CIE Biology GCSE

16 - Reproduction
Flashcards

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What is asexual reproduction?

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What is asexual reproduction?

The production of two genetically

identical offspring from one parent

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 Give one advantage and one
disadvantage of asexual reproduction
(Higher/Supplement)

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Give one advantage and one disadvantage of
asexual reproduction (Higher/Supplement)
Advantage - It produces lots of offspring quickly
Disadvantage - It does not introduce variation
and so all offspring are susceptible to the same
environmental pressures as the parents

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What is sexual reproduction?

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What is sexual reproduction?

The production of two genetically

different offspring from the fusion of the
nuclei from two gametes

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Define fertilisation

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Define fertilisation

The fusion of the nuclei from two

gametes (sex cells)

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State the difference in the number of
chromosomes in a gamete nucleus
compared with a zygote nucleus
(Higher/Supplement)

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State the difference in the number of chromosomes
in a gamete nucleus compared with a zygote
nucleus (Higher/Supplement)

Gametes have haploid nuclei (23 chromosomes)

whereas zygotes have diploid nuclei (23 pairs of
chromosomes)

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 Give one advantage and one
disadvantage of sexual reproduction
(Higher/Supplement)

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Give one advantage and one disadvantage of sexual
reproduction

Advantage - It introduces variation

Disadvantage - It is slower and produces
a limited amount of offspring

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Label the insect pollinated flower below

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 Label the insect pollinated flower below
A Anther E Ovary

B Stigma F Pedicel

C Filament G Sepal

D Style H Colourful petal

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What is the function of the sepals in an
insect pollinated plant?

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What is the function of the sepals in an insect
pollinated plant?

The sepal is a hard coating that protects

the developing flower in a bud

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What is the function of the petals in an
insect pollinated plant?

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What is the function of the petals in an insect
pollinated plant?

The petals attract the insects so that they

can pollinate the plant

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What is the function of the anthers in an
insect pollinated plant?

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What is the function of the anthers in an insect
pollinated plant?

The anthers contain the pollen sacs

which contain the male sex cells of the
plant

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What is the function of the stigma in an
insect pollinated plant?

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What is the function of the stigma in an insect
pollinated plant?

These are the sticky parts of the plant

designed to capture the pollen grains

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What is the function of the ovaries in an
insect pollinated plant?

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What is the function of the ovaries in an insect
pollinated plant?

They contain ovules which will grow into

seeds when they are fertilised by pollen

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Label the diagram of a wind pollinated
plant below

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Label the diagram of a wind pollinated plant below

A - Stigma
B - Anthers

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What type of pollen grain is this and
why?

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What type of pollen grain is this and why?

Pollen from an insect pollinated as it has

spikes on it to make it sticky to be picked
up by insects

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What type of pollen grain is this and
why?

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What type of pollen grain is this and why?

Pollen from a wind pollinated as it is

smooth so that it can be carried by the
wind easily

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What is pollination?

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What is pollination?

Where pollen grains are transferred from

the anthers to the stigma

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What is self-pollination?
(Higher/Supplement)

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What is self-pollination? (Higher/Supplement)

Where pollen grains are transferred from

the anthers to the stigma of the same
plant

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What is cross-pollination?
(Higher/Supplement)

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What is cross-pollination? (Higher/Supplement)

Where pollen grains are transferred from

the anthers of one plant to the stigma of
another plant of the same species

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Give one advantage of self-pollination
(Higher/Supplement)

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Give one advantage of self-pollination
(Higher/Supplement)

There is a greater chance of fertilisation

as it does not rely on pollinators

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Give one disadvantage of self-pollination
(Higher/Supplement)

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Give one disadvantage of self-pollination
(Higher/Supplement)

Genetic variation decreases and the

plant is less able to adapt to the
environment

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Give one advantage of cross-pollination
(Higher/Supplement)

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Give one advantage of cross-pollination
(Higher/Supplement)

The plants are more able to adapt to

environmental changes and there is
increased genetic variation

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Give one disadvantage of
cross-pollination
(Higher/Supplement)

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Give one disadvantage of cross-pollination
(Higher/Supplement)

The plants are reliant on insect

populations for fertilisation

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Describe what happens when a pollen
grain lands on the stigma of a plant
(Higher/Supplement)

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Describe what happens when a pollen grain lands on
the stigma of a plant (Higher/Supplement)
- A pollen tube grows through the style to reach the
ovule in the ovary
- The nucleus from the pollen grain then travels down
the pollen tube to reach the ovule

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When does fertilisation occur?

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When does fertilisation occur?

When the nucleus of a pollen grain fuses

with the nucleus of an ovule

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State 3 environmental conditions that
affect seed germination

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State 3 environmental conditions that affect seed
germination

Oxygen availability
Water availability
A suitable temperature

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Label the following diagram of the male
reproductive system

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Label the following diagram of the male reproductive
system
A Penis

B Urethra

C Scrotum

D Testes

E Sperm duct

F Prostate gland

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State 2 functions of the testes

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State 2 functions of the testes

- They produce hormones

- They produce sperm

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State 2 functions of the penis

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State 2 functions of the penis

- Used as the male sex organ

- Used as an excretory organ

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State 2 functions of the male urethra

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State 2 functions of the male urethra

- It allows urine to exit the body from the

bladder
- It is used during ejaculation to release
semen
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State the function of the scrotum

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State the function of the scrotum

It holds and protects the testes

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State the function of the sperm duct

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State the function of the sperm duct

It carries sperm from the testes to the

urethra

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State the function of the prostate gland

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State the function of the prostate gland

It produces prostate fluid which

combines with sperm cells to make
sperm

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Label the following diagram of the female
reproductive system

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Label the following diagram of the female
reproductive system
A Vagina

B Ovary

C Oviduct

D Uterus

E Cervix

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State 2 functions of the ovaries

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State 2 functions of the ovaries

- They produce eggs

- They produce hormones

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State 2 functions of the vagina

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State 2 functions of the vagina

- To receive the penis during intercourse

- It is used as the birth canal during
childbirth

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State the function of the oviduct

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State the function of the oviduct

To create a passage between the ovary

and the uterus for the egg to travel down

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State 2 functions of the cervix

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State 2 functions of the cervix

- To allow menstrual blood to flow out of

the vagina
- To channel the sperm into the uterus

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Define fertilisation

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Define fertilisation

The fusion of the nucleus of a male

gamete with the nucleus of a female
gamete

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Compare sperm and egg cells in terms
of size
(Higher/Supplement)

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Compare sperm and egg cells in terms of size
(Higher/Supplement)

Sperm cells are significantly smaller than

egg cells

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Compare sperm and egg cells in terms
of structure and shape
(Higher/Supplement)

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Compare sperm and egg cells in terms of structure
and shape (Higher/Supplement)
Sperm cells are long and thin with a head and tail
whereas egg cells are large and in the shape of a
sphere or ovoid

Not to scale

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Compare sperm and egg cells in terms
of their ability to move
(Higher/Supplement)

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Compare sperm and egg cells in terms of their ability
to move (Higher/Supplement)
- Sperm cells have large energy stores and a long tail to
help them to move quickly
- Egg cells do not have this and so are relatively
non-motile

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Compare sperm and egg cells in terms
of the number of each cell
(Higher/Supplement)

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Compare sperm and egg cells in terms of the
number of each cell (Higher/Supplement)

There are many more sperm cells than

egg cells (up to 100 million sperm per
millilitre of ejaculate)

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State 2 adaptive features of sperm cells

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State 2 adaptive features of sperm cells

- Long flagellum
- Contain enzymes

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Explain 3 adaptive features of sperm
cells
(Higher/Supplement)

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Explain 3 adaptive features of sperm cells
(Higher/Supplement)
- Lots of mitochondria in the middle section provide
energy for movement
- Enzymes in the acrosome break down the outer
membrane of the egg
- Long whip-like flagellum used for movement

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State 2 adaptive features of egg cells

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State 2 adaptive features of egg cells

- Large energy stores

- Jelly-like coat

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Explain the 2 adaptive features of egg
cells
(Higher/Supplement)

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Explain the 2 adaptive features of egg cells
(Higher/Supplement)
- Large energy stores allow for lots of cell divisions and
growth
- Jelly-like coat ensures that only one sperm can
fertilise the egg as it changes after fertilisation

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Briefly describe the early development of
an embryo

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Briefly describe the early development of an embryo

- After fertilisation a zygote is formed

- The zygote implants in the uterus wall
and becomes an embryo

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What is the function of the umbilical
cord?

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What is the function of the umbilical cord?

- It delivers oxygenated blood and nutrients

to the developing foetus
- It removes deoxygenated blood and waste
products from the developing foetus

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What is the function of the placenta?

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What is the function of the placenta?

- It separates the mother’s blood supply from

the foetus’ blood supply
- It also allows for exchange between the
mother and foetus

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What is the function of the placenta?
(Higher/Supplement)

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What is the function of the placenta?
(Higher/Supplement)
- To allow the removal of waste gases and
excretory products from the foetus
- To act as a barrier for toxins and pathogens
- To provide the foetus with dissolved
nutrients
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What is the function of the amniotic sac
and amniotic fluid?

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What is the function of the amniotic sac and amniotic
fluid?
They help to protect the developing foetus

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Describe the growth of the foetus over
time

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Describe the growth of the foetus over time

- The foetus begins by developing and

becoming more complex
- In the later stages of pregnancy, the foetus
increases in size

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How can certain toxins and pathogens
be harmful to the developing foetus?
(Higher/Supplement)

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How can certain toxins and pathogens be harmful to
the developing foetus? (Higher/Supplement)
The toxins and pathogens can pass across
the placenta and can damage the foetus

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Name one toxin that can affect a
developing foetus
(Higher/Supplement)

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Name one toxin that can affect a developing foetus
(Higher/Supplement)
Nicotine found in cigarette smoke

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Name one pathogen that can affect a
developing foetus
(Higher/Supplement)

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Name one pathogen that can affect a developing
foetus (Higher/Supplement)
The rubella virus

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Describe how women should control
their diet during pregnancy

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Describe how women should control their diet during
pregnancy
- Avoid smoking or drinking as this can damage the
foetus
- Make sure to have a balanced diet with a focus on
nutrients like iron for the development of blood and
calcium for the development of bones

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State one advantage of breastfeeding
over bottle feeding using formula milk
(Higher/Supplement)

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State one advantage of breastfeeding over bottle
feeding using formula milk (Higher/Supplement)
Breastfeeding provides the child with
important antibodies from the mother which
provides protection against disease

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State one disadvantage of breastfeeding
over bottle feeding using formula milk
(Higher/Supplement)

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State one disadvantage of breastfeeding over bottle
feeding using formula milk (Higher/Supplement)
Breastfeeding may be painful for the mother

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State one advantage of bottle feeding
using formula milk over breastfeeding
(Higher/Supplement)

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State one advantage of bottle feeding using formula
milk over breastfeeding (Higher/Supplement)
The mother does not need to control her diet
to provide the correct nutrients to her baby

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State one advantage of bottle feeding
using formula milk over breastfeeding
(Higher/Supplement)

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State one disadvantage of bottle feeding using
formula milk over breastfeeding (Higher/Supplement)

Bottle feeding can be an extra expense for

parents

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State the 6 main stages of labour and
birth

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State the 6 main stages of labour and birth

- The amniotic sac breaks (water breaking)

- The muscles in the wall of the uterus contract
- Widening of the cervix opening (dillation)
- Passage of the baby through the vagina
- Tying and cutting the umbilical cord
- Delivery of the afterbirth
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What role does testosterone play during
puberty?

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What role does testosterone play during puberty?

- Triggers growth and development of the penis

and testes
- Causes the voice to deepen
- Triggers the growth of pubic hair
- Increases muscle mass
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What role does oestrogen play during
puberty?

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What role does oestrogen play during puberty?

- Increases breast size

- Triggers the development of the uterus
- It causes eggs to mature during the
menstrual cycle
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Where is oestrogen secreted from?
(Higher/Supplement)

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Where is oestrogen secreted from?
(Higher/Supplement)

The ovaries

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Where is progesterone secreted from?
(Higher/Supplement)

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Where is progesterone secreted from?
(Higher/Supplement)

The ovaries

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What happens on day 1-4 of the
menstrual cycle?

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What happens on day 1-4 of the menstrual cycle?

The uterus lining is shed during

menstruation

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What happens on day 4-14 of the
menstrual cycle?

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What happens on day 4-14 of the menstrual cycle?

The uterus lining then begins to grow

again in preparation to receive an egg

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What happens on day 14 of the
menstrual cycle?

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What happens on day 14 of the menstrual cycle?

An egg is released

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What happens on day 14-28 of the
menstrual cycle?

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What happens on day 14-28 of the menstrual cycle?

The lining of the uterus is maintained

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What does follicle stimulating hormone
(FSH) do?
(Higher/Supplement)

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What does follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) do?
(Higher/Supplement)

FSH stimulates the follicle to mature and

release oestrogen

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What does luteinising hormone (LH) do?
(Higher/Supplement)

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What does luteinising hormone (LH) do?
(Higher/Supplement)

A surge in LH causes the release of an

egg from a follicle (ovulation)

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What does progesterone do?
(Higher/Supplement)

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What does progesterone do? (Higher/Supplement)

Progesterone maintains the womb lining

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What hormone does progesterone
inhibit?
(Higher/Supplement)

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What hormone does progesterone inhibit?
(Higher/Supplement)

Progesterone inhibits follicle stimulating

hormone (FSH) and Luteinizing hormone
(LH)

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How do oestrogen pills work to prevent
pregnancy?
(Higher/Supplement)

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How do oestrogen pills work to prevent pregnancy?
(Higher/Supplement)

Oestrogen pills inhibit FSH which stops

the egg from maturing

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How do progesterone pills work to
prevent pregnancy?
(Higher/Supplement)

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How do progesterone pills work to prevent
pregnancy? (Higher/Supplement)

Progesterone pills cause a sticky mucus

to form at the cervix which prevents the
sperm from fertilising the egg

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Give 4 different types of birth control

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Give 4 different types of birth control

- Natural methods
- Barriers
- Chemicals
- Surgical methods
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Give 2 examples of natural methods of
birth control

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Give 2 examples of natural methods of birth control

- Abstinence (refraining from sex)

- Monitoring temperature and cervical
mucus levels to predict ovulation

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Give 2 examples of barriers that act as
birth control

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Give 2 examples of barriers that act as birth control

- Condoms - Can be male or female condoms and

prevent the sperm from entering the vagina
- Diaphragm - A silicone dome shaped object that is
inserted into the vagina to cover the cervix
(usually used alongside chemical methods)

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Give 5 examples of chemical methods of
birth control

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Give 5 examples of chemical methods of birth
control
- IUD
- IUS
- Contraceptive pill
- Implant
- Injection
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Briefly describe the use of an IUD as a
contraceptive device

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Briefly describe the use of an IUD as a contraceptive
device
Intrauterine devices (IUDs) are small

copper-coated tubes in a T shape that

prevent sperm from reaching the egg and

the copper works to kill the sperm

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Describe the use of an IUS as a
contraceptive device

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Describe the use of an IUS as a contraceptive
device
- Intrauterine systems are very similar to
intrauterine devices except they release
progesterone instead of copper
- They thicken the cervical mucus and thin the
womb lining

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Describe the use of an implant as a
contraceptive device

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Describe the use of an implant as a contraceptive
device
- The implant is a small matchstick sized device
- Inserted into the upper arm
- It releases progestogen into the bloodstream
which prevents ovulation

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How does the contraceptive pill work?

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How does the contraceptive pill work?

- It contains artificial versions of oestrogen and

progesterone which prevent pregnancy
- Prevents ovulation
- Thickens mucus
- Alters womb lining

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How does the contraceptive injection
prevent pregnancy?

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How does the contraceptive injection prevent
pregnancy?
It releases progesterone into the bloodstream which
prevents ovulation

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State 2 surgical methods of
contraception

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State 2 surgical methods of contraception

- Vasectomy
- Female sterilisation

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How does a vasectomy work to prevent
pregnancy?

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How does a vasectomy work to prevent pregnancy?

The vas deferens are cut or tied which

prevents sperm from being released from
the testicles into the urethra

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How does female sterilisation work?

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How does female sterilisation work?

- The fallopian tubes are blocked by clips or

rings or they are cut
- This prevents the release of an egg from
the ovaries

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Describe artificial insemination (AI)
(Higher/Supplement)

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Describe artificial insemination (AI)
(Higher/Supplement)

Sperm are placed within a woman’s uterus

using a catheter

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Describe how IVF is carried out
(Higher/Supplement)

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Describe how IVF is carried out (Higher/Supplement)

- The mother is given FSH

- Sperm from the father and eggs from the mother are
collected
- The egg is fertilised in a laboratory and allowed to develop
into an embryo
- The embryo is then put into the mother’s uterus

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Define sexually transmitted infection
(STI)

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Define sexually transmitted infection (STI)

An infection caused by a pathogen that is

transmitted through bodily fluids, usually
involving sexual contact

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Give an example of an STI

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Give an example of an STI

HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus)

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State 3 ways of preventing the spread of
STIs

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State 3 ways of preventing the spread of STIs

- Wearing condoms during sex

- Educating people about STIs and wearing
protection during sex
- Don’t share needles

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How is HIV spread?

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How is HIV spread?

Through bodily fluids

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What can HIV infection lead to?

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What can HIV infection lead to?

AIDS (Acquired Immunodeficiency

syndrome)

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How does HIV affect the immune
system?
(Higher/Supplement)

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How does HIV affect the immune system?
(Higher/Supplement)

- Decreased lymphocyte numbers

- White blood cells have a reduced ability to
produce antibodies

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