, 12 
  2  2 

OQ  265
  1   1 
S  38 2    , 4  8 2       5, 12 
  2  2 

OS  41

 Minimum distance from origin is 41

15. Let PQ be diameter of the circle x2 + y2 = 9. If  and are the lengths of the perpendiculars
from P and Q on the straight line, x + y = 2 respectively, then the maximum value of 
is ____. [JEE Main 2020]

Ans. 7
Sol. P   3cos , 3sin  , Q  3cos ,3sin  
3cos   3sin   2 3cos   3sin   2
 
2 2
3cos   3sin   2

2 Q  (3 cos3
Q(acos  ,asin )
sin)

 3cos   3sin  
2
4
 
2
9  9sin 2  4 5  9sin 2
     P
2 2 (–acos
P  (–  ,-asin
3 cos3 )
sin)
x+y=2
95
 max  7
2

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5
16. Let O be the centre of the circle x2 + y2 = r2, where r  . Suppose PQ is a chord of this
2
circle and the equation of the line passing through P and Q is 2x + 4y = 5. If the centre of
the circumcircle of the triangle OPQ lies on the line x + 2y = 4, then the value of r is
[JEE Advanced 2020]

Ans. 2
5
Sol. S1 : x2 + y2 = r2 whre r >
2
 a b 
now let S2 : x2 + y2 + ax + by = 0  C2 :  2 , 2 
  P
RA of S1 = 0 & S2 = 0 is PQ
PQ : RA : S1 - S2 = 0
PQ : ax + by + r2 = 0 S2
Given PQ : 2x + 4y - 5 = 0 O
Q
a b r2 .....(1)
 
2 4 5
S1
also centre of S2 lies on x + 2y = 4
a
 b  4 ....(2)
2
from (1) & (2)
r2 4r2
 4
5 5
– 5r2 = –2o
r2 = 4
r=2

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