T h e L i fe an d Ti m es o f

A k h n ato n
Ph ar a o h of Eg ypt

A R TH U R E P W E I GA LL . .

C H I E F I N S PE C T O R O F TH E D E PAR T M E N T O F AN T I QU I T I ES U PPE R E GY PT ,

A U T OR A RE P ORT O N T A N TI Q U ITI E S
‘
O WER NU I A A T A O U E TH
WE I TS A A N ES I N A I RO M US E U M A U I E T T A N TI Q U ITI S
H OF HE OF L B , A C L G OF E
’ ‘

U PP ER E P T M A S TA A ( WIT P RO E SS OR
GH AND B L C TH E C , G D o HE E
’ ‘
M
I N T U PPER E PTI AN ES ERTS T
OF GY , DIE B D ES GE N I KA I H F VO N
‘
) T
’
BI SSIN G , R AV E L s HE GY D , E C.

Ye a sk wh o are h
t ose t h td wa ra us to th e Ki n gd om i f th e Ki n gd om
i s i n H e aven ? Th e f wlo f th s o e ai r, an d a ll th e b ea sts th t a a re

u nd er th e ea r t h o r u pon th th
e ea r , an d th e fis h es o f th e se a , th e se are

t h y whi h
e c d r aw yo u , a n d th e Ki n g d o m o f e a ven i s w i th i n you H ”

—
.

G R E FE AN D N LL HU N
T : Oxyr /zyn cl ms Papyr z , i v 6
'

. .

S EC O N D I MPR ES S I O N

Wi lli a m Bla c kw o o d an d So n s
E d i n b u rg h an d Lo ndon
1 9 1 1
 C O N TE N TS .

I N T R O D U CT I O N

THE PAREN TS AN D G RAND PAR EN T S OF

AK H NATO N .

h A N CE STO R S OF
THE A K H NATON
p TH E G OD S OF E GY PT
o
e TH E D EMIG OD S A N D S PI R IT S —
THE P R IE S TH OOD S
n TH O THME S I V AN D MUTE MUA
- .

m Y UAA AN D TUAU
AMO N HOTEP I I I AN D H I S C O U R T
a
c .

THE BI RT H AN D EAR L Y YEAR S OF

AK HNATO N .

. THE B I RTH OF A K H NAT ON

m THE RI S E OF AT ON
THE P O WE R OF Q UEE N TI Y
o
o

AKH N ATO N s MA RR IAGE

’
b-
n

a THE ACCE SS I ON OF AKH N AT ON

p THE FI R S T Y EAR S OF AKH N A T ON S R E I G N
’

i THE NEW A RT
~

z
r

a THE N EW R E LIGI ON D EVEL O P S

m THE N ATU R E OF THE N EW R ELIG I ON
V I 11 C ON TENTS .

AK HNATON FOUN DS A N EW CITY .

THE B REAK WITH T HE P RI ESTH OOD OF AM ON RA

p
-

AKH NATON S ELEC T S THE S I TE OF H I S C ITY

T HE F IRS T FO U N D ATI ON I N S OR I PTI O N
;
1 THE S EC ON D FO U ND ATI ON I N S ORI PTI ON
1

0 THE D EPART U RE FRO M THEBE S

0 TH E AGE OF A K H N AT ON

A K HNATO N F ORMU LATE S THE R ELI GION

OF ATO N .

AT ON THE T RUE GOD

AT ON THE TE ND E R FA T HE R OF ALL C R EATI ON
ATON WOR S HIPPE D AT S U NRIS E AN D S U N S ET
THE GOOD N E SS OF AT ON
AKH NAT ON THE S ON OF GOD BY T RAD ITI ONAL R IGHT
“

TH E C ONN ECTI ON S O F TH E AT ON W OR S HIP WITH O L D E R

RELI GION S
TH S PI R IT U AL NEE D S OF THE S O U L AF TE R D EATH
E

TH MATE RIAL N EED S O F TH S O U L

E E

THE TE T TO THE TWE

N H LF TH YEAR S
OF THE E I G OF A K
R N H NATO N .

TH E HYM N S O F TH E AT ON W ORS HIPPE R S

TH ES IMILARI T Y OF AKH NAT ON S HYM N TO PSA L M CI V
’
.

M R Y R A I S MAD E H I G H P R IE S T O F AT ON
E

TH E RO YAL F AMIL Y VI S IT TH E TEMPLE

AKH N ATON I N HI S PALACE
HI ST ORICAL EVENT S OF THI S PE RI O D OF AKH NAT ON S RE IG N
’

Q UEE N TI Y VI S IT S TH E CIT Y O F THE H OR I ON

Z

TI Y VI S I T S H R TEM PLE
E

TH ED EATH O F QU EE N TI Y
 C ON TE N TS .

THE TH I RTEEN TH TO THE F I F TEEN TH YEAR S

OF THE REI G N O F AK HNATON
‘

THE DEVE L O PME N T OF THE R ELIGI ON OF AT ON

AKH NAT ON O BLITE RATE S THE N AME OF AM ON
THE GREAT TEMPLE OF AT ON
T HE BEAU TY OF THE CI TY
AKH NATON S AFFECTI ON FOR H I S FAM I LY
’

AKH NAT ON S FR IE N DS
’

AKH NATON S T RO U B LES

’

THE LA S T TWO YEARS OF THE REI G N

O F AK HNATON .

1 . THE HI TT ITE I NVA S ION OF SY RIA

2 . AKH NA T ON S C ON S CIENTI O U S O BJ ECTI ON S To WAR FA R E
’

3 . THE FAI T HLE SSN E SS OF A Z I R U

THE F I GHTI N G I N SY R IA BEC O ME S GE N E R A L
5 . A ZI R U A N D R A DD I F I G HT To A F I N I S H
IB

6 . A KH N AT ON C ON T I N U E S To R E F U S E To S E ND HE L P

7 . AKH NATON S HEALTH GIVE S WAY

’

8 . AKH NATON S LAST D AYS AN D D EATH

’

V II I .

THE FALL O F THE REL I G I ON O F A K H NAT ON .

1 . T HE BU R IA L OF AKH NAT ON
2 . T HE C O U RT RETU RN S To THEBE S
3 . THE R EIGN OF H OR EMHEB
4 . THE PE RSECUTION OF AKH NATON S MEM ORY
’

5 . THE F I N D IN G OF THE B ODY OF AKH NAT ON

I ND E X
 I L L U S TR A TI O N S .

A
P GE

PAVEME N T D ECO RAT I ON F R O M THE PA LACE OF AMO N HOTEP I I I .

( l d
co ou r e) F r t i
on p i
s ece

CEI LI N G D EC ORATI ON FR OM THE PALACE OF AMON HOTEP 1 1 1 .

(colou r ed)
TH O TH MES I v S LAYI N G A S IATIC S
.

TUAU GRANDM O THE R OF A K H NATON

,

CHE S T B E LON GI N G To Y UAA

QUEE N TI Y

Y UAA ,
G RA N D FATHE R OF AKH NAT ON
A MO N H O TE P S ON O F HAPU
- - -
THE WI S E MA N OF THE C O U RT
,
“

OF A MON H O TE P 1 1 1 .

S ITE OF THE PALACE OF QUEE N TI Y

C OFF I N OF Y UAA
AMO N H O TE P 1 1 1 .

AKH NAT ON
THE ART OF AKHNATI ON C O MPARE D WITH A R CHAIC AR T
THE A RTI S T AUTA
AKH NAT ON AND N EFE RT I TI WITH THEI R TH REE D AUGHTE R S
THE HEAD OF T HE MUMM Y OF THOTHMES I V THE G RAND .
,

FATHE R O F AKH NAT ON

A KH NAT ON DRIVI N G WITH HI S WIF E AND DAU G HTER
A K H NAT ON AND H I S WIF E AND CHILDREN
 I LLU S TRATI ON S .

AN EX A MPL E OF THE F RIEND LY RELAT ION S BETWEE N SY RIA

A N D E GY PT

CA RVED WOOD E N CHA I R THE D E S IGN S PART LY C O VE RE D

,

WITH G OL D L EAF
-

A K H NAT ON (Fr m S t t tt i th L w )
. o a a ue e n e a n

HEAD OF A K H NAT ON S D AUGHTER

’

LETTE R F R O M R I BADDI To THE KI N G OF EGYPT REPORTI N G ,

THE PR O GRESS OF THE R EBE LLI ON U NDE R AZ I R U (B r i ti h

.
s

Mu seu m, N o
.

D EATH MAS K OF A K H NAT ON

THE TEMPLE AT L U XO R

MAP OF A KHHETATON THE C I TY OF THE H ORI Z ON OF AT ON

,

( TE L E L AMA R N A ) A t en d .
 How much Akh n at o n un der st oo d we ann ot say
c ,

bu t h e h ad cer tai n l y b oun ded for wa rd i n h i s view s

an d sym b olism t o a p ositi on wh ich w e ca n ot l ogic
n

a ll y i m pr ov e upo n at th e pr esen t d ay .
”
PETRIE
Histor y of Egypt .
’
 THE LI FE AND TI MES OF
AKHNATON .

I NTR O D U C TI O N .

TH E reign of Ak h n aton ,
for s even tee n ye a rs
Pharaoh o f Egypt (from 1 37 5 to
st a n ds out as the most i n te r esti n g ep och in

the lon g sequen ce o f Egyptia n histor y . W e

h a v e w a tched the e n dless li n e of dim Ph a r a ohs

go by e a ch lit momen ta r ily by
,
th e p a le l a mp of

ou r presen t kn owledge ,
an d most of them h a ve
le ft little im pression upon the mi n d . They ar e

so misty an d fa r off they h a ve be en de a d a n d

,

go n e for such thous a n ds of y e a r s th a t th ey h a ve ,

a lmost e n tirely lost th e i r i n dividu a lity . W c ll

e a

ou t some roya l me an d in respon se v a gu e

‘

na , a
2 I N TRODU C TI ON .

figu r e p a ss e s i n to view sti ffly moves its a r m s

, ,

a n d p a sses a ga i n i n t o the d ar kn ess W ith o n e .

th e r e c o mes th e mu ffled n ois e of ba ttle ; with

an othe r th e r e is si n gin g a n d the sou n d of music ;
with yet a n other the w a ili n g of th e opp r e ss e d
dr ifts by But a t the n a me Ak hnato n th er e
.

emer ges fr om the d a r k n ess a figu r e mor e cle ar

th an th a t o f a n y oth er Pharaoh a n d with it ,

ther e com es th e si n gi n g of bi r ds the l a ughte r of ,

child r en a n d th e sc en t of m a n y flower s
,
For .

on ce we m ay look r ight i n to th e mi n d o f a ki n g
o f Egypt a n d m a y s ee som e thi n g o f i ts wor k

i n gs ; a n d all th a t is the r e o bs er ved is wor thy

of a dmir a tion . Ak hnaton has b ee n c alled the
1
first i ndividu a l in huma n histor y
but if he is
thus the fi r s t hist or ic a l figur e wh o se p er so n a lity
is k n own to us h e is a ls o th e fir st of a ll hum a n
,

fo u n d er s of r eligi ous doctr i n es Akhnaton m a y .

be r a n ke d i n degr ee of tim e a n d p er h a ps a lso i n,

d egr ee o f ge n ius a s th e w o r ld s fi r st id ea list ;

’

and , Si n c e in a ll a n cie n t O r i e n ta l r e sea r ch th ere

n ev er ha s b ee n ,
and pr oba bly n e v er will b e ,

1
Breasted A Hi tory of Egypt
s .
 I N TRODU CTI ON . 3

br ought be fore us a subj e ct of such i n tellectu al

i n ter est a s this Ph a r a oh s r eligi o us revolution ’
,

which m a rks th e first poi n t i n th e study o f

a dva n ce d hum a n th o ught ,
a c a r eful con sider a tion
of this shor t r eign de ser ve s to be m a d e .

The followi n g p a ges do n ot p r et en d to do more

th a n a cqu a i n t th e r ea der with th e sub j e c t ,
at a

tim e wh en owi n g ,
to the recen t discover y of the
Ph ar a oh s bo n e s some i n t er e st
’

,
m ay h a v e be en
ar o us e d in his c a r e er . A ser ies of volumes h a ve
l a tely bee n issu e d by the Egypt Explor a tion
F u n d i n which a ccu r a t e Copi e s a r e to b e fou n d
1
,

of the r elie fs p a in ti n gs , , an d i n scr iption s u pon the

wa lls of the tombs of some of Akh n a ton s discipl e s
’

an d followe r s . In the yea r 1 893 P r ofe ssor F li n der s

P e tr i e e xca va t e d th e Site of the city which the
Ph a r a oh fou n ded , an d published th e results of his
wor k in volume titled Tell el Amar n a ’
a en .

R ecen tly P r ofe ssor J H Br e a ste d devot e d . . ha s

som e sp a c e to a m a ster ly study of this per iod
i n hi s H isto r y of Egypt a n d An cie n t Recor ds
’

1
N . de G D vi es :
. a The Ro k Tomb
c s of El Amarna . 5 Vo ls .

2
N ow out of pri t n .
4 I NTRODU C TI ON .

From th e s e public a tio n s th e r ea d er

1
’
of Egypt .

will b e a ble to r e fe r himself to the r e ma i n i n g

lit er a tu r e deali n g with th e subject ; but he
should b ear i n mi n d th a t th e discov er y of th e
2

b on es of Ak hnaton hims elf which h a ve sh ow n ,

us h o w old h e w a s wh en h e di e d — n a m ely ,

a bout tw en ty e ight y ear s of a —h a ve modified

g e,
-

m a n y of the deduction s ther e m a d e Those w h o .

h a ve tr a velle d i n Egypt will p r oba bly h a ve

visited th e sit e o f Akh n a t o n s City n e a r th e ’
'

mod er n vill a ge of El Amarna ; a n d i n th e

’

mus eums of C a i r o London P a r is Ber li n Vie n n a

, , , , ,

L e ide n a n d els ewh er e they will p er h a ps h a v e

, ,

s ee n s ome of th e r elics of his age .

D u r i n g th e l a st fe w ye a r s a n ext r a or di n a r y
s er i e s of discover i e s h a s be e n m a d e i n th e Va lley
of th eTombs of th e K i n gs at Thebes I n 1 90 3
‘

th e to mb o f Thoth m es I V .
,
t h e p a te r n a l g r a n d

Published by th e Chi Un iver si ty , 1 90 6

'

1 c ago .

2 As will be r e c ord ed b od y f
at th e en d of thi v lum
s o e, th e o

Ak h t w
n a on d i covered b y M Th eod re M D avi s at Th ebe
as s r o . s

ar
e ly i 1 90 7 but at the tim f w iti g ( 1 90 8) th
n ult h ve e o r n e r es s a

not been publi sh ed i bo k f m th ugh v r i us arti les h ve

n o or ,
o a o c a
6 I NTRODU CTI ON .

d r a w n there fr om a r e fran kly op en to the re a der s ’

criticism There will cer t a i n ly b e n o two Opi n ion s

.

as to the a ckn owledgme n t of th e or igi n ality the ,

power , an d the id ea lism of the Ph ar a oh whos e

1
life is n ow to be outlin e d .

1 w it h t th k th d it
Th e r er as f Th Qu r te ly R vi w
o an e e or s o e a r e e ,
’

Bl k w d M g i e
ac oo
’
d Th C tu y M g i
s a az n ,
f
’
p m it
an
‘
e en r a a z n e,
’
or er

t i g h i m to em bod y i n thi v lum

n t i p o ti f ar t i le
s o e cer a n r on s o c s

co tr i buted by hi m t
n th pag f th e j uo ls e es o os o rna .
 THE PAR E N T S A ND GRANDPAR ENTS

OF A KHN AT O N .

1 . THE A N C ES T O R S OF AKH N AT ON .

TH E Eightee n th D yn a sty of
Egyptia n ki n gs took
posse ssion of the th r o n e o f the Ph a r a ohs i n
the ye ar 1 5 8 0 B C ov e r thi r tee n hu n dr ed
. .
,

ye ar s a fter th e buildi n gs of the gr ea t pyra mids ,

a n d som e t w o thous a n d y e a r s a fte r the begi n n i n g

o f dy n a stic histo r y i n the N ile Va lley The

'

foun de r o f th e dy n a sty w a s the Ph a ra oh

Aa h m es I He d r ove o u t the Asi a tics who
.

h a d over r u n the cou n t r y du r i n g the p r e vious

ce n tu r y a n d pu r sued them i n to the he a rt of
,

S yr i a
. H is succ esso r Am on h otep I
,
p en e
.
,

tr a te d a s far as th e te r r ito r y betw e e n th e

O ro n t e s a n d th e Euph r a t es ; a n d th e n ext
8 PA RENTS A N D GR A N DPA R EN TS OF AKHNATON .

ki n g Th oth m es I w a s a bl e to set his bound

,
.
,

ar sto n e a t the n o r th er n limits of S y r i a an d

y ,

thus could ca ll h ims elf th e r ul er o f the en ti r e

e a st en d of th e M edit er r a n ea n th e e mper or ,

o f a ll the cou n tr i e s fr om Asia Mi n or 130 the ‘

S udan . ThQLhM I I the Succ eeding Ph a r a oh ,

w a s occupi e d with w a r s i n his southe r n dom

i n ion s ; b u t his succ e ssor the fa mous Qu een ,

Ha tsh epsut w a s a ble to d e vote the y ea r s

,

of h er r e ign to th e a r ts o f p e a c e .

S h e w a s foll o wed by th e gr e a t wa r r ior

Th oth m es III w h o co n duct e d c a mp a ig n a ft er
.
,

c a mp a ign I n S yr i a a n d r a is e d the p r e stige

,

of Egypt t o a p o in t n e ve r a tt a i n e d befor e
or a fte r th at tim e E v ery ye a r he r etur n e d
.

to Th ebes his ca pit a l l a d en with the spoils

, ,

o f Asia .From th e c a ptu r e o f the city of

Megiddo a lon e he c a r r i e d a way 9 2 4 Spl en did
ch ar iots 2 2 38 hor ses 2 4 0 0 he a d of va r ious
, ,

kin ds of ca ttl e 2 0 0 shi n in g suits of a r mour

, ,

i n cludin g thos e o f two ki n gs qu an tities of ,

gold a n d silv er the r oy a l sceptr e th e gor geous

, ,

te n t of on e of th e ki n gs a n d m a n y mi n or ,

a r ticl e s . Booty o f lik e v a lue w a s br ought i n

fr o m other sh a tt er ed kin gdoms a n d the Egyp ti an ,
 TH E A N CE STOR S OF AKHNATON
'

tr e a sur i e s w ere full to o v er flowi n g Th e t emples .

o f the gods a lso r e ceived th e ir sh a r e o f th e

r iches , and th e i r a lt ar s gr oa ned u n de r the
weight of th e offer in gs Cypr us C r e te a n d
.
, ,

per h a ps the isl an ds of the ZEg ea n s en t th ei r

‘

\
,

ye ar ly tr ibut e to Thebes whose str e ets for , ,

th e fi r st time i n th e i r histor y w er e th r o n ged,

with for e ign er s H e r e w e r e to be s ee n the

.

lon g r obed Asi a tics be ar in g v a ses fr esh fr om

-

the h a n ds of Tyr i a n cr a ftsme n ; he r e wer e

Ch a r iots mou n ted with gold a n d el e ctr um
d r a w n by pr a n ci n g Syr i a n hor ses ; h er e w er e
Ph oen ici a n m er ch a n ts with thei r pr e cious wa r e s
s

str ipp ed fr om the ki n gd o ms of the sea ; h er e

wer e n egr o e s b ea r i n g their ba r bar ic t r ea su r e s )

to the p a l a c e Th e Egypti a n soldier s h eld

"
.

thei r h e a ds high a s they w a lke d th r ough these ,

str eets for th ey w er e fea r ed by a ll th e wor ld

, .

Th e t a lk w a s e v er ywhe r e of conqu e st a n d the ,

t a l es o f a dven tur e n ow r el a ted r em a i n e d cur r en t l

i n Egypt for m a n y a ce n tu r y Wa r son gs w er e
.
-

c omp o sed a n d hymn s o f b a ttle wer e i n sc r ib e d

,

upon th e t e mpl e w a lls Th e spir it of th e a ge

.

will b e s een i n th e followi n g li n es i n which ,

the god Am on a dd r esse s Th oth m e s III

~

.
10 PARENTS A ND GRANDPA R EN TS OF AKHN ATON .

Ih v a givin g th ee to smi te th e p r i n ces of Z ahi

e c om e, ,

I hv a e h u r l e d t h em b e eat h th
y f ee t n
am o g t h eir h igh n

l an ds
T h ou h ast t am pl ed th ose w h o a e i n th e di t icts of P u t
r r s r n ,

I h av m ad e th em see th y m aj est y as a ci r clin g star

e

Cr et a d Cyp us are i te r o
e n r n r r

Th ose w h o ar e i th e midst of th e g eat sea h ear th y r oarin gs ;

n r

I h ave m d th em see th y m aj ty as n av en ger

a e es a ,

Risin g upo n th e b ack of h i s sl i victim a n

I h ve m ade th em s e th y m j esty as fie c eyed lion

a e a a r e- ,

Wh ile th ou makest th em c o p ses i th ei r v all y r n e s

It w a s a fi er c e an d a sple n d id a g zen ith e — the

of Egypt s gr e a t hist or y Th e n e xt ki n g Amon
’
.
,

h o tep II c a r r i e d on the co n qu e sts with a degr e e

.
,

of fer ocity n ot pr e viously a pp a ren t He himself .

w a s a m a n of gr e a t physic a l st r e n gth who could ,

d r a w a bow w hich n o n e of his s oldi er s could

u se . H e led his a r mi e s i n to his r estless Asi a tic
domi n ion s a n d h a vi n g c a ptur e d s eve n r ebe lli ous
,

S y r i a n ki n gs he hu n g th e m h e a d down wa r ds
.
,

fr om th e pr o w o f his ga ll ey a s he a pp r o a ch ed
Th ebes a n d l a t e r s a cr ific e d six of them to Amon
,

with his ow n h a n d Th e s e v en th h e c a r r ied up

.

to a dist a n t city o f th e S ud a n a n d th er e hu n g ,

him upon th e ga t e wa y a s a wa r n i n g to a ll
r e b els .Dyin g i n th e y e a r 1 4 2 0 B C he l e ft the . .
,

th r o n e to his son Th oth m es I V th e gr a n dfa th er

,
.
,
 TH E G OD S .

OF EG YPT . 11

of Akh n a ton w h o a t his

,
a ccession w as a bout
1
eighte en ye a r s of ag e .

2
. THE G O D S OF G PT
E Y .

W ith th e re ig n o f Th oth m es IV we rea ch a .

per iod of histo r y i n which the b egi n n i n gs a r e to

be Obse r ve d of c er t a in r eligious movemen ts which
“

become mor e a pp a r en t i n th e time o f his s on

Am on h o tep III a n d his gr a n dso n Akh n a to n
. .

We must look ther e fore m or e Clasely a t

M w

, ,

eve n ts o f this r e ign a n d must especi a lly obs er v e

,

the ir r eligious a spect For this r ea so n a n d a lso

.
,

i n o r d er th a t th e r ea de r m a y th e mo r e r e adily
a pp r eci a t e
,
by con tr a st th e pu r e t ea chin gs of
,

th e Ph a r a oh wh o se life fo r ms th e subj ect o f th e

followi n g p a ges it will be n e cess ar y to gl a n c e a t

,

th e n a tu r e of th e r eligio n s which n ow h e ld sw a y .

Egyp t h a d a t this time existed a s a civilised

n a ti o n fo r ove r tw o thous a n d y e a r s du r i n g th e ,

wh ol e of which p er iod th ese r eligious beli e fs h a d

been d e vel opin g ; a n d n ow they w er e so c n
gr ai n e d i n th e he a r ts of th e peopl e th a t Ch a n ges ,
12 PARENTS A ND GR A N D PA R E N TS OF AKHN ATON .

howev er sligh t a ssu m ed r evolutionary pr opor ti o n s

,
a -“
,

r e u 1r 1 n
q g a m a ster mi n d fo r th e i r i n iti a tio n
-
and ,

a h a n d of i r on for th e i r c a r r yi n g i n t o e x e cutio n .

At th e tim e of which we n ow wr it e this min d ,

a n d this h a n d h a d n o t yet com e i n to e xist e n ce ,

an d th e old gods o f Egypt we r e a t the ze n ith

o f thei r powe r .

O f th e s e go ds Amon the p r esidin g deity o f ,

Th ebes w a s th e most pow er ful He h a d be e n

, .

or igi n ally the tr ib al god o f th e Theba n s but ,

wh en t h a t city h a d bec om e th e c a pita l of Egypt ,

h e h a d r ise n to b e th e st a t e god of th e cou n tr y .

Th e s u n god R a or R a HOr a kh ti o r igi n a lly th e

’

- -
, ,

d e ity of Heli opolis a city n ot fa r fr o m the

,

m o d er n C a i r o h a d b een the st a t e g od i n ea r lie r

,

tim es a n d th e p r i ests of Amon con tr ive d to

,

“
id en tify th e tw o de iti e s u n d er th e n a m e Amon
R a K i n g of th e Gods
,
Amon h a d s e v er a l .

for ms . He w a s u su a lly r ega r d e d a s a m a n of

shin i n g coun ten a n c e upon wh ose h ea d two t a ll
,

fe a ther s a r o se fr om a golde n ca p S om etim es .

,

how e ve r h e a ssum e d th e for m of a h e a vy hor n ed

,
-

r am . S om e tim e s a ga in b e a d opted th e a pp ea r
, ,

a n ce of a b r o th e r god n a m e d Mi n who w a s l a te r
, ,

id en ti fied w ith th e Gr ee k Pa n ; a n d it m ay b e
14 PA REN TS A ND GRANDPARENTS OF AKHNATON .

S uch wer e the Theb a n d eiti e s whos e i n flu e n ce

‘

upon th e cou r t w a s n ec e ss a r ily gr e a t The H eli o

.

p olit a n wor ship of th e su n h a d a ls o a ver y con

s i d e r a b le d egr e e of power a t the p a l a ce Th e .

god R a w a s b eli e v e d to h a ve r eign ed a s Ph a r a oh

upon e a r th i n th e dim a ge s o f th e p a st a n d ,

it w a s though t th a t the succ essive sovere ig n s

o f Egypt wer e his di r e ct desc en d an ts though
'

this tr a dition a ctu a lly did n o t d a te fr om a per iod

e a r li er th a n th e F ifth D y n a sty “
S on of th e
.

Sun w a s o n e o f th e p r oudest titl e s o f th e

Ph a r a ohs a n d th e per son a l n a m e o f e a ch suc

,

c ess i v e m o n a r ch w a s h e ld by him i n the o ffici a l .

titula r y a s th e r ep r es ent a tiv e of R a W hile o n .

ea r th R a h a d h a d th e misfo r tu n e to b e bitte n

by a s n a k e a n d h a d b een cu r ed by th e godde ss
,

Isis who h a d de ma n de d i n re tu r n th e r eve a li n g

,

o f th e g o d s m a gic a l n a m e This w a s a t l a st
’
.

told h er ; but for fe a r th a t th e se c r e t w ould

c ome to the ea r s o f his subj ects R a decid e d to
,

br i n g a bout a gen er a l m a ssa cr e of m a n ki n d The .

sl a ught er w as c a r r i ed o u t by the godd e ss Ha thor

i n h er fo r m o f S ekhm e t a fie r c e lio n h ea ded
,
-

wom a n w h o d elighte d to w a de i n str ea ms o f

,

blo od ; but wh e n on ly th e h a lf o f m a n ki n d h a d
 TH E G OD S OF EGYP T . 15

been sl a i n R a r epen t e d a n d br ought th e m a s

, ,

s a c r e to a n e n d by c a usi n g the g o dd e ss to b e

come dr u n k by me a n s of a gr uesom e pot on o f

,
i
bl o od a n d wi n e W e a r y how e ve r with th e c a r e s
.
, ,

o f st a t e ,
h e d e cided to r e ti r e i n to th e h e av en s ,

a n d th e r e a s the s u n
,
h e d a ily s a il e d i n his b o a t
,

fr o m hor iz on to h o r izon At d aw n h e w a s c all e d .

K h e p er a a n d h a d the fo r m of a be e tl e ; a t noon
,

h e w a s R a ; a n d a t su n s e t he to o k th e n a m e
o f Atum a wo r d d e r iv e d fr om th e S y r i a n Adon
, ,

L or d be tter k n own to us i n its Gr e e k t r a n s

,

“
l a tio n Adonis As th e r isi n g a n d th e setti n g
.

su n — th a t is to sa y the s u n n e a r th e hor iz on
,

h e w a s c a lled R a Hor a k h ti a n a m e which the

-
,

r e a d e r must be a r i n mi n d .

Th e god d e ss Isis m e n tio n e d i n the a b ove

,

tr a ditio n w a s the con s or t o f O sir is o r igi n a lly

, ,

a L o w er Egypti a n d e ity L ik e Ra this g od .

,

h a d a lso r e ign e d upon e a r th but h ad be e n ,

mur der ed by his br oth e r S e t his d ea th b ei n g ,

ultim a t ely r e v e n ge d b y his s on H o r us th e -

h a wk Thu s O si r is Isis a n d H or us for med a

.
, ,

t r i n ity which a t this tim e w a s m a i n ly w or

,

shi pp ed a t Abydos a city o f Upp er Egypt wh e r e

, ,

it w a s thought th a t O sir is h a d bee n bu r ied .

16 PA RE NTS A N D GR A N DPA R EN TS OF AKHNATON .

H a vi n g hus cea sed to live upon e a r th O sir is

t ,

be ca m e th e gr e a t K i n g of th e Un der wor ld a n d ,

a ll p er so n s p r a y e d to him for thei r futu r e w e l

fa r e a ft e r dea th .

Me a n whil e Hor us the h a wk w a s th e tr ib a l

, ,

god of mor e th a n on e city At Edfu h e w a s .

wor shipped a s th e c on qu er or of S et ; a n d i n this

m a n ife st a ti on h e w a s the husban d of H a th or ,

th e l a dy of D en d e r eh a city som e co n side r a bl e

,

dista n c e fr om Edfu At O mb os however S e t

'

.
, ,

w a s wo r shipp e d a n d i n the loc a l r e ligio n th e r e

.

w a s n o t r a c e of a ught but th e most fr ie n dly

r e l a tio n s b e twee n S et a n d H o r us The goddes s .

H a th or a t th e s a m e tim e h a d become p a tr o n
, ,

of th e W e st er n H ills a n d i n on e of h er ea r thly
,

— —
for ms n a m ely th a t of a co w S h e is often s een
,

em er gi n g fr om h er ca ver n i n th e cliffs .

At M e mphis th e t r iba l god w a s th e littl e .

dwa r f Pt a h th e Eu r op ea n Vulc an th e bl a ck
, ,

smith th e a r ti fic er a n d th e potter of the gods

, , .

I n this city a lso as i n m a n y othe r distr icts of

,

Egypt th er e w a s a s a cr ed bull h er e c a lled Apis

, , ,

who w a s wor shipp ed with divi n e hon ou r s a n d

w a s r e ga r d e d a s a n a spect o f Pt a h A t Ele .

h a n ti n e a r a m he a ded deity
-
n a med K h n um
p
 T H E G OD S OF EGYPT . 17

w as ador ed a n d the r e w a s a sa cred r a m kept

,

i n his temple for c er e mo n i a l pu r poses As .

K hn um h a d some co n n e cti on with the F i r st

C a t a r a ct o f th e N il e which is situ a ted n ea r
,

El e ph a n ti n e he W
,
a s r e ga r ded a s of som e impo r t

a n ce th r oughout Egypt Mor eove r he w a s

.
,

suppos ed by some to h a ve used the mud a t the

bottom of th e N ile to for m th e fi r st hum a n
b ei n g a n d th u s he fou n d a pl a ce i n the myth
,

ology o f sever a l dist r icts .

A vultu r e n a m ed N e kh eb w a s the t r iba l

, ,

d e ity o f the tr a di n g city of Eilei th i a spoli s a

fe r ocious cr ocodile S eb ek w a s th e god Of a
, ,

s e con d city of the n a me of O mbos ; a n ibis ,

Thoth w a s th a t of H er mopolis ; a c a t B a st
, , ,

—
th a t of Bu b a s ti s ; a n d so on a lmost e v e r y city
h a vi n g its tr iba l god B e sides th e se th e r e w er e
.

o th er mor e a bstr a ct d e ities : N ut th e h e ave n s , ,

w h o i n the fo r m of a w o m a n
, sp r e a d h e r s elf
,

a c r oss the sky ; S eb th e e a r th ; S hu th e v a st

, ,

n e ss of Sp a c e ; a n d so fo r th Th e old gods of .

Egypt w er e i n deed a multitude H e r e we r e

’

th o se who h a d m a r ch e d i n to th e coun tr y a t
t h e he a d of co n quer i n g tr ib e s ; he r e w e r e
a n ci e n t her oes a n d Chi e fta i n s i n dividu a lly d e i
18 PA REN TS AND GRANDPA REN TS OF AKHN ATON .

fi ed , or ft e n id en tifi e d with the god whom

\
o

th e ir t r ibe h a d ser ved ; her e wer e th e el e m e n ts

p er son ifi e d ; her e th e or bs of he a ve n which
m an co uld s ee a bov e him As i n te r co ur se
.

b etw e e n city a n d city becam e m or e gen er a l ,

on e set o f beli e fs h a d b een br ought i n to li n e

‘

with a n other a n d myths h a d d e veloped to

,

e xpl a i n th e disc r ep a n cies Thus i n the tim e

.

of Th o th m es IV th e he a ve n s wer e c r owded
.

with gods ; but st a n di n g a bove th e m a ll th e ,

r e a d er will do w ell to fa mili a r is e himself with

th e figu r e o f Amon R a th e g od o f Th e b e s
-
, ,

an d with R a Hor a kh ti th e god of Heliopolis

-
,
.

I n the foll o wi n g p a g e s the l e sse r d en ize n s o f

th e Egypti a n O lympus pl a y n o gr ea t p a r t s a ve ,

a s a r out e d a r my hu r l e d b a ck i n t o the ign or a n t

d a r k n e ss fr om which th ey c a me .

3 . THE D EMI G O D S AN D S P I R I T S THE

PR IES T H OO D S .

Th e sa cr ed bulls ms men tion e d a bove

an d ra

wer e r elics of a n a n ci en t a n ima l wor ship the

.
-
,

o r igi n o f which is l ost i n th e obscur ity of pr e

 DEMIG OD S AND —
S PI RITS PRIE S THOOD S . 19

histo r y The Egypti a n s p aid hom a ge to a v a ri e ty

.

of a n im a ls an d a lmost,
ever y city or distr ict
possess ed its p a r ticul a r Speci e s to which speci a l
p r otectio n w a s exte n d ed At H e r mopolis an d .

i n other p a r ts of Egypt the b a boon w a s s a cred ,

a s well a s th e ibis which typifi ed the g od Thoth ,

.

C a ts we r e s a cr e d both a t Bu b a sti s whe r e th e c a t ,

godd ess B a st r esid ed a n d i n va r ious oth e r dis

, , ,

tr i cts
. C r oc o diles w er e v er y ge n e r a lly held i n
r eve r e n ce an d ,
s e v e r a l r iv er fish w er e thus
tr ea t e d . Th e s n a k e w as much fe a r ed a n d
r eve r en ced ; a n d a s a pe r ti n e n t ex a mpl e o f this
,

sup er stiti on it m a y be me n tio n ed th a t Amon

,

h otep III th e fa the r o f Akh n a ton pl a ced a

.
, ,

figu r e o f th e a ga thod emon ser pe n t i n a temple

a t Be n h a The cobr a w a s r e ver en c e d a s the
.

symbol of Ua z et th e godde ss o f th e D elt a a n d

, , ,

fir st used a s a r oy a l emblem by the a r ch a ic

kin gs of th a t cou n t r y it bec a me th e m a i n ,

e mblem o f sov er e ig n ty i n Ph a r a o n ic times It .

is u n n e cessar y h er e to look mor e closely a t this

a sp e ct o f Egypti an r eligio n ; a n d but a wor d
n e e d b e s a id o f th e thous a n d demo n s a n d spi r its

which togeth er with the gods a n d the sa cr ed

,

a n im a ls crowded the region s of the u n k n own

, .
20 PAREN TS AND GRANDPARE NTS OF AKHNATON .

M a n y w er e th e n a mes which the magi c i an might

c a ll upon i n th e hou r of his n eed a n d m a n y ,

w er e th e a wful for ms which th e soul of a m a n

,

who h a d di e d w a s li a bl e to m e e t O sir is the

.
,

gr e a t g o d of th e d ea d w a s s er ve d by fou r such
,

ge n ii a n d u n der his a uthor ity th e r e s a t n o l e ss

,

th a n for ty two t er r i b l e d emo n s whos e busi n ess

-

i t w a s to judge th e qu a v er i n g s o ul Th e
.

n ume r o us g a t e s of the u n d e r wor ld w er e g u a r d e d

by m on ster s wh os e n a mes a lo n e wo uld str ike

ter r or i n to th e h ea r t a n d th e Un fo r tu n a t e soul
,

h a d to r e pe a t e n dl e ss a n d p e culi a r ly t edious

for mulae be for e a dmitt a n c e w as gr a n t e d .

To min ist er to th ese hosts o f h e a ve n th er e

h a d of n e c es s rty to b e v a st n umb e r s o f p r i e sts .

At Th ebe s th e pr i esthood of Amon fo r med a n

or ga n is a tion of such pow er a n d we a lth th a t th e
a ctio n s of th e Ph ar a o h h a d l a r ge ly c o m e to b e

c o n tr oll e d by it Th e H igh P r i est o f Amon R a

.
-

w a s on e o f th e most impor t a n t p e r s o n a ge s i n
“

th e l a n d a n d his imm e di a t e sub or di n a tes the

, ,

S e con d , Thi r d a n d F ou r th P r i ests a s th ey w er e

, ,

ca ll ed We r e u su a lly n oble s of the high e st r a n k

,
.

Th e H igh P r i e st of Amon w a s a t this p er i o d

oft e n Gr a n d Vizir a lso a n d thus combi n ed th e
,
22 PARE NTS AN D G RA NDPA RENTS OF AKHNATON .

Th eba n go d Th oth m es I V
. as we sh a ll .
,

1
p r es en tly be told by Akh n a t o n hims elf did ,

n o t a ltog e the r a pp r ove of the politic a l ch a r a cter

of the Amon pr i e sthood a n d it m a y h a ve b e e n ,

d u e to this diss a tisfa ctio n th a t h e u n d er took

th e r ep a i r i n g of th e gr ea t Sphi n x a t Giz e h ,

which w a s i n th e c ar e of th e p r i e sts of H elio

polis The Sphi n x w a s thought to r epr ese n t a
.

combi n ation of th e Heli opoli tan gods Hor ak h ti ,

K hepe r a R a a n d Atum who h a v e b ee n

, , ,

m e n tion ed a bove ; a n d a ccor di n g to a la t er,

t r a dition Th oth m e s IV h a d obt a i n ed the th r o n e

,
.

over the he a ds o f his e lder br other s th r ough

—
the m edi a tion of the Sphi n x th a t is to sa y ,

th r ough th a t of th e Heli opoli ta n p r i ests By .

th e m he w a s c alled S on of Atum a n d Pr ot e ct or
of Hor akh te , who pu r ifi e s Heliopolis a n d
z ”
sa tisfies R a
,

, an d it s e e ms th a t th ey looke d
to him to r estor e to th e m th e ir l o st powe r The .

Ph a r a oh however , w a s a physica l w ea kli n g wh o s e

, ,

sm a ll a mou n t of e n e r gy w a s e n tir ely e xpen ded

upon his a r my which h e gr ea tly loved a n d
, ,

which h e led i n to S yr i a a n d i n t o th e S uda n .

H is br ief r e ign o f somewh a t o ver e ight y ea r s ,

1 Page 1 00 .
2 Th e S ph i nx t bl t
a e .
 TH O TH MES I V . AND MUTEMUA . 23

fr om 1 4 2 0 to m a r ks but th e i n decisiv e
1 41 1 B C
. .
,

begi n n i n gs o f the st r uggl e betwee n Amon a n d

R a which culmi n a ted i n th e e a r ly y ea rs of the
,

r e i n o f his gr a n dso n Akh n a to n

g ,
.

S ome time be fore h e c a m e to the thron e he h a d

m ar r ied a d a ught er of the K i n g of Mita n n i a f

N or th Syr i a n st a te which a ct ed a s a b u ffer '

b e tw een th e Egypti a n poss e ssion s i n S y r i a a n d

the hostil e l a n ds of Asi a Mi n or a n d Mesopot a mi a ,

a n d which it w a s desi r a bl e ther efor e to pl a c a t e

, ,

by such a u n i o n Ther e is little do ubt th a t this

.

p r i n cess is to be ide n tified with th e Que en

Mutemu a of whom s e ve r a l mon umen ts exist a n d
, ,

w h o w a s the moth e r of Am on h o tep III the .

,

s on a n d successo r of Th oth m es IV A for e ign .

elem e n t w a s thus i n t r oduc e d i n to th e cou r t which

much a lt er e d its ch ar a ct er a n d led to n um er ous

,

ch a n ges of a ver y r a dic a l n a tu r e It m ay b e th a t .

this Asi a tic i n flue n ce i n duc ed th e Ph a r a oh to giv e

fur ther en cour a gemen t to the pr iest of Heliopolis .

Th e god Atum th e a sp e ct of R a a s the s e tti n g

,

su n w a s a s ha s bee n s a id of comm o n o r igi n wi th

, , ,

Aton or Adon is who w a s l a r gely w or shipped i n

,

N orth Syr i a ; a n d th e for e ign qu e e n with h er

retin u e m a y h a v e th er efor e felt mor e symp a thy
24 PAR EN TS A ND GRA ND PAREN TS OF AKHN ATON .

with Heliopolis th a n with Thebes Mo r eover .

,

it w a s the Asi a tic t en den cy to specul a t e i n

r e ligious qu e sti on s a n d th e doctr i n e s o f the , ,

pr i e sts of th e n o r th er n god we r e mor e flexible

a n d mo r e a d a pt a bl e to th e thi n ker th a n w a s
th e sti ff for m a l c r eed o f Amon Thus the for eign
“

.
, ,

thought which h a d n o w be en i n tr oduce d i n to

Egypt a n d e speci a lly i n to the p al a c e m a y h a v e
, ,

c on tr ibut ed som e wh a t to th e diss a tisfa ction with

the st a t e r eligio n which b ecom e s a pp ar e n t dur in g
this r eign .

V er y little is k n own o f th e ch a r a cter o f

Th oth m es I V a n d n othi n g w hich bea r s upon
.
,

th a t of his gr a n dson Akh n a t on is to be a scer

ta i n e d. Although o f feeble h ea lth a n d u n m a n ly
physique h e w a s a fo n d upholder of th e m a rti a l
,

dign ity of Egypt He delight e d to h on ou r the .

m em or y o f those Ph a r a ohs o f th e p a st w h o h a d
a chi e ved th e gr ea test fa me a s w a r r io r s Thus he .

r e sto r e d th e mo n um e n ts of Th o th m e s III of .
,

Aa h m e s I an d of S en u ser t III
.
,
1
th e th r e e .
,

gr e a t e st milit a r y l ea de r s of Egypti a n histor y .

As a d ecor a tion for his ch a r i o t th er e w er e sce n es

1
Of Th oth m es I a t Kar n a II . k , of Aah m es I . at Abyd o s , an d of

S en u s er t I I I a t m ad a
. A .
 Y UA A AND UA U
T . 25

repr es en ti n g him tr a mpli n g upo n his foes ; a n d

when he died m an y we a pon s of w a r wer e bur i ed
O f Qu e e n Mu tem u a s ch a r a cte r
’
with him .

n othi n g is k n own ; a n d the a tte n tio n o f the

rea der m ay a t o n ce b e c a r r ied on to Akh n a ton s ’

m a tern a l gra n dp ar en ts the fa ther a n d mother

,

of Quee n Ti
y .

5 . Y UAA AN D T UA U .

S omewh e re a bout the ye whil e the

ar -
1 470 B C
. .
,

gr ea t Th oth m es III w a s ca mpa ign i n g i n S yr i a

. ,
,

t h e child w a s bor n who w a s d e sti n ed to become

the gr a n dfa th er of the most rem a r k a ble o f all

th e Ph a r a ohs o f Egypt N eith er the n a m e s of
.

th e p a r en ts n or th e pl a ce o f bi r th a r e k n own ;

a n d th e r e a de r will p r e se n tly fi n d th a t it is n o t

e a sy to s ay wh e th er the child w a s a n Egypti a n

or a fo r e ign e r H is n a me is w r itt en Aau Aay
.
, ,

Aa i Ayu A a a Y a a Ya u a n d most common ly

, ,
-
, , ,

Y u a a ; an d this v a r i e ty of Sp e lli n g s e ems r a ther

to i n dic a t e th a t its p r on u n ci a tion be i n g for eign , ,

did n ot p er mit of a cor r ect r en der i n g i n Egyptia n

l ett er s He must h a ve b e en som e twe n ty ye a r s
.

of a g e wh en Th o th m es III di e d ; a n d thus it is
.
26 PA RENTS AND G RANDPA R ENTS OF AKHNATON .

quite possible th a t he w a s on e of thos e S y r ia n ,

pr i n ces whom the Ph a r ao h br ought ba ck to Egypt

fr o m th e cou r ts of Asi a to be educa t ed i n th e
Egypti a n m a n n er S o m e of th e s e host ages who
.

w er e n ot dir ect h e ir s to S yr i an thron es m a y

h a ve t a k en up th e ir per m a n en t r e siden c e on the
ban ks of the N ile wher e it is cer t a i n th a t a fa ir
,

n umbe r o f thei r cou n tr ymen w er e se ttl e d for

busi n ess a n d other pu r pose s D u r i ng th e r eign
.

o f Am on h ote II Y u a a must h ve p a ss e d th e
p .
, a

p r im e y ea r s of his life a n d a t t h a t ki n g s d e a t h
,
’

h e h a d p r ob a bly r e a ched a bout th e fo r ty fi fth -

y e ar of his a g e He h a d m a r r i e d a w om a n c a ll e d
.

by th e comm on Egypti a n n a me of Tu a u r ega r d ,

i n g whose n a ti on a lity th er e is th er e for e n o t , ,

much qu e sti on Two childr en wer e bo r n o f th e

.

m a r r i a ge th e fi r st a boy who w a s n a m e d Aa n en
, ,

a n d th e s e co n d a gir l n a med Ti y who l a t er ,

bec a me th e gr e a t qu e en Ti y w a s p r ob a bly a
.

little gi r l som e tw o y ea r s old wh en Thoth m e s I V .

c a me to th e th r on e a n d a s h er p ar e n ts b oth
,

h eld a ppoin tme n ts a t cou r t sh e must h a v e pr es

,

e n tly r ec e iv e d thos e fi r st imp r ession s of r oya l

luxu r y which i n flue n ce d h e r childhood a n d h er
wh ol e life .
 Y U AA AND U AU
T . 27

At this tim e Y u a a held the s a cer do ta l ofli c e of

Pr iest of Mi n on e of th e most a ncien t of the
,

Egypti a n gods Mi n who h a d m an y o f the

.
,

"
ch a r a cte r istics of a n d w a s l a t er iden tifi e d with
, ,

th e Gr eek Pa n w a s wor shipp e d a t th r ee or fou r

, ,

citi e s of Upp er Egypt a n d th r oughout the Ea st er n

,

D eser t to th e R ed S e a co a st H e w a s the god .

o f fecu n dity ,
fe r tility ge n e r a tio n r eproduct io n
, , ,

a n d th e lik e i n th e hum a n an ima l a n d v eg e t

, , ,

a bl e wo r lds . I n his fo r m o f Mi n R a h e w a s a -

od of the su n whos f r tilisi n g r a ys m ade

g e e ,

pre gn a n t the whole ea rth H e w a s mo r e n obl e .

th a n the Gr eek Pa n a n d r e pr e sen t e d th e p r isti n e

,

desires of l a wful r ep r oductio n i n the fa mily r a th er ,

th a n the er otic i n sti n cts for which th e Gr e e k

god w as fa mous W er e on e to compa r e hi m
.

with a n y of th e gods o f the cou n t r i es n eighbou r

i n g to Egypt he would b e fou n d to h a v e a s
,

much lik en ess to th e a bov e m e n tio n e d Ado n is -

,

who i n N or th Sy r i a w a s a god o f v ege t a tion ,

a s to a n
y oth e r d e ity This f a ct o ffe r s food for
.

some thought , for if Y u a a w a s a for eign er h a il ,

i n g a s m a y be suppos e d fr om S y r i a the r e would

, , ,

h a ve be en n o Egypti a n god exc e pt Atum to , ,

whose s ervic e h e would h a ve a tt a ched hims elf

28 PAR ENTS AND GR A N DPA R EN TS OF AKHN ATON .

so r ea to th a t o f Mi n Although a t r iba l
dily as .

god Mi n w a s n ot e ss en ti a lly th e pr ot e ctor a n d

,

u ph o ld e r o f Egypti a n r ights a n d Egypti a n re

p
j u dic e s H e w a s i n o n e fo r m or a n oth er u n i
.
, ,

v er s a l ; a n d he must h a v e a pp ea led to th e s en se
a n d th e s e n s e s of S y r i a n a n d Egypti a n a lik e .

At this time a s w e h a ve seen th e p r iests of

, ,

Amon whos e w ea lth h a d br ought co r r uption i n

,

its tr a in we r e u n d er th e cl oud of r oy a l dis

,

pl e a su r e a n d the cou r t w a s begin n i n g to dis

,

pl a y a de si r e to r i d its elf of a n i n flue n ce which

w a s d a ily b e c omi n g l e ss e x a lt e d It m a y be .

th a t Y u a a uph oldi n g the doctr i n es o f Mi n a n d

,

o f Ad on is h a d som e co n n e ctio n with this m o v e

,

men t for he w a s n ow a p er son a ge of c on side r

,

a bl e imp o r t a n ce a t th e p a l a ce H e m ay h a ve .

a l r e a dy h eld th e titl e of Pr i n c e o r D uk e by ,

which h e is c a ll ed i n his fun er a l i n scr iptio n s ;

an d on e m a suppose t h a t h e w a s a fa vourite
y
o f the y o u n g ki n g Th o th m es I V a n d o f his
,
.
,

wife Q u ee n Mut e mu a whos e blood w a s soon

, ,

to u n it e with his o w n i n th e p e r so n o f Akh n a t on .

W h en Th oth m e s IV di ed at the a g e of tw e n ty .

S ix , an d his son Am on h o tep III a boy o f .

,

twelv e y ea r s of ag e c a me to th e th r on e Y u a a , ,
 Y UA A AND TUAU 29

w as a of ove r fifty a n d his littl e da ught er

man ,

Ti y w as a gir l o f m a r r i a ge a bl e a g e a ccor din g

to Egypti a n id ea s b e i n g a bout ten ye a r s old ,
1
.

Th e cou r t a t this time w a s mor e or less u n de r

th e i n flu e n c e o f th e n o w Qu e e n R ege n t Mut e m u a -

and h er a dvis er s for Am o n h ote p III w a s still

,
.

too you n g to b e a llowed to g o e n ti r ely his o w n

w a y a n d a mo n gst thos e a dvis er s it s e ems evi de n t

,

th a t Y u a a w a s to be n umbered N o w the b oy .

ki n g h a d n ot b e e n on th e th r one mor e th a n a
y ea r if a s much , wh en with fea sti n g a n d cer e
,
-

m o n y he w as m a r r i e d to Ti y ; a n d Y u a a a n d
,

T uau bec a m e the p r oud p a r en ts i n la w of th e

’

- -

Ph a r a oh .

It is n ecess a r y to co n sider th e sign ific an ce of

th e m a r r i a ge Th e r oy a l p a ir w er e th e m er est
.

childre n ; a n d it is impossibl e to suppos e th a t

th e m a r r i a ge w a s n ot a r r a n g e d fo r th e m by

th ei r gu a r di an s If Am on h o tep a t this e a r ly
.

a e had simply f lle i lov with this gi l

g a n n e r ,

with wh o m pr ob a bly he h a d be en br ought up ,

he n o doubt w ould h a v e i n sist e d on m ar r yi n g

, ,

h er a n d s h e would h a ve b een pl a c e d i n his

,

hoor i m But S h e bec a m e his G r e a t Qu ee n w as

.
,

1 Th es e a g
e s ar e d iscus sed on p ges 1 1 1
a an d 1 78 ( t
no e ).
30 PAREN TS AND G RANDPA RE NTS OF AKHNATON .

pla ced on th e th r on e b eside him a n d r e c e iv ed ,

h on ou r s which n o o th er qu ee n o f th e most
r oy a l blood h a d ev er r e c e ived b e for e It is .

cl e ar th a t th e kin g s a dvis er s would n e ver h a ve

’

p er mitt ed this h a d Ti y b een but th e pr e tty

d a ught er of a n obl e of the cou r t The r e must .

h a ve be en som ethi n g i n h er p ar en ta ge which

e n titl e d h e r to thes e h o n ou r s a n d c a us e d h er

to be chos en d elibe r a t ely a s qu een .

Th er e a r e s e v er a l possibiliti e s Tuau m ay h a v e.

h a d r oy a l blood i n h er v e i n s an d m a y h a ve b een
, ,

for I n st a n c e th e gr a n dd a ught e r of Th oth m es

,

III to whom she b e a r s s om e like n ess i n fa c e

.
, .

Qu ee n Ti y is o ft en ca ll e d R oy a l D a ughter a s
“
w ell a s R oy a l W ife an d it is possibl e th a t
this is to b e t a ken lit er a lly I n a l e tt e r se n t by
.

Du sh r a tta K i n g o f Mit a n n i to Akh n a ton Ti y is

, , ,

c a ll ed my Sist er a n d thy moth er a n d though

it is possible th a t th e wor d Siste r is h er e us e d

to i n dic a t e the ge n er a l cousi n ship of r oy a lty it , _

is mo r e pr ob a bl e th a t som e r ea l con n ec ti on is
”
m ea n t fo r oth er r el a tion ships such a s da ughter
, , ,

wife a n d fa th er i n la w a r e p r e cis ely st a te d

,
- -
,

i n th e lett er Y u aa m a y h a v e b een i n di r ectly

.

of r oy al Egypti a n bl o od or h e m ay h a ve bee n
, ,
 Y UAA AND TUAU . 31

as we h a ve seen the offsp r i n g o f some S y r i a n r oy a l

,

hous e such a s th a t o f Mit a n n i r el a ted by m a r r i a ge

, ,

with th e Ph a r a oh ; a n d thus Ti y m a y h a v e h a d
some dista n t cl a im to the thr on e a n d Du sh r a tta ,

would h a ve h a d re a son for c a lli n g h e r hi s sist er .

Quee n Tiy howev er h a s so ofte n been c a ll e d a

, ,

for eign e r for r ea so n s which h a ve n ow b e e n show n

to be quite e r r on eous th a t w e must b e c a uti o us i n

a dopti n g a n y o f these possibilities It h a s be en .

st a ted th a t h er fa c e is N or th S yr i a n i n type a n d
1 -
, ,

a s th e por t r a it upo n which this st a teme n t is b a s e d

is i n all fea tur es e xc e pt the n ose r emi n isc en t of

, ,

Y u a a th a t n obl e would a ls o r es e mble th e people

,

of th a t cou n tr y ; a n d i n this co n n e cti o n it must

b e r ememb er ed th a t th e m a r r i a g e o f T i y a n d
Am on h ote p t o ok pl a ce u n de r th e r ege n cy of
Mutemu a h e rs elf pr oba bly a N o r th Sy r i a n
,

p r i n c ess Be this a s it m a y howe ver the two

.
, ,

childr e n n ot yet i n thei r te e n s r uled Egypt

,
’

1
Petr ie ,
Hi s tor y ,
ii p 1 83 Th e p o t i t up wh i h h e b ses
. . . r ra on c a

th i t t me t how v m y b e th t of Akh t (fig 1 1 5 p

s s a e n , e er , a a n a on .
, .

Th m outh d hi ee xtrem ly lik th anf Y C n ar e e e ose o ua a , as

see i h i m um my but g i th y b th h v
n n s lo e re em bl ce a a n e o a e a c s s an

t th e h ead of Am
o h t p III ( i d m fig 1 20 p on Of u se
o e . e ,
.
, . co r ,

su h evi de ce i extremely f il d m u t t b e to much eli d

c n s ra ,
an s no o r e

up o n .
32 PARE NTS AND GRAND PAREN TS OF AKHNATON .

toge th er an d Y u a a a n d Tuau stood behin d th e

,

th r o n e to a dvise th e m .

Tuau n ow i n clude d a mo n gst h er titl es those of

R oy a l H a n dma id or l a dy i n wa itin g
,
the ,

“ ”
fa vou r ed on e o f H a th or
-
th e fa vou r it e of th e
,

“
K in g a n d th e Roya l m oth e r of the gr ea t wife
,

of th e K i n g a titl e which m a y i n dic a t e th a t sh e

,

w a s o f r oy a l blood Amo n gst th e titl e s o f Y u aa

.

“
on e m a m e n tio n those o f M a st er of th e H o r s e
y
”
a n d C h a r i o t C a pt a i n o f the K i n g the fa vou r it e
“

-
, ,

e xc ell e n t a bov e a ll fa vou r it e s an d th e mouth

,

a n d ea r s of th e K i ng —th a t is to sa y his a g en t
, ,

a n d a dvis e r . He w a s a p e r s on a ge of comm a n d
i n g p r e s e n c e wh os e pow e r ful ch a r a ct er Show e d
,

its elf i n his fa ce O n e must pictu r e h i m n ow a s

.

a t a ll m a n ,
with a fin e sh o ck of white h a i r ; a
gr ea t h ook ed n os e like th a t of a S y r i a n ; full
, ,

st r on g lips ; a n d a pr o mi n en t d eter mi n e d j a w , .

He h a s the fa c e o f a n e ccle si a stic a n d th er e is ,

som e thi n g a bout his mouth which r e mi n ds on e of

th e l a t e P o p e Leo XIII ,
O n e fe els i n l o oki n g
.
,

a t his w e ll p r e ser v e d fe a tu r e s th a t h er e p er h a p s
-
,

m ay b e fou n d the or igi n a tor o f the gr e a t r elig

ious m ov e men t which his d a ught er a n d gr a n dson
c a r r i ed i n to e x ecution .
 A MO N H O TEP III AND H I S C OURT
. . 33

6 . AMON HOTEP III . AND H IS C O UR T .

Besides Y u a a an d Tuau an d th e Quee n

D ow a ger Mute mu a there w as a cer ta i n n obl e
, ,

n a med Am on h o te s o n o f H a pu w h o m a h a ve
p y
- - -
,

ex er cis e d con sidera bl e i n flue n ce upon th e you n g

Ph a r a oh S o good an d wise a m a n w a s he th a t
.
,

i n l a te r times he w a s r ega r ded a lmost a s a

divi n ity a n d his sa yi n gs wer e tre a su r ed fr om
,

ge n er a tion to gen er a tion It m a y be th a t he .

fu r the r ed th e c a use of the Heli opoli ta n p r i e st

hood a ga i n st th a t o f Amo n ; a n d it is to be
obs er ved i n this con n ection th a t i n th e i n scr ip ,

tion en gr a ve d upon his sta tue he r efer s to th e

'

“
Ph ar a oh a s the h e i r of Atum a n d the fi r s t
bor n s on of Hor a kh ti thos e bei n g the H elio
,

polit an gods W hen presen tly a d a ughter w a s

.
, ,

bor n to Tiy w h o w a s n a m e d S eta m on this

, ,

philosoph er w a s given th e hon or a ry post of

S t ew ar d to th e pr in ces s ; while a t the s a me
time b e fille d the o ffice of Mi n ister of Public
Wor ks a n d held v ar ious cour t a ppoin tme n ts
, .

At this per iod wh en r eligious specul a tion w a s

,

begi n n in g to b e freely in dulged i n the i n flu en c e ,

34 PARENTS AND GRANDPARENTS OF AKHNATON .

of a wise m a n of this ch a r a cte r would n ec os

sar i l be g r e a t ; a n d should a n f his s yi gs
y y o a n

come to light they will pe r h a ps be fou n d to

,

be a r upo n the subj ec t o f th e r eligi ous ch a n ge s

which we r e n ow t a ki n g pla c e A l a t e tr adition
.

tells us th a t this Am on h otep h a d war n e d the

Ph a r a oh th a t if h e would s ee the tr u e God he
must dr ive fr om his ki n gdom a ll impu r e per s on s ;
a n d he r ei n on e m a pe r h a ps obse r ve some r e fe r
y
en ce to the cor r upt p r i ests of Amon whose ,

ej ection fr om th e ir ofli ces w a s d a ily be comi n g

mor e n ec e ssa r y .

At th e time of which w e w r it e Egypt still

rem a i n e d a t th a t height o f powe r to which the
milita r y skill o f Th othmes III h a d r a ised h er
. .

The K i n gs of P a lesti n e a n d S yr i a w er e t r ibu

t ar ies to th e you n g Ph a r a oh ; the pr i n c e s of th e
se a -
co a st citi e s s en t th e ir y ea r ly impost to
Th eb es ; Cyp r us C r e t e a n d e v en the Gr ee k
, ,

isl a n ds wer e Egypti a n ised ; S in a i a n d th e Re d

,

S e a co a st a s fa r s o uth a s S o m a lil a n d w er e i n
’
cl u ded i n th e Ph a r a oh s domin i on s ; a n d the
n egr o t r ib e s o f th e S ud a n w e r e his Sl a ves
. Egypt
w a s i n d e ed the gr e a test st a te i n th e w or ld a n d ,

Thebes w as a m e tr opolis a t which th e a mba s

 A MO N H O TEP 1 1 1 . A ND H I S COURT
. 35

sa d or s , the merch a n ts a n d the a r tis a n s fr om

,

'

th e se v a r ious coun tries met toge ther H er e .

th ey c ould look upon buildi n gs u n dr e a med o f

i n thei r o w n l a n ds a n d could p ar ticip a te i n
,

luxu r ies u n k n own e ve n i n Ba bylon Th e w e a lth .

o f Egypt w a s so e n o r mous th a t a fo r e ig n sove r eign

w h o wr ote to th e Ph a r a oh a skin g for gold

men tion e d th a t it could n ot be c on sider ed a s
a n ythi n g mo r e v a lu a bl e th a n so much dust by
an Egypti an Golde n v a s e s i n v a st qu a n tities
.

a do r n e d the t a bl e s o f the ki n g a n d his n obles ,

a n d hu n d r e ds of gold en v e ssels of di ffe r e n t ki n ds

.

wer e used i n th e temples .

The sple n dour a n d ga iety o f the cou r t a t

Thebes remi n d on e of the t a les fr om th e Ar a bi a n
N ights . O n e r ea ds of b a a ets of sple n did ,

festiv a ls on the w a ter of jubilee celebr a tion s

, ,

a n d o f hu n ti n g p a r ties W he n the s ce n es d e
.

p i c ted on the mo n ume n ts a r e g a the r ed togeth e r

i n th e mi n d a n d th e r ui n s which a r e le ft a r e
,

th er e r eco n st r ucte d a life of the most i n t en se

,

br illian cy is shown This w a s r a th er a develop

.

m en t of the per iod th a n a con dition o f thin gs

which h a d be en d er ived fr om a n e a r lier r egi me .

The Egypti a n s h a d a lways be en a h a ppy light ,

36 PA RENTS AND GRANDPA RE NTS OF AK HNATON .

he a rted p eople ; but it w as the co n qu e sts of

Th oth m es III th a t h a d give n them the s e cu r ity

.

an d th e we a lth to live a s luxu r iously a s th e y

ple a sed Th e te n den cy of th e n a tio n w a s n ow

'

to br ea k a w a y fr om th e old h ar dy t r a ditio n s of
,

th e e a r lier p e r iods o f Egypti a n histor y ; a n d

vi r tu ally n o o ther body e xc e pt the p r iesthood

,

o f Am on held them dow n to a n cie n t c on v em

,

ti o n ali ti es But whil e the kin g a n d his c ou r t

.

m a d e m er r y a n d a mus e d themselves i n sumptuous

fa shi o n th a t god Amon a n d his r ep r ese n t a tives
,

tow er ed o ve r th em like som e sombr e bogi e hold ,

i n g th e m to a r eligio n which they con sid er e d to b e

obsolete a n d cl a imi n g its Sh ar e of r oy a l w ea lth
,
.

About th e tim e of his ma r r i a ge Am on h otep

built a p a l a ce o n th e wester n ba n k of th e N il e ,

on the edge of the d eser t u n de r the Theba n

hills a n d h er e Quee n Tiy h eld h er br illi an t
,

cour t Th e p a l a ce w a s a light but r oomy str u c

.

tur e of br i c k a n d costly wo ods exquisit ely d ecor

,

a ted with p a i n ti n gs o n stucco a n d emb e llish e d

,

with d elica t e column s Along on e Sid e r a n a

.

ba lcon y on which w er e r ugs a n d m an y colour e d -

cushion s a n d h er e th e ki n g a n d que en could

,

sometimes b e seen b y their subjects Ga r d en s .

FR O M PAL A C E O F A MON HO TEP m .
 '

38 PARE NTS AND GRAND PARENTS OF AKHN ATON .

closely rel a ted to th e go ds of Helio polis ; a n d

it m ay be supposed tha t the p r ies thood of
Amon wa tch ed the developm en t with con sid er
a b le pe r tur b a tio n . The Ph a r a oh hims elf does
n o t se e m to h a v e wo r r ied v e r y c o n sid er a bly with

rega rd to th ese r eligi ous m a tte r s He w a s it .

,

seems a m a n a ddict ed to pl ea su r e whose i n t er

, ,

es ts lay a s much i n th e hu n ti n g field a s i n the

-

p a l a c e He lov ed to boa st th a t dur i n g th e fir st

.

ten ye a r s o f his r eign h e h a d sl a i n 1 0 2 li o n s

but a s he w a s a m er e boy wh en h e fir st i n
d u lg ed i n this for m of sp or t i t is to b e pr e
,

sumed th a t his n oble s a ss ist ed him h a n dsom ely

i n the sl a ught er on e a ch o cc a sio n I n on e d a y
.

h e is r epo r t e d to h a v e kill e d fi fty six wild

c a ttl e a n d a scor e mor e fell to him a fe w da ys
,

l a t er ; but h er e a ga i n on e m ay suppos e th a t th e
glor y a n d n ot th e d eed w a s his .

I n the fifth y e a r o f his r eign h e led a n e x

e d i ti o n i n to the S ud a n to ch a stise s o m e t r ibe
p
which h a d r ebelle d a n d h e r e cor ds with p r ide the
,

sl a ughter which h e h a d m a de It is sta ted th a t

.

th e se n egr o e s h a d b e en h a ughty a n d gr e a t ,

thi n gs wer e i n thei r he a r ts ; but the fier ce eye d -

li on this p r i n c e h e slew th em by th e comm a n d

, ,
 A M O N H O TEP I I I . AN D H I S C OURT . 39

of Amon Atum -
It is i n te r e sti n g to n otic e th a t
.

Atum is thus br ought i n to equ a l pr omin e n ce with

Amon a n d on e m a y see from this the tr e n d o f
,

public opi n ion .

At this time the Vizir a ce r t a i n Pta h mes held , ,

a lso th e o ffic e o f H igh P r i e st of Amo n ; but

whe n he died he w a s n ot succe e ded in h i s duti e s

a s Vizir by the n e w h ea d o f the Amon p r iesthoo d ,

a s w a s to be expected Th e Ph a r a oh a ppoi n ted

.

a n oble n a m e d R a mes a s his p r ime mi n iste r a n d ,

thus sep a r a ted th e civil a n d the r eligious power :

a st e p which a g a i n shows us som e thi n g of th e
moveme n t which w as ste a dily dimin ishi n g the
power of Amon .

Que en Tiy s e ems to h a v e b or n e seve r al

da ughter s to the ki n g a n d i t is possible th a t ,

she h a d a lso p r esen ted him with a s on But if .

,

this is so h e h a d di ed i n e a r ly childh o od a n d n o
, ,

h e ir to the th r o n e w a s n ow livi n g It m ay h a ve
. .

be en p a r tly d u e to this fa ct th a t Am o n h o tep i n ,

t h e t e n th y ea r o f his r eign m a r r ied the P r i n cess ,

Ki r gi pa or Gilu k hi pa d a ught er of the K i n g of

,

Mita n n i a n d p r o b a bly n iece o f th e D ow a ge r

,

1
Que en Mutemu a The pr i n c e ss ca me to Egypt
.

1
Br eas ted , R
ec or d s, 11 . 8 65, t h
no e .
40 PA RENTS AN D GRANDPA REN TS OF AKH NATON .

in con sider a ble st a te br i n gi n g with h er 3 1 7

,

l a dies i n w a iti n g ; but S h e se e ms to h a v e been

- -

thr ust i n to th e ba ckgr oun d by Ti y who e ven , ,

i n the ofli ci a l r e co r d of th e m a r r i a ge is c a lled ,

the ki n g s chief wife Th e m a r r i a ge m ay h a v e

’
.

been purely politica l a s w a s th a t of Thoth m es

,

I V ; a n d the r e is cert a i n ly n o r e cor d o f a n y

.

childr en b or n to Gilu kh ipa S he a n d h er l a di es

.

but a dded a fu r ther for e ign el e me n t to the life

of the p a l a ce a n d sw elled the n umbe r s of those
,

who h a d n o symp a thy with the old gods of

Thebes .

It must h a ve be en som e whe r e a bout th e y ea r

1 3 90 th a t T i y e aged fa the r Y u a a di e d
’

, ,

a n d Tu a u s o o n follow ed him to th e gr a v e Th ey .

we r e bur ied i n a fin e sepulch r e i n the Va lley

o f th e Tombs o f the K i n gs a t Th e bes ; a n d if
th ey a r e n ot to be con sider e d a s r oy a l this will ,

h a ve b een the first time th a t p er so n s n ot of

r o y al bl oo d h a d b e e n bu r i e d i n a tomb of l a r g e

Siz e i n th l s v a ll ey A qu a n tity o f fu n er a l fu r n itu r e

'

w a s pl a c e d a r o u n d t h e spl e n did co ffin s i n which

th e ir mummi e s la y a n d a mon gst this ther e wer e

,

a fe w objects which evid e n tly h a d b e en pr e

s en t e d by th e ber e a ved ki n g a n d qu een a n d by
 THE BIRT H A ND EARLY Y EAR S

OF A KHN AT ON .

1 . THE BIRT H OF A KH NAT ON .

I T h as be e n s ee n th a t Que en Tiy p r ese n t e d

sev er a l childr e n to th e ki n g ; but it w a s n ot
u n til th ey h a d r e ign ed s ome twen ty fiv e or
'

twe n ty six ye ar s th a t the futur e mo n a r ch w a s

-

bor n AS th e y ea r s h a d p a ss e d the qu een must

.

h a ve gr own more a n d mor e a n xious for a son ‘

a n d m a n y must h a ve bee n th e p r a y e r s S h e o ffe red

up th a t a m a l e child might b e vouchsa fed to

h er. I n Egypt a t th e p r es en t d a y the desir e
to bea r a s on holds domi n ion i n the h ea r t of
eve r y you n g w om a n ; a n d thos e to whom this
p r ivil ege h a s n o t been gr a n t ed for s a ke the l a ws
of th e p r o ph e t a n d still la y th e i r p a ssio n a t e
 T H E BI RTH OF AKHN ATON . 43

a pp eal be fore th e old gods Th e p r ese n t writ e r

.

w a s a sked r ece n tly by a you n g pe a s a n t to a llow

h i s wi fe to w a lk rou n d the outer w a ll o f a n

a n ci en t temple i n or d e r th a t S h e might per
,

ch a n ce be a r a m a le child ther e a ft er ; a n d on a n
other occ a sion th r e e you n g wome n wer e se en
Slidi n g down th e pli n th of a n over tu r n e d st a tue
o f R a m es e s the Gr ea t for the s a me pu r pos e .

W ith simil a r emotio n though with gre a t e r i n tel

,

lig en c e Qu e e n Ti y must h a ve tu r n ed i n h e r gr ie f
‘

fr om on e god to a n o the r promisi n g th e m a ll

,

m a n n e r of gifts i f th ey would gr a n t h er desi r e .

To R a Hor a kh ti Aton S h e a pp ea rs to h a v e
tu r n ed with the most con fid e n ce ; a n d perh a ps ,

a s will p r e se n tly b e see n sh e vowed th a t if a

,

son Wer e gr a n ted to h e r s h e would dedic a t e hi m

to the servic e o f th a t god .

It is p r ob a bl e th a t th e littl e p r i n ce fir st s a w
the light i n the roy a l p a l a c e a t The b es which ,

w a s situ a ted o n th e edge o f the des e r t a t th e

foo t of th e wester n hills . It w a s a s h a s be e n

,

s a id an e xten sive buildin g lightly con struct e d

, ,

a n d "g a ily de cor a te d

. The ceilin gs a n d p a ve
m e n ts o f its h alls we r e fa n ta stic a lly p a i n t e d
with scen e s of a n ima l life : wild ca ttle r a n
44 TH E BIRTH AN D EARLY YEAR S OF AKHNATON .

through r e e dy swa mps ben ea th the r oya l fe et ,

a n d the r e m a n y colou r ed fish sw a m i n the w a te r

-
;

whil e over hea d flights of pigeon s white a ga in st ,

a blu e S ky p a ss ed a cr oss the h all a n d wild

, ,

duck h a sten ed tow a r ds th e open ea sem en ts .

Th r ough cu r t a i n ed door w a ys on e might obta in

glimps e s o f th e ga r den pl an ted with flower s
for eign to Egypt ; a n d on the e a st of th e p a l a ce
shon e the gr ea t plea sur e l a k e sur r oun d ed by th e
-
,

t r e es o f Asi a .

I n a ll th e wor ld ther e a r e few pl a ces more

bea uti ful th a n the Si te of this p ala ce H er e on e .

m a y S i t for m a n y a n hou r w a tchi n g th e C h a n g

i n g colours on the w on de r ful cli ffs th e pi n k a n d
,

th e y ell o w o f th e r o cks st an di n g o u t fr om the

blue a n d the pu r ple o f the d eep sh a dows In .

th e fields which n o w su r r ou n d th e r ui n ed p a l a c e ,

wh er e th e r oy a l ga r d en s w er e l a id ou t on e obta i n s
,

a n imp r e ssio n o f colou r of b ea uty a n d o f ga iety

, ,

— i f it ca n be so e xp r e ss e d— which is n ot e a sily
equ a lle d
. The co n ti n u ous su n shi n e a n d th e
br a ci n g wi n d r en der on e i n t en sely a wa ke to
n a tu r a l j oys ; a n d h er e i n d e ed w a s a fitti n g
, ,

bi r thpl a ce on e fe el s fo r a ki n g who t a ught his

, ,

p eople to study th e b ea uties o f n a tur e .

 T H E R I S E OF ATON . 45

2 . THE R I S E OF A T ON .

Th e little p r i n ce med Am on h otep

w as na the ,
1

Pe a ce of Amon a fter his fa th er ; but though

- -
,

the suprem a cy of Amon w a s thus a ckn owledge d ,

th e Heli opoli ta n deity a ppe a r s to h a ve b e e n co rt

s i d e r ed a s th e p r otector of the you n g boy W hile .

th e luxurious cou r t r ej oiced a t the bi r th o f thei r

futu r e ki n g on e fe els th a t th e a n cie n t p r iesthood

,

o f Amon R a must h a ve looked a sk a n c e a t the

-

ba by who w a s desti n e d on e d ay to be thei r

ma st er This p r iesthood still de m a n ded implici t
.

Obedie n ce to its sti ff a n d a n ci en t co n ve n tio n s ,

a n d it r e fused to r ecogn ise the gr owi n g te n d e n cy

towa r ds r eligio us Specul a tion .

P r ob a bly stron ge r mea sur e s would h a ve be e n

t aken by it to r esist the gr owi n g power of R a
Hor a kh ti h a d i t n ot bee n for the fa ct th a t R a
,

w a s a lso a fo r m of Amon a n d h a d bee n ide n tifie d

,

with him u n d e r th e n a m e of Amo n R a Th e -

.

god Amon w a s or igi n a lly but th e loc a l d e ity of ‘

1
He took th e na me Akh to
na n in a bout th e s i xth year of hi s
46 T H E BI RTH AND EARLY YEAR S OF AKHNATON .

Th ebes ; a n d wh e n the Th eba n Ph ar a o hs o f the

,

Eight een th Dyn a sty h a d el ev a t ed him to th e pos i

tion of th e st a t e god o f a ll Egypt th ey m a de ,

him a cc ept a bl e to th e v a r i o us pr o vi n ces a s we h a ve

,

s ee n by poi n tin g to his id e n tifica tion with R a the

, ,

s u n god
-
who u n der on e for m or an o th er fou n d
, , ,

a pl a c e i n e v e r y temple a n d h eld high r a n k i n

ever y va r iety of mythology As Amon R a he

.
-

w a s a ble to be a pp r e ci a ted by the s u n wor shipp er s-

of Sy r i a a n d by th os e o f N ubia for th er e w er e
,

fe w r a ces who would n ot do hom a ge to the gr e a t

giver of w ar mth a n d light .

It is possibl e th a t those m or e thoughtful

member s of the cour t who w er e qui e tly a tt e mpt
i n g to u n de r min e th e i n flu en c e o f th e p r i e sth o od
o f Amo n a n d who w e r e begi n n i n g to c a r r y i n to
,

e xecutio n th e sch e mes of em a n cip a tio n which we

h a ve a l r ea dy n o tice d n ow e n d ea vou r ed to str ip

,

Amon o f his a ssoci a tion with th e su n ; for th a t

iden tity w a s r e a lly his simpl e cl a im to a cc epta n ce
by a n y but Th eba n s The p r iesthood on th e i r
.
,

p ar t it m a y b e supposed dr e w a s much a tt en tion

, ,

a s possibl e to th e co n n ectio n o f thei r d e ity wi th

R a ; for th ey k n ew th a t n o n e but th e H eli o

'

polit an g od could b e a dva n ced with success a s a

 T H E RI S E OF ATON . 47

rival of Amo n by those w h o desired to ove rt hrow

th e Th e ba n god Thus o n e fi n ds th a t the H igh
.

Pr iest of R a a t H eli opolis w as giv en a n d w a s ,

obliged to a ccept the hon ora ry office of S econ d ,

1
P r iest of Amon a t Thebes which a t on ce pl a ced ,

him u n der the thumb of the Th e ban H igh Pr i e st .

The pr opoun ders o f th e n ew thought however , ,

m e t this move by b r i n gi ng i n to gr e a te r p r omi n

e n ce th e Cl a ims n o t of Ra Hor a k h ti but of , ,

Ato n which w a s m er ely a mor e elusive for m o f

,

the su n g od The priesthood of Amo n h a d

.

a lw a ys checked th e i n dividu a l gr owth of R a

Hor a kh ti by r ega rdi n g him simply as a n a spect

of Ra an d , he n ce of Am o n R a O n e of the .

essen ti a l fea tur es o f the n ew move men t w a s the

rega r di n g of R a a s a n a spect o f R a Hor a k h ti -
,

a n d the c a lli n g of R a Hor a k h ti by th e u n con -

tam i n a ted n a me of Ato n Aton i n fa ct w a s .

, ,

o r igin a lly i n troduc e d i n to th e m a tter l a r gely for

the pur pose o f p r even ti n g a n y iden tific a tion

between Amon R a a n d R a Hora kh ti S oo n th e
- -
.

n a me of Ato n e n ti r e ly suppl an ti n g th a t o f Atum

, ,

w a s he ard with some fr e qu en cy a t Thebes a n d .

1
Hi s s a t tu
e is at Tur i n . S ee l
a so Er m a n , L ife in A ie t nc n

E gypt p,
’
. 2 97 .
48 TH E BI RTH A ND EARLY YEAR S OF AKHNATON .

els e where but alwa ys it must be r emember ed

, , ,

a s a n othe r wo r d f or R a Hor a kh ti -
.

The desire o f the cou r t for a ch a n ge of

religion is u n der stan da bl e Th e cult of th e
.

god Amon a s h a s been s a id w a s so hedge d

,
.

a bout with co n ve n tio n a liti e s th a t fr ee thought

w a s impossibl e . We ha ve see n howeve r th a t , ,

the upp er cla ss e s wer e p a ssin g thr ough a

ph a se of religious specul a tio n a n d they we r e ,

r ea dy to revolt a ga i n st th e domi n a tion of a

p r i esthood which for ba de cr iticism Th e wor ship .

of the i n t a n gible powe r of th e s u n u n der the ,

n a m e o f Ato n offered e n dl e ss possibiliti es for

,

the e xer cis e o f those te n d en cies towa r ds the

a bst r a ct Which we r e n ow begi n n i n g to be felt
a ll ov er th e civilis e d wo r ld This w a s m a n s ’
.

fi r st ag e of philosophica l thought a n d for the ,

fir st time i n histor y the gods we r e bei n g en du e d

with ide a l qu a liti es .

Ap a r t fr om a ll question s o f r eligion the ,

p r i e sthood o f Amon h a d obta i n e d such power

a n d w e a lth th a t it w a s a v e r y se r ious me n a ce
to th e dig n i ty of the th r on e The gr e a t or ga n
~
, .

i sa tion which h a d its h ea dqu a r t er s a t K a r n a k

h a d b ecome a n i n cubus which w eighed he a vily
50 TH E BI RTH A ND EA RLY YEA R S OF AKHNATON .

Ti y possessed the bility to impr e ss th e cla ims

a

of the n ew thought upon h er husba n d s min d ’

an d gr a du ally to tu r n his ey e s a n d thos e o f,

th e cou r t ,
a way fr om the sombr e wor ship o f
“
Amon , th e u n k n o w n g od i n to th e dir ection
,

o f the b r illi a n t cult of the su n Thos e who

.

h a v e tr a v ell ed i n Egypt will r e alise h ow co m

p le tel
y th e l an d is d o mi n a t e d by th e su n .

Th e blue Skies th e shin i n g r ocks th e gold e n

, ,

d eser t the v er d a n t fi elds a ll s e e m to c r y ou t

, ,
,

for j oy of th e su n shi n e . Th e e xtr a or din a r y

en er gy which on e m ay feel i n Egypt a t
su n r i se a n d th e d e ep m el an choly which some
,

time s a ccompa ni e s th e r ed n ightfall must h a ve ,

b ee n fe lt by Ti y a lso i n h er p a l a c e a t Th e be s .

As th e ye ar s p a ssed the p ower a n d i n flu en ce

of Qu e en Tiy i n cr e a s e d ; a n d n o w th a t S h e
h a d bor n e a s on to th e ki n g th er e w a s a dded
to h er gr e a t positi on a s r oy a l wife the equ a lly

gr ea t 7 616 o f r oya l mother N ever befor e

.

h a d a qu een b een so fr e e ly r e p r esen t e d on

’
a ll the kin g s m on um e n ts n or h a d so fin e a ’
,

s e r i e s o f titles b ee n give n b e for e to th e wife

of a Ph a r a oh . At S ed en g a fa r u p i n th e
,

S ud a n h er husban d er e ct ed a t emple for h er ;

,
 T H E POWE R OF QU EE N TI Y 51

an d dist a n t S i n a i a be a utiful portr a it h e ad

in
o f h er w a s r ece n tly fou n d All visitor s to
.

Thebes h a ve se en h er figu r e s by the side of

the legs of th e two gr e a t colossi a t the e dge
o f the W e ste r n D ese r t ; a n d th e huge st a tu e s
o f he r sel f a n d h er husb a n d n ow i n th e Ca ir o
,

Mus e um will h a v e b een s e e n by those w ho

,
e

1
h a ve visited th a t collection O f Gi lu kh i pa
.
,

how ever a n d th e ki n g s o the r wiv e s on e he a r s

,
’

n o thi n g a t a ll : Qu ee n Ti y r el ega t e d them to

th e ba ckg r ou n d a lmost b efor e the ir m a r r i a ge

cer emon ies we r e over .

By the tim e th a t Am o n h o tep I I I h a d r eign ed .

for thi r ty y e a r s or so h e h a d c ea sed to give

,

much a tte n tion to st a te a ffa i r s an d the power ,

h a d a lmost e n tir ely p a ssed i n to th e c a p a ble

h a n ds of Tiy Alr ea dy a n i n flue n c e which we

.
,

m ay p r e sum e to h a ve b e e n to a l a r g e e xte n t
h er s w a s b e i n g felt i n m a n y di r ectio n s : R a
‘

Hor a kh ti a n d Aton w er e b e i n g br ought i n to

th e fo r egr ou n d a to n e o f thought which c a n
,

h a r dly b e r egar ded a s pu r ely Egypti a n w as

bei n g d e v elop ed th e a r t w a s u n d er goi n g mod i
,

fi ca ti on s a n d h a d r is e n to a itch o f exc elle n c e

p
1 Page 3 9 .
52 TH E BIRTH AND E ARLY YEAR S OF A KHNATON .

ver a tt a i n ed b e for e or a ft er Th e e xquisit e

‘

ne .

low r eli efs of th e e n d of th e r e ig n o f Am on h o tep

-

—
III for exa mpl e th ose to b e se en a t Theb e s
.
,

i n th e tombs of Kha e m h a t a n d R a m es 1
both ,

of which a r e d e fi n it ely d a t e d to th e clos e of

h
t e r e ig n — sti r on e a lmost a s d o th e wor ks o f
th e ea r ly Fl o r e n ti n e m a st er s Th er e is a n elusi v e .

gr a ce i n th e d a i n ty figu r e s th e r e sculptur e d ,

which th r ough a n oth er medium a n d u n d er other

,

l a ws of c on v e n tio n ca us e th e m to a pp ea l with
,

th e s a m e fo r ce of i n d e fin a b le sw e et n e ss a s d o

the figu r es i n th e w or ks of F ilipi n o L ippi a n d

Botticelli I n th e m a ss of Egypti a n p a i n ti n g
.

a n d sculptu r e o f s e co n d a r y imp or t a n c e such g ems

as th es e h a v e b een o ve r looked a n d h a v e n o t
be en a ppr eci a t e d by th e public ; but th e p r ese n t
wr it er ven tu r es to thin k th a t som e d a y th ey will
s e t the h e a r t of a ll a r t l o v e r s d a n ci n g a s d a n c ed
-

thos e of Qu ee n Ti y s gr e a t m a st er s ’
.

Th e c ou r t i n whic h th e littl e p r i n c e p a ss e d
his e ar li est yea r s w a s m or e br illi a n t th a n e ver
it h a d be en be for e a n d Qu e en Ti y pr esid ed o ve r
,

scen e s of in d esc r iba bl e Spl en dou r Am on h otep .

1 R ecen tly dis v

co er ed by th e p resen t w it
r er whil t s p i i g th i
re a r n s

tomb .
 AKHNATON S MARRIAGE . 53

III . ha sbee n t r uly c a ll e d the M a gn ifice n t

a n d a t n o pe r iod s a v e th a t of Th othm es III
,

w e r e th e r oy a l tre a su r i e s so full or the n obles so

w e a lthy .O ut of a p a ge a n t of fe stiviti e s fr om ,

a m idst th e n oise o f so n g a n d l a ughte r th e little ,

s a d eyed p r i n ce fi r st
-
emer ges o n to the st age
o f histo r y led by the h a n d of Qu e e n Ti y ; but
,

a s he a ppe a r s befor e us a bove the cli n k of the

,

gold e n wi n e bowls a bove th e sou n d o f the ,

timb r els on e seems to hea r th e lilt o f a more

,

simple son g a n d th e pe a ce ful Si n gi n g of a l ar k

, .

4 . A KH NA T ON ’
S MARR IA GE .

Dur in g the l a st ye a r s of his r eign the Ph ar a oh ,

although w ell u n der fifty ye a r s of a g e se em s to ,

1

h a ve suffer ed fr om p er m a n e n t ill he a lth On .

two occ a sio n s the K i n g of Mit a n n i sen t to

Egypt a mi r a cle wo r ki n g sta tuett e of th e g od
'

d ess Isht ar a pp a r en tly i n the hop e th a t Amon

,

h o tep might b e C u r ed of his ill n e ss by it It .

is pr oba ble th a t th e ki n g h a d n e ver been a v er y

str on g man H a vi n g be en bor n wh en his fa th er
.

1
Hi s mumm y i s th ta of a m an of n ot m or e th an fifty .
54 T H E BI RTH A ND EARLY YEAR S OF AKHNATON .

— him self ‘

e xt —
mely d elic a te w a s but a child
re ,

he h a d h ad little ch a nce o f e nj oyi n g a robu st

middle a g e a n d he p a sse d on to his child r e n
,

this i n h er e nt Wea k n ess O n e b e a r s n o mo r e o f .

his da ught er s whom w e h av e s een mour n in g

1
,

for th e ir gr a n dp ar e n ts Y u a a a n d Tu a u an d ,

th er e is som e likeliho o d th a t th ey died you n g .

The littl e P r i n ce Am o n h otep w a s a l r ea dy de

velopi n g c on stituti on a l w ea k n e ss e s whic h r en -a

dered his life v ery pr e c a r ious H is skull w a s .

missh a p en a n d h e must h a v e been subj ect to

,

occ a sio n a l epil eptic fits An d n ow Quee n Ti y .

g a ve bi r th to a d a ught er who w a s n a m e d ,

B a k eta ton i n ho n ou r of th e n e w god a n d who ,

se ems to h a ve lived l e ss th an a sco r e of y ea r s ,

sin ce n o thi n g mor e is h ea r d of her a ft er h er

t wel fth or thi r teen th y e a r “

As Am on h ote p a t th e a g e of for ty eigh t or

,

fo r ty n i n e felt his en d a pp r o a chi n g he s eems

, ,

t o h a ve show n co n side r a bl e a n xi e ty i n r e ga r d

to th e succ e ssio n H er e w a s his o n ly son n ow

.
—
a boy o f te n o r e l ev e n y s
e a r o f a
g e — i n so s a d

a st a t e of he a lth th a t h e c o uld n o t be expect e d

1 Th e wi se m an Am on h otep -
s on -O f- Hap u was tw s e ar d o f Pr i n c ess
S eta m on
’
t t but th i
s es a e, s m ay hv b a e een p vi u t
re o s o h er m en ti on

i n h er gr an dp t t mb
ar en s
’
o .
56 TH E B I RTH AND EARLY YEARS OF AKHNATON .

then ce if n ot Queen Ti y a lso : bot h these bei n g

,

p r oba bly p olitic a l m a tch e s d e sign ed for th e wel ,

fa r e o f th e S yr i a n e mpi r e Th e Ph a r a oh th er e .

for e decided upo n this m a r r i a g e for his sickly

s on ,an d s e n t a n e mba ssy to Du sh r a tta to
n e g o ti a t e th e u n io n b e t w e en th e se two childr e n
"

The r e ply of Du shr a tta h a s for tun a te ly b een , ,

p r es er ve d to us Th e Mita n n i a n ki n g a ck n ow
.

l e dges th e a r r iva l of th e e n voy a n d is much ,

r ej o ic e d a t this fu r th er bi n di n g t o g e the r of the

t w o c o u n tr i e s I n a sub sequ en t l e tt e r it is e v i
.
1

d en t t h a t th e p r in c ess h a s a lr e a dy be en s en t to
Egypt a n d we ar e le d to suppos e th a t Pr i n ce
,

Am o n h ote p h a s a t o n c e b een m a r r i e d to h er .

Th e littl e p r i n cess w a s n a m e d Ta d u khi pa but ,

on h er a r r iv a l i n Egypt sh e w a s r en a m e d
N efe r titi Her a g e a s m en tio n e d a bove is a p
.
, ,

p a r en t fr om the fa ct th a t a lthough i n a ft er life ,

she ga v e bi r th to Childr en a t v er y r egul a r

i n t er v a ls h er fi r st child w a s n o t bor n u n til n ea r ly
,

1
fi v e y e a r s a ft e r h er m a r r i a ge S o youn g w a s .

1 u u l f Egypti gi l t b m m th
It is s a or t b t th e
an r s o eco e o er s a a ou

ag f th
e o i t th u h
r een ,
g m t i m ol i Th y ft t
so i ue t es ear er . e o en c on n e o

b h i ld
ear c t i t
r en a l f b ut tw y v p i d f th i ty
n er va s o a o o ea r s , o er a er o o r

y Fi ft
e a r s or so . h ild e i th th u l um b f f m ily
een c r n s us e us a n er o a a ,

but h lf th ga lly d i i b byh od

ese en er a e n a o .
 AK HNATON S MA RRIAGE ’
. 57

S he th a t sh e did n ot a t on ce coh a bit with the

p r in ce but w a s put u n der the ca r e of a cert a i n
,

l a dy of the cou r t n a med Ty the w ife of a n obl e ,

o f the n a me of A who a fte r w a r ds usu r ped the

y ,

th r o n e . This l a dy Ty c all e d h er self i n l a te r

y ea r s gre a t n u r se a n d n ou r isher o f the Queen ,

an d A a lw a ys c a ll e d t elf th e ki n g s fa th er
’

y
i n la w (n eter a t)
-
It would thus see m th a t th ey
.

h a d b ecom e th e a ctu a l fo st e r p a r e n ts o f th e littl e -

S y r i an gir l It w a s n ot a t a ll u n usu a l i n Egypt

.

for a child to be a dopted thus ; a n d it is a

cu r ious fa ct th a t i f a wom a n ga ve the br ea st to
a child of a n a e but for a mome n t or i f a m a n
y g ,

pl a c e d his fi n g er i n the Ch ild s mouth a for m a l ’

1
a doptio n w a s co n sid e r e d to h a ve bee n m a de .

Th e cou r t h a d h a r dly s e ttl e d dow n a fte r the

cel eb r a tio n o f th e m a r r i a ge of Am on h otep a n d
Ta d u kh i pa N efer titi wh e n it w a s th r ow n i n to
,

“
m ou r n in g by the d ea th o f Am on h o tep the
”
M a gn ifice n t which occur r ed i n the thir ty sixth
,
-

y e ar o f his r eign Qu e en Tiy a t on ce a ssumed

.

c on tr ol of st a t e a ffa i r s on b e h a lf o f h er b a r ely
,

el e ve n y e a r old s o n
- -
who a s Am on h otep IV n ow
, .

a sc en d e d the th r on e of th e Ph ar a ohs .

1 M asper o .
58 TH E BI RTH A ND EARLY YEAR S OF AKHNATON .

5 . THE AC C ESS I O N OF A KH NAT ON .

On
"
co min g to th e th r on e the you n g ki n g
fixed his titula r y i n the followi n g m a n n er
Mighty B ull Lofty , of P lu mes ; Fa vou r ite of th e
Two Goddesses Gr eat i n Kin gshi p i n K ar n ak ;
,

G old en Ha wk Wear er of D iadem s i n th e S ou th er n

,

H eliopoli s ; K in g of Upp er an d Low er Egypt ,

B eau tif ul i s th e B ein g of Ra th e On ly O n e of

- - - - -
,
- -

Ra ; S on of th e S u n P eace of— Am on ( Am on h otep)

,
-
,

Divi n e R ul er of T h eb es ; G r ea t i n D u r ati on L ivin g ,

for Ev er an d Ever B el oved of Am on Ra L or d of

,
-
,

H eaven .

Th e se titl e s w er e d r a w n up on mor e or l ess

p r e scr ibe d li n e s a n d co n for m e d to th e old custom
,

of th e Ph a r a ohs L ike his a n cestor s h e w a s

.
,
‘

c a ll e d B elo ved of Am en R a a lth ough a s we -

, ,

h a ve s een the po we r of th a t god w a s a l r e a dy

,

much u n d er mi n ed To cou n t er ba l a n c e this r efer

.

e n c e to th e god o f Th e bes howe v er on e fi n ds , ,

the su r pr isi n g titl e

H igh P r iest of R a Hor ak h ti ,
-
j i i g i n th e
re o c n -

h or i z on
i n h is n am e, H eat -
wh i ch i s i n Aton - - -
.

Let th eboy b e s a id to be belo v ed o f Amon R a -

till the wa lls of Th ebes r e ve r b er a t e with th e c r y ;

 T H E A CCE SS I ON OF AKHNATON . 59

let Amon R a be c a ll e d L o r d of H e a ve n till the

-

p r i e stly hera lds c a n shout n o mor e : th e do om of

the god of Th e bes Can n ot n ow be a v erted for the ,

r eig n i n g Ph a r a oh is d e dic a t e d to a n othe r od

g .

I t is o bvi o us th a t a boy of e leve n y ea r s of a g e

could n o t hi ms elf h a ve cla imed th e offic e of th e
H igh Pr i est of R a Hor a k hti Qu een Ti y a nd
.

h e r a dvis er s must h a v e delib er a tely en dowed the

outhful ki n g with this o ffi ce l a r g e ly i n o r d e r
y ,

to se t th e s e a l u po n th e fa t e of Amo n Th e r e .

wer e p er h a ps othe r r ea son s why this r e m a r ka ble

, ,

step w a s d e cided upon It m ay be a s h a s be en

.
,

said th a t the que en be for e the bir th of h er

, ,

son h a d vow e d him to R a Ho r a k h ti

,
-
Aga i n the .
,

boy w a s epileptic w a s subject to h a lluci n a tion s ;

,

a n d it m a y b e th a t whil e i n this c on dition h e

h a d s e e n visi on s or utte r ed wo r ds which led his

m oth er to beli ev e him to b e th e chose n on e of th e

Heliopoli ta n god wh o se n a m e th e pr in ce must
,

h a v e been con st a n tly hea r i n g I n a p a l a c e wh er e

.

th e mystic a l H e a t Which is i n Aton which w a s

- - - -
,

th e n ew el a bo r a tio n o f the god s n a m e

’
w as ,

b ei n g d a ily i n vok ed a n d whe r e th e yo uthful

,

m a ster of Egypt w a s co n st a n tly fa lli n g i n to

wh a t a ppe a r ed to be holy fr en zy it is n o t ,
60 T H E BI RTH A ND EARLY YEAR S OF A KHNATON .

u n lik ely th a t th e r isi n g d e ity would be con

n e c ted with the e cc en tr iciti e s of the you n g
Ph a r a oh Th e H igh Pr i e st of R a Hor a kh ti w a s
.
-

a lw a ys c a ll e d Th e Gr e a t of V isio n s a n d w a s
,

thus e ss en ti a lly a visi on a r y p r oph e t either by

n a tu r e or by ci r cumst a n ce ; a n d the u n fo r tu n a te

’
boy s physica l c on dition m ay h a ve be e n tu r n ed ,

thus to a ccou n t i n th e str uggl e a ga i n st Amon R a

,
-
.

O n e m ay n ow im a gi n e th e Ph a r a oh a s a p al e ,

sickly y outh .H is he a d seem ed too l ar ge for

his b ody ; his eyelids w er e h ea vy ; his ey es a s
o n e im a gi n e s th e m w e r e w e lls o f d r e a m H is .

fea tu r e s w er e d elic a t ely mould e d a n d his mouth

, ,

i n spit e of a some wh a t p r otr udi n g l o w er j a w ,

is r e mi n iscen t o f th e b est o f th e a r t o f R oss etti .

He seems to h a v e be en a qui e t studious b oy , ,

wh ose thoughts wa n d er e d i n fa i r pl a ces sea r ch ,

i n g for t h a t h a ppi n e ss which his physic a l con

diti on h a d d e n i e d to him . H is n a tu r e w as
gen tl e ; his you n g he a r t ov er flow e d with love .

H e delight e d it would s eem to wa lk i n the

, ,

ga r d en s of the p a l a ce to h ear the b i r ds si n gi n g

, ,

to w a tch th e fish i n th e l a k e to smell th e

,

flo w er s to foll ow th e butt er flies to w a r m his

, ,

Sm a ll bon e s i n th e sun shi n e Th er e w a s a gr a v e

.
62 THE BI RTH A ND EAR L Y YEARS OF AKHNATON

6 . THE S
FI R T Y EAR S OF A KH N AT ON S R EI G N
’
.

In subsequen t ch a pter it will b e th e wr iter s ’

a

pu r pose to show to wh a t h e ights o f id e a l thought ,

a n d to wh a t p r ofu n diti e s of r e ligi o us a n d mo r a l

phil o sophy this boy i n th e ye a r s of h i s e a r ly

, ,

m a n h o od a tta i n ed ; a n d it will but e n h a n ce ou r

,

r esp e ct for his a biliti e s whe n h e r e a ched m a tu r ity ,

if we fin d i n his ea r ly tr a i n i n g all m an n er o f
s hor tc o mi n gs Th e be a utiful doct r i n es o f th e r e
.

li g i on with which this Ph a r a oh s n a me is i d en ti

’

fi ed w er e p r oductio n s of his l a t e r d a ys ; a n d u n til

he w a s a t l e a st s eve n t e en y e a r s of a g e n eith er
his ex a lted m on otheism n or a n y o f his futur e
r i n cipl e s w e r e r e a lly a pp a r e n t S o m e tim e a ft e r
p .

the e ighth y ea r o f his r e ign o n e fi n ds th a t he

h a d e volv e d a r eligio n so pu r e th a t on e must
c omp ar e it with C h r isti a n ity i n o r d e r to discove r

its fa ults ; a n d th e r e a d er will p r ese n tly s ee th a t

t his sup e r b th e ol o gy w a s n o t der ived fr o m his

e duc a tio n .

’
O n e o f th e fi r st a cts of the ki n g s r eig n u n de r,

t a ken a t the d e si r e of Q u e en Ti y or o f the r oy a l

a dvis er s ,
w a s th e e r e ction o f a t e mple to R a
 ’
T H E FI R S T Y EA RS OF A KHNATON S R EIGN . 63

Hor a kh ti Aton at K a rn a k .
1
This w as in no

w ay i n sult to Am o n for Th o th m es III a n d

an , .

other Ph ar a ohs h a d dedica ted temples a t Ka r

n a k to gods othe r th a n Amo n Th e p r iesthood .

of Amon R a r ecogn ised the existe n c e of the

-

m a n y deities of Egypt a n d ga v e them their ,

pl a ce i n the con stitution of he a ve n reser vi n g ,

for their o w n g od th e titl e o f K i n g of th e

Gods Th ere w a s a temple o f Pt a h her e ; ther e
.

wer e Sh r i n es s et a p a rt for the worship of Mi n ;

an d other gods u n co n n ected with Amon we r e , ,

her e a ccommod a t e d The p r iests o f Am o n Ra .

-

thus could n ot offer a n y ser ious objection to

2
the p r oj e ct The buildi n g w a s to be con str ucted
.

of s a n dsto n e a n d ther efor e v a r ious offici a ls we r e

,

disp a tched to the gr e a t qu a r r ies of Gebe l S ils ileh ,

which lie o n the r iv er b e twe e n Ed fu a n d K om

O mbo a n d to those n ea r Es n e h
, L a r ge ta blets .

w er e ther e ca rve d upon the cliffs t o wa r ds th e

close o f th e w or k a n d on th e m th e figur e of the ,

1
Th e d a te
th i w k i t x tly k
of w but i t w
s or s no e ac no n, as a s c er

tai nly fi i h ed b f
n s th k i g f u d ed h i
e ore w i ty i t m u t h v
e n o n s ne c s a e
,

bee m m d imm d i t ly up h i
n co en c e i e a e on s a c c ess on .

Th w d b b
2 e “
hi
or h th hi
en glyp h f
en , s beli k t
r n e,
”
as e er o o an o s a

th e d f i t wh i h h
en o l d t
, m mi t c l ti P h p th
as e o so e s r an s a on s . er a s e

t m pl w built m wh t
e e as th pl sof th t t Ab e wh
e a on e an o a a us r , er e a n

obeli k t od i
s s o pe u t n an o n co r .
64 T HE B I RTH AND EARLY YEARS OF AKHNATON .

Pha r a oh w a s r ep r es en t ed wor shippi n g Amon who ,

w a s thus still th e st a t e god Above th e ki n g s ’

.

figur e howe v er t he disk of th e su n is s e e n a n d

, , ,

fr om it a n umb er of li n e s r epr es e n ti n g r a ys p r oj ect

, ,

down wa r ds towa r ds th e r oy al figur e Th e s e r a ys .

te r min a t e i n h a n ds which thus s e e m to be dis

,

“
t r ibuti n g th e h ea t which is i n At on -
a r ou n d - - -

the Ph a r a oh This is th e fir st r ep r e sen t a tion o f

.

th e a fte r wa r ds fa m o us symbol of th e r eligio n of

Ato n a n d it is sign ific an t th a t it sh ould m a k e its

,

d eb u t i n a sce n e r ep r e se n ti n g th e wo r ship of Amon .

Th e kin g is c a lle d the H igh Pr i e st of R a

Hor a k h ti ; but the titl e L ivi n g i n tr uth which
“
,

he t o ok to hims elf a l a te r y ea r s a n d which h a d ,

r e fe r e n c e to th e r eligi o n of Ato n which h e w a s

s oon to ev olv e do es n o t yet a ppe a r
,
.

A l a r ge n umber of fr a gm en ts fr om this shr i n e

h a v e bee n discove r e d a n d on th e s e on e s ees ,

r e fe r e n c e s to t h e g o ds H or us S et We pw a t , , ,

an d othe r s . Th e kin g is still c all e d by th e

n a m e Am on h o te p w hich w a s l a t er ba n ned a n d
, ,

t h e n a m e s of Ato n a ft e r w a r ds a lwa ys w r itt e n

,

withi n th e r oy a l o va ls or c a r touches a r e still ,

la cki n g i n th a t disti n cti on Th e temple w a s .

“
c a ll ed Aton is fo u n d i n the Hous e of Aton a
- - — - - - -
,
66 T HE BI RTH A ND EARLY YEAR S OF AKHNATON .

a bove men tion ed R a mes th e Vizir o f Upp er

-
,

Egypt This offici a l w a s n ow e n ga ged i n c on

.
‘

s tr u cti n a n d d e c o r a ti n g a m a g n ific e n t s e pulc h r e

g
for himself i n th e Th e b a n n ecr op olis . I n th e
gr e a t h all o f this tomb the a r tists wer e busy
p r ep a r i n g th e be a utiful sculptur e s a n d p a i n ti n gs
which wer e to cov e r the w a lls a n d er e h a lf ,

thei r wor k w a s fi n ished th ey s e t th ems elves to

th e m a ki n g of a fin e figu r e o f Am on h o tep IV .

se a ted upon his th r on e with the godde ss M a a t

,

st a n di n g b e hi n d him Th e sc en e w a s pr oba bly

.

ex e cut ed a fe w mo n ths b efor e the m a ki n g of

th e t a bl e ts a t th e qu a r r i e s Th e su n s r a ys do
’
.

n o t a pp e a r a n d th e w o r k w a s c a r r i e d out st r ictly
,

a cco r di n g to the c a n o n s o f a r t o bt a i n i n g du r i n g

th e l a st y e a r s o f Am on h otep III a n d the fi r st

.

o f his s o n . But h a r dly h a d the figur e s b e en

fin ish e d b e for e th e or der c am e th a t th e Ato n
r a ys h a d to b e i n cluded a n d c er ta i n ch a n ges
,

i n th e a r t h a d to b e r e cogn is ed ; a n d the r efo r e

th e a r tists s e t to w or k upo n a n oth er figu r e o f
the ki n g st a n din g u n d er thes e m a n y h a n d e d
”
b ea ms of h ea t a n d n ow a ccomp a n i ed by his a s
, ,

y et,
childl e ss wif e . T h e tw o sc e n e s m a
y b e s e e n

by visit or s to Th ebe s st a n di n g side by Sid e a n d ,

 T HE F I R ST YEAR S OF AKHNATO N S R EIGN 67
’
.

n owher e m ay th e con tr a st b e twe e n the old ord er

of thi n gs a n d th e n ew be so cle a r ly obse r ved .

W hil e R a mes w a s p r ovidi n g a tomb for

himself a t Thebes a n othe r gr ea t n oble n a m e d ,

H or emh eb who ultim a t ely usu r p e d th e th r o n e

, ,

w a s co n st r ucti n g his sepulch r e a t S a kk er a h ,

th e Memphite n ec r op olis n e a r C a i r o H or e m .

heb w a s comm a n d er i n chie f of th e a r my a n d - -

,

i n his t o mb s om e sup er b r eli e fs a r e c a r v e d

sh owi n g him r e ce ivi n g r ew a r ds i n th a t ca p a city
fr om th e ki n g S om e o f the sce n es r eprese n t
.

the a r r iva l of Asi a tic r efugees i n Egypt who ,

a sk to be a llowed to t a ke up th e i r a bod e on
the ba n ks o f th e N ile a n d th e figur e s of thes e ,

for eign er s r a n k a mon gst th e fi n e st Sp e cime n s of

Egypti an a r t I n the i n sc r iption s H or emh eb
.
, ,

who is suppos e d to be a dd r essi n g the kin g ,

sta tes th a t th e Ph a r a oh owes his th r on e to

Am o n l
but ye t w e see th a t the figur e o f th e
,

ki n g is dr a wn i n th a t styl e of a r t which is
typic a l of th e n ew r eligion 2
.

1
Thus c orres po d i g
n n to th e S ilsileh q u y t bl t whe Amon
ar r a e , re

is w h ipp d
or s e .

2 Th i t mb H h b m t h av bee begu
m d fi i h ed
'

s o of ore e see s o e n n an n s

in th ly y f Akh t ign t h v be left l d

’
’
e ea r ea rs o n a on s r e o a e en a on e ur
,

in g th e m i re a n d er of th ig d t h v re ei ved th e dd i ti o
e re n, an o a e c a n
68 TH E BIRTH A ND EARLY YEAR S OF AKHNATON .

7 . THE N EW A RT .

This sudde n ch an ge i n the styl e o f th e r elie fs

which w e h a ve obs er ve d i n th es e two tombs ‘

a n d on th e qu a r r y t ab l e ts s e ems to b e a tt r ib

u ta b le to a b o ut the fou r th y ea r
’
o f th e ki n g s
‘

re ign .Th e r eli e fs which wer e n o w c a r v e d

upo n the wa lls o f th e n ew templ e o f R a
Hor a kh ti a t K a r n a k Show us a styl e of a r t
quite diffe r en t fr om th a t of th e ki n g s e a r ly ye a r s ’
.

Th e figur e o f th e Ph a r a oh which th e a r tists ,

i n th e tomb of R a m e s r e p r e s en t e d a s st a n di n g
below th e n ewly i n ve n t ed su n s r a ys is a s ’

diffe r en t fr om the ea r li er figur e th e r e e x ecute d

as ch a lk is fr o m ch ee s e Th e Ph a r a o h who m .

w e s ee i n th e t o mb of H or e mh e b a n d on th e

qu a r r y t a blets is r epr e s en t ed a cco r di n g to ,

c a n on s o f a r t e n tir ely differ en t fr o m thos e

,

’
existi n g a t the ki n g s a cc e ssio n .

of p sts (see n te
d oor o p 2 65) fte th d th f Akh t
o on . a r e ea o n a on .

F gm t of th e t om b
ra en s w d ivi d ed betw L ei d e B l g
ar e n o een n, o o n a,

Vi Alexa d i
en n a , d C i
n r a,
; d i t w uld e m th t ll ex p t
an a ro an o s e a a ce

th i
os e th C i
n e m u um (th d rp t ) a
a ro f m th
se eli oo os s re ro e ea r er

pe i d ; Th e title
r o th e C i s f gme t e f m re el b t
on a ro ra n s ar ar o a or a e

th those o th e oth
an n S ee B e ted Rec rd s iii 1 ff
er s . r as , o , . .
70 THE B I RTH AND EARLY YEAR S OF AKHNATON .

h ad told his a r tists to dr a w him a s h e w a s .

Th e elon ga ted skull the p o in ted chi n a n d

, ,

e ve n ,
per h a ps the p r otr udi n g p a u n ch m ay
, ,

thus h a ve or igi n a ted But the u n ga i n ly thighs

.

c o uld o n ly be a cc o u n t e d for by som e r a dic a l

defor mity i n th e r oy a l mod el a n d th a t he w a s ,

a w ell m a de m a n i n this r e sp ect his r ec en tly

-

disc over ed bon e s mo st cl e a r ly Show .

Pur ely te n t a tively a sugge sti on m a y h er e be ,

offered to a ccou n t for this peculia r tr ea tm en t of

the huma n body It is pr oba bl e th a t the ki n g
.

h a d n ow i n a bo yish w a y becom e de eply i n t er

, ,

o sted i n the r e ligious co n t e st which w a s begi n

n in g to b e w a ged b e twe e n Amon Ra a n d -

R a Hor a kh ti At o n Ha vi n g listen e d to th e
.

a r gum en ts o n both sid e s it m ay h a v e o ccu r r e d

,

to h I m to study for hims elf th e a n ci en t docum en ts

a n d i n sc r iptio n s be ar i n g on th e m a tter I n so .

doi n g h e would h a ve fo un d th a t Amon h a d

,

b ecom e th e sta te g o d on ly som e fe w hu n dr ed

ye ar s before his ow n tim e a n d th a t p r evious to
‘

his a sc e n t to this imp or ta n t positi on pr evious ,

e v e n to the e a r liest m e n tio n of his n a me R a ,

H or a kh ti h a d bee n sup r em e C ar r yi n g his

.

i n qui r i e s ba ck p a st th e d a ys of th e pyr a mid

,
 THE N EW AR T
. 71

ki n gs to the a r ch a ic Ph a r a ohs who reign ed a t

th e dim b e gi n n i n g of thi n gs he would still h a v e ,

fou n d th e Heli opoli tan god wor shipped On e .

o f th e Ph a r a ohs most cher ished titles w a s S on

’

of the S u n which a s we h a ve se en h a d be en
, , ,

bor n e by e a ch successive sove r e ign sin ce the

d a ys of the F ifth D y n a sty whose kin gs cl a imed ,

desce n t fr om R a hims elf S uch s tudi e s would

.

i n e vita bly br i n g two m a tters i n to promi n en ce :

fi r stly t h a t Amon w a s a ft er a ll but a usurp er ;
, , ,

an d, seco n dly th a t a s Ph ar a oh he w a s the

,

desce n d a n t of R a Hor a kh ti a n d w a s th a t god s ,

’

repr e sen ta tive on ear th .

O n th e s e gr ou n ds mor e th a n o n a n y othe r s
, ,

a ll thi n gs con n ected with Amon would become

dist a st e ful to him H e w a s too you n g to u n d er
.

sta n d fully which of the two r eligion s w a s the

be tte r mor ally or theologic a lly ; but he w a s
old en ough to be moved by the r oma n ce of
histor y a n d to feel th a t th os e gr e a t sh a do wy
, ,

Ph ar a ohs w h o liv e d whe n th e world w a s y o u n g ,

a n d who a t th e d a w n o f ev e n ts wo r shipp ed the

‘

su n
, wer e th e tr u est a n d b est e x a mpl e s for him
to follow Th ey w er e his a n c e sto r s a n d a s th ey
.
,

w er e the son s of R a so he too w a s the p r oud

, , ,
72 T H E BI RTH AN D EARLY YEAR S OF AKHN ATON .

descen d a n t o f th a t gr ea t god . I n his v e i n s

ther e r a n th e blood of the su n th a t he a t,

which is i n Aton puls ed th r ough a n d th r ough

- - -

him ; a n d th e mo r e he r e a d i n those old do cu

me n ts the more he w a s stirred by th e glor y
of th a t dist a n t p a st when m en wor shipped th e
g od whos e r ights A m o n h a d usu r ped . N ow the
c a n on s o f a rt wer e r ega r de d as a distin ctly
religious i n stitution a n d the methods o f t r e a ti n g
,

the hum a n figu r e the n i n vogu e h ad i n th e fir st

pl a ce th e sa n ctio n of the pr i e sthood of Amon
and fe w thi n gs would b e iri or e upsetti n g to
thei r r egi m e th a n th e a ba n don i n g o f th e s e ca n o n s.

This w a s p r oba bly r ecogn ised by th os e who

w er e fu r ther i n g th e c a use of Ra Hor a kh ti a n d ,

the you n g ki n g m a y h a ve been a ssisted a n d

en cour a g e d i n his views . P r e s en tly it m a y
h a ve be en br ought hom e to him th a t si n c e he ,

w a s thus th e r ep r e se n t a tive of thos e a r ch a ic

ki n gs a n d th e H igh Pr iest of th e i r g o d it w a s ,

fitti n g th a t th e c a n on s a ckn owl edged by thos e

fa r off a n c e sto r s should b e r ec ogn is e d by him .

H er e th en h e would both pl ea s e his ow n

‘

, ,

r om a n tic fa n cy a n d dea l a bl o w a t th e Amon

p r ie sthood by ba n n in g the a r t which they upheld ,
 TH E N EW A R T . 73

an d by i n fusin g in to the sculptures an d

p a in t
i n gs of his tim e somethin g of th e spirit o f the
most a n cien t a r t of Egypt .

I n the old temples of H eliopolis a n d els e whe r e

a fe w r elics o f th a t pe r iod ,
n o doubt w ere still
,

pr es er ved ; a n d the ki n g w a s thus a ble to study

the w o od an d sl a t e c ar vi n gs a n d the i vor y
figu r e s of a r ch a ic times . W e of th e pr ese n t
d a y c a n a lso study such figu r es a few specime n s,

h a vi n g been b r ought t o light by moder n e xc a

va tor s ; a n d the si mil a r ity betw ee n the t r ea t
men t of the hum a n body i n this a r ch a ic a r t a n d
th e n ew a r t of Akh n a to n at o n c e b e comes
a pp a r e n t
. I n the a ccomp a n yi n g illustr a tion s
some a rch a i c figur e s a r e shown a n d on e m a y ,

per h a ps see i n th e m th e or igi n o f th e i d i osyn

c r a si es of th e n ew sch ool . H er e a n d i n a ll
r ep r e sen t a tio n s of a r ch a ic m en o n e sees the
elon ga ted skull so ch ar a ct e r istic of the ki n g s ’

style ; i n the ivor y figu r e of a n a r ch a ic Ph a r a oh

‘

o n e sees the well kn o w n dr oop of Akh n a t on s ’

he a d a n d his p oi n te d chi n ; i n th e cl a y a n d
ivor y figur es is th e p r omi n e n t stom a ch ; a n d
her e a lso mo st a pp a r en t o f a ll a r e th e u n
, ,

a ccou n t a bly l a r ge thighs a n d po n d e r ous hips .

74 T H E BI RTH AND EARLY Y EAR S OF AKHNATON .

’
Akh n a ton s a r t might thus b e s a id to be
a ki n d of r e n a iss a n ce — a r etu r n to the cl a ssic a l

pe r iod of a r ch a ic d a ys ; the un d er lyin g motive

of this r e tur n bein g th e d e sir e to la y
e mph a sis upo n th e ki n g s ch ar a cter as the
’

r e p r e s e n t a tiv e of th a t most a n cie n t of all

gods R a Hor a k h ti
,
-
.

An oth er fea tur e of th e n e w r eligion n o w

becom e s a pp a r e n t I n th e wo r ship of R a
.

Hor a kh ti At o n ther e w a s a n en d ea vou r to

d o ho n our to th e Ph a r a oh a s th e son of th e
an d to the god a s th e fou n de r of th e
‘

su n ,

r oy a l li n e T r a dition st a t e d th a t R a or R a
.

Hor a kh ti h a d on ce r e ign e d upon e a r th a n d ,

th a t his Spi r it h a d p a ss ed from Ph ar a oh to

Ph ar a oh . This g o d w a s thus the on ly tr u e
K i n g of H ea ven a n d Amon w a s but a usur p e r
‘

of much mor e r ecen t da t e It w a s for this

.

r e a so n th a t th e n a m e s of the n ew g od we r e
pla ced within r oy a l c a r touch es ; a n d for this
r ea s on the kin g w a s so ca r e ful to ca ll R a
H or a kh ti his “
fa ther a n d to n a m e him god
,
“

a n d ki n g . For this r ea so n a lso Akh n a ton o ft en

wor e the c r own of L owe r Egypt which w a s .
76 T H E BI RTH A ND EARLY YEAR S OF A KHN ATON .

ar tist to Queen Tiy ; a n d it is possibl e th a t i n

him a n d his pa tr on we h a ve the or igi n ators
o f th e mov e me n t The ki n g howe ver w a s
.
, ,

n ow o ld e n ough to t a ke a n a ctiv e i n ter est

i n such m a tte r s ; a n d th e oth e r a r tist w h o
is kn own by n a m e a cer t a i n Bek defin itely
, ,

st a t e s th a t the ki n g himself t a ught him .

Thus ther e is r ea son to suppose th a t the

you n g Ph a r a oh s o w n h a n d is to b e tr a c e d
’

i n the n e w ca n o n s a lthough they wer e i n

,

stituted wh en he w a s but fift e en ye ar s old .

8 . THE N EW RELI G I ON D EVELO P S .

Th er e is a n i n t er e stin g r ecor d a pp a r e n tly d a t

,

i n g fr om a bout this p er i o d which is to be s ee n

,

upon the r o cks n ea r th e br ecci a qu a r r ies o f

W a dy H a mma mat H e r e th er e a r e th r ee c ar
.

touch e s st a n di n g U po n tw o n ob Sign s symbolic ,

o f s o v e r e ig n ty a n d a b o v e th e m is the disk a n d
,

r a ys o f th e n e w r eligio n O n e of th e se ca r
.

touch e s su r mou n t ed by the t a ll fea th er s wor n

,

by the qu een s of this p er i od con ta i n s a ve r y ,

Shor t n a m e which ca n o n ly be th a t of Qu een

,
78 TH E BI RTH AN D EARLY YEAR S OF AKHNATON .

a ges ms be twe en th e H igh P r i e st of Amon

of a r

R a a n d this r oy a l H igh P r iest of th e su n ,

you n g a s he w a s . Th e n ew a r t ups e tti n g a ll

,

the old r eligi ous c on v en tion s w a s dista st e ful

,

to th e p r i e sts ; the n e w r eligi o us thought did

n o t co n fo r m to th e i r st e r e otyp e d d o ctr i n e s ; a n d

much th a t the kin g s a id w a s a bsolut ely h e r e tic a l

to th ei r e a r s Th e tide of n e w thought dir ect e d
.
,

i n so e a g er a n d boyishly u n r e se r v e d a m a n n er ,

w a s swe e pi n g th e m fr om th e i r feet an d th ey
,

kn ew n ot whith e r th ey wer e bei n g c a r r i ed .

Th e c ou r t o ffici a ls bli n dly follow e d th e ir you n g

ki n g a n d to e ver y wor d which h e spok e th ey
,
.

list en e d a tte n tively S om e tim e s th e th oughts

.

which he vo ic ed c a me di r e ct fr om th e m a z es of
his ow n mi n d ; som etim e s p er h a ps h e r epe a t e d
th e utt er a n ces of his d ee p thi n ki n g moth er ;
-

an d som etim es th er e p a ssed fr o m his lips th e

p ea r ls o f wisdom which h e h a d gle a n ed fr om
the wis e m en of his cou r t It h a d be en the
.

b oy s d e si r e to list en to th e d r ea ms of th e
’

Ea st to r e c e ive i n t o his br a in thos e sp e cul a

,

tion s which e ver me a n d er so ch a r m edly th r ough

th e l a n ds mo r e n e a r th e su n r ise At his beh est
.

th e d r e a m e r s o f Asi a r el a t e d to him thei r visio n s ;

 TH E N E W RE LIGI ON D E v E L O PS . 79

th e philosoph er s m a de p r egn a n t his mi n d with

th e m yster y of k n owl e dge ; the po e ts su n g to

him h a r p son gs i n which echoed th e cr y of th e

-

e ld e r d ays ; the p r iests o f str a n ge gods sub

m i tte d to him th e c r ee ds o f st r a n g e people .

To him w a s m a d e k n own the swe e tn ess of the

l egen ds of Gr e ece The l a ughter of the woods
.

r an g i n his ea r s though n e ver i n n a r r ow

,

Egypt h a d h e felt th e e n ch a n tm en t o f gr ea t
for ests H e h ad n ot s e e n the mou n t a i n s a n d
.
,

the wooded slop es which r ise fr om the Me di

t er r a n e a n w er e sce n es but d r e a m e d o f a n d ye t
it w a s th e flut e of Pa n a n d th e so n g of th e
n ymphs i n th e mou n t a i n st r e a ms which s e t the

thoughts da n ci n g withi n his missh a pe n skull .

H e h a d n ot w a lk e d i n the sh a dow of the ced a r s

o f L eb a n o n n or
,
h a d h e a sc e n d e d th e S y r i a n
hills ; but n ever theless the hym n s of Adon is a n d
th e ch a n ts o f B a a l w e r e a s fa mili a r to him a s

w er e th e sol e mn ch a n ts o f Amo n R a Th e r ose

-
.

ga r den s o f Pe r si a th e i n c en s e gr ov e s of Ar a by
,
-
,

a dded th e i r phil o sophies to his d r e a ms a n d the ,

h a u n ti n g lips of Ba bylo n whisp er e d to him

’

t a les of fa r ofl d a ys Fr o m S a r di n i a S icily
'
-
.
, ,

C r e t e a n d Cypr us th e r e c a m e to him th e
,
80 THE B I RTH AND EARLY YEARS OF AKHN ATON .

doctr i n e s o f thos e who b a d busi n ess i n gr e a t

w a ter s ; a n d L ibya a n d Ethiopi a disclosed th e ir
myster i e s to his ea ger e a r s . Th e fer tile b r a i n
of th e Ph ar a oh w a s thu s s own a t a n e a r ly
a e w ith th e s e ed o f a ll th a t w a s wo n de r ful i n
g
th e w o r ld of thought .

I t must a lw a ys b e r e membe r ed th a t th e kin g

h a d muc h fo r e ign blood i n his v e i n s . O n th e
othe r h a n d thos e m en to whom he sp oke though
, ,

highly e duc a te d wer e but sup er stiti o us Egypti a n s

,

who could n ot r eli ev e themsel ves o f th e beli ef

th a t a divi n e power r e st e d upo n th e Ph ar a oh .

Thus his sp e cula tive y ou n g br a i n pou r ed its

fa n t a si es i n to a tten tive mi n ds u n bi a ssed zb y r iva l
specul a ti on s though n a r r o wed by co n v en tion s
, .

Egypti a n s ev e r l a cki n g i n or igi n al ity h a v e

, ,

a lw a ys poss e ssed th e power to imit a t e a n d

a d a pt ; a n d thos e n obles whose for tu n es we r e
d ep e n d en t up o n th e r o ya l fa vour soon le a r n t to
a ttu n e th ei r mi n ds to the n ote of th e ir ki n g .

D a ily th ey must h a ve gon e a b out th e ir busin ess

ost e n ta ti ously a tt empti n g to h old to th e d i ffi
cult p a th o f tr uth ; l a bor i o usly telli n g themselves
wha t won d e rs the n ew though t r e ve al e d to th em ;
loudly pr a isi n g the wisdom o f the boy Ph a r a oh ;-
82 T HE BI RTH AND EA RLY YEAR S OF AKHNATON .

of hi sdesign s pl ied R am es
,
re T h o u h a st dir ected
.

th e m ou n tai n s Th ef ear of th ee i s i n th e m i d s t of
.

th ei r sec r et ch am b er s a s i t i s i n th e h ear ts of th e
,

p eopl e . Th e m ou n tai n s h ear k en to th ee a s th e

p eopl e h ear k en .
”

Thus on e s e e s how th e ki n g w a s a lr ea dy for m u

l a ti n g s o me ki n d o f doctr i n e i n his h e a d a n d th a t ,

th e n o bl e s w e r e r e c e ivi n g it ; but it is sig n ific a n t

th a t th er e a r e her e r epr es en t a ti on s o f Ra m e s
lo a de d with gifts by th e Ph a r a oh a s th ough i n ,

r e w a r d fo r his a ll egi a n c e The Ph a r a oh s eems

.
,

i n d e ed to h a v e show er e d h o n o ur s up on th o se
,

w h o a pp e a r e d to gr a sp i n t ellig e n tly t h e th o ughts

which w er e still imm a tu r e i n his o w n h e a d ; a n d

th er e must h a ve bee n m a n y a n a n t a gon ist who
r a lli e d to his st a n da r d fr om the she er l o ve of
gold Th e ki n g w a s i n n ee d of a ll th e suppor t
”

which h e c o uld must er for a n o p en br ea k with

,

th e p r i e sth o od o f Am on R a g r e w m o r e a n d m or e
-

p r oba bl e a s his do ct r i n e s sh a p e d th e ms elve s i n

his min d ; a n d a lthough th e p eopl e o f Egypt a s
a wh ol e would with o u t qu e sti on follo w th e i r
, ,

Ph a r a oh fo r th e o n e r e a s on th a t h e w a s Ph a r a oh ,

th er e w a s e ver y p r oba bility th a t th e Amon p r i est

h ood a n d th e Th e ba n popul a c e would m a ke som e
 T H E N E W R E LIGI ON D V E E LOP S . 83

thi n g o f a st a n d a ga i n st an y i n fr i n gem en t o f the

r ights of th e i r loc a l god .

The you n g Ph a r a oh seems to h a v e bee n v er y

popul ar a n d on e m a y p r e sume th a t h e i n her ited
, ,

fr om his illustr ious fa the r s th e ch a r m of ma n n er

,

which th er e is n ot a littl e eviden c e to Show

they poss e ssed Throughout his life a n d for
.
,

som e y ear s a fte r his d e a th b e r e t a i n e d the

,

affe ctio n o f his people ; a n d whe n on e co n sid er s

h ow fa ith fully his n o bl e s follow e d him so lo n g

a s he h a d st r en gth a n d he a lth to le a d th e m ,

a n d h o w compl e t e ly lost t h ey we r e a t his de a th ,

o n e r e a lises how gr e a t a n i n flue n c e h e must h a ve

e xe r ted ove r th e m Ev en a t this e a r ly a g e th ey

.

s eem to h a v e possess ed a de e p r ega r d for the

gr a ve th oughtful boy ; a n d b ehi n d a ll th e pr e
,

t en ce the hypocr isy a n d th e m er ely c on v e n

, ,

ti on al loy a lty o n e su r ely c a tches a glimpse of a

,

st r on g p e r son al a ffe ctio n fo r th e ki n g

, .

W e must h er e r eco r d th e bi r th of th e ki n g s ’

fi r st da ughte r which occur r e d i n a bout th e fifth

,

y ea r of his r e ign wh e n h e w a s s om e sixt een y ea r s

,

of a g e a n d wh en N e fer titi w a s a bout thir t ee n

,

y ea r s old .Th e child w a s n a med Mer yta ton ,

Beloved o f Ato n a n d though th e a dve n t o f

 84 T H E BI RTH AND EA RLY YEARS OF A KHNATON .

a d a ughte r i n st e a d of a son must h a ve bee n a

gr a ve dis a pp o i n tme n t to th e r oya l coupl e a r e ,

m a r ka ble d egr ee o f a ffe ction w a s l a vish e d upon

th e little gir l a s will b e a pp a r e n t i n th e sequ e l
, .

9 . THE N AT URE OF THE N EW R EL I G I ON .

Th e r e w a s n othin g str iki n gly ex a lted i n th e

r eligio n which w a s n o w so filli n g th e ki n g s mi n d
’
.

R a Hor a k h ti Ato n w a s i n n o wis e Con sid e r ed a s

-

the o n ly g od : th er e wer e as ye t n o i d e as of
mon oth e ism i n the doctr i n e I n th e n e w t empl e
.

a t K a r n a k a s w e h a ve s ee n H o r us e t We w a t
, , , p , ,

an d other gods w er e n a m ed ; a n d else wh e r e

"

Amon w a s r eluct a n tly r ecogn is e d Th e godd ess

.

Ma at i n th e tomb of Ra m e s w a s n ot oblit e r a t e d
, ,

fr om the w a lls but still stood p r o tecti n g th e ki n g ;

‘

a n d i n th e s a me t o mb H o r us o f Edfu is i n v o ked .

I n th e t o mb of H or e mh e b H or us O sir is Isis
, , , ,

N e phthys a n d Ha th or a r e m en ti on ed a n d th e
, ,

gods of the N e cr opolis still r e ceive h o n o u r

H or e mh eb hims elf still holds th e h o n or a r y post
o f High P r iest o f H o r us L or d o f Al a b a s tr o n poli s ;
,

Th o th a n d Ma a t ar e r efe r r e d to ; a n d th er e is
86 T HE BI RTH AND EARLY YEARS OF
“

A KHNATON .

h e a lth to give i n fo r m a tio n th a t th e t empl e of

,

thy fa th er Pta h is s ou n d a n d p r ospe r o us ;

the h o us e of Ph a r a o h 1s flou r ishi n g ; th e
est a blishm e n ts o f Ph a r a oh a r e fl o u r ishi n g

the r e sid en c e of Ph a r a oh is flou r ishi n g a n d

h ea lthy ; th e offer i n gs o f a ll th e gods a n d god
d e ss e s w h o a r e up o n th e soil ( ) o f M emphis a r e
1

[
c o m ple te ; c o mpl e t e a r e th ey ]the r e is n othi n g

del a yed fr om th e m . Aga i n th e titl e s o f th e ki n g

a r e giv e n a n d the l e tte r e n ds with the d a t e
, .

Thus i n the fifth y ea r of the ki n g s r e ign ’

,

wh en h e w a s a bo ut sixt e e n ye a r s o f a ge th e ,

va r i ous gods of Egypt wer e still a ckn o wledged ;

an d , though th e a r t h a d b e en ch a n ged a n d th e
worship o f R a Hor a kh ti u n de r th e n a m e of At o n
-

h a d m a d e gr ea t st r id e s t o w a r ds sup r e m a cy th e r e ,

is a s ye t n o Sign of th e l ofty m on oth e ism which

th e Ph a r a oh w a s s oon to p r op ou n d .

I n th e p or ti on s of the tomb of H or emh eb which

d a te fr om this p er iod R a Hor a kh ti is i n vok e d
,

i n th e followi n g w o r ds : R a Ho r a kh ti gr e a t
-

god L or d o f he a ven L or d of e a r th who come th

, , ,

fo r th fr om his h o r izo n a n d i llu m i n a te th th e

Tw o L a n ds [of Egypt] th e su n o f d a r kn ess
,

“
as the gr ea t on e a s R a ; a n d aga i n : R a
,
.

,
 T H E NATUR E OF T H E N E W RE L IGI ON . 87

L or d of T r uth g r e a t god sover eig n of He liopolis

, , ,

Hor a k h tio n ly g od ki n g of the go ds who

, , ,

r is e s i n th e w e st a n d s e n d e th fo r th his be a uty .

Fr om oth er sou r ces which w e h a ve s e e n th e , ,

g o d is c a ll e d R a H or a k h ti r ej oici n g i n the
hor i z on i n his n a m e H ea t which is i n Ato n - - - -
.

He r e w e h a v e si m ply th e old r eligio n of

H eliopolis to which h a s b een gr a ft e d som e
,

th i n g of th e do ctr i n es of th e S y r ia n Ado n is
or At on At He liopolis th e r e w a s a s a c r ed
.

bull k n own a s M n e vis which w a s r ega r d e d a s the

, ,

livi n g p er son ificatio n o f R a Hor a k h ti a n d which -

,

w a s trea ted with di v i n e ho n o u r s like the mo r e ,

fa mous Apis bull of Memphis Ev en this sup e r .

st i ti o n w a s a cc e pt e d by th e ki n g a t this time ,

a n d co n ti n u e d to be a ck n owl e dg e d b y him for

y et a n othe r ye a r o r two T h e
“
H e a t which is .
1 - -

i n Ato n
-
offer ed food for much sp e cul a tion a n d , ,

by dir ecti n g th e a tt en tio n to a n i n ta n gibl e qu ality

of th e s u n ope n ed up th e wid e st fi e lds for r eligi o us
,

thought But with this e xc e pti on th er e w a s

.
, ,

n othi n g a s yet i n th e n e w r eligio n to comm a n d

’
o n e s a dmi r a tion .

1 Is th er e a d ist tan con n ec ti o betwee M evi

n n n s an d th e M in oa n
bull of Cre te ? S pee . 1 83 .
 A KHN AT O N F
O U N DS A N EW

Ab r a ve s ou l , t y f i g th m m t m f im m m i l t d i
u n d a un e d l ac n e o en u o e or a
'
ra

ti on th t h
a e m ight d i m i t id
s se f b y d
na e d b t
e as
h p i t
ary e on an a ove e ca ac

of hi s a ge to u n d er s ant d B T.
” -
Hi t y f Egyp t
REA S ED s or o .
’

1 . THE BRE AK WI T H THE P R IES T H OOD

OF A MON RA -
.

TH E e brea k wi th the pr iesthood of

xpected
Amo n w a s n ot lon g i n comin g O n e k n ows .

n o thi n g of the d et a ils of th e qu a r r el but it ,

m a y be suppos e d th a t Akh n a t o n hims elf flu n g

down th e ga u n tl e t m a ki n g th e r a sh a ttempt ,

to r i d himself of th e w e i g ht o f a n or ga n isa tion

which h a d p r oved such a d r a g up on his a ction s .

Ther e is n o e vid e n ce to Show th a t b e dis

b a n d ed th e pr iesth ood or pr o hibit ed th e w or ship ,

of Amon a t this p er iod o f his r e ign ; but a s

th e ultim a te p er s ecution of th a t god so me ,
90 AKHNATON FOUND S A N EW C ITY .

fe w p r ie sts who se r ve d a t the n ew a lta r w e r e

lost a midst the cr owds of the mi n ist er s of th e
Th eb a n god Ho w c o uld th e fl o we r th r ive
.

a n d bl o o m i n such u n c on g en i a l s o il ? How could

th e s u n Shi n e th r o ugh such d e n sity of con v en

ti on a l t r a ditio n

Th e ki n g n o doubt en dea vou r ed to cr ippl e

, ,

th e p r i e stho o d of Amon by cutti n g d o w n its ,

budge t a s much a s possibl e a n d by a tt e mpt

,

i n g to w i n o v er to his side s o m e o f th e

p r i es tS o f hig h st a n di n g
‘

H a
. d h e succ e ed e d i n

r e duci n g it to th e r a n k o f th e sm a ll er cults ,

it is pr oba ble th a t h e would h a v e bee n s a tis

fi e d so to l ea v e it ; fo r a t this tim e h e wish e d
o n ly to pl a c e R a Ho r a kh ti i n a p osition o f
-

u n doubt e d sup r em a cy a bove a ll oth er gods .

But th e va st r e sour ces of Amon seem e d u n .

con quer a bl e a n d th er e a pp ea r ed to b e little

,

ch a n ce of r educi n g th e p r i e sthood to a positi on

of i n fer ior r a n k .

In this dil emm a th e ki n g took a ste p

which h a d been for som e time con sid er e d
i n his mi n d a n d i n th e mi n ds of his a dvis e rs .

He d e cid e d to a ba n do n Th eb e s He would
'

build a city fa r a w a y fr om all co n t a mi n a ti n g

‘
 B REAK WI T H PR IE S HOOD OF AM ON
T -
RA . 91

i n flue n ce s a n d the r e he would hold his c o u r t

,

an d wor ship his god O n cl ea n n ew soil he

.
, ,

w o uld e sta blish th e e a r thly hom e of R a

Hor a k h ti At o n a n d th er e with hi s fa ith
, ,

ful followe r s h e would d e v elop those schem e s

,

which n ow so filled his b r a i n Thus a lso .

,

by r educi n g Th ebes to the positio n of a pr o

v i n cia l town h e might lesse n the powe r o f
,

th e p r iesthood of Amon ; for n o lo n ge r would

A m o n b e the r oy a l god the god o f th e c a pit a l

,
.

H e would Sh a k e the dust o f Th ebes fr om

off his s an d a ls a n d n eve r a ga i n would he
,

a llow hims elf to b e b a ffled a n d i r r it a ted by

th e sight of th e glo r i e s of Amon .

Th e fir st step which h e took w as th a t of

ch a n gin g his n a m e fr om Am on h o tep The ,

Pe a ce o f Amon to Akh n a t o n
- -
,
“
Th e Glor y o f
,
- -

Aton a nd fr om th a t time for th th e wor d

Amon h ar dly p a ss e d his lips He r e t a i n e d
.

two of his oth e r n a mes “

Be a utiful is the
,
- -

b i g
e n -
o f
-
R a , a n d “
—
The O n ly O n e o f R a
- -
the -
,

l a tte r be i n g often used by him ; but such titl e s

and n a m es as th a t which m a d e me n tion o f
K a r n a k he e n ti r ely dispe n s e d with He n ow .

l a id mor e str e ss upon th e n a tur e of his god

92 A KHNATON FOUND S A N EW CITY .

“ “ ”
as Aton
the Aton tha n as Ra
or
1

Hor a kh ti ; a n d from this tim e o n wa r ds the n a m e

R a Hor a k h ti b e comes l e ss an d less p r o mi n e n t
-
,

th ough r e t a i n e d thr oughout th e ki n g s r e ign ’

.

2 . A KH NAT ON S ELEC T S THE S ITE OF HI S CI TY .

D own iv er it wo uld s e em th a t th e you n g

th e r

Ph a r a oh n ow s a il e d i n his r oya l d a ha b i yeh look ,

i n g to r ight a n d l e ft a s h e w e n t n o w i n sp e cti n g ,

this sit e a n d n o w e x a mi n i n g th a t At l a st he .

c a m e upon a pla c e which suite d his fa n cy to per fec

tio n It w a s situ a t ed a bo ut 1 6 0 mil e s a bove the
.

m oder n C a i r o At this poin t the limesto n e cliffs

.

up on the e a st ba n k l ea ve th e r iver a n d r eced e for

a bout th r e e mil e s r e tu r n i n g to th e w a t er some
,

fi v e or six mil e s fa r the r a lo n g Thus a b a y is .

for me d which is pr o t ect e d on its w e st sid e by

th e r iv e r i n which the r e h e r e li e s a sm a ll isl a n d ,

a n d i n a ll o th e r di r ectio n s by th e c r e sc e n t o f t h e

1 Th e god i s s om e ti m es ca ll ed At on s imply ,
an d so me m es ti
Pa Aton , “
th e At on
”
; j u ts as we s peak f Ch i t o
“
r s
”
or
“
th e
Ch i t r s ,
”
a n d of
“
L or d ”
or
“
th e L or d ,
”
thi l tt b i g th
s a er e n e ac tu l a

m ean i g of At
n on .
”
 AKHNATON FOUND S A N EW CI TY
‘

s tood the t e mpl e s a n d th e m a n sio n s ; a lr e a d y h e

h ea r d th e soun d of swe e t music Th e la ught er
.

o f m a id e n s w a s a dd e d to the si n gi n g o f the

bir ds which h e h ea r d i n th e t r ee s ; th e pomp

of imp er i a l Egypt displ a c ed th e fa r m h ouses a n d -

th e fi e lds of cor n which n o w occ u pi e d the site ;

a n d th e s o n g of th e Sh e ph e r d i n th e W ilde r n e ss

w a s ch a n g e d to th e r olli n g ps a lms o f the At o n .

F a ir w a s this d r e a m a n d e n th r a llin g to th e
d r e a m er To Queen Tiy it pr ob a bly did n ot
.

a pp ea l so st r on gly ; for Th e be s w a s full of

a ss o ci a tio n s to h e r and
,
h er p a l a ce b e side th e
l a k e w a s ver y d ear Th er e is i n de ed e ver y
.
, ,

r e a so n to supp o s e th a t th e dow a ge r qu e e n liv e d

-

o n a t Th e b e s a ft e r h er son h a d a b a n d o n ed it .

3 . S
THE FI R T FO UN DAT I ON IN S C R I P TI ON .

Pr ep a r a tion s wer e s oon m a de for the l a yi n g

ou t of th e city and
,
i n a v er y sho r t tim e
.

Akh n a t on w a s c a ll e d upon to visit th e sit e i n

o r d er to per for m th e fou n d a tion c er em on i e s .

F or tu n a t ely th e i n sc r iptio n s upo n som e o f the

bou n da r y t a blets i n the d e ser t t ell us som e thi n g
 TH E FI R S T F OUND ATI ON I N S CR IPTI ON . 95

of th e ma n n er i n which the kin g m ar ke d the

1
limits of th e city The fir st i n scr iption r ea ds .

a s foll o ws

Y ear 6, f ou r th m on th of th e se c on d sea son ,

d ay On th is d ay th e Kin g w as in
th e C i ty of Aton
th e Hi s M aj esty
H or i z on of .
3

asc en d e d a gr ea t of el ec tr u m [ a pp
c h ar i ot
e ar i n g ] ,

like Aton w h en h e r i ses fr om h i s [easter n ]

11 0 l 0 11 an d fi ll s th e l an d w ith hi s l ov e ; an d
h e s tar te d a g oodly co u r s e [fr om h i s cam p in g
pl ace] to th e C i ty of th e H or iz on H eaven .

w a s j oy f ul ear th w as gl a d a n d e v er y h ear t wa s
, ,

h appy w h en th ey sa w h i m An d h i s M aj esty .

o ffe r e d a g r ea t s ac r ifi c e to A ton of b r ea d beer , , ,

h or n e d b ull s p olled b ulls b ea sts f ow l w i n e

, , , , ,

in cen se fran k in cen se a n d a ll goodly h er bs on

, ,

th i s d ay of d em ar ca ti n g th e C ity of th e
H or i z on .

Af ter th ese th in gs th e g ood plea su r e of Aton ,

bein g d on e [ th e K,
i n g r etu r n e d f r om ] th e

C ity of th e H or i z on an d h e r ested up on h i s gr ea t ,

th r on e w i th wh i ch h e I s w ell pl ea sed w h i ch ,

1
Th e t r an s al ti on h
giv i b d up th t publi h d by
er e en s a se on a s e

D vi
a esi Am n V but th y
arn a t b th f u th th
. e ear ca nn o e e o r ,
as er e

t t d p b bl i i th e b v m ti d l tt d t d i y
s a e as ro a e, s n ce n a o e- en on e e er a e n ear

5 th k i g i
e n till lled Am h tep wh
s s ca i th i i s ipti h on o , er ea s n s n cr on e

is ca ll d Ak h t
e n a on .

2
Th d y i e t
a t i p h p it i d y 4
s no ce r a n er a s s a .

3 F th
or k f b vi ty i t i ft
e sa e olled th e Ci ty f th
“ re s o en ca o e

H i
or z on , i mply i thi v lum
S ,
n s o e .
96 AKHNATON F OUND S A N EW C ITY .

uplifts hi s bea uties . An d hi s M j ty

a es c on t n i u ed
in th e p r esen ce of hi s fa th er Aton an d ,
A ton
sh one up on h i m i n life an d l en gth of d ay s,

in vigor ati n g h i s b ody each d ay .

An d hi s Maj es ty sai d B r in g m e th e com ,

p an i on s of th e Ki n g th e gr eat on es an d th e,

m igh ty on es th e cap tai n s of sold ier s a n d th e

, ,

n ob l es of th e la n d i n i ts en tir ety An d th ey
”
.

w er e con du c ted to hi m str a ig h tw ay an d th ey ,

lay on th eir b ell ies b efor e h i s M aj esty k i ssin g ,

th e g r o u n d b ef or e hi s m igh ty w i ll .

An d hi s Maj es ty sa i d u n to th em Y e b eh old
“
,

th e C i ty of th e H or i z on of A ton w h ich th e ,

Aton h as desir ed m e to m ake for h i m as a

m on u m en t i n th e gr ea t n am e of m y M aj es ty
for e v er . For i t was th e Aton m y f ath er , ,

th at b r ou gh t m e to th i s C i ty of th e H or i z on .

T h er e w as n ot a n ob le wh o d ir ec te d m e to i t ;
th er e w as n ot a n y m an i n th e w h ole l an d
w h o le d m e to i t say in g I t i s fi tti n g for h i s
, ,

Maj es ty th at h e mak e a C i ty of th e H or i z on
of Aton i n thi s place N ay b u t i t w as th e .
’

Aton m y fath er th a t d i r ected m e to i t to

, ,

m ak e i t for h i m .B eh old th e P h ar aoh f ou n d

th a t [ th i s si te] b el on ged n o t to a god n or to ,

a g oddess i t belon ged n ot to a p r in ce n or to

, ,

a p r in cess Th er e was n o r igh t for an y m an

.

"
”
to act as ow n er of it
.

An d th ey an sw er e d an d sa i d] Lo
it is Aton th a t pu tteth [th e th ou gh t] i n th y

h ear t r eg a r d in g an y pl ac e th at h e d esi r es . He
98 AKHNATON F OUND S A N EW C ITY .

th em up on me in l ife an d l en gth of d ay s for

e v er an d e v er .

I w ill m ak e th e C ity of th e H or i z on of

Aton for th e Aton m y fath er ,

‘

,
in th i s pl ac e . I
w i ll n ot m ak e th e C i ty so u th of i t, n or th of i t,
w e st of it , or eas t p ass b ey on d
of it . I w i ll n ot

th e sou th ern b ou n d ar y ston e sou th w ar d n eith er ,

w i ll I p a ss b ey on d th e n or th er n b ou n d a r y ston e -

n or th w ar d to m a k e for h i m a C i ty o f th e H or i z on

th er e ; n ei th er w i ll I m ak e for h i m a c i ty on
th e w ester n si d e N ay b u t I w i ll m ak e th e
.
,

C i ty of th e H or iz on for th e Aton m y f ath er , ,

up on th e east si d e th e pl ac e w h i ch h e d i d ,

e n cl os e for hi s ow n sel f w i th c l iffs an d m a d e ,

a pl ai n i n th e m i d st of i t th at I m igh t sac r i
fi c e to h i m th er eon : th i s i s i t N eith er sh all .

th e Qu een s ay u n to m e B eh old th er e i s a ,
‘
,

g oodly pl a c e for th e C i ty of th e H or i z on i n
a n o th er pl ac e a n d I h e ar k en u n to h er N eith er
’
.
,

sh all a n y n ob l e n or [ a n y on e] of a ll m en w h o
ar e i n th e wh ol e l an d [say u n to m e] B eh old , ,

th er e i s a g oo dly pl ac e for th e C i ty o f th e
H or iz on i n an oth er pl ace an d I h ear k en u n to ,
’

th em . Wh eth er i t b e d own str eam or sou th war d s -

,

or w estw ar d s or e astw a r d s
,
I will n ot say I ,

w i ll ab an d on th i s C i ty o f th e H or i z on an d wi ll
h a sten a w ay a n d m ak e th e C i ty of th e H or i z on
i n th i s o th er g oodly pl ace for ev er N ay
’
.
,

b u t I d i d fi n d th i s C i ty of th e H or i z on for
th e A ton w h i ch
,
h e h ad h i msel f d esir ed an d ,

wi th wh i ch h e i s pl ease d for e v er an d ever .

 "

TH E F I R ST F OU NDATI ON I N S CR IP TI ON 99

I w i ll m ak e
pl e of Aton for th e
a tem
Aton m y fath er i n th i s pl ace
, ,
I wi ll mak e .

a of A ton for th e A ton m y fa th er i n , ,

th i s pl ace I wi ll m ak e a Sh ad ow of th e S u n
.
1 - - -

of th e G r eat Wif e of th e K i n g N e fer ti ti for , ,

th e A ton m y f ath er ,
i n th i s pl ace I wi ll
, .

m ak e a H ou se of Rej oi ci n g for th e Aton m y ,

fath er on th e i sl an d of Aton i llu str iou s i n

,
‘

Festiv al s i n th i s pl a ce I wi ll m ak e all .

w or k s w h i ch ar e n ecessar y for th e A ton my ,

f ath er i n th i s pl ac e
,
I w i ll m ak e . for th e
Aton m y f ath er i n th i s plac e
, ,
I will m ak e .

for m y s el f th e P al a c e of P h ar aoh ; an d I w i ll
m ak e th e P a l ace of th e Qu een i n th i s pl ace .

T h er e sh all b e m ad e for m e a sepulch r e i n th e

e as ter n h i ll s ; m y b u r i a l s h all b e m a d e th er ei n

a n d th e b u r i a l o f th e C h i ef Wif e o f th e K i n g N efer ,

ti ti sh all b e m a d e th er ei n a n d th e b u r i al of th e
, ,

K in g s d au gh ter Merytaton sh all b e m ad e th erei n

’
.

I f I d i e i n an y town of th e n or th sou th w est , , ,

or east I w i ll b e b r o u gh t h er e a n d m b u i l h ll
, y r a s a

b e m ad e i n th e C ity of th e H or i z on I f th e Gr eat .

Qu een N efer ti ti w h o l iv es d i e i n an y town of th e

, , ,

n or th sou th w e st or c a st sh e sh all b e b r o u gh t h er e
, , , ,

an d b u r i ed i n th e C i ty of th e H or i z on I f th e .

K in g s d au gh ter Mer ytaton d i e i n an y tow n o f

’

th e n or th sou th w est or east sh e sh all b e b r ou gh t

, , , , ,

h er e an d b u r i e d i n th e C i ty of th e H or iz on An d .

th e sepul ch r e o f M n e vi s sh all b e m a d e i n th e

1
Th i s s ee m s to hv b
a e een a t m pl
e e .
1 00 AKHNATON F OUND S A N EW CI TY .

ea ster n h i ll s an d he sh a ll be b u r i ed th er e in . Th e
tom bs of th e H igh P r i ests an d th e D ivin e Fa th er s
an d p r iests of th e Aton sh all b e m ad e i n
th e
th e ea ster n h i ll s a n d th ey S h all b e b u r i ed th er ei n
, .

Th e tom b s of th e offic er s an d oth er s sh all b e , ,

m a d e i n th e ea s ter n h i ll s an d th ey sh all b e ,

b u r i ed th er ei n .

For as m y fath er Ra Hor akh ti Aton l iveth

-

e w or d s 2 p r i ests e vi l ey
[ th ] of th e m or e ar e th ,

th an th ose th i n g s w h i ch I h ear d u n ti l th e y ear

f ou r m or e evi l ar e th ey th an th ose th in gs w h ich
,

I h ave h ear d i n m or e evi l ar e th ey th an

th o se th i n gs wh i c h Ki n g [N eb maar a ] h ear d
1
,

m or e evi l a r e th ey than th ose th i n g s w h i ch

Men k h eper u r a h ear d
2
.

Th e st of the i n scr ipti on is so much br oke n

re

th a t o n ly a fe w w or ds h e r e a n d th er e c a n be
’
r e ad . Th ey s e e m to r efer to th e ki n g s fur th er
—
p r oj ects how h e will m a k e ships to s a il to a n d
,

fr o m th e city h ow h e will build gr an a r i es c el e

, ,

br a te fe stiv a ls pl a n t tr e e s a n d so on
, ,
.

Th e refer e n c e to th e y e a r fo u r is v er y i n ter
e sti n g a n d it would s e e m th a t it w a s a t a b o ut
,

’
th a t d a t e th a t th e ki n g s ey e s w e r e op en e d to
th e n ecessity of m a ki n g w a r up on th e p r iesth o od

1
Th e s ec on d n a m e of A m on h otep I I I .Akh t f th
,
n a on s
’
a er .

2
Th e secon d n a m e of Th oth m es I V . Akh t g d f th ’
n a on s r an a er .
1 02 AKHNATON F OUND S A N EW CI TY .

p r oj e cts would fall to th e gr ou n d He ther e .

for e a lte r ed the w or di n g of th e i n scr iptio n s a b out

to be wr itt en on th e other bou n d ar y t a blets a n d ,

by i n cludin g his o a th i n the t e xt he a dd ed a n ,

e v e n gr e a te r i n t egr ity to th e d e c r ee The n a me .

of the s ec on d d a ughter w a s n ow i n s e r ted i n this

i n scr iption which r ea ds
,

Y ear si x, fou r th m on th of th e se con d se ason ,

th i r teen th d ay .

O n th i s d ay th e K i n g w as i n th e C ity of th e
H or i z on of Aton i n th e p ar ti col ou r ed ten t mad e
,
-

for h i s M aj es ty i n th e C i ty o f th e H or i z on th e ,

of w h i ch i s Th e A ton i s w ell pl eased

“ ”
n am e .

A n d h i s M aj esty ascen d e d a g r eat c h ar i ot of el e c

tr u m d r a w n b y a S p an of h or ses an d [h e app ear ed ]
, ,

l ik e Aton wh en h e r i ses f r om th e h or i z on an d fill s

th e tw o l an d s w i th h i s l ove An d h e s tar ted a
.

g oodly cou r se to th e C i ty of th e H or i z on on th i s th e ,

fi r st occasion ,
to d e d i cate i t as a m on u m en t
to th e Aton even as h i s f ath er R a Hor ak h ti Aton
,
-

h a d giv en c om m an d An d h e c a u sed a gr eat

.

sa cr ifi c e to b e offer ed .

An d h i s M aj esty w en t sou th war d a n d h al te d ,

on h i s ch ar i o t b e f or e h i s f ath er R a Hor akh ti Aton -

,

at th e [ f oot of th e] sou th eas t h ill s an d A ton sh on e

-
,

up on h i m i n l ife an d l en g th Of d ay s i nvigor atin g ,

h i s b ody e v er y d ay .
 T H E S E C OND F OUND ATI ON I N S C RIPTI ON . 1 03

N ow th is i s th e p r on ou n ced by th e Ki n g
oa th

As m y fath er Ra Hor ak h ti Aton l iv eth a s

-
,

my h ear t i s h appy i n th e Qu een an d h er ch i ldr en

a s to w h om m ay i t b e g r an te d th a t th e C h i ef Wif e

of th e K i n g N ef er ti ti l ivi n g for ever an d e v er g r ow

, , ,

ag ed a f ter a m ul ti tud e of y ear s i n th e car e o f th e ,

Ph ar aoh an d m ay i t b e gr an te d th at th e K i n g s
’

dau gh ter Mer yta ton an d th e K i n g s d au gh ter ’

Mek eta ton h er c h i ld r en gr ow old i n th e car e of

, ,

th e C h ief Wife of th e K in g th ei r m o th er , .

“
Th i s i s m y oath of tr u th w h ich i t i s m y desi re
to p r on ou n ce an d of w h ich I w ill n ot say I t i s
,

fal se eter n ally for ev er

Th e sou th er n b ou n d ar y ston e w h i ch i s on th e
-

e aste r n h i ll s .I t i s th e b ou n d ar y ston e of th e C i ty -

of th e H or i z on n a mely th i s on e b y w h ich I h av e
,

m a d e h al t . I will n ot p ass b eyon d i t sou th war ds

for e v er an d ev er Make th e so u th west b ou n dar y
.
-

s ton e opp osi te i t on th e w ester n h i ll s of th e C i ty

o f th e H or i z on e x a c tly .

Th e mi ddle b ou n d ar y ston e wh i ch i s on th e
-

e aster n h i ll s .I t i s th e b ou n d ar y s ton e of th e C i ty -

of th e H or i z on b y w h i ch I h av e m a d e h al t on th e

eas ter n h i ll s of th e C i ty of th e H or i z on I will .

n ot p a ss bey on d i t eastwar ds for ev er an d ever .

Make th e m i ddle b oun dar y ston e wh ich i s to b e -

o n th e w ester n h i ll s opp osi te i t ex a c tly .

Th e n or th easter n b ou n d ar y ston e b y wh i ch I
- -

h a v e m a d e h al t I t i s th e n or th er n b ou n d ar y ston e
.
-

of th e C i ty of th e H or i z on I wi ll n ot p ass beyon d
.
1 04 A KHN ATON FOUND S A N EW CI TY .

i t d ow n -
str eam for v
e er a n d e er v . M ke a th e n or th

b ou n dar y ston e wh ich i s to b e on th e wester n h ills

-

opp osi te i t e x ac tly .

An d th e C i ty of th e H or i z on of A ton ex ten d s
fr om th e sou th b ou n dar y ston e as far as th e n or th -

b ou n dar y ston e m easu r ed b etween bou n dar y ston e

-
,
-

a n d b ou n d ar y s ton e on th e ea ster n h i ll s [ w h ic h
-
,

m eas u r em en t] am ou n ts to 6 otter
1
} kh e a n d 4 ,
4
,

c u bi ts Lik ewise fr om th e sou th w est b oun dar y

.
-

s ton e to th e n or th w est b ou n d a r y ston e on th e - -

w ester n h i lls [th e m ea s u r em en t]a m ou n ts to 6 a ter ,

l k n d 4 c u bi ts l i k ew i se ex ac tly
a a e a ,
.

An d th e ar ea w i th i n th ese f ou r b ou n dar y ston es -

fr om th e easter n h ill s to th e w ester n h ills i s th e

C i ty of th e H or i z on of Aton i n i ts p r op er self .

I t b el on g s to m y f a th er Ra Hor a k h ti A ton : m ou n -

tai n s d eser ts m ea d ow s i sl an ds h igh gr ou n d low

, , , ,
-
,

gr ou n d lan d w a ter vi llages em ban kmen ts m en

, , , , , ,

b easts gr ov es an d all th in gs wh ich th e Aton m y

, ,

fath er sh all b r in g in to ex isten ce for ev er an d e v er .

I Will n ot n eglec t th is oath wh ich I h ave

m a d e to th e A ton m y fath er for e v er an d e v er ;
n ay b u t i t sh all b e s et on
,
a ta b l e t of s ton e a s

th e sou th east b ou n da r y l ik e w i se as th e n or th
-
,

ea st b oun d a r y o f th e C i ty of th e H or i z on ; a n d i t

sh a ll b e se t li k ew i se on a ta b le t of s ton e a s th e
so u th w es t b ou n d ar y
-
lik ew i se a s th e n or th west ,
-

b oun dar y of th e C i ty of th e H or iz on I t sh all .

n ot b e e r a sed i t S h a ll n ot b e w ash e d ou t i t S h a ll
, ,

1 Th e a ter c orr es p on d s to th e G k r ee sciz oz n os, an d

'

th e lake i s th e

sclz oem u m o f
'

1 00 c ubit s, 4 0 Ioize m ki g a n on e a ter .

1 06 AKHNATON F OUND S A N E W C I TY .

to h a v e bee n e xtrem ely d e vo t ed to his wife ,

N efer titi who h a d n ow gr own it would se em

, , ,

i n t o a bea utiful you n g wom a n of fift ee n o r

sixte en y ea r s o f a g e ; a n d th e a r r iv a l of th e
s ec on d b aby a ffor d ed a n i n t er e st which m e a n t
much to him O n e m ay n o w pictu r e the ki n g
.

a n d qu ee n livi n g i n th e s e clusi on o f th e p al a c e
, ,

a hom ely simpl e e xist e n c e e v er dwellin g i n

, ,

a h a ppy d a y d r ea m upo n th e futur e glor i e s o f

-

th e n e w city and
, t h e r isi n g p ow e r of th e

r e ligio n of Aton Akh n a t on s ill h ea lth o f

.
’
-
,

cou r s e must h a v e c a us ed both his fr ie n ds

,

and hims elf much a n xi e ty ; but e ve n this h a d

its comp e n s a ti on s fo r th o s e who suffer fr o m
,

e pilepsy a r e by th e g o ds b e lov e d a n d Akh n a t o n

, ,

no d oubt believ ed th e h a lluci n a ti on s d u e to

,

his dis ea s e to b e g o d giv en visi on s The r e

-
.

must h a ve b e e n a v e r y c on sider a bl e a mou n t

o f busi n e ss to b e w o r k e d th r o ugh i n c o n n e c

tio n with th e buildi n g of the city a n d h e ,

c ould h a v e h a d littl e tim e to br o od u pon wh a t

h e n ow c on sid er e d to b e th e w r o n gs i n flict e d
upon him a n d his hous e by th e pr iests of
Amon .

S o p a ss e d the s ev en th ye ar of his r eign

 T H E D EPARTUR E F ROM T H EB E S . 1 07

without a n y p a r ticul a r reco r ds to m a r k it .

At Asw a n th er e is a mon ume n t which pe r h a ps

Th e ki n g s
’
d a t e s fr om a bout this per iod .

chi e f sculptor Bek w a s th er e employed i n

, ,

obt a i n i n g r e d gr a n ite for th e decor a tion o f

th e n ew C ity ; a n d h e c a used to be m a d e

upon a l a r ge r o ck a comm e mor a tiv e t a bl et .

O n it on e s e e s him b e fo r e Akh n a t o n whose ,

figur e h a s be en e r a s e d a t a l a t er d a te ; a n d
th e a lt a r of th e Ato n a bove ,
which a r e th e
’
usu a l su n s r a ys st a n ds b eside th e m Bek c a lls
,
.

hims elf The C hi e f of th e W or ks i n th e R e d

“

[ G r a n ite
] H ills
, th e a ssist a n t whom his M ajesty

hims elf t a ught C hi e f o f th e S culpt o r s on

,

th e gr ea t a n d mighty mon ume n ts of th e

K i n g i n th e house of Ato n i n th e C ity of
th e H or iz o n of Ato n H er e a lso on e sees
.

Men th e fa th e r o f B ek w h o w a s also C hi e f
, ,

o f th e S culptor s p r es en ti n g a n offer i n g to a
,

st a tue of Am on h o tep III u n de r whom h e h a d

.
,

s e r v ed
.

The eighth y ea r of Akh n a to n s r e ign a n d th e ’

,

n i n et ee n th y e a r of his a e w a s m e mo r a ble for

g , ,

it w ould s eem th a t h e n ow took up his p er m a n en t

r e sid e n c e i n t h e C ity of th e H o r izo n O n som e .
1 08 AKHNATON F OUND S A N EW CI TY .

of th e bou n da r y t a bl e ts a r e p etition of th e roy a l

o ath is r ec or d e d ; a n d a s this is th e l a st men ti on
,

o f a vi si t m a d e b Akh n a t o n to th e n e w c a pit a l
y ,

on e m a s u pp o s e th a t h e n c e for th h e Wa s r e side n t
y
th er e Th e i n scr ipti o n r e a ds
.

T h i s oath ( of th e si xth year ) wa s r ep eated i n y ear

eigh t fi r st m on th of th e sec on d season eigh th d ay
, ,
.

Th e K i n g w as i n th e C i ty of th e H or i z on of Aton ,

a n d P h ar a oh stood m ou n te d on a g r ea t c h a r i ot of

el ec tr u m
,
in spectin g th e b ou n dar y ston es of th e
-

Aton .

The n follo ws a list of th e s e bou n d a r y sto n es -

,

a n d th e i n sc r ipti o n e n ds with th e w o r ds

An d th e br ea dth of th e C ity of th e H or i z on of
Aton i s fr om cl i ff to c li ff fr om th e easter n h or iz on
,

of h ea v en to th e w ester n h or i z on of h ea v en It .

sh a ll b e for m y f a th er R a — Hor ak h ti A ton i ts h i ll s , ,

i ts d eser ts a ll i ts f ow l all i ts p eopl e all i ts c attl e

, , , ,

all th i n g s w h i ch th e A ton p r odu c es on w h i ch hi s

,

r ay s S h i n e a ll th i n g s w h i ch a r e i n
, th e C i ty of
th e H or iz on th ey sh a ll b e for th e f a th er the l ivi n g
, ,

Aton u n to the tem ple of Aton i n th e C i ty of th e

,

H or i z on for ev er an d ev er ; th ey ar e all offer ed to

hi s S p i r i t
. An d m ay h i s r ay s b e b ea u teou s wh en
th ey r eceiv e th em .

Thus w as th e ki n g s city pl a n n e d
’
an d la id
 T H E D EPA RTURE FRO M H E B ES
T . 109

out . Th e two y e a r s o f fe v er ish wor k h a d

pr ob a bly p r oduc e d con sid e r a bl e r e sults a n d ,
'

a l r ea dy we m a y pictu r e the city t a ki n g for m .

Th e r oy a l p a l a c e w a s pe r h a ps a lm o st fi n ish e d
by n ow a n d th e vill a s of s om e o f th e n obl e s
,

w er e h a bit a bl e W ith m a n y a Sigh o f r eli e f

.

Akh n a t o n must h a v e b a de fa r e w ell to Th eb es A .

thir d d a ughter w h o w a s n a med An khs e n pa a ton

, ,

h a d just b e e n b or n ; a n d on e m a y thus pictu r e

t h e r o y a l p a r ty which s a il e d down t h e r ive r

a s bei n g v e r y disti n ctly a fa mily . O n e s ee s

Akh n a ton a sickly y ou n g m a n o f n i n e t een y e a r s
,

of a e w a lki n g to a n d fr o up o n the d e ck o f t h e
g ,

r oy a l v e ss el with his h a n d upo n th e should er

,

o f his fa i r you n g wife n o w s o m e sev e n t e e n y e a r s

,

o ld,
i n wh o s e a r ms th e b a by p r i n c ess is c a r r i ed .

Toddli n g b esi d e th em a r e th e tw o o ther p r i n c e ss e s

v
,

o n e s o m e wh a t o v e r two y e a r s o f a e
g th e o th e r
,

a b o ut fou r y ear s Th e qu een s sist er N e z emm u t

’
.
, ,

r e c o r ds of wh o s e e xist e n c e s o o n b e co m e a pp a r
e n t w a s p er h a ps a ls o o f th e p a r ty h a v i n l e ft th e
, , g ‘

cou r t of Mit a n n i to b e a comp a n ion to N e fer titi .

Ay an d Ty th e fo st er p a r e n ts o f N e fer titi w e r e
,
-
,

doubtless with the r oy a l fa mily n o w a s th e y

s a il e d down th e r iv er ; a n d s e ver a l o f th e n obl e s
110 AKHNATON F OUND S A N E W C I TY .

who pl a y a p a r t i n th e followi n g p a ge s n o d o ubt

for m ed the suit e which a tt en d ed to th e r oy al
c omm a n ds .

6 . THE AGE OF AKH NAT ON .

W e h a v e sp ok e n of the ki n g
b e i n g n i n e t e en
as

y e a r s old Th e stor y h a s n o w r ea ch e d a poi n t

.

a t which w e mus t p a us e to c o n sid er this v e x e d

qu esti on o f Akh n a t o n s a g e ’
I n th e a bov e
.

p a ge s it h a s b ee n sa id th a t th e Ph a r a o h w a s
a b o ut el ev en ye a r s O ld a t his m a r r i a ge a n d
a cc e ssi on to th e th r o n e ; w a s fift e e n wh en th e

c a n on s of a r t w er e ch a n ged a n d th e symbols o f
th e Ato n r eligio n i n tr oduc ed ; w a s s e v en t e e n

wh en th e fou n d a ti on s o f th e n ew city w e r e l a id ;
a n d w a s n i n e t ee n wh e n h e t o ok up his r e sid e n c e

th er e L et us study th e s e a ge s i n th e a b ov e
.

or d er.

F i r stly th en a s to th e ki n g s m a r r i a g e Th e
’
.
, ,

mummy of Th o th m es IV th e gr a n dfa th er o f
Akh n a t on h a s b ee n sh o wn by Dr Elli ot S mith
,

to b e th a t of a m a n n ot m or e th a n a b out twe n ty
S i x y e a r s of a g e Th a t ki n g w a s succ eeded by
.
 TH E A GE O F A KHNA TON . 111

his s on Am on h otep III w h o is kn own to h a ve.

,

be en m ar r i e d to Qu een Tiy be for e th e s e c on d

y e a r o f his r eign a n d to h a v e be en old e n ough
,

a t th a t tim e to b egi n to hu n t big ga m e It .

would b e di fficult to b eli ev e th a t h e would b e

pe r mitt e d to join a n y hu n ti n g p a r ty how e v er ,

s ecu r e a ga i n st a ccid en t befor e th e twelfth y e ar

,

of his a g e ; but o n the oth er h an d if he w a s

, ,

m or e th a n th a t a g e his fa ther w ould h a v e to

,

h a v e b een l e ss th a n twelve a t hi s m a r r i a ge .

Thus th e on ly p ossibl e con clusion is th a t both

Th oth m es IV a n d Am on h otep III w e r e b a r e ly
. .

thi r t e e n when they w er e m a r r i e d a n d ve r y ,

possibly eve n y o u n ger This is sh ow n to be a

.

cor r e ct con clusio n by the fa ct th a t th e mummy

o f Am on h ote III h a s b e e n p r o n ou n c e d by Dr
p .

Elli ot S mith to b e th a t o f a m a n of fo r ty fiv e or -

fifty ; a n d a s h e r eign e d thir ty six y ea r s h e must -

h a ve b een a t m os t fou r t e e n an d p r ob a bly some ,

ye a r s yo u n ger a t his a cc essio n a n d m a r r i a ge

, .

Th er e is n ot suffici en t e viden c e to Show a t

wh a t a ges the p r evi o us Ph a r a o hs of th e dy n a sty
h a d m ar r i ed but a s Akhn a ton s fa th er a n d ’
,

gr a n dfa th er e n t er ed i n t o m a tr imon y a t this

e a r ly a ge it w ould n o t b e s a fe to suppose
,
112 AKHNAT ON FO U N D S A N EW . CI TY .

th a t h e hims elf d el a y e d his m a r r i a g e till a

l a t er a g e. Qu een Ti y w a s i n a ll p r oba bility
m a r r i ed wh en sh e w a s te n or el even y e a r s old 1
.

Akh n a ton s da ught er Mer yta ton w h o w a s b or n

’
,

i n the fou r th o r fifth y e a r of his r e ign w a s a s , ,

will b e s e en i n d u e c o ur s e m a r r i e d befor e th e ,

—
s e v e n t e en th y ea r of th e r e ign th a t is to s a y ,

wh en sh e w a s tw elve o r y o un ger Th e Pr in c ess .

An k h s en pa a ton w h o w a s bo r n i n the e ighth

,

y ea r w a s m a r r i ed a t l a test tw o y e a r s a ft er
, , ,

Akh n a t on s d ea th
’
wh en sh e w a s el e ven .

An o th er o f Akh n a ton s d a ught er s N e fe r n e fer

’

n a to n ,
w h o h a s n o t yet a pp e a r e d w a s bor n ,

i n h er fa th er s e l e ve n th y ea r a n d w a s m a r r i e d
’

befor e th e fift e en th a n d th e r e for e c ould on ly

,

h a v e b e en fou r or fi ve y e a r s o f a g e .

C hild m a r r i a ges such a s th e s e a r e commo n

i n Egypt e v en a t the p r e s e n t d a y
,
Those .

who h a v e live d on th e N il e a n d h a ve studi e d ,

th e n a ti o n a l h a bits will a ssu r edly fix th e p r ob

,

a bl e a e of a r oy a l m a r i a g e ole c on ven o mc e a t
g
a b o ut thi r t e e n y e a r s a n d will a gr e e th a t e l e v e n
,

a n d tw e lv e a r e a lso highly lik e ly a g e s .

S econ dly a s to Akh n a t o n s a g e a t th e

,
’

1 S ee t
n o e on p . 1 78 .
114 AK HN AT ON FOUNDS A N E W CI TY .

ow n h a n ds If like Ba k en kh on su h e c a me of
.
, ,

a e a t sixt e e n
g i n the fi fth y e a r of his r eig n
, t h e ,

fou n di n g o f the n ew c a pit a l i n the followi n g

y ea r would well fit i n with th e suppositio n
th a t th e a b an don i n g of Th ebes m a r ks the d a te
of th e ki n g s a r r iv a l a t m a tu r ity
’
.

It m ay b e a sk e d h o w so y oun g a pe r so n
could co n ceive th a t g r e a t d r ea m o f th e n ew
city dedica t e d to th e Ato n But a fter a ll he
.
, ,

w a s s ev e n t e en y ea r s of a ge wh en th e id ea
c a m e to h i m n i n etee n wh e n he h a d p r op er ly
,

develop e d the pl a n a n d per h a ps a s much a s

,

twen ty wh e n he t ook up his r esid en ce ther e .

Akh n a ton s gr ea tn ess a s will be s e en l a t er

’

, ,

d a te s fr om th e h e ight o f his r eign i n the C ity

o f the H o r iz on a n d n o t fr om
,
his e a r ly y ea r s .

S till whe n on e c a lls to mi n d th e i n fa n t pr o

,

d i g i es th e child p r e a ch er s who sti r a n a udi en c e

,

a t th e a e of tw elve on e m a c r edit a boy o f

g y ,

sixt e en o r se v en t een with the pl a n n i n g o f a n ew

city . Ev en i n th e cold O ccide n t such youth
ful w i sea cr es a r e n ot r a r e an d su r ely th ey ,
I
blossom for th less i n fr equ en tly i n th e m a tu r i n g
w ar mth of th e O r ie n t .
 A KHN AT O N FO R M UL ATE S T H E
R E LI GI ON OF AT O N .

No su c h gr an d th l gy h d eo opp d i a e ver a ea r e n w ld b f
th e or e or e , s o far
d i t i th f f th l t th i t ligi ”
as w e kn o w ; an s e or e r u n n er o e a er m on o e s re on s .

—PETRI E : ‘
Th e R ligi
e f A i t Egyp t
on o n c en .
’

1 . AT ON THE TRUE G O D .

A MI DS T the fa ir p a la c e s a n d v er d a n t ga r de n s
o f the n e w city Akh n a to n n o w a m a n of som e
, ,

twe n ty ye a r s tur n e d his thoughts fully to the

,

d ev elopm en t o f his r eligion It is n ecess ar y .

,

th er efor e for us to gl a n ce a t the essen ti a l

,

fe a tur e s of this t h e m ost en light en ed doctr i n e

o f th e a n ci e n t wo r ld and i n some d egr e e to,

m ake ou r s elves a cqu a i n t ed with th e c r e e d which

th e ki n g hims elf w a s evolvi n g out of th a t wor

ship of R a Hor a kh ti Ato n i n which he h a d

-

b ee n educ a te d .
116 AK HNAT ON FORMULATE S RE L IGI O N or AT ON .

O r igin a lly the Ato n the a ctua l su n s disk ; ’

w as

but a s h a s be en s a id th e god w a s n o w called

, ,

Hea t which is i n A to n
- - -
an d -
Akhn a to n c on
, ,

c en tr a ti n
g h is a tt en ti o n
“

on this a sp e ct o f the

godhea d dr e w the eyes o f his followe r s towa r ds

,

a for ce fa r m or e i n ta n gibl e a n d dista n t th a n

the d a zzlin g or b to which th ey bowe d d o wn .

Akh n a ton s co n ception o f God a s w e n ow begi n

’
,

to obs er ve it w a s a s the po w er which c r ea t e d

,

the su n th e e n er gy which p en etr a t ed to this

,

e ar th i n th e su n s h ea t a n d c a us ed a ll thi n gs
’

to gr o w At th e p r e s en t d ay th e scien tist will

.

t ell you th a t God is the ultim a t e sour ce of life ,

th a t wh er e n a tu r a l expla n a tion fa ils th er e God

is to b e foun d : H e is i n a wor d th e a uthor , ,

o f e n e r gy th e p r im a l motive powe r o f a ll k n ow n
,
-

thin gs Akh n a ton cen tu r i e s upon cen tu r i es b e

.
,

for e the bir th o f th e sci en tist defin ed God i n ,

j ust this m a n n er I n a n a ge wh en m en b elieved

.
,

a s som e do still th a t a d e ity w a s but a n ex

,

a g e r a ted c r ea tu r e of this ea rth h a vi n g a fo r m

g ,

built o n m a ter i a l li n es this youth ful Ph ar a oh

,

p r ocl a imed God to be th e for mless essen ce ,

the i n tell ige n t ger m the lovi n g force which

, ,

permea t ed time an d sp a ce L et it be cl ear ly

.
 118 AK HNAT ON ORMULATE S RE LIGI O N
F or AT ON .

2 . AT ON THE TE ND ER FATHER OF ALL

C REATI ON .

Amon -
Ra the old gods of Egypt were
an d ,

for th e most p a r t but d e ifi e d mo r ta ls e n du ed

, ,

w ith mo n st r ous though limit e d p o w e r s a n d still

, , ,

h a vi n g a r ou n d them t r a diti on s o f a ggr a n dised

huma n d eeds O th er s we h a v e s e en h a d th e i r
.
, ,

or igi n i n n a tu r a l ph en om en a : th e wi n d th e N il e , ,

th e st a r r y h e a v e n s an d th e lik e ,
All wer e .

t er r ific or r e ven ge ful if so th ey h a d a mi n d ,

"

to b e a n d a ll w er e a bl e to be m ov e d b y hum a n
,

e moti o n s . But to Akh n a ton a lth o ugh h e h ad ,

a bs olut ely n o p r e c e d e n t upo n which to l a u n ch

zi
b is t h oughts God w a s th e i n t a n gi b l e a n d ye t
,

e v e r p r e s e n t F a th e r o f m a n ki n d
-
m a d e m a n ife st ,

i n su n shin e The youthful high p r ie st ca ll ed

.

upo n his subj ects to sea r ch for th e i r Go d n ot

i n the co n fusio n of b a ttl e or behi n d th e sm oke
o f hum a n s a c r ific e s but a midst th e flow er s a n d
,
-

th e t r e e s a midst the w ild duck a n d the fish e s

, .

H e p r ea ch ed a n e n light en e d n a tu r e study : i n -

some r espe cts h e w a s p er h a ps th e fir st a postl e , ,

o f th e S impl e L ife .
AT ON T H E TE NDE R FAT HE R OF ALL C REATI ON . 119

H e str ove to br ea k down con ve n tion a l thought ,

and c ea selessly he u r ged his people to wor ship

”
i n t r uth,
simply without a n e xcess o f cer e
,

mon i a l . W hile the elder gods h a d b e e n a p

p a re n t i n n a tura l co n vulsio n s a n d i n the mor e
a w ful i n cid e n ts o f life Akh n a ton s ki n dly fa ther
,
’

co uld b e seen i n the littl e det a ils f e xist e n ce

o ,

i n th e gr owi n g poppies i n the so ft wi n d which

,

fill e d the s a ils of the ships i n the fish which ,

l ea pt fr om th e r iver L ike a gr e a t er th an h e
.
,

Akh n a t on t a ught his discipl e s to a dd r e ss thei r

“
m a ke r a s thei r Fa the r which a r t i n H ea ve n .

Th e Ato n w a s th e joy which c a us e d th e you n g

“
she e p to d a n ce upo n th e ir l egs a n d th e bir ds ,

to flutter i n th e i r m a r sh es H e w a s th e g od
.

of the simpl e pl ea su r e s of life ; a n d a lthough

Akh n a ton himself w a s i n d e ed a m an of sor r ows ,

pl en teously a cqu a i n t e d with gr ief h a ppi n ess w a s

,

th e w a tchwor d which h e g a v e to his followe r s .

Akh n a to n did n ot pe r mit a n y gr a v e n im age to

be m a de o f the Aton Th e T r u e God s a id the
.
,

ki n g h a d n o for m ; a n d h e held to this Opi n ion

,

th r oughout his life The symbol o f the r eligion

.

w a s the su n s disk fr om which th e r e e xt en ded

’

n um er ous r a ys e a ch r a y e n di n g i n a h a n d ; but
,
1 20 AK HNAT ON ORMUL ATE S R EL IGI ON
F OF AT ON .

this symbol w as n ot wor shipped To C h r isti a n s .

,

i n the s a me w a y the c r oss is th e symbol of

,

their c r eed ; but the cr oss its el f is n ot wor

shipped . N ever be for e h a d m a n co n ceive d a
fo r mless d e ity a god who w a s n ot en dow e d
,

with the five hum an sen s e s The H ebr ew p a tr i .

a r chs beli e ved God to b e c a p a bl e of wa lki n g

"
i n a ga r de n i n th e cool of th e eve n i n g to h a ve ,

m a de m an i n his ow n im a ge to be possess ed of ,

fa c e for m a n d hi n d e r p ar ts
, , But Akh n a ton .
,

stemmi n g with his h a n d th e flood of t r a dition ;

boldly p r ocl a im ed God to be a li fe givi n g i n -

,

t a n gibl e ess en c e : the hea t which is i n the su n .

“
H e w a s the livi g Aton n — th a t is to s ay th e
, ,

pow er which pr oduced a n d sust a i n ed the en er gy

and mov e men t of the su n
.
Although h e w a s.

“
so ofte n c a ll e d the Aton h e w a s mor e clos ely
,
.

“ 1 ”
defin ed a s th e Ma ster o f the Aton The .

fl ami n g gl or y of the su n w a s th e most p r a ctica l .

symb ol of the godh ea d a n d th e wa r m r a ys of

,

su n shi n e con stituted th e most obvious con n ection

b etween h ea ven a n d e ar th ; but a l w ays Akh n a t on
a tt e mpt e d to r a is e th e eyes o f th e thin ke r s b e

yon d this visible o r u n d er st a n d a bl e exp r ession

D vi Am
1 a I 45
es, arn a, . .
1 22 AK HNAT ON FORMULATES RE LIGI ON -
OF AT ON .

ten d er n ess m a kes the h a n ds to fa i n t

, Hi s .

be a ms w er e bea ut eous with l o ve a s they fell

upo n H is p eople a n d upon H is city ver y r ich ,

”
i n lov e .
“
Thy love is gr e a t a n d l ar g e s a ys ,

“
o n e o f Akh n a to n s psa lms Th o u fillest th e
’
.

two l a n ds o f Egypt with Thy l o ve and

‘

a n othe r p a ss a ge r u n s : Thy r a ys e n comp a ss

th e l a n ds . Thou bi n dest them with Thy
l o ve .

S ur ely n e ve r i n th e histor y of th e wo r ld h a d
“
m an co n c e iv e d a god who so loved th e wor ld .

O n e m a y s e a r ch th e i n scr iptio n s i n v a i n for a n y

r e fer e n c e to a m a lign a n t p ower to v en ge a n c e , ,

to j ea l o usy or to h a tr e d Th e H ebr e w ps a lmist

, .

s a id of God L ik e a s a fa th er piti eth his

,

childr en eve n so is th e L or d me r ciful

,
an d

Akh n a to n m a n y a c en tu r y b efor e th o se wor ds

,

w er e wr itt en a ttr ibute d j ust such a n a tu r e to

,

the Ato n Th e At o n w a s comp a ssio n a t e w a s

.
,

m er ciful w a s ge n tl e w a s t en de r ; He k n e w n ot
, ,

a n g er ,
and the r e w a s n o wr a th i n H im H is .
~

ove r flo wi n g l o v e r ea ch ed down the p a ths O f life

fr om m a n ki n d to th e be a sts of the fi eld a n d to
the littl e flow e r s th e mselve s All flo w er s blow
.
,

s a ys on e of Akh n a to n s hymn s a n d th a t which

’

,
ATON TH E TENDE R F ATH ER OF A L L C REATI ON . 1 23

grows o n the so il th r iv e s a t Thy d a wn i n g O .

,

Aton Th ey dr in k their fill [of w ar mth] b efor e

.

Thy fa ce All c a ttl e le a p upo n th e i r feet ; the

.

birds th a t wer e i n the n est fly for th with joy ;

th e i r Wi n gs which we r e clos e d move quickly w ith
p r a is e to the livi n g Aton .

On e st a n ds a m a zed a s on e r e a ds i n pompous
“
Egypt o f a god who list en s whe n th e chick en
c r i eth i n the egg shell a n d give s hi m life
, ,

“
d elighti n g th a t h e shoul d chir p with a ll h i s
might when he is h a tched for th ; who fi n ds
“
pl ea sur e i n c a usi n g th e bi r ds to flutt er i n th e ir
m ar sh e s a n d the sheep to d a n ce upo n th e i r
,

fe et. For th e fi r st tim e i n the histor y o f m a n

the r e a l me a n i n g o f God a s w e n o w u n de r st a n d
,

it , h a d be en comprehe n d ed ; an d the id e a of a
b en efic en t C r e a tor who though r emot e spi r itu a l
, , ,

and imp er s on a l could love e a ch on e of H is

,

c r ea tu r es gr ea t o r sm all h a d been g r a sp e d by
, ,

this you n g Ph a r a oh .God s u n spe ak a ble good

’

n e ss a n d lovi n g ki n d n e ss w
-
ere a s clea r ly i n ter -

r e ted by Akh to ve th y h ve bee by

p n a n a s e r e a n

mor t a l m a n ; a n d th e wo n d e r of it li e s i n this ,

th a t Akh n a t on h a d a bsolut ely n othi n g to ba se

h i s th eor i es upo n He w as so fa r a s w e k n ow
.
’

, ,
1 24 A KHNAT ON FORMULATE S R ELIGI ON OF AT ON .

the fir st m a n to whom God r eve al e d H imsel f a s

th e p a ssion less a ll lovi n g esse n ce of u n qu a lified
,
-

good n ess .

3 . ATON WO R S H I PP E D AT S UN RI S E AN D S UN S ET .

Inor d er to p r e ve n t th e more ign or a n t o f

his disciples fr om wor shippi n g th e su n its elf ,

Akh n a to n se e ms to h a v e s el e cted th e su nr ise

a n d th e su n set a s the tw o hou r s for c e r emo n i a l

a dor a ti on ; for the n th e light th e b ea uty the

, ,

ten der n e ss of th e cel e sti a l phen om en on could b e

,

a pp r e ci a t e d a n d th e a wful m aj e sty of th e s u n w a s
,

n ot i n gr e a t p r omi n en ce Akh n aton a tt empted

.

to cultiv a t e i n his followe r s a n a pp r eci a ti on o f

th e ge n tl e hu e s of d a yb r e a k a n d o f e ve n i n g

an d he t a ught th e m to b elieve th a t th e O ft
me n tio n ed be a uti e s of th e Aton w er e on ly to
be fully u n d er stood a t th ese tim es I n the gl a d
.

n ess o f su n r is e a n d i n the hush of th e su n set ,

th e emoti o n s a r e most a pt to b e touched a n d

mov ed ; for i n Egypt th er e is a lwa ys p r a ise i n

th e h ea r t i n th e cool op a l e sc e n c e of th e d a w n ,

a n d i n th e r ed dusk the r e is m a n y a n d m a n y a

dre a m .
 AK HNAT ON FOR MUL ATE S RE LIGIO N ATO N;
"

1 26 OF

and his fa m ily often o ffici a t ed Th ey th e n s a n g

i
.
,

ps a lms a n d offer e d p r a y e r s a n d with much , ,

sweet music ga v e p r a is e to the gr e a t Fa the r of

,

j y
o an d love T
. h e Ato n how e ve r w as
,
n ot ,

th o ught to d elight i n these c er emo n i es a s He

did i n mor e n a tu r a l th a n ksgivi n gs W hy should .

God be p r a ised i n set ph r a s e s a n d studi e d poses

wh en a ll th e fa i r wor ld w a s shout in g for th e
j y
o of H im ? The you ng c a lf fr iski n g th r ough

the p oppy cov er e d me a dows the bi r ds sin gi n g

-
,

upo n the t r e es th e clouds r a ci n g a cr oss th e

,

sky w er e t h e t r ue wor shipp er s o f God

,
.

O n e of th e r e c en tly disco ve r ed s a yi n gs o f
C h r ist clos ely p a r a ll els A kh n a ton s utte r a n c e s ’
.

“
Y e a sk ,
it ru n s who a r e thos e th a t dr a w
,

us to the k i n gdom if th e kin gdomis i n h ea ven ?

The fowls of th e a i r a n d a ll the be a st s th a t

,
-

a r e u n d e r the ea r th o r up on the e a r th a n d th e ,

fish es i n th e sea th es e a r e they which d r a w

,

you a n d th e ki n gdo m is withi n yo u

, Th e .

con t empl a tion of n a tu r e w a s mor e to Akh n a ton

tha n m a n y cer emon i es a n d his th oughts w er e,

mor e e a sily d r a w n upwa r ds by th e r ustle of

th e le a ves th a n by the sh a ki n g of th e systr u m
.
.
 THE G ooD N Es s OF ATO N . 1 27

4 . THE GooDN Ess OF ATON .

I n t he ga rd en s of the C ity of th e Hor izo n

Akh n a t o n w a s su r r ou n d ed o n a ll sides by t h e
j oyous b ea uti e s o f n a tur e He r e th e bi r ds s a n g
.

, merr ily i n the l a d e n t r e e s her e the cool n or t h

'

wi n d r ustle d th r ough th e le a v es s e ttin g th e m ,

d a n cin g upo n th e i r stems h e r e th e m a n y ,

colour e d bl o s soms n odd e d to th e i r reflection s i n

the still l a k es ; a n d a s h e w a tch e d the s u n
,

light pl a yi n g with the blue sh a dows his h ea r t ,

"
se e m ed to fill to r epletion with gr a titud e to
God . O L o r d how m a n ifold a r e Thy wor ks
,

“
w a s his c on st a n t c r y The whole l a n d is i n
.

j yo a n d holid a y bec a use o f Th e e They shout .

to th e h eight o f h e a v e n th ey r eceiv e j oy a n d
,

“ ”
gl a dn ess wh en th e y s e e Th e e H ow fa ir of .

“
for m w a s the for ml e ss Aton how r ad i a n t of ,

“
colou r All th a t Thou h a st m a de s a id the ,

“ “
kin g l ea ps b e for e Th e e
, Thou m a k es t th e
.

b ea uty of for m th r ough Thys elf a lo n e “

Eye s .

h a v e life a t sight of Thy be a uty ; h e a r ts h a v e

hea lth Wh en th e Ato n shi n es .

As th e psa lmist s a n g “
Th e L o r d is my
,
1 28 AK HNAT ON FORMUL ATE S RE LIGI O N OF ATO N .

sheph er d I sh a ll n ot wa n t so Akh n a ton i n

, , ,

“
the ful n e ss of his h e a r t c r i ed
“

Th er e is n o
, ,

pove r ty for him who h a th s et Th ee i n his

he a r t ; such a n o n e ca n n o t s ay 0 th a t I h a d , , .
’

’
W h en Thou br i n ge st life to m e n s h ea r ts by Thy
“
be a uty th er e is i n de ed life
,
The At on ga ve .

“ ”
h ea lth to th e ey e s by H is ra ys a n d br ight , , ,

gr ea t gl e a min g high a bov e all th e e ar th h e

, , ,

w as th e c a us e o f pl en ty th e v er y food a n d
,
-

fa t n e ss o f Egypt To D a vid sever a l ce n tu r i e s

.
,

l a ter God s eem e d to b e

,
a str on g towe r of
”
defen c e ; a n d thi n ki n g a lo n g th e s a me li n es
, ,

Akh n a to n c a ll e d the Ato n his w a ll Of br a ss o f

a milli o n cubits Th e Aton w a s
. th e wit n e ss

o f th a t which p e r t a i n s to e t e r n ity a n d to thos e ,

whose tho ughts h a d str a yed he w a s the r e

m e m b r a n cer o f et er n ity He w a s th e .
“
L or d
“
of F a t e th e Lor d of For tun e th e Ma ster
, ,

of th a t which is or d a i n ed th e O r igin of ,

F a t e th e
,
C h a n ce which give s L i fe an d in

so d e scr ibi n g him Akh n a ton r ea ch ed a philo

sophica l positio n which eve n to d a y is quite -

u na ss a il a bl e .

Un lik e Jehova h who w a s descr ibed a s gr e a t

,

a bove a ll othe r gods the Aton w a s con ceived

, .
1 30 AK HNAT ON FORM ULATE S R ELIGI ON OF AT ON .

vera city w ere qu a lities n ot a lwa ys to be fou n d

i n the he ar t of a n Egypti a n ; a n d Akh n a ton i n ,

a n t a go n ism to th e si n s o f hypoc r isy a n d d e c e

p
tio n which he sa w a r ou n d him a lwa ys spok e O f
,

“ “ ”
himsel f a s livi n g i n tr uth . I h a v e se t tr uth
i n my i n w a r d p a r ts sa ys on e of his follow er s
, ,

a n d fa ls e ho o d is my lo a thi n g ; for I k n ow th a t

the K i n g r ejoic eth i n tr uth .

5 . AKH NAT ON THE S ON OF GOD

“
BY
TR AD ITI ONAL R IG HT .

It m ay be u n d er stood how the b oy lon ged for

t r uth i n a ll t hi n gs wh en on e r em ember s the
thous an d ex a gger a t ed con ve n ti on s o f Egypti a n
life a t this tim e C ou r t e tiqu e tte h a d d e v el op e d
.

to a d egr ee which r en d er e d life to the Ph a r a oh

a n e n dless r ou n d O f u n n a tu r a l p o s e s of mi n d a n d

body I n th e pr e a chi n g of his doctr i n e o f tr uth

.

an d simplicity Akh n a ton did n ot fa il to c a ll

upo n his subjects to r ega r d th e i r Ph a r a oh n ot
a s a cel e sti a l god a s h a d bee n the custom
, but,

as a m an
.
, though of cour s e o n e of divin e
, , ,
1 32 AK HNAT ON FORMULATES REL IGI ON OF A T ON .

as a c ar touche which w a s the disti n guishin g

,

m ar k o f a r oy a l n a me Akh n a to n wr ote th e
.

n a me O f th e Aton withi n such a n ova l thus ,

i n dica ti n g th a t the Ph a r a oh s r oy a l r ights wer e ’

a lso held by an d
, th er efor e der iv e d fr om God ,

H imsel f Th e r e w a s thus a s C hr ist l a t er t a ught

.
,

H is discipl e s to beli eve a ki n gd o m o f h ea ven ,

o ver which God p r e sided ; a n d a lthough i m

p er son a l i n ta n gible a n d i n compr ehe n sible th e
, , ,

“
Ato n w a s th e ve r y K i n g o f ki n gs th e o n ly ,

”
r ul er of p r i n c e s Amon R a a n d othe r of the
.
-

o ld d e ities h a d be en c a lle d a t va r ious times

K i n g of th e gods .
Akhn a to n however a ppli ed
.
, ,

to Aton the wor ds K i n g a n d God .

Akh n ato n is spoken of a s the u n ique on e

“

of Ra ,
wh ose bea uti e s Aton c r ea ted a n d a s ,

“
the b elo ved son of Aton wh om Ato n ba r e ,
.

Add r essin g th e Ato n his cour ti er s w er e won t to

,

“
sa
y ,
Thy r a ys a r e o n Thy b r ight im a ge the ,

R ul er of T r uth th e K i n g) who p r oceed ed ,

fr o m ete r n ity Th ou give st to him Thy dur a

.

tio n a n d Thy ye a r s ; Thou h ea r ken est to all

th a t is i n his he a r t be c a use Thou l o vest him
,
.

Thou m a ke st him like the Aton him Thy child , ,

the K i n g “
. Thou lookest on him for he pro ,
 “
AK HNAT ON ,
SON OF GO D BY R IG HT . 1 33

ceed ed
1
from
The e Thou h a st pl a ced him
.

beside Thee for eve r a n d e ver for he loves to ,

ga ze upon Thee Thou h a st set him the r e

.
‘

till th e sw a n Sh a ll turn bl a ck a n d the crow tu r n

white till th e hills r ise up to t r a v el a n d the
,

“ ”
d eeps rush i n to t h e r iv er s W hile h ea ve n is .
,

he sh a ll b e S om e o f the Ph a r a ohs h a d c a lle d

.

“ ”
themselves the bea uti ful child of Amon ; a n d .

Akh n a ton bor r owin g this phr a se w a s sometim e s

, ,

spoke n of a s the be a uti ful c hild of th e

2 ”
Ato n .

“
I n his c a p acity a s Ph a r a o h a n d s on O f God ,

Akh n a ton d em a n ded an d r eceiv e d a v er y c on

s i d e r a b le a mou n t of c er emon i a l hom age ; but
he n e ver bli n ded himself to th e fa ct th a t
h e w a s p r im ar ily but a simple m a n He .

most si n cer ely wished th a t his pr iva te life

should b e a wor thy e x a mple to his subj ects ,

an d h e e ar n estly desi r e d th a t it Should be

Obse r v ed i n all its n a tu r a l n ess a n d simplicity .

H e did his utmost to elev a t e th e positio n of

wom en a n d th e S a n ctity of th e fa mily by dis
1
Pr oba bly by r oyal d escen ti s mea n t .

2
gyp ti thi ti tl
In E an s e r ea d s Pa. S he m f
ne er en
p a Aton . I n th e
t mb f
o ot i Am h
a ce r a n on otep, at El As sasif, t p em Am on h otep I I I
. .
,

th e d eceased A m On h otep I . is ca lled P a sha m f

ne er en Amon .
 1 34 AK HNAT ON FORMULATE S R E LIGI ON OE AT ON .

la in t the wor ld the ideal con dition s of h i s

p y g o

o w n m a r r i e d life
. H e m a d e a poin t of c a r essi n g
his wi fe i n public putti n g his a r m a r ou n d h er
,

n e ck i n the sight o f a ll m en As w e h a v e se en
.
,

“
o n e of his fo r ms o f o a th w a s . AS my he a rt is,

h a ppy i n th e Quee n a n d h er childr e n .

He sp o k e o f his wife a lwa ys a s Mistr ess of

his h a ppi n ess , at h ear i n g whose v o ic e
“
the K i n g r ej o ic es . L a dy o f gr a c e w as she ,

“ “
gr e a t o f l o v e a n d fa i r o f fa c e Ever y .
‘

wish th a t she e xp r e ss ed decl ar ed Akh n a to n

, ,

w a s exec ut e d by him Eve n on th e most c e r e

.

m on i ou s occ a sio n s the qu ee n s a t besid e h er

husb a n d a n d h eld his h a n d whil e th e i r child r en
,

fr olicked a rou n d them ; for such thi n gs pl eas ed

th a t ge ntl e fa th er mor e th an th e s a vour of
bu r n t O ffe r i n gs It is s eldom th a t the Ph a r a oh
-
.

is r epr es en t ed i n th e r eli e fs without his fa mily ;

an d ,
i n o ppositio n to a ll t r a diti o n th e que en ,

i s show n up on the s a me sc a le o f Size a n d i m

’
p or t a n c e a s th a t of h er husban d Akh n a ton s .

devo tion to his childr e n is v er y m a r k ed a n d ,

h e t a ught his discipl e s to b eliev e th a t God

w a s th e fa the r , th e moth e r th e n u r se ,
and ,

t h e fr ie n d of th e y o u n g
“
.Thus though son ,
 C ONN E CTI ONS OF TH E ATO N WORSH I P . 1 35

Of God , Akh n a ton p r ea ch ed the b ea uty o f the

.

hum a n fa mily a n d l a id str es s on the s a n ctity

,

o f m a rri a ge a n d p a re n thood .

6 . THE C ONN E CT I ON S OF THE AT ON W O R S H IP

WI TH O LDER RE LIGI ON S .

In dev elopi n g his r eligion Akh n a ton must

h a ve c om e i n to a lmost d a ily co n flict with the
p r i e stho ods o f th e Old gods of Egypt ; an d even
the Heli opoli ta n R a Hor a k h ti fr om which h i s
-
,

ow n fa ith h a d b ee n e volv e d n o w fell far short

,

o f his ide a ls H e d o es n ot se em how e ve r to

.
, ,

h ave yet imposed the wor ship o f th e Ato n upo n

the provi n c e s n or to h a v e p er secuted the
,

v a r ious p r iesthoods He hop e d n o doubt th a t

.
, ,

he would be a bl e to per su a d e th e whole cou n t r y

to his vi e ws a s soon a s thos e vi e ws w e r e

thor oughly m a tu r e d ; a n d s e cu r e i n his n e w city

, ,

h e w a s fr ee to pu r g e his r e ligio n o f i ts fa ults

b e for e decla r i n g all oth er c r eeds ill ega l .

It is proba bl e th a t the sa c r ed bull M n evis , ,

w a s b an ish e d fr om his ce r emo n i e s a t a n ea r ly

d a te for n o tombs seem to h a ve been m a de for

,
1 36 AK HNAT ON FORMULATE S RE LIGION OF AT ON .

these holy cr e a tur es an d th ey a r e n ot refe rr ed ,

’
to a ft er th e S ixth y e a r of the kin g s r eign The .

pr i e sts of Heliopolis would now h a ve h ar dly

r ecogn ised th e i r doctr in es i n the ex a lt e d fa ith
o f the Ato n though h er e a n d th e r e som e poi n t
,

o f close co n t a ct might h a ve be en O bs e r v e d On e .

m ay a lso d e t e ct slight r e se mbl an ces to the

’

Adon is r eligion s o f S yr i a fr om wh en ce th e Aton ,

h a d or igi n a lly com e M e n tion h a s a l r e a dy be en

.

m a de of the worship of Adon is S o widesp r ea d .

w as th a t d e ity s pow e r th a t it v e r y n atu r a lly

’

a ffe cted m a n y oth er r eligio n s : I n the Bi b lic al

.

Ps a lms on e fi n ds s e ve r a l e choes of this old p a gan

wor ship a s for ex a mple i n th e lin es fr om
,

Ps a l m xix which r ea d
.
,

Th e h eav en s declar e th e glor y of God .

I th em h th h e set a t b ern a cl e fo th e su
n a a r n,

Wh ich i s a b ideg oom comi g ou t of h i s ch mb er

r r n a ,

An d h e r j oiceth a a s tr on g m an to ru n a r ace
e s .

Th r e i n oth in g b i d fr om th e h eat the eof

e s r .

H er e on esu r ely must r ecogn ise th e you thfu l

Adon is th e br id egr oom of Ven us An d simila r ly
, .

i n the Heli opoli ta n wor ship a t th e comm en c e ,

’
men t of Akh n a to n s r e ign the s u n R a i s r efer r e d , , ,

“
to i n the followi n g t er ms : Thou a r t bea utiful
1 38 A KHNAT ON ORMULATE S RE LIGION
F OF AT ON .

—w a s on e the fu n d a me n t a l c er e mon i es of the

of

M e diter r a n e a n r eligi on s H er e a ga i n w a s a con

.

n e c ti on with a n old er r e ligi o n fo r Akh n a to n to

c on sid er a n d p er h a ps to p ur ge a wa y ; a n d o ne '

m a y supp ose th a t a ll such d er iva tive s fr o m

e a r lier fa iths w er e gr a du a lly eli m i n a t ed a s th e
you n g ki n g d e v elo pe d his c r e ed . S oon n ot a
scr a p o f sup er stiti o n r em a i n e d i n th e r eligi on
a n d on e m a
y c r e dit this Ph a r a oh o f th r e e thou san d

y ea r s a g o with a s gr e a t a fr e ed om fr om the
tr a mm els o f tr a diti on a l sup e r sti tion a s th a t of
the a dva n c ed thi n ker o f to d a y
-
.

7 . THE S P I RI TUAL N EED S OF THE S O U L

AFTER DE ATH .

T r uly th e light is sweet a n d a pl ea s a nt thi n g

,

it is for th e ey e s to b e hold th e su n s a ys Holy ,

Wr it i n w or ds which might h a ve fa ll e n fr om
“
th e lips o f Akh n a to n ; but though a m a n liv e
m a n y y ear s a n d r ej o ic e i n th e m a ll ye t let him
,

rememb er th e d ays o f d a r k n e ss for th e y sh all

,

b e m an y AS Akh n a t on h a d complet ely r e v

.

olu ti on i s ed th e b eli e fs o f th e Egypti a n s a s to

S PI RITUAL N EE DS OF T H E SOUL A FTE R D EAT H .

th e na tu r e of God so he a lte r ed a n d pu r ged

,
‘

th e ir th eor ies r ega r din g the e xist en ce of t h e

soul a fter d ea th A ccor di n g to the old beli e fs
.
,

a s we h a ve see n ,
the soul of a m a n h a d to p a ss
th r ough a w ful pl a c e s up to the judgm en t th r on e
o f O si r is wh e r e he w a s w e ighed i n th e b a l a n c e s
,
.

I f he w a s fou n d w a n ti n g he w a s devou r ed by a
fe rocious mo n st er but if th e sc a le s tu r n e d i n
,

his fa vou r h e w a s a ccepted i n to th e Elysi a n

fi elds . S o m an y wer e th e spir its bogi e s a n d
, ,

d emigods which he w a s likely to meet b efor e

the go a l w a s r e a ched th a t he h a d to k n o w by

he a r t a tedious str i n g o f for mulae the cor r ect ,

r ep e titio n o f which an d the cor r e ct m a ki n g

,

o f the r el a ted m a gic a lo n e en su r e d his s a fe

,

p a ss a ge .

Akh n a to n flun g a ll these formulae i n to th e

fir e. Dj i n s bogies Spi r its mon st er s demigods
, , , , ,

d emon s a n d O sir is himsel f with a ll his cou r t

, ,

wer e swept i n to t h e bla z e a n d r educed to a sh e s .

Ak h n a ton b eli e ve d th a t wh en a m a n died his

s o ul con ti n u ed to exist as a ki n d o f a str a l ,

immat er i a l ghost some times r esti n g i n the

,
1 40 AK HNAT ON FORMULATE S RE LIGI ON OF AT ON .

li fe By som e o f the i n scr iption s on e is led to

.
v

suppos e th a t a s i n the fou r th a r ticle of th e

,

C h r isti a n fa ith so i n th e t e a chi n gs of Akh n a ton

, ,

th e body w a s thought to t a ke a ga i n a ft e r de a th
“
its flesh bon e s a n d all thi n gs a pp e r t a i n i n g to
, ,

the p er fe ction o f m a n s n a tu r e ’
But just a s
.

ther e is som e doubt a n d som e va gu en ess i n th e

min d o f C hr isti a n thi n k er s a s to the me a n i n g
o f this a r ticl e so i n Akhn a ton s doctr i n e the r e
’

w a s s o me u n c e r t a i n ty a s to wh e th er the body

w a s e n ti r e ly spi r itu a l or i n a m a n n e r m a te r i a l
'

i n its h a zy exist en c e i n th e H ills of the W e st .

Th e dise mb odi e d soul still cr a v e d th e pl e a su r es

o f ea r thly life a n d shu n n e d its so r r ows ; still fe lt

hu n ger a n d thir st a n d e njoyed a dr a ught o f w a t e r

-

O r a m e a l o f solid foo d ; still w a r med its e lf i n

the su n shi n e or s ought cool n ess i n th e Sh a dows .

W e h ear n othi n g o f h ell ; for Akh n a to n i n th e ,

te n der n ess of his h ea r t c ould n o t br i n g hims elf

,

to b eli e ve th a t Go d would a llow su ffe r in g i n

"

an
y of H is c r ea tu r e s ,
howeve r si n ful T.h e i n

s cr i pti o n s s e e m r a th e r to i n dic a t e th a t the r e w a s

n o futu r e life for —

the wicke d th a t they w er e
,

a n n ihil a ted ; th o ugh i n a lmost ev er y m a n on e

m a y suppos e th a t there w a s e n ough good to
1 42 AK HNAT ON ORM ULATE S RE LIGI ON OF AT ON
F .

ex pe r i en ce ; a n d i n con templ a ti n g t ha t cold d eso ,

l a t e myst er y o f d ea th Akh n a ton could fi n d n o

,

be tt er m ea n s o f b a n ishi n g th e gloom th a n by
p r a yin g for a co n ti n u a n ce o f th e bl ess e d light
of the d a
y. A n d th e m a n w h o p r a yed th a t his

soul might s ee th e sun shi n e but a sk e d th a t h e

might still kn ow th e j oy of the pre s e n c e o f
God for God w a s th e light O f the w or ld
,
.

H is secon d wish w a s th a t h e might r et a i n the

fa vou r o f th e kin g a n d qu e en a ft er de a th a n d ,

th a t his soul might se r ve th e ir souls i n th e

p a l a ce s o f th e d ea d He a sks for r e a di n ess i n
.
“

th e p r e s e n c e o f the K i n g to do his biddi n g ; he

,

p r a ys th a t he m a y be a dmitted i n to th e pa la ce'

e n te r i n g it i n fa vou r a n d le a vi n g it i n lov e

th a t h e m a y a tt e n d the K i n g ev er y d a y a n d
th a t he m a y r ec e ive hon ou r i n th e p r es en ce o f
,

the K i n g .

For his m e n t a l co n t en tm en t i n the u n de r

w or ld h e e ar n e stly d esi r ed t ha t his n a me
might b e r em ember e d a n d e st a blish ed o n e a r th ,

“
th a t ther e might be a h a ppy m em or y o f him
i n th e K i n g s p a l a c e a n d a c on ti n u a n ce of his
’

n a me i n the mouths o f th e cou r ti e r s w h er e h e

'

hop e d th a t it might be welcome .

“
May my
 TH E MATE RIA L N EE DS O F TH E SOUL . 1 43

n am e th r ive i n the tomb ch a p el he s a ys-

May
,
.
“

my n a m e n ot be to s ee k i n my m a n sion Ma y .

it b e c el ebr a ted for ev er S o too a t th e p r ese n t

.
, ,
.

d a y the wo r ds I n Mem or i a/m a r e goodly wor ds ;

a n d th a t a m a n s m e mo r y m a y b e k e pt gree n i s
’

a thi n g ve r y ge n e r a lly d e si r ed .

8 . THE MATER IAL N EE D S OF THE S O U L .

In der th a t th e soul might h aVe its li n k

or

with e a r th the w or shipper o f th e Ato n p r a yed

,

“
th a t his mummy might r em a i n fir m and

u n co r r upted th a t the fl esh m ight liv e upo n

,

th e bo n e s an d
, th a t his limbs might r em a i n
kn it toge th er Th e Egypti a n s of oth er d a ys
.

b eli eve d th a t th e body its elf would liv e a g a i n

a t th e r e su r r ectio n this b ei n g th e r e a son why
,

they a tte mpt ed so c a r e fully to p r e s er v e it ; a n d

Akh n a t on d o es n o t a ppea r to h a ve a lt er e d thi s
con ceptio n of the n a tu r e of the m a ter i a l b od y S O '

.
,

too i n the C h r isti an fa ith it is th ought th a t a t

,

the l a st d a y th e gr a ves will giv e up thei r d ea d .

Th e spir itu al b o dy r eta i n ed the for m a n d the

i n dividu a lity o f the m a te r i a l body a n d the r e ,
1 4 4: A KHNAT ON FORMULATE S R ELIGI ON OF AT ON .

fore i n a somewh a t v a gue m a n n e r it w a s thought

, ,

th a t th e n eeds o f th e soul would n ot be v er y

d issimil ar fr om thos e o f the body upon ea r th .

C h r ist a ft er H is r esurr e ctio n a sk ed for food

, ,

a n d th e fea sts o f P a r a dise a r e mo r e th a n a llego r y

to m a n y a C h r isti a n . L ik e w ise the follower o f

Akh n a to n believ e d th a t m a t er i a l food or its ,

spiritu a l e quiv a len t would be n ecessar y to the

,

s oul s w elfa r e i n the n ext wor ld

’
. May I be
“
c a ll e d by my n a me s a ys he a n d com e a t the
, ,

summo n s i n or der to fe e d upo n the good thi n gs

,

p r ovide d up o n th e t e mple a lta r . I t would s e em

th a t through fidelity to the Aton c r eed h e might
h a ve th e privilege of p a r t a ki n g o f the Offer i n gs
m a de a t th e gr e a t c er emon ies i n the temple ;
for a fter thes e s a c r ifices ha d b ee n o ffer e d the
, ,

food p r oba bly w a s distr ibut ed to the p r i ests

, ,

a n d to thos e a tt a ch e d to th e tombs who r epr e

,

s en t e d th e i n ter e sts o f the d ea d Thus the

.

d e c e a s ed p r ays th a t he m a y e nj oy a reception
o f th a t which h a s b e en o ffer e d i n the templ e

a r ec e ptio n o f o ffe r i n gs o f th e K i n g s givi n g i n

’

e ve r y shri n e a d r i n k o ffe r i n g i n the temple of

-

Aton fo od deposited o n the a lta r ever y

d ay and ever ythi n g th a t is Offer ed i n the
1 46 AK HNAT ON FORM ULATE S RE L IGI ON OF AT ON .

the ple a s a n t a i r s of th e n or th wi n d They hop ed .

i n sh a dowy for m to be a bl e to visit th e be loved

scen e s o f their lifetim e Ma y I ra ise mysel f up
.

a n d for get l an gu or p r ays o n e

,
May I l ea ve .

a n d e n te r my m a n sio n sa ys a n oth er
,
”
May my .

soul n ot be shut Off fr om th a t which it desi r e s .

May I wa lk a s I will i n the gr ove th a t I h a ve

m a d e Upon e a r th .May I d r i n k th e w a t er a t
the edge of my l a ke ever y d ay without cea s in g .

"
“
Ma y w a t er b e pou r ed ou t fr om my cister n ,

c r ies a thir d ; m a y I r eceive fr uit fr om my

t r ees. I n c e ssa n tly e a ch m a n implor e s God to
gr a n t th a t he m ay c ool his p a r ched lips with
wa t er . A dr a ught O f wa t er a t the ba n ks of
the r iver is his d e sir e ; a dr a ught of wa ter a t
,

“
th e swi r l o f the str ea m W hil e h e sm ells the
.

sc en t o f th e win d blowi n g a midst th e petals

“
of a bouqu e t O f Ato n a n d while th er e r u n s
,
a

br ook o f wa ter by his Sid e h e n ee d n ot kn ow ,

the hor r or o f d ea th An d thus by r e c e ivi n g

.
,

e v e r yth i n g g ood a n d swe e t he m ay hope for ,

h ea lth a n d p r osp er ity i n th e hills a n d the

“
va ll eys of the West ; for a h a ppy life p r o vided ,

“
with pl ea su r e an d joy for a mus e men t mer r i
, ,

m en t a n d d elight a n d for a da ily r ejoici n g

, ,

th r oug hout eter n ity .

 T H E MATER IAL N EEDS OF T H E SOUL . 1 47

It m ay be a r gu e d th a t this m a t eri a l con ception

o f the li fe a fte r d ea th is n o t e qu a l i n pu r ity o f

ton e to th e fa ith of th e Aton But is it then .

, ,

less lo fty to believe i n a h ea v en i n which ther e

is j oy a n d l a ught er a sc en t of flo we r s a n d a
, ,

br e ath of n or th wi n d th a n i n on e wh ere the

,

str e ets a r e p a ved with gold a n d wher e ther e

,

ar e m an y m a n sio n s ? By n o r eligion i n the

wor ld is C h r isti a n ity so closely a pp r o a ched a s
by the fa ith O f Akhn a ton ; a n d if th e Ph ar a oh s ’

doctr i n es a s to immor ta lity a r e n ot a ltogether

con vi n ci n g n either ar e the C h r istia n doctr i n es
, ,

as they a r e n ow i n ter pr e t e d a ltogethe r with

,

ou t fa ult . I n the a bove p a ges i t h a s b ee n n ec e s

s a r y a lwa ys to comp ar e Akh n a ton s c r e ed with ’

C h r isti a n ity , si n c e th er e is so much c o mmon to

th e two r eligio n s ; but it should b e r e m e m b e r e d

th a t this comp ar ison must of n ec essity b e u n

fav ou r abl e to th e Ph a r a o h s doctr i n e r eve ali n g
’

as it do es its shor tcomi n gs Le t th e r ea der

.

r e m e mbe r th a t Akh n a ton lived some thi r te en

hu n dr e d y ea r s befo r e th e bir th o f C h r ist a t a n ,

a e wh e n the wor ld w a s st e ep e d i n supe r stitio n

g
a n d su n k i n th e fogs o f idol a t r y Be a r i n g this
.

i n mi n d he will n o t fa il to s e e i n th a t t en de r ly
,

lovi n g Fa th er whom the b oy Ph ar a oh wor shipped

-
1 48 AK HNAT ON FORMULATE S RE LIGI ON OF AT ON

an e a r ly r evel a tion of the God to whom w e of

the pr es en t d ay bow down ; a n d o n ce more he

will fin d h ow t r u e ar e th e wor ds
“
God fulfil s Himself i n man y w ays .

S i n ce wr itin g bove an oth er poi n t i n Akh

th e a ,

’
n a ton s t ea chi n g h a s b e come a pp a re n t fr om th e ,

scen e s r ec en tly discov er ed by the pre sen t wr it er

, ,

i n th e t omb of R a mes The r e is a sce n e oft en

.

r ep r ese n ted upo n the w a lls o f tombs of D y n a sty

“

XVIII which seems to r ep r ese n t hum a n s a cr ifice

. .

Th e figur e of a m a n is s e en dr a gged to the tomb

upon a sl edge a n d S i r Ga sto n Ma spero h a s poi n ted
,

ou t th a t this c a n h a r dly b e a n ythi n g else th a n such

a s a c r ifice This sce n e w a s shown on on e of the

.

wa lls of t h e tomb o f R a m es a n d eviden tly d a t e d ,

from a pe r iod p r e vious to Akhn a to n s r evoluti o n

’
.

W he n h owev er th e you n g ki n g h a d for mul a ted

, ,

his r eligio n of love h e c o uld n ot t oler a t e a b ar b a r ic

a n d c r u e l c er e mon y of this ki n d We thus fin d .

th a t th e e n ti r e sc en e is h er e oblit er a ted a lmost ,

cer t a in ly by th e ki n g s a ge n ts The obj ection

’
.

to hum a n s a c r ific e is clos ely i n a cc or d with

his Objection to hum a n suffe r i n g a s r ecor d ed on

p a ge 1 7 5 .
1 50 TENT H To T WE LFT H YEARS OF T H E REIGN .

these in scription s supply us with a defi n ite

ps a lm which a lthough shor t s e ems to be
, ,

— —
compl e te I n on e tomb th a t of Ay how ever
.
,

ther e is a Oopy of a m uch mor e ela bor a te

hymn ; a n d it would thus se em th a t th er e
wer e tw o ma i n ps a lms i n use i n th e t emples ,

a lon ger a n d a shor t er v er sio n of th e sa me

composition .

It w a s n ot u n usu a l for the Egypti a n s to

C

compos e hy mn s i n ho n ou r of th e ir gods a n d ,

a few such h a v e been prese r ved to us upon

the wa lls o f the old templ es L ike the H ebr e w .

psalms O f l a ter da te they a r e n ot a lwa ys of a

,

v er y high mor a l ton e Th ey a r e often but

.

ch a n ts of victor y de a li n g i n b attles i n
, ,

thu n ders a n d i n tempests a n d glor yi n g i n

, ,

the wr a th of hea v en Th e lon ge r hym n to

.

th e Ato n which is here giv en i n full is quite

, ,

u n like a n y of these compositio n s a n d both i n ,

pur ity of ton e a n d i n bea uty of style it must

ra n k high a mon gst the poems of a n tiquity .

"
1 Th y daw n i n g i s
b eautifu l i n th e h or i z on of h eav en ,

O livin g At on B egin n in g of life

, ,

Wh en Th ou r isest i n th e eas ter n h or i on of h ea v en z ,

1 Professor Br easted s ’
t l ti
r a ns a on .
 TH E HYMNS OF TH E AT ON WORSH I PPE RS . 1 51

T h ou fillest ever y l an d w i th Th y beauty

For Th ou ar e b eauti fu l gr eat g litt er in g h igh ov er th e ear th ;
, , ,

Th y r ay s th ey en comp ass th e lan ds e v en all Th ou h ast m ad e

, , .

Th ou ar t R a an d Th ou h ast carr ied th em all away cap tive ;

,

Th ou bin dest th em by Th y lov e .

Th ough Th ou ar t afar Th y r ay s ar e on ear th ;

,

T hough T h ou ar t on high Th y footprin ts are th e d ay

, .

Wh en Th ou settest i n th e w estern h oriz on of h eav en ,

Th e w or l d i s i n dar kn ess like th e dead .

Men sl eep i n th eir ch am b er s ,

T h eir h eads ar e w r app ed u p ,

T h eir n ostrils s topp ed an d n on e seeth the oth er

,
.

S tolen ar e all th eir th in gs that ar e un der th eir h eads ,

Wh il e th ey kn ow i t n ot .

E ver y lion cometh for th fr om h i s d en ,

All ser p en ts they sting

, .

Darkn ess r ei gn s ,

Th e w or l d i s i n si l en ce
He th at mad e th em h as g on e to r est i n Hi s h or iz on .

B ri gh t i s th eth wh en T h u r isest i n th e h oriz on

ear ,
o ,

Wh en Th ou sh i n est as At on by d ay .

Th e dar kn ess i s b an ish ed

When Th ou sen dest for th Th y r ys ; a

Th e tw o lan d s [ of E gy p t ]ar e i dail y festivi t y n ,

Aw ak e an d stan din g upon th ei feet r ,

Fo Th ou h as t rais ed th em u p
r .

T h eir lim b s bathed th ey tak e th eir cl othi g

, n ,

Th eir arm s uplifted i n ador ation to Th y d aw n i g n .

Th n i n all th e w o l d th ey d o th eir w or k
e r .

All ca ttl et upon th e h bage

res er ,

All t ees an d pl an ts fl ou ish

r r

Th e b ir ds flutt er i n th eir m arsh es ,

T h ei r wi n gs uplifted i n ador ation to Th ee .

1 52 TEN TH To T W E LFT H YEARS OF T H E REIGN .

All th e S h eepdan ce u p on th eir feet ,

All w i g ed th in gs fl y
n ,

Th ey live w h en Th ou h ast sh on e u pon them .

Th e b ar q ues sail up str eam an d dow n stream alik e -

.

Ev er y h igh w ay i s open b ecause Th ou h ast da wn ed .

Th e fish i n th e r iv er l eap u p b efore T h ee ,

An d Th y r ay s ar e i n th e m i d st of th e gr eat s ea .

Th ou ar t He w h o cr eatest th e man ch il d i n w oman -

,

Wh o makest seed i n m an ;
Wh o giveth life to th e son i n the b ody of hi s m oth er ,

Wh o sooth est hi m th at h e may n ot w eep

‘

A n u r se [ even ]i n th e w omb .

Wh o giveth b r eath to an imate ever y on e th at He maketh '

Wh en h e c om eth for th fr om th e b ody

On th e d ay of h i s b ir th ,

Th ou op en est h i s mouth i n sp eech ,

Th ou suppli est hi s n ecessiti es .

Wh en th e ch i cken crieth i n th e egg shell -

,

Th ou givest h i m br eath th erein to preser ve ,

Wh en T h ou h ast p er fected h i m
Th at h e m ay pier ce th e egg ,

He cometh for th fr om th e egg ,

TO ch ir p w ith all h i s m igh t ;

He r un n eth ab out up on h i s tw o f eet ,

Wh en h e h ath come f or th th er efr om .

How m an i fol d ar e all Th y w or k s

Th ey ar e h idden f rom b efor e u s ,

0 T h ou sol e God w h ose p ow er s n o oth er p ossesseth

, .

T h ou didst cr eate th e ear th acc or din g to Th y desir e ,

Wh il e Th ou w ast al on e
Men all cattl e l arg e an d small
, ,

All th at ar e up on th e ear th ,
1 54 TENT H To T WE LFT H Y EARS OF T H E REIGN .

Wh ile Th ou w ast al on e ,

Risi n g i n Th y for m as Livin g Aton ,

D aw n in g sh in in g a far off and r etu r n i n g

, ,
.

Th ou m akest th e b eauty of fo m thr ough Th yself alon e r ,

Citi es town s an d settl em en ts

, , ,

On h igh way o on r iv e r r,

Al l e y e s see T h ee b efor e th em ,

For Th ou ar t At on of th e d ay o v er th e ear th .

Th ou ar t i n my h ear t ;
Th er e i s n o oth er th at kn oweth Th ee ,

S av e Th y son Akh n aton .

Th ouh ast m ade hi m w ise i n Th y design s

An d i n Th y m igh t .

Th e w or l d i s i n Th y h an d ,

E v e as Th ou h ast m ade t hem

n .

Wh en Th ou h ast risen th ey live ;

Wh en Th ou settest th ey d i e .

For Th o u a r t du ation b e y on d m er e limbs

r ,

B y Th e m an liv e th
e ,

An d th eir ey e s l ook u p on Th y b eaut y

Un til Th ou sett est .

All lab our i s l ai d aside

Wh en Th ou settest i n th e w est .

Wh e Th ou r isest th ey ar e made to gr ow
n .

S in ce Th ou didst esta b lish th e ear th ,

Th ou h as t r aised th em u p for Th y son ,

Wh o c m e fo th fr om Th y limb s
a r ,

Th e Ki g livin g i n t uth
n ,
r ,

Akh n aton wh ose life i s l on g ;

,

n d fo r th e g eat r oy a l w i fe h i s b el ov ed
[ A ] r , ,

Mistress of th e Tw o Lan ds Ne fer titi , ,

Livin g an d flourishi n g for ev er an d ever .

”
 AK HN AT ON S HYMN AND P S A L M CW . 1 55

2 . THE SI M ILARIT Y OF AKH NAT ON S H Y M N ’

T O P SALM CI V .

In e a di n g this t r uly bea uti ful hym n on e

r

c a n n ot fa il to be str uck by its Simil a rity to

Ps a lm civ A p a ra llel will show this most
.

cle a rly
AKH NATON
’
S HYMN . PS ALM CW .

Th e w orl d i s i n darkn ess Th ou m akest th e darkn ess

like th e dead . E ver y lion an d i t i s nigh t wh erein all ,
‘

com eth f or t h f om r hi s d en ; th e b easts of th e for est d o

all ser p en ts stin g . Dar kn ess cr e ep for th Th e y oun g lion s
.

reign s . r oar after t h ei r pr ey ; t h ey seek

th eir m eat fr om God .

Wh en Th ou risest i n th e Th e su n r iseth th ey ge t th em
,

h oriz on th e d arkn ess i s a w ay, an d lay th em d ow n i n

b an ish ed . Th en i n all th eir den s Man goeth for th

.

th e w or l d th ey d o th eir w ork . un to hi s w ork an d to h i s ,

l ab our un til th e even in g .

All trees an d plan ts flouri sh , Th e tr ees of th e L or d ar e

th e b ird s flutter i n th eir full of sap ,
wh er ein th e
marsh es . All sh eep dan ce bir ds m ak e th eir n ests .

Up on th eir f eet . Th e h igh h ills ar e a r efug e for

th e w il d goats .

Th e ships il up stream an d
sa Yon der i s th e sea great an d ,

down stream al ike

-
Th e . wide wh er ein ar e
, both
fish i n th e ri ver l eap u p b efor e sma ll an d gr eat b eas t s Th ere .

T h ee an d Thy rays ar e i n th e
.

mi dst of th e gr eat se a .

w orks "
How m a ifol d ar e all Th y
n

Th ou didst create
O Lord
Th y w o ks r
,

" wi d
h ow m an i fol d
In s om
ar e

h as t
1 56 TE NT H To TW E LFT H YEARS OF TH E R EIGN .

th e ear th g to Th y d e
accord in Th ou m ade th em all . Th e
si e
r —, m en all cattl e ,
all , ear th is full of Th y cr ea tur es .

th at a e up on th e e th
r ar .

Th ou h ast set a Nile i n He w ater eth th e h ills from

h eav n th at i t m ay f ll for
e a ab ove th e ear th i s filled w ith
:

th em m kin g floods up on th e
,
a th e frui t of Th y w o k s He r .

m oun t ai s n an d w t er in g a bri geth for th g ss for th e

n ra

th eir fi elds Th e Nile i n . cattl e d gr een h erb for th e

,
an

h eav en i s fo th e ser vi ce of r se vri ce of m en .

th e str a g e s a d
n fo th e
r ,
n r

catt l e of e v e y l an d r .

Th ou m akest th e season s . He a ppoi tedn th e moon for

Th ou h as t made th e i season s a d th e
certa n ,
n sun

distan t h eaven in or der to k n ow eth h i s goin g down .

ri se th erein dawn in g
, ,

S h in in g f r off an d r eturn in g
a a , .

Th e w or l d i s i n Th y h an d ,
Th ese w ait all upon Th ee
ev en as Th ou h ast m ade th em . Wh en Th ou givest th em [food]
Wh en th ou h st ise th ey liv e ; a r n th ey gath er it an d wh en Th ou
wh en Th ou settest th ey d i e . op en est Th y h an d th ey ar e fi ll ed

By Th ee man liv eth . wi th good Wh en Th ou hidest

.

Th y face th ey ar e tr oub l ed
wh en Th ou tak est aw ay th eir
br eath th ey d i e .

In fa ce of this r em ar k abl e Simil a r ity on e can

h a r dly doubt th a t ther e is a dir ect con n ection
betw e e n th e two composition s ; a n d it b ecomes
’
n e c e ss a r y to a s k whethe r both Akh n a to n s hymn

an d this H ebr e w psa lm we r e der iv e d fr om a

c ommon S y r i a n sou r c e or wh e th er Ps a lm c i v is ,
.

d er iv ed fr om this Ph a r a oh s o r igin a l poem Both ’

.

views a r e a dmissibl e ; but i n con sider a tion of

 ME R Y R A Is MADE H IG H PRIE S T OF AT ON . 1 57

Akhn a ton s peculi a r a bility a n d or igi n a lity ther e

’

seems con side r a bl elikelihood th a t h e is the a uthor

i n th e fi r st i n sta n ce of this gem of th e Ps a lte r .

W h en the you n g Ph a r a oh composed this hym n

he w a s proba bly n eith er much mor e n or less th a n
twen ty or twen ty on e ye ar s of age a p er iod of
-
,
-

’
life a t which m a n y of the wor ld s grea test poets
'
h a ve wr itten som e of their fa irest poems On e .

sees th a t h e b elieved himself to b e the o n ly

m a n to whom God h ad r eve a led H imsel f ; a n d
the fa ct th a t he n ever a dmits t h a t h e w a s i n
an w t a ught to r ega r d God a s h e did but
y a
y ,

a lw a ys spe a ks o f himself an d
,
is Spoken o f a s ,

the or igi n a tor a n d te a cher of the fa ith i n dic a tes

,

th a t the ide a s expressed i n th e hym n wer e

en tirely his o w n .

3 . MERY RA IS MADE H IGH P RIE S T OF AT ON .

The r eligion of th e Ato n h a d n o w a ssumed Sh a p e

a n d symmet r y a n d h a d b e e n fi r mly e st a blish e d
,

i n th e n ew ca pit a l a s the cr eed of the cou r t .

Akh n a ton w a s thus a ble to i n tr ust its a dmin istr a

tion a n d or ga n is a tion ther e to o n e of his n obl e s
1 58 TEN T H TO T W ELFT H Y EA RS O F TH E R EIGN .

who h a d h ear k e n e d to his t ea chi n g a n d to tu r n

,

his a tt e n tion to oth er a ffa irs a n d more esp e ci a lly

,

to th e co n ve r sio n of th e r e st o f Egypt AS h ea d
.

o f the sta t e a thousa n d m a tt er s d a ily cl a ime d

his con sider a ti on a n d his high pr i n ciples led
,

him to str a y fu r the r a lon g th e by p a ths O f

a dmi n ist r a tion tha n h a d be en the won t o f th e
Ph a r a ohs b e for e him His ill hea lth did n ot
.

per mit him to ta x his br a in with impun ity a n d ,

yet th er e w a s n ev er a ki n g of Egypt be for e or

a ft er him whose mi n d w a s so fr uitful o f thoughts

an d of schemes . Th e y o u n g ki n g himself ex
poun ded to his follow er s th e d o ctr in es which he
wish e d them to embr a ce a n d on e m a y suppose
,

th a t he sa t for m an y a n h o ur i n th e h a lls of
his p a la ce o r u n der th e tr e e s i n th e ga r d en s
,

be sid e th e N il e e a r n e stly t elli n g o f the bea uti e s

,

of the Ato n to O ff i ci a ls a n d n obles .

N o on e h a d a ccepted the kin g s t ea chi n g with

’

gr ea t e r r ea di n e ss th a n a c er t a i n Mer yr a w ho ,

seen s to h a v e ea r ly a ssoci a t e d himself with th e

movemen t ; a n d it w a s to him th a t Akh n a ton
n ow h a n d e d ov e r th e offic e O f High Pr i e st of
”
th e Aton i n th e C ity o f th e H or izo n O f Aton ,

i n orde r to fr e e himself for the gr e a t t a sk of

1 60 TENT H To T WE LFT H YEARS OF T H E REIGN .

str etched Akh na to n bids Mer yr a r ise fr om his

,

kn e es on to which he h a d c a st himself on r ea ch
,

i n g the r oy a l p r es e n c e Th en solemn ly th e ki n g
. .

a dd r esses h i s fa vou r ed discipl e i n th e followi n g

words Behold I m a ke the e H igh P r iest of

,

the Aton for me i n the Temple o f the At o n i n

the C ity of the Hor izon of Aton I do this for .

love of th ee a n d I say u n to th e e : O my s er v
,

a n t who h e a r k e n es t to th e t ea chi n g my h e a r t is ,

sa tisfi ed w ith e ver ythi n g which th o u h a st don e .

I give the e this Offic e a n d I s ay u n to th e e : thou

,

sh a lt e a t the food of Ph a r a oh thy lor d i n the , ,

T emple of Ato n .

Immedi a tely th e a ssembl e d comp a n y c r owd

r o u n d Mer yr a a n d li ft him shoulder high ,

“
whil e th e n e w H igh Pr i e st cri es Abu n da n t ,

a r e the r ew a r ds which th e Ato n k n o ws to give

whe n h is he a r t is pl ea s ed Th e ki n g the n
.
”

p r es en ts Mer yr a with the i n sign i a of his office ,

a n d with v a r i o us costly gifts which a r e t a ken

,

ch a r ge of by th e s er va n ts a n d a tt en da n ts who
st an d outsid e the ga ller y Behi n d th es e a tt en d
.

a n ts,
at th e outski r ts of th e sc ene on e Oh ,

s er ve s the ch a r i ot which is to con v ey th e High

Pr i est ba ck to his villa ; fa n b ea r er s who sh all -
 MER Y R A I S MA D E H IGH P R IE S T OF AT ON . 1 61

r un be for e a n d b ehi n d him ; wom e n o f th e

household who sh a ll be a t upon ta mbou r i n e s a t
th e h e a d of th e proc e ssio n an d who a l r e a dy ,

d a n ce with excitem e n t a s th ey see Me r yr a

h o ist ed on to his fr ie n d s Shoulde r ; a n d still
’

o th e r wome n who sh a ll m a ke th e r o a dw a y r ich

with flo wer s .

This is n o solemn an d occult i n iti a tio n of a n

a scetic i n to th e myst er y of the n ew r eligion ,

but r a th er th e elev a tion of a good fellow to a

popula r p o st o f hon o ur Ther e w a s n o myste r y
.

i n th e fa ith of the Ato n F r a n k n e ss Ope n n ess

.
, ,

an d si n cer ity wer e th e domi n a n t th e me s of

’
—
Akh n a ton s te a chi n g a wor ship of God i n th e
,

bl essed light o f th e d a y th e sin gi ng of m er r y

,

ps a lms i n th e op en c o ur ts of th e t empl e ; a n d
th e ch o s en H igh P r i e st w a s mo r e li

be en a d ee p thi n -

God fear i n g m a n th a n a n a sc e t i c W ho
“

-
,

t omps— L N
‘ a
-
‘ an d
t w-
‘
7 fl the
_
. .

t his wor ld . Th e poi n t a t which Akh n a to n s ’

r e ligi o n differ s most wid ely fr o m C h r isti a n ity

is h er e to b e obs er v ed : the Ph ar a oh whil e en ,

g g
cou r a i n th e S imple L ife did n o t p r ea ch,
t h e

m or tific a ti on of the flesh but o n ly th e co n t r ol

,
1 62 TE NT H TO T WE LFT H YEA RS O F TH E REIGN .

of th e body The comfor ts of li fe th e br illia n cy

.
,

o f d e co r a tio n th e ch a r ms of music th e b e a uti e s

, ,

o f p a i n ti n g a n d sculptu r e th e pl e a su r e o f go o d
,

c omp a n y th e t on ic o f a bowl of Wi n e w er e a ll
, ,

a s a cc ept a bl e to him i n mod er a tio n a s to the

, ,

P r ea che r i n Eccl esi a st es .

4 . THE R O YAL FAM ILY V ISI T THE TEMP LE .

W h e n Me r yr a had
been i n st a ll e d the ki n g ,

a n d r oy a l fa mily m a d e a for m a l visit to the

t emple a t th e tim e o f su n s et a n d this is like ,

wise r epr es e n t ed i n th e H igh Pr i est s t omb For ’

.

th e fi r st tim e i n th e histo r y o f Egypt on e is

p er mitte d to see th e Ph a r a o h a s he dr ov e
th r ough th e s tr ee ts of th e c a pit a l i n his ch a r i o t .

N o ki n g b e fo r e Akh n a t on h a d a llow e d a n a r tist

to r e p r e se n t him i n a ught b u t c el e sti a l pos e s ;

but ou t o f his love fo r tr uth a n d r ea lity

Akh n a ton h a d disp en s ed with this con ven tion ,

an d e n cour a ge d th e r ega r di n g of hims elf a s a

mor ta l m a n O n this occ a sion w e s ee h i m st a n d
.

i n g i n his gor geo usly d e co r a t ed ch a r i o t r ei n s ,

and whip i n h a n d hims elf dr ivi n g th e tw o

,
1 64 TEN T H TO T W E LFT H YEARS O F TH E REIGN .

will b e w a fted to a nd fr o a bove the ki n g s hea d ’

whe n he h a s alighte d fr om his ch a r io t ; a n d

oth er s k n eel lifti n g th e ir h a n ds i n r e v er e n t
,

s a lut a tion Gr ea t bulls fa tt e n e d like th e p r ize

.
,

c a ttle o f moder n times a r e led for th gar la n ds

, ,

o f flow e r s th r ow n a r ou n d thei r hug e n ecks and ,

bouquets of flow er s fa s ten ed betwe e n th e i r h or n s .

These ar e a tte n ded by gr o oms a lso be a r in g ,

bu n ches o f flo wer s Two gr oups of fem a l e musi

.

c i a n s cl a d i n flowi n g robes
,
w a ve th ei r a r ms a n d
,

be a t upon t a mbou r i n es .

The templ e w hich will b e d escr ibed la te r is

, ,

this d a y ga r l a n ded with flo wer s a n d e v er y a lta r ,

is h e ap ed high with offer i n gs N ow th e ki n g .

h a s e n t er e d th e buildi n g a n d a fu r the r sc e n e
,

shows th e r oy a l fa mily worshippi n g a t the high

a lt a r
, which is pil e d up with offer i n gs of join ts
O f me a t ge es e vege t a bl es fr uit a n d flower s
, , , , ,

su r mou n t e d by br on z e bo wls fill e d with bur n i n g

o il
. Akh n a to n a n d N e fer titi st a n d befor e th e
a lt a r
, e a ch with th e r ight a r m r a is e d i n the a ct
o f sp r i n kli n g the fr a g r a n t gums of Ar a by upo n

the fla m es Th e upp er p a r t of the kin g s body

’
.

is ba r e but fr om his wa i st depen ds a gr a ceful

,
 TH E ROYA L FAMI LY VI S IT TH E TEM P L E . 1 65

ski r t o f fin e li n e n m t e d with s a sh lik e

,
or n a en -

ri b bon s of a r ed m a t er i a l which flutte r a bout ,

his ba r e l egs Th e quee n s r obe cover s the whole

.
’

of h er body but is so t r a n sp a r e n t th a t on e can

,

s e e h e r fa i r fo r m with a lmost the disti n ctn e ss

o f n udity A r ed sa sh is bou n d r ou n d her w a ist
.
,

an d the two e n ds fa ll a lmost to the grou n d .

N e ither of the tw o we ar s an y j ew els ; an d the

simplicity of the so ft flowi n g r ob es with their, ,

br ight r ed sa shes is extr emely m a r ked

-
,
Tw o .

littl e pr i n cess e s st a n d b ehin d the ki n g a n d que en ,

e a ch sh a ki n g fr om a systr u m a n ote o f pr a ise

to God Mer yr a a ccomp a n i ed by a n a ssist a n t
.
, ,

st a n ds bowi n g be fore th e ki n g a n d n ea r by a n ,

other p r i e st bu r n s som e swe e t sm elli n g i n cen se -

.

N o t far a w a y the r e sits a gr oup of eight bli n d

musici an s fa t elde r ly m en
,
w ho cl a p their ,

h an ds a n d si n g to the a ccomp a n ime n t of a

seven st r in ged h ar p givi n g p r a is e to the su n
-
,

light which th ey c a n n o t see but yet c a n fe el ,

“ ”
as the h ea t which is i n Aton pe n et r a te s i n to
thei r bon e s .

I n still a n oth er s er i e s o f r elie fs w e a r e shown

a sce n e r e p r e se n ti n g the r e w a rd o f Mer r a by
y
1 66 TEN T H To T W ELFT H YEARS OF T HE R EIGN .

Akh n a to n on some occ a sion when h e h ad be en

p a r ticul a r ly succ essful i n coll ecti n g th e ye a r ly
dues of the t e mple from th e es ta t es on th e o p
posit s ban k of the r iver The cer emon y took
.

place i n th e gr a n a r y buildin gs a t the e dg e of

th e w a ter . O n e s e e s a gr oup o f bo a ts mo o r e d
a t the qu a y a n d o n the sh or e a r e s e v er a l c a ttl e
,

pen s filled with lowin g c a ttle Th e gr a n a r ie s

.

a r e sto r ed with a ll m a n n e r o f good thi n gs and ,

Mer yr a st a n ds t r iumph a n t i n fro n t of them a s

the kin g a dd r esse s him .

Let the S upe r i n t e n d en t of the T r e a su r y of

the Je wels t a ke Mer yr a sa ys Akh n a ton
,
”
an d ,

h a ng gold on his n e ck a t th e fr on t a n d gold ,

on his fee t be ca us e of his obedi en ce to th e

,

t ea chi n g of Ph a r a oh ; a n d imm edia tely th e a t

te n d a n ts lit e r a lly h ea p the gold c o ll a r s a n d

n e ckl a c e s o n e a bove th e othe r upon th e High

P r i est s n eck S cr ibe s wr ite down a r a pid sum
’
;

m a r y of th e e ve n ts ; the a tten da n ts a n d fa n
b e ar er s bow low ; a n d Me r yr a is c on duct e d ba ck
to his villa ge with music a n d with d a n ci n g whil e ,

Akhn a ton r e tu r n s to his p al a ce a n d n o doubt

, , ,

si n ks e xh austed on to his cushi on s .

1 68 TEN T H To T W ELFT H Y EARS OF T H E REIGN .

th e o utsid e is e dged by a n e n dless lin e of glea m

i n g cobr a s p r ob a bly w r ought i n br o n z e
,
.

In side this fa i r a r bor sta n d a gr oup of n a k ed

gir ls pla yi n g up on th e h a r p th e lute a n d the
, ,

ly r e a n d n o d oubt Si n gin g to th a t a c com

, , ,

a n i m e n t th e a r tless lov e s o n gs of the p er io d

p
-
.

S er va n ts a r e show n a tte n di n g to th e j a r s of
wi n e which st a n d a t th e side o f th e e n clo su r e .

Th e ki n g is s e e n l e a n i n g b a ck upon the cushion s

of a n a r m ch a i r -
a s though
,
tir e d ou t a n d Sick
a t h ear t . I n the fi n g er s of his left h a n d he
idly da n dles a few flower s while with his r ight
,

h a n d h e l a n guidly h olds ou t a delica te b owl i n

or der th a t th e wi n e i n it m ay be r epl e n ish ed .

This is don e by the qu een who is st a n di n g ,

b efor e him a ll solicitous for his comfor t S he

, .

pou r s th e wi n e fr om a ve ss el c a usi n g it to pa ss
,

th r ough a str a i n er b e for e flowi n g i n to th e bowl .

Th r ee littl e p r i n c ess es st a n d n e ar by on e o f th e m
l a d en with bouqu ets of flower s a n oth er holdi n g ,

o u t some sweetm ea t up on a dish an d a thir d ,

t alki n g to h er fa th er .

I n a n other sce n e the ki n g a n d qu een a r e both

shown s ea ted upon comfor ta bl e ch a i r s whil e a ,

s er v a n t w a its upon them Th e ki n g is e a ti n g

.
 H I S T ORI CAL EVE N TS OF ‘
T H I S P E RI OD . 1 69

a roa sted pige on holdin g it i n his fi n ger s ; a n d

,

N e fertiti is r ep r esen ted d r i n kin g from a p r e ttily

sha ped cup Th e light tr a n sp a r en t r obes which
.
,

they wea r i n dic a t e th a t this is the m idda y

m ea l ; but u n for tu n a t ely the p a i n ti n g is so much
d a m aged th a t n othi n g but the r oya l figu r es
r em a i n s .

6 . H IS T O R I CAL EVE NT S OF TH IS P ERI O D OF

AKH NAT ON S RE IGN
’
.

Ther e is ver y little histor ic a l i n for ma tion to

be procu r ed for thes e y ea r s of the ki n g s r eign ’
.

W he n he h a d b ee n a bout ten or el e ve n y e a r s
upon the thr on e a n d w a s som e twen ty on e ye a rs
,
-

o f a e his fou r th d a ught e r N f f t n w as

g , e e r n e e r
,
n a o ,

b or n . The qu ee n h a d pr e sen t e d n o s on to
Akh n a ton to succ eed him but h e does n ot s e e m
,

i n this e me r g en cy to h a v e c a r ed to tu r n to a n y

seco n da r y wiv es ; a n d a s fa r a s w e c an tell h e

, ,

r e m a i n ed a ll his life a mon oga mist a lthough ,

this w a s i n di r ect Oppositi on to a ll tr a ditio n a l

custom S te a dily duri n g th ese y ea r s th e ki n g s
.
’

h e a lth seems to h a ve gr own more pr eca r i ous ,

1 70 TEN T H To T WE LFT H Y EARS OF T H E REIGN .

fo r lmost d a ily h e must h a ve ove r t a x e d h i s

a

st r e n gth H is b r a i n w a s so a ctiv e th a t h e c ould

.

n o t submit to b e idl e ; a n d e ve n wh e n h e r e
cli n e d a midst the flo w e r s i n hi s ga r den his ,

whole so ul w a s str a i n i n g upwa r ds i n th e a ttempt

to pi e r c e the b a r r i er which la y b e twe e n him a n d

th e Go d who h a d c a used thos e flow er s to blo o m .

Th e m a tu r ity o f his c r e e d a t this p e r iod l e a ds

o n e to suppos e th a t h e h a d giv e n to it his v er y

life s fo r ce ; a n d wh en it is r e m ember e d th a t
’

a t th e s a m e tim e his a tt en tio n w a s occupi e d by

th e a dmi n ist r a tio n o f a ki n gdom which h e h a d

twisted out o f a ll s embl a n c e to its for m e r sh a pe ,

the w on d er is th a t his br a i n w a s a t a ll a bl e to
sta n d th e i n cess a n t st r a i n R a r e i n d eed must .

h a ve be e n th o se idle mom en ts which th e a r tists of

the C i ty o f th e Hor iz o n a tt e mpt ed to r ep r es e n t .

I n th e twelfth y e a r O f his r e ign the t r ibut e ,

of th e v a ss a l ki n gdoms r e a ch e d such a high

v a lue th a t a p a r ticul a r r ecor d w a s m a d e of it ,

a n d sc e n e s Sh o wi n g its r e c e pti o n w e r e sculptu r e d

i n th e tombs of H uy a a n d Mer yr a II 1
An i n .

1
I n th e t o m b of Huya th e s c en e is da td e twelfth y
i n th e ea r , a s

h er e r ec or d ed , an d th fu
er e a r e o r da ught er s sh w whi h i th
o n, c s e

n um b er on e i s le d by th vid
o er e en c e to upp w th
s os e li v ere en a e .

Th e s c en e i n th e t mb f M y
o o er ra II . h as p i ly the m d te
r e c se sa e a
,
1 72 TENT H To T W E LFT H YEARS OF T H E REIGN .

Akh n a t o n holds the i n sign i a o f r oy a lty a n d i s ,

evid en tly very much upon his dign ity the ,

qu een s ar m h a s fou n d its w ay a r ou n d his w a ist

’

an d th er e lovi n gly r ests for all the wor ld to

s ee. Th e p a l a n qui n p r ob a bly m a d e o f wood
,

e n ti r ely cove r e d with g old foil is a v er y i m pos

,

i n g structu r e : a l a r ge doubl e th r on e bo r n e a loft ,

by stout poles upon the Shoulder s of the cour t

officia ls The a r m r ests a r e c a r ved i n the for m
.
-

o f sphi n xes which r ise a bov e a glist e n i n g h e dge

,

o f cob r a s an d
,
the th r on e is fla n ke d o n e ith er
Sid e by th e figu r e of a lion c a r ved i n the
rou n d A p r i e st wa lks i n fr o n t of th e p al a n qui n
.

s en di n g up a cl o ud of in c en se fr om a c en s er ,

an d pr o fe ssio n a l mumm ers d a n ce a n d Skip i n

the r oa dwa y i n a dv an ce of the p r ocessio n Be .

hi n d the r oy a l coupl e w a lk the p r in cess es ,

a tt en d e d by th e ir n u r s e s a n d l a di e s ; a n d on a ll

side s a r e a r r a y ed cou r ti er s offic e r s soldier s a n d

, , ,

s e r va n ts .

S o on the gr ou n d m ar k e d o u t for the c er emon y

is r ea ch ed a n d the ki n g a n d quee n bet a k e them
,

selves to a gor geous littl e p a vili on which h a s been

e r ect e d for th em a n d h er e th ey sit togeth er
,

upon a double th r on e th e ir fe e t suppor t ed up on

, ,
 HI S T OR I C A L EVEN T S OF TH I S P ERIOD . 1 73

’
h a ss o cks The quee n sits upo n Akh n a ton s l e ft
.
,

a n d i n th e pictu r e her figu r e is hidde n by th a t

of h er husba n d ; but a s her r ight a r m is se e n

to e n ci r cl e his w a ist a n d h er l e ft h a n d to h old
,

his left h a n d o n e m a y suppose th a t she is r e

,

cli n i n a g a i nst him with her r oy a l he a d upo n

g ,

his s houlder N efe r titi w a s th e mother of a

.

fa mily o f childr e n but w a s n ot more th a n a bout

,

twen ty ye a r s of a ge ; a n d a s she is s a id to h a ve
1

bee n e xtr emely bea uti ful on e m ay p r esume th a t ,

this scen e o f co njuga l a ffe ctio n w a s n ot with

ou t its ch a r m -
Th e little pr i n cesses clust er
.

r ou n d th e thro n e on e O f them holdi n g a you n g

,

ga zelle i n h er a r ms whil e an oth er str okes its ,

h ea d .

I n fr o n t of this p a vilio n the d e put a tio n s fr om

th e v a ss a l ki n gdoms p a ss by ; a n d i n or d e r th a t

th e ki n g m a y n ot b e w ea r i e d by thei r c e r e

m on i ou s h om a ge a g r oup of p r ofe ssio n a l wr estl er s

, ,

box er s a n d fen c er s is pr ovide d for his dive r sio n ;

,

whil e n ea r th em som e buffoon s a n d mummer s

d a n c e a n d tumbl e to th e a ccomp a n im e n t of
c a st a n ets a n d h a n d cl a ppi n g Th e t r ibute of -
.

1 Herfi t h ild i t wi ll
rs c , be r e m em bered , wa s b orn wh en sh e was
a bout thi t e r e n .
 1 74 TEN TH To T WE LFT H Y EA RS OF T HE REIGN .

S yr i a is br ought by l o n g be d Asi a tics w h o

-
ro ,

c a st th e ms elves upon th e i r kn e e s be for e the

th r on e with h a n ds uplift e d i n s a lut a ti on S pl en .

did Syr i a n hor s e s a r e led p a st a n d be hin d ,

them ch a r iots a r e wh eel e d or ca r r i e d a l on g .

Th en come gr oups of sl a ves h a n dcuffe d but n ot

, ,

cr u elly bou n d n or m a ltr e a t e d a s w a s the custo m

,

"
u n de r oth er Ph a r a ohs Bows sp e a r s shields
.
-

, ,

d a gger s el eph a n t tusks a n d oth e r obj e cts a r e

, , ,

c a r r i e d p a st a n d deposited upon th e gr ou n d
n e a r the p a vili o n ; while be a utiful v a s e s o f
p re

c i o u s m e t a l o r c o stly st o n e a r e h eld a loft for

the kin g to a dmi r e . W ild a n im a ls a r e led
acr oss th e gr ou n d by th e i r ke e p e r s a n d a mo n gst ,

thes e a t a me m ou n ta i n li on must h a v e c a us ed
som ethin g o f a sen s a tio n S e v er a l n ude gi r ls
.
,

selected pr oba bly fo r th e i r be a uty wa lk p a st ; ,

a n d o n e m a y suppose th a t th ey will fi n d sub

s eque n t employm en t a mon gs t th e h a n dma iden s
i n th e p al a c e
.

“
Fr o m the isl a n ds i n th e midst o f th e se a
come b ea utiful v a s e s som e or n a me n t ed with
,

figur es i n th e r ou n d Fr o m L iby a ostr ich eggs

.

an d ostr ic h fe a ther s a r e br o ught Th e tr ibute

.

o f N ubi a an d the S ud an is car r i e d p as t by

1 76 TENT H To T W ELFT H YEARS OF T HE REIGN .

h a v e be e n as revoltin g to Akh n a ton as it wo uld

be to us .

7 .
QUEE N TI Y V ISIT S THE C IT Y OF THE
H O RI Z ON
.

Akh n a to n h a d l e ft Thebes a s w e h a ve se e n
, ,

i n a bout th e e ighth ye a r of his r e ig n ; but his

mothe r Qu een Ti y s ee m s to h a ve be en u n willi n g
, ,

to a ccomp a n y him a n d to h a ve d ecided to

,

r e m a i n i n h e r p a l a c e a t th e foo t of th e Th eb a n

hills It is pr o ba ble th a t sh e h a d n o t en c ou r
.

a g e d h er s o n to c r e a te th e n e w c a pit a l a n d the ,

r e m o va l of th e c our t fr om Theb es mus t h a v e

bee n som e thi n g of a gr i e f to h er though n o ,

d o ubt s h e r e cog n is ed the n ecessity of th e step .

I n Spite o f a dva n ci n g y e a r s s h e must h a ve so r ely

miss ed th e pomp a n d cir cumst a n ce of the Sple n did
cou r t over which S h e h a d o n c e p r esid ed Up .

to th e fo ur th y e a r of h er so n s r eign she h a d
’

b een d o min a n t a n d th e whol e kn own wor ld

,

h a d bow ed th e k n e e to h er The luxu r i e s of

.

the m a n y ki n gdoms ov er which sh e h eld s w a y

h a d be en h e r s to e nj oy ; but n o w with th e ki n g ,
 UEE N T VI S IT S T H E C IT Y O F T
H HOR I ON 1 77
’

Q I Y E Z .

an d the n obles gon e to the C ity o f the H or izon ,

a n d eve r y pe n n y which could b e coll e ct e d g o n e

with th e m the old qu een must h a ve bee n obliged

,

to live a quiet r eti r e d li fe i n a p a l a ce which

,

w a s p r ob a bly fa lli n g i n to r a pid r ui n.Her little

d a ughte r Ba k eta ton a ppe a r s to h a ve lived with
, ,

h e r ; a n d it m a y be th a t s o m e of h e r oth er
d a ughter s were still with h er though of t hem
,

we hea r n othi n g an d it is mor e proba bl e th a t

,

th ey h a d a l r e a dy died . It seems lik ely th a t

sh e p a id occ a sio n a l st a te visits to h e r s on an d ,

p e r m a n en t a ccommod a tion w as p r ovide d for her

i n the C ity o f th e H orizo n Should sh e a t a n y
tim e d esi r e to st a y ther e Her m aj or d o mo a n
.
-
,

elder ly m an n a m e d Huy a a ppe a r s to h a ve lived

,

for p a rt of the y ea r a t th e n e w c a pit a l wher e a

,

tomb w a s m a de for him ; a n d it is fr om the

reli efs on the w a lls of this to mb th a t w e obt a i n
th e kn o wledge o f o n e o f th e s e st a te visits m a d e

by the old qu ee n to Akh n a to n The r e is n o evi

.

d en ce to Show i n wh a t y ea r th e visit which for ms

the subj ect of th e r e pr es en ta tion s w a s m a de ;
but a s the twelfth y e a r of Akh n a ton s r eign is ’

me n tion e d i n this tomb it is p r oba bl e th a t th e

,

visit took pl a c e somewhere a bout th a t time .

M
1 78 TEN TH To T W E LFT H YEARS OF T H E REIGN .

Th e que e n must h a v e b ee n b etwe en fifty n ow

1
an d sixty y e a r s o f a g e an d h er da ughter ,

Ba k eta ton born j ust b e fo r e th e de a th of her

,

husba n d w a s p r ob a bly n ot much mor e th a n

,

twelv e y ea r s old Akh n a ton r e ceived his moth er .

a n d sist er with a pp a r e n t a n d fe st ivity an d

j y
o ,

the m ajor domo Huya wa s ca lle d upon to , ,

or ga n is e m any a fé te i n th e ir hon our S om e of .

them a r e sh own in th e r eli efs wh er e e v en the

‘

con ve n tion a lities o f th e a r tist h a v e n ot been

a bl e to hid e fr om us th e lu xu r y o f th e sc e n e .

O n e s e es Akh n a t on his wife N e fer titi his mothe r , ,

Ti y his Sist e r Ba k e ta ton a n d his two d a ugh te r s

, ,

Mer yta to n a n d An kh se n pa a ton s e a ted toge th er ,

o n c om r ta b le cushi o n e d ch a i r s th e ir fee t r est ,

i n g on e l a b or a t e footsools Akh n a ton is cl a d .

i n a ski r t of cli n gi n g li n e n but th e upp er p a r t ,

o f his body s ee ms to h a v e b e e n b ar e O n his .

for ehe a d ther e gl e a ms a sm a ll gold en s er pen t ,

a n d o n his fe et th e r e a r e e l a bo r a te s a n d a ls ; but

1
It is p b bl
ro be t ted o p 1 1 1 th t sh e w s m i ed
a e , as h as en s a n .
, a a arr

t Am
o h t p III i
on o e bout h e t th ye ; d w thus bout
. n a r en ar an as a

f ty i x wh
or -
S h di d Shen ld t h ve b
e mu h mo e
e . e c ou no a een c r ,

f h
or d ughte B k eta t
er a mu t h v be r b but yea o o
a on s a e en orn a r r s

b f e Am h t p d th d i t i i m p b bl th t S he would
e or on o e
’
s ea ,
an s ro a e a

h ch i l d e
ea r a fte f ty fiv i f s l te s th t
r n r or -
e, a a a a .
1 80 TE NT H To T WE LFTH YEA RS OF T H E REIGN .

the n e a tly tr immed m e a t a dher i n g to a l a r ge

bon e which h e holds i n his ha n d To this d a y .

it is the custo m i n Egypt thus to ea t with the

h a n ds N efer titi h a s a sm a ll r o a st duck i n h e r
.

h a n ds a t which S h e d a i n tily n ibbles Tiy s mor s e l .

’

c a n n ot n ow b e s ee n but a s s h e pl a ces it to h er
,

mouth with on e h an d she pr esen ts a por tion to

h er d a ughte r Ba k eta ton with the o the r
, ,
Th e .

two littl e p r i n cess es fee d by N efer ti ti s side ’

a n d a pp ea r to b e Sh a ri n g th e me a l Me a n while .

H uy a hu r r i es to a n d fr o sup er in ten din g th e

ba n quet c ar efully t a sti n g e a ch dish befor e it
,

is pr esen ted to the roy a l p ar ty Tw o str i n g .

ba n ds pla y a lte r n a tely the on e Egypti an a n d

,

th e other a pp ar e n tly S y r i a n The for m er con

.

sists of four fe ma l e per for m er s the fir st playi n g ,

on a h a r p the s econ d a n d thir d on lutes a n d

, ,

the fou r th on a lyr e Th e m a in i n strum en t i n

.

the for e ign ba n d is a l a r ge sta n din g lyr e a bout ,

si x fe e t i n height h a vi n g eight str i n gs a n d

, ,

bein g pl ayed with both h a n ds C ou r tier s cl a d .

i n el a bo r a t e d r esses a n d holdi n g ost r ich plume

,
-

st an da r ds a r e gr ouped a roun d the h all in which

,

the ba n quet t akes pla ce .

QU EE N TI Y VI S IT S T H E C IT Y OF TH E HOR I Z ON . 1 81

An other set of r elie fs i n th e tomb of H uy a

shows us a n even i n g e n terta i n me n t i n ho n our of
Queen Tiy Aga in the s a m e member s of the
.

roy a l fa mily a r e rep r ese n ted but a ga i n st the

,

cool n ight a i r mor e cloth e s a r e wor n by e a ch

’
p er son a n d th e upper p ar t of the kin g s body
,

is n ow s een to be covered by a m an tle of s o ft

li n en The kin g quee n a n d qu een dow a ger a r e
.
, ,
-

a ll Show n dri n ki n g fr om delica te bowls prob ,

a bly m a d e of gold This bei n g a n eve n i n g fest

.

i v a l little solid food a pp e ar s to h a ve bee n e a te n

, ,

but ther e a r e thr ee flower decked t a bl e s pil e d

high with fr ti i t Fr om thes e the littl e p r i n
.

cesses n ow we a r in g light ga r me n ts help them

, ,

selve s libe r a lly ; a n d th e sma ll An kh sen pa a ton

st a n ds upon th e footstool of h er moth er s ch a i r ’

holdi n g on to h er Ski r ts with o n e h a n d while ,

with the other sh e c r a ms a n a p r icot or some

simil ar fr uit i n to her mo uth Tw o strin g ba n ds
.

m a ke music a s befor e a n d a ga i n the gr oups of

,

cou r tier s st an d a bout the h a ll ; while Huy a

h a st en s to a n d fr o di r ecti n g the wa iter s w h o , ,

with n a pki n s th r own over th ei r a r ms r eplen ish ,

th e dri n ki n g bowls fr om the wi n e j a r s

-
The .
1 82 TE NT H To T WE LFT H YEARS OF T H E REIGN .

h all i s lit by seve r a l fla min g l a mps set up on

,

t a ll st an ds n ea r e a ch of w hich th e se j a rs h a ve
,

b ee n pla ced .

8 . TI Y V ISIT S HER TEMP LE .

On e mor e scen e fr om this st a te visit is show n .

H ere we obser ve Akh n a to n le a din g his mother

a ffe ctio n a t e ly by th e h a n d to a temple which
h a d b e en built i n h er ho n ou r a s h er p r iva t e
,

pl a ce of wor ship a n d which w a s c a lled the

,

S h a de of the S u n . This temple a ppear s to

h a ve been a buildi n g of gr e a t bea uty a n d con
s i d er a b le size . O n e p a ss e d th r ough tw o gr e a t
swin gi n g door s fixed b etween the usu a l tw o pylon s ,

an d so en t e red the m a i n cou r t which stood

,

O pe n to th e su n light A pill a r ed gall er y p a ss ed

.

a lon g e ith er side of this court a n d b e tw ee n e a ch

,

of the column s th e r e stood st a tu e s o f Akh n a to n ,

Am on h otep III a n d Queen Tiy I n th e middle .

o f the cou r t r os e th e a lt a r to which o n e mou n t e d

,

by a flight of low steps At the far e n d Of the

.

cour t a n other set o f pylon s a n d swin gin g door s

le d i n to th e i n n er ch a mbe r s P a ssin g th r ough
'

.
1 84 TE NT H To T WE LFT H Y EARS OF T H E REIGN .

an d st a n d a rds ; a n d outsid e th e t e mple p r eci n cts

w a it e d a cr owd of policeme n s er va n ts ch a r i o teer s
, ,

a n d gr ooms i n ch a r g e o f the r oy a l ch a r i o ts fa n ,

be ar er s por t er s a n d t e mple a tten da n ts These

, , .

people shout an d ch e er loy a lly a s th e r oy a l p ar ty

"
a r r ives
. Th e r ul er of the Ato n th ey cr y .

"
He Sh a ll e xist for e v e r a n d e ve r “ ”
S he w h o

"
”
rises i n be a uty To him o n whom th e Aton
”
rises S he who is p a tr o n of this temple o f
Aton Th e old qu e e n must h a ve felt a s though
S h e we r e b a ck o n c e mor e i n th e d a ys of h er

glor y ; a n d yet h ow differ en t the sim plicity of

the r eligiou s c er e mon ie s to those of the old
p r iests o f Amon R a Th er e w a s n o w but a
.

p r ay er or two a t the a lt a r a little bur n i n g o f

,

i n c en s e a littl e bowi n g o f th e he a d a n d th en
, ,

th e p r oc e ssi o n b a ck to th e p al a ce a n d the sil e n t

,

closi n g of th e holy ga t es .

9 . THE D E ATH OF QUEE N TI Y .

It is possible th a t Queen Tiy to ok up h er

r eside n c e a t th e C ity of th e H o r izo n i n r ec o g

n itio n o f the l a vish a r r a n gem e n t s which h er s on

 TH E DEAT H OF QUEE N TI Y . 1 85

had m a de for her But whethe r this is so or

.

n ot,
it does n ot seem th a t she lived very lon g
to enj oy such ren ewa ls of the pomps which she
h a d k n ow n i n h er youn ge r d a ys Her de a th .

a ppe a r s to h a ve t a k e n pl a c e shor tly a fte r th e se

c elebr a tion s a n d p r o ba bly by h er express com

, ,

m a n ds she w a s emba lmed a t Thebes a n d c a rr ied

,

"
fr om h er p a l a ce up the wi n di n g v a ll ey to th e
r o y a l bu r yi n g grou n d a mo n gst the r ugged Theb an
-

hills Akh n a ton showed his a ffe ction for h er by

.

pr e se n ti n g th e fu r n itur e for the tomb a n d i n ,

th e i n sc r iptio n s o n th e out e r co ffi n on e r e a ds

“
th a t h e m a de it for his moth er Th e quee n .

dowa ger h a d e vid en tly exp r ess ed a wish to be

bu r i e d n e ar h er fa th er a n d mothe r Y u a a a n d ,

Tu a u ; for the tomb which is situ a t e d o n the

,

e a st side o f the v a lley is withi n a sto n e s th r ow

‘
’
-
,

o f the sepulch r e wh e r e th ey la It w a s e n te r ed
y .

by a ste e p flight of st eps le a din g dow n to a .

sl opi n g p a ss a g e a t th e end o f which w a s the

,

l ar ge bu r i a l ch a mber the w a lls of which we r e

,

c a r efully whit ewa sh ed O n p a ssin g i n to this

.

ch a mb er a gr ea t box like Sh r i n e or out er co ffin

-
, ,

w a s to be fou n d o ccupyi n g th e g r e a te r p a r t o f
‘

the r oom Th e door to th e sh r i n e w a s m a de of

'

.
1 86 TE N T H TO T W E L FT H YEARS O F TH E R EIGN .

costly ce da r of L eba n on cov er ed with gold an d ,

w a s fitt e d with a n o r n a me n t a l bolt M a n y of .

the n a ils which h eld the woodwor k together

w er e m a de o f pu r e gold — a fa ct which p la i n ly
,

shows us the w e a lth of th e r oy a l t r ea su r ie s a t

this time S cen e s w er e embossed on th e p a n els
.

showi n g th e q u e e n st a n di n g u n d er th e r a ys o f
the Aton Th e sh r i n e its elf w a s a ls o m a de of
.

cedar cove r e d with gold a n d on a ll side s wer e

, ,

sc en e s o f th e Aton wor ship Her e Akh n a ton .

w a s Show n w ith Ti y a n d th e life givi n g r a ys of

,
-

the su n str e a m e d a r ou n d th e ir n a tur a lly dr a wn

figur es In sid e this o ute r b o x th e coffi n con t a in
.

i n g th e gr e a t qu e e n s mummy w a s l a id The
’
.

usu a l fun er a l fur n itur e w a s pla ced a t the sides

O f the r oom : ga ily colou r ed boxes a l a ba st er ,

v a s es fa ien ce toil e t pots st a tu ett es & c S om e

, , , .

of th e t oilet uten sils w er e m a de i n th e for m of

little figur e s o f th e gr o t esque g od Bes which ,

i n dic a tes th a t Akh n a t on still t oler a ted th e r e c

o n i ti on by othe r p e r so n s of som e o f the old
g
gods I n the i n scr ipti on s upon th e outer coffin
.

he h a d bee n ca r eful to c a ll his fa th er Amon ,

h o tep III by his s econ d n a me N eb m aar a as

.
, , ,

ofte n a s possible i n or der to a void the wr itin g

,
1 88 TEN T H TO T WE LFT H YEARS O F THE REIGN .

a pp a r e n t to him He w a s therefore c a re ful to

.
, ,

write the Sign m o m i n lette r s i n ste a d of with

’

the hier oglyph of the goddess .

W he n the fun er a l cer emon ies ca me to a n en d

“

whe n the l a st pr ay er w a s s a id a n d the l a st

cloud of i n cen se h a d floa ted to the r oof the ,

gold en door of the sh r i n e w a s Shut a n d bolted ,

the outer doorwa ys w er e w a ll ed up an d a n ,

a v a l a n ch e o f sto n e s le t dow n fr om the chippi n gs

,

hea p ed n e a r by ob lit er a ted a ll tr a ces of the

,

e n tr a n ce Thus Akh n a ton p a id his l a st tr ibute

.

to his mother a n d to the or igi n a tor it m ay be

, ,

of th e schemes which h e h a d c a r r ied i n to e ffect ;

and his l a st li n k with the p a st w a s sever ed .

W ith the d ea th of this good wom a n a r estr a i n

i n g i n flue n c e a s ki n dly a s it w a s po w er ful slipped
, ,

fr o m his a r m a n d a n ew a n d fi er cer ch a pter of

,

his shor t li fe bega n .

T H E T H I R TEE N T H T O T H E F I F TEE N T H
Y EAR S OF T H E R EIG N OF A KH N AT O N .

Th e e pi sod e of th e re ti re m en t of th e k i ng with his wh l o e cou r tt o th e

ne w pl a ac e an d ity c ,
an d th e t
s r a n ge li fe of r e ligi o u s an d ti ti
ar s c

p pg
ro a an d wh i h h
a c e led th er e, is on e of th e m os t i
c u r ou s an d it n er

ti th hi t y f th w l d —BUDGE it y ypt
”
es ng in e s or o e or . H s or of Eg .
’

1 . THE D EVE L O P ME N T OF THE RE LIGI ON

OF AT ON .

’
IN the Ph a r a oh s hym n to the Ato n we r ead
these wor ds
T h ou did st cr eat e th e ear th accor din g to Th y desir e,
Th e c oun t ri es of S y ria an d N ubia ,

Th e l an d of E gyp t .

It is cert a in ly wor thy of n ote th a t S y r i a an d

N ubi a a r e thus n a med befor e Egypt a n d se em ,

to t a k e p r ec e d en ce i n Akh n a to n s mi n d I n the
’
.

s a me hym n the followi n g li n es occu r

Th e Nil e i n h eav en i s for th e stran ger s ,

B ut th e Nile [itsel f ]it cometh f om th e n eth er w or l d for E gy p t

, r .
1 90 T H I RTEENT H TO FI FTEEN TH YEARS OF REIGN .

H e r e Akh n a ton r ef r
e s to the r a i n which fa lls
i n S yr i a to w a t er th e l a n ds o f the st r a n ge r ,

a n d comp a r e s it with the r iv er which i r r ig a t e s his

o w n c ou n tr y Thus a ga i n his thoughts a r e fi r st

.

for S y r i a a n d th en for Egypt This is th e tr ue

.

imp er i a l Spir it : i n th e br o a d n es s of th e Ph a r a oh s ’

mi n d his fo r e ign poss essio n s cl a im a s mu ch

a tte n ti o n a s do his o w n domi n i o n s a n d d em a n d ,

as much love Th e s en time n ts a r e e n tir ely

.

opp osed to those o f th e e a r li er ki n gs of this

dy n a sty who gr ou n d d o wn the l a n d o f the
,

”
mis er a bl e for e ign er a n d e xtr a cted the r e fr om
a ll its r iches with out r egar d to a ught els e
, .

Akh n a t onb eli eved th a t his God w a s the F a ther

o f a ll m a n ki n d an d th a t the S yr i an a n d the
,

N ubia n wer e a s much u n de r Hi s pr ot ection a s

th e Egypti a n This is a gr ea t er a dva n c e i n
.

e thics th a n m a y b e a t o n c e a pp a r en t ; for the

Aton thus b e comes the fir st d e ity who w a s n ot

tr ib a l or n ot n a ti on al e v er con c e iv e d by m o rtal
mi n d. This is th e Ch r i s ti a i i s u n d er st a n di n g
’

o f Go d , though n ot th e H ebr e w con c epti on of

Jehov a h .This is th e spi r it which s en ds the
missi on a r y to th e utt er m o st p a r ts of th e ea r th ;
a n d it w a s such a n a ttitud e of mi n d which n o w
1 92 T H I RTEENT H TO FI FTEENT H YEARS OF REIGN .

ver y h a ppily chose n They h a d be en us ed i n

.

th e e a r li e st y ea r s of the moveme n t an d h ad ,

evide n tly n ot be en coi ne d by Akh n a t on hims elf .

Th e w o rd h e a t w a s in spelli n g ve r y r em i n
i sce n t of th e n a me of on e o f th e old gods a n d , ,

to the u n i n iti a t e might Suggest some con n e c

,

tio n . The n a me of th e At on w a s ther efor e

ch an ge d to Effulgen ce which com es fr o m
”
Aton the n ew wor ds i n t r oduci n g i n to the sp ell
,

i n g th e hi er oglyph of R a th e su n The e x a c t
, .

sign ifica n ce of the a lt er a tion is n o t k n own ; but

on e m a y suppose th a t th e n e w words b ette r

con vey e d th e m ea n in g which Akh n a ton wish e d to

imply Eve n n ow it is n ot ea sy to fin d a ph ra s e
.
’

to e xpr e ss th a t vit a l e n er gy th a t fir st c a use ,

o f life which the ki n g so cl e a r ly u n de r stood

,
.

Th e d a t e O f this ch a n ge is some wh a t u n c er t a i n ,

though it is defi n it ely to b e pl a ce d betwe en the

t e n th a n d thir t e en th ye a r of th e r eign the ,

p r oba bility bei n g th a t it took pl a ce a t the en d

of th e tw e lfth y e ar wh e n Akh n a to n w a s a bout
,

twe n ty th r ee y e a r s old The i n scr iption s upon

-
.

the o ut er c ofli n or sh r i n e of Q u ee n Tiy Show

, ,

th e olde r for m of wo r di n g a n d the ch a n ge , ,

th er efor e took pl a c e a fter her de a th N ow the

, .
AK HN ATON O B LITE RATE S THE N AME OF AM ON . 1 93

qu e e n did n ot middle or e n d o f th e
d ie till th e

t w e lfth ye a r for i n th e tomb o f H uy a e v en ts

,

1
o f th a t y ea r ar e r e co r d ed and he still holds ,

th e ofli c e of stewa rd to the quee n while a ,

.

lette r from Du sh r a tta m en tion i n g Tiy w a s , ,

dockete d i n th e twelfth y e a r O n th e oth er .

h a n d the n e w n a m e of the Aton occu r s i n

,

tombs which by th e n umbe r o f Akh n a t on s

,
’

d a ughte r s r epr ese n t e d i n them might be th o ught ,

2
to h a v e bee n con str ucte d ea r li er th a n this .

Thus ther e is a slight discr epa n cy ; but the

p o i n t of sign ific a n c e is th a t the ch a n ge occur r ed
a ft e r the queen s de a th a n d w as thus c on cur’

re n t with a n oth er ch a n ge which must her e be

recor ded .

2 . AKH NAT ON O B LITERATE S THE NAME OF AM ON .

Up till this time it will h a ve bee n Obse rved

th a t Akhn a ton had beh a ve d with gr ea t le n ien cy
1 Pa ge 1 77 .

2
u l t d te th tomb ughly by th umbe of d ught
I t is us a o a e s ro e n r a ers

sh w p umi g th t th r ti t p
o n, r es n t d ll th hild li i g
a e a s re r es en e a e c r en v n

at th t i m e B ut th ugh thi giv

e . th l w t po ibl y i t s es us e o es oss e ear ,

d oe s t lw y giv
no a th h igh t f
a s d ughte 5 re bvi u ly
e us e es , or a rs a o o s

som t i mes om i tted wh e th av il bl sp

e w m ped n e a a e a ce as cr a .
1 94 THI RTEEN T H TO FI FTEEN TH YEARS OF REIGN .

towar ds the w or shipp er s of th e olde r gods a n d ,

h a d n ot ev en p er s e cut e d th e p r i e sth o o d of Am o n
Ra . It n ow b ecom e s a pp a r en t th a t this r estr a in t
w a s d u e to his mothe r s i n flu e n ce fo r n o soo n er
’

w a s she d e a d th a n Akh n a t o n tu r n e d with th e

fie r c e n e ss O f a fan a tic up on th e l a tt er i n stituti o n .

He issued a n o r der th a t the n a m e o f Amon w a s

to b e e r a s e d whe r e ver it occu r r e d a n d this or d e r
,

w a s c a r r i e d o u t with such a m a zi n g thor ough

n ess th a t h a r dly a si n gle occu r r en c e of th e

n a me w a s ov er looked Although thousa n ds of
.

i n scr iption s a cc essibl e to Akh n a ton s a ge n ts a r e

’

n ow kn own i n which th e n a me o f Amon

occu r s ther e a r e but a few ex a m pl es i n which
,

the god s n a me h a s n ot bee n mutil a t ed

’
H is
.

a ge n ts h a mm er ed the n a m e out on th e w a lls

of the te m pl e s th r oughout Egypt ; th ey p en e
tr a te d i n to th e tombs of the d e a d to e r a s e it

fr om the t e xts ; th ey se a r ch e d th r ough the

min ute i n scr ipti on s upon sm a ll sta tu ett es a n d
figu r es oblitera tin g th e n a me th er e fr om ; th ey
,

m a de j our n eys i n t o the dist a n t de s er ts to cut

ou t th e n a m e fr o m th e r ock sc r ibbles o f t r a v el
-

l er s ; they cl a mb er ed ov er th e cliffs be sid e the

,

N ile to e r a se it fr om the gr a ffiti ; they e n t er ed

1 96 T H I RTE EN T H T O FI FTEENT H YEARS OF REIGN .

n ot da m age d i n th e tomb o f Ra m es Th e n a m es .

of th e v a r ious n obl e s a n d o ffici a ls ma l e a n d ,

.

fem a le which wer e compou n d ed with Amon

,

Am on h otep S e ta m o n Am o n e m h a t Am on e m a pt
’

, , , ,

an d so on — w er e uthl e ssly d e str oy e d ; while

r

livi n g per son s b ea r i n g such n a mes were ofte n

o bliged to ch a n g e th e m .

I n thus mutil a ti n g his fa th er s n a m e Akh n a to n

’

did n ot i n a ny w a y i n te n d to dis pa r a ge his

fo r be a r s H e w a s but d e si r ous o f utter ly Ob
.

li tera ti n g Am o n fr om th e m emo r y of m a n i n ,

or de r th a t th e tr ue God might the bett er r e

c ei v e a cc e pt an ce He w a s p r oud of his d e sc en t
.
,

an d ,
u n like most of his a n c e st or s h e showe d a ,

desire to ho n ou r th e m e mor y o f his fa th er W e .

1
h a v e s een how on e of his a r tists Bek r ep , ,

rese n t ed th e figu r e o f Am on h o tep III upon .

his mon umen t a t Aswa n Huy a Qu ee n Tiy s .

,
’

ste w a r d w a s a uth or is ed by Akh n a t on to Sho w

,

2
th a t kin g up o n th e wa lls o f his tomb ; a n d i n
th e p r iva t e t e mpl e o f Qu e e n Ti y it will b e r e ,

m e mber e d th a t th e r e w er e st a tu es of Amon
h ote p III 3
L ikewis e th e e a r lie r ki n gs o f th e
.
,

1
Page 107 .
2
D via es El Am ar n a , iii Pl xviii
.
,
. .

3 Page 1 82 .
A K HNAT ON OBLITERATES T HE N AME OF AM ON . 1 97

dy n a sty r e c eive d u n usu a l r e cogn itio n An offici a l .

n a med An held the O ffice o f S t e w a r d o f the

y
H ouse of Am on h otep II 1
a n d th e re is a r e pr e

s en ta ti on o f Akh n a to n o fferin g to Ato n i n th e

H ouse of Th oth m es IV i n the C ity o f the H ori

.

”
2
z on . Upo n his bo u n d a r y t a bl e t Akh n a ton
r efers to Am on h o te III a n d Th o t hm e s IV as
p . .

bei n g troubl e d by th e p r i e sthood o f Amon .

It would s e em fr o m th e a bove th a t there were

sh r i n es dedic a ted to Akh n a ton s a n cestors i n the ’

C ity of the H o r izon e ach o f which h a d i ts

,

s tew a r d a n d its O ffici a ls ; a n d it is pr ob a ble

th a t Akh n a to n a r r an ged th a t a memo r i a l Shr i n e
o f th e s a m e ki n d sh o uld b e e r e ct e d for himsel f
a ga i n st his de a th for we r ea d o f a per son a ge
,

3
who w a s S e con d P r iest o f the ki n g It w as .

his d e si r e i n this m a n n e r to Sho w the con ti n uity

o f his d e sce n t fr om th e Ph a r a ohs o f th e elder
d a ys a n d to demon str a t e his r e a l cl a im to th a t
,

“
title S on o f the S u n which h a d be en held
by th e sov er e ign s of Egypt e v e r si n c e th e F ifth
D y n a s ty a n d which w a s of such vita l impor t
,

1
D vi
a es : El Am ar n a .

2
Wilki n son : M od ern Egypt ,
1 1 . 69 .

3 D vi
a es : El Am a rn a .
1 98 T H I RTEENT H To FI FTEEN T H YEARS OF REIGN .

an ce i n th e n ew r eligio n It w a s i n this m ann er

.

th a t he cla im e d d esc en t fr o m R a w h o w a s to
,

h i m th e s a m e with Ato n ; a n d j ust a s th e gr e a t

r eligious t e a ch er s of th e He b r e ws m a d e c a r e ful

n o te of thei r g e n ea logi e s i n o r d er to p r o v e th e m

selve s descen d ed fr o m Ada m a n d h en ce i n a

,

m a n n er fr o m Go d so Akh n a t o n thus d e mon

,

s tr a ted th e co n ti n uity o f his li n e i n o r de r to

Sho w his r e a l r ight to th e titles Child o f Aton

“
an d S on of th e S u n .

3 . THE G REAT TEMP LE OF AT ON .

The C ity of the Ho r izon of Aton must n ow

h a ve b een a v er y city o f t empl es Ther e wer e
.

these sh r i n es d edic a ted to th e k i n g s a n c est or s ;

’

th er e w a s the t empl e of Qu ee n Tiy th er e w a s

a Sh r i n e for th e use of Ba k e tat on th e ki n g s
’

“
sister ; th er e w a s th e H ouse o f putti n g the
Ato n to R est , wh er e Qu een N e fer titi officia t ed ;
a n d the r e w as th e g r e a t t e mpl e of At o n i n which,

p r ob a bly we r e i n clud e d other o f th e buildi n gs

n a me d i n the i n scr i ptio n s . Th e gr e a t t e mp le
m a y h er e be b r i efly d e sc r ib ed a s th e r e a der h a s
,
200 TH I RTEEN T H To FI FTEEN T H YEA RS OF REIGN .

Or ch a mb er s ; wh il e i n fr o n t of on e i n th e a xi al ,

li n e th er e w a s a n o th er ga t e wa y l ea di n g on i n to
,

th e seco n d cour t fr om which o n e p a ss e d a g a i n

,

i n to a thi r d cour t Pa ssi n g th r ough yet a n oth e r

.

ga tewa y a fou r th division of the t emple w a s

,

r ea ch e d this b ei n g a pilla r ed ga ll er y or colon

,

n a d e wh e r e o n e might r e st fo r a whil e i n the

cool sh a dow Th e n o n wa r ds th r ough a n oth er
.

ga tewa y i n t o th e fifth cou r t , cr ossi n g which on e

en ter ed th e sixt h cou r t wh er e stood a n oth er a lta r
,

i n th e full su n shi n e A s er ies o f som e twe n ty

.

little ch a mb er s p a ss ed a r o u n d th e Sid e s o f this

cou r t a n d l ooki n g i n to th e da r k n e ss beyon d e a ch
,

o f th e i r door w a ys o n e might disc e r n th e simpl e

t a bl e s a n d sta n ds with which th e r ooms w e r e

fu r n ish e d A fi n a l g a t ewa y n ow led o n e i n to
.

the seven th a n d l a st c o u r t wh er e a ga in th er e ,

w a s a n a lt a r an d a ga i n
, a s er i es of ch a mber s
sur r o un d e d th e op e n sp a ce .

B e hi n d this m a i n t empl e a n d quit e sep a r a t e ,

fr om it though st a n di n g withi n th e o n e e n cl o sur e ,

stood the l e sser t e mpl e which w as p r oba bly th e ,

m or e sa cr ed of th e tw o It w a s fr on ted by a .

pill ar ed p or tico a n d be for e e a ch c olum n s tood

,

a st a tue O f Akh n a to n b e sid e which w a s a sm a ll e r

,
 TH E GREAT TEM PLE OF ATON . 20 1

figu r e of his wife o r o n e o f his d a ught er s .

P a ssi n g through th e ga t e way which w a s so

'

d e sign ed th a t n o thi n g beyon d could be s e e n o n e ,

e n ter ed a n open cou r t i n which stood the a ltar ,

a n d a r ou n d the sid e s of which we r e sm a ll ch a mbers .

H er e the temple en d e d s a v e for a fe w ch a mbe r s

,

O f u n ce r ta i n use a pp r o a ch e d fr o m the a mbul a tor y

,
.

Bo th buildin gs we r e g a y with colou r s a n d a t ,

festiv a ls th e r e w er e n ume r ous st a n d s he a p ed high

with flower s a n d othe r offe r in gs whil e r ed r ibbon s
,

a dd e d th e i r n otes o f b r illi a n t colo ur o n a ll sid e s .

Th er e w a s n othi n g gloomy or sombr e i n this

te mple o f Aton ; a n d it con t r a sts st r iki n gly with
th e buildi n gs i n which Amo n w a s wo r shipped .

Th e r e v a st h a lls wer e lit by mi n ut e wi n dows a n d ,

a dim u n ce r t a i nty hov e r e d a r ou n d th e wo r ship

p er. S uch t e mpl e s l e n t th e ms e lves to myst e r y ,

a n d a midst th e i r glo o my sh a dows m a n y a suppli

c a n t s h e a r t b ea t i n t er r or Da r k sta i r ways le d
’
.

to subter r a n ea n p a ssa ge s a n d th e se p a ss a ge s to
,

bl a ck ch a mber s built i n th e thickn e ss of th e

w a ll fr om wh enc e the h oll o w voic e o f th e p r iest
,

th r o bb ed a s fr o m m i d a i r up on th e e a r s o f th e
-

c r ouchi n g co n gr ega ti on But i n Akh n a t o n s te mple

.
’

e a ch cou r t w a s op e n to th e full bl a z e o f th e s u n
202 T H I RTEENT H TO FI FTEEN T H YEARS OF R EIGN .

light .
1
Th er e w a s ther e could b e n o myst er y ;
, ,

n or could th er e be a n y t er r or o f d a r kn ess to
lo o sen th e kn ees of th e wor shipper Akh n a to n .
,

tr ue scien tist th a t he w a s h a d n o symp a thy for ,

th e o ccult a n d n o i n t e r e st i n spi r itu a lism Boldly .

h e l o ok e d to God a s a child to its fa th er ; a n d

h a vi n g s olve d wh a t h e d eem ed to be th e r iddle

o f li fe ther e w a s n o pl a ce i n his mi n d for a ught
,

but a n op en fe a r l ess a dor a tion of th e Cr ea tor

,

of th a t vita l en er gy which h e sa w i n a ll thi n gs .

Akh n a to n w a s th e swo r n e ne my of the t a ble

tur n er s o f his d ay a n d th e tr icks o f pr i e stc r a ft
, ,

th e st a ge effe cts of r eligi o sity we r e a n a them a ,

to his pu r e mi n d .

4 . THE BEAUT Y OF THE C I T Y .

Th e C ity of Hor izo n

Aton w as n ow a
th e of

pl a c e o f su r p a ssi n g bea uty Eight Or n i n e y ea r s .

o f l a vish e xp e n ditu r e i n m on ey a n d skill h a d

tr a n sfor m e d th e fi elds a n d th e wilde r n ess i n t o

1
p b bl that th
I t is ro a e er e wa s som e l ik en es s b twee Akh to
e n na
’
n s

tem pl d th
es a n d ed i t d ose ca e to th e sun in ear ly d ay a fo x m pl
s, s, r e a e

th t t Abu e
a a s r .
 T H E BEAU T Y OF T H E CITY .
203

as fa i r a city a s the wor ld h a d e ve r s ee n .

On e of the n obl e s w h o liv e d th er e by n ame ,

May d escr ibe s it i n thes e wor ds : Th e mighty

,
’

C ity of th e H or izo n of Ato n gr e a t i n lov elin ess , ,

mistr e ss o f ple a s a n t c er emo n ies r ich i n posses ,

sio n s th e offer i n g of the s u n bei n g i n h er midst

,
.

At th e sight o f h er be a uty th er e is r ejoici n g .

S he is lovely a n d be a utiful : wh e n on e sees her

it is lik e a glimps e of he a ve n .

Ther e w a s a lm o st con st a n t music i n her str e e ts ,

a n d th e sc e n t of fl o w e r s w a s w a ft e d upo n e v e r y

br e eze B eside s the t e mples a n d public build

.

i n gs the city w a s a dor n e d with n umer ous p a la c es ,

e a ch sta n di n g i n fa ir ga r d e n s O n e of thes e .

m an sio n s r ep r e s en t e d i n th e tomb o f Mer yr a

1
, ,

se ems to h a ve co n stituted a h a ppy co mbi n a tio n

o f comfor t an d simplicity as m a b e s e e n fr om
y ,
.

its pictu r es O n e e n t er ed a wa ll ed cou r t a n d

.
,

s o p a ss e d to the m a i n e n t r a n ce of the hous e .

A por tic o th e r oo f o f which w a s suppor t ed by

,

fo ur d ecor a tive c olum n s festoon ed wi t h r ibbon s ,

sh elt er ed the el ab or a t e door w a y fr om th e su n

shi n e P a ssi n g th r ough this door w a y fr o m th e
.
,

top of which a r ow o f c obr a s gle a m e d down

1
Per haps thi s is a p rt
a of th e ro y lp l
a a a ce .
204 TH I RTEENT H TO FI FTEENTH YEARS OF R EIGN .

upo n on e a pillar ed h a ll w a s r ea ch ed ; an d b e
,

y on d this the V isitor e n ter ed th e gr ea t di n i n g

h a ll. Twelve colum n s sup po r te d th e c e ilin g ,

which w a s proba bly pa i n te d with flights of

bi r ds ; a n d u n der a ki n d o f ki osk i n the middle .

o f th e h a ll sto o d th e di n i n g t a bl e a n d s e v e r a l com
-

for ta b le a r m ch a i r s cushio n ed i n br ight c ol o u r s

-
, .

B eyo n d this h a ll th e r e w a s a cou r t a t th e ba ck ,

o f which w er e s ever a l ch a mber s o n e bei n g a ,

bed r oom a s a gr e a t cushion e d bedste a d cle a r ly

,

shows Th e Own er s wome n folk p r oba bly occ u

’
.

pied a n o th er por tio n of th e buildin g n ot shown

i n the r ep r ese n t a tio n s .

Th e p a l a ce of Ay Akh n a ton s fa th e r i n law

’
- -
, ,

w a s a mo r e p r et e n ti o us buildi n g It w a s e n t er ed
.

by a fin e door wa y which led i n to a cour t A . .

s eco n d door ga v e e n t r a n c e to th e l a r ge pilla r e d ,

di n i n g h a ll a n d th r o ugh this o n e p a ss ed i n t o a
-
,

c ou r t fr o m which b e dr o oms a n d boudo ir s led off .

I n o n e o f these r o o ms tw o w o me n cl a d i n a ir y ,

ga r m en ts a r e s ee n to be d a n ci n g with on e
,

a n o th er while a m a n pl ays a h a r p I n a n o ther

,
.

r o o m a gi r l lik e wise d a n c e s to the st r a i n s of a

h a r p while a s er va n t dr e ss e s th e h a i r of on e of
,

th e ge n tl e me n o f th e hous e h o ld O th er r ooms .
20 6 T H I RTEENTH TO F I FTEENTH YEA RS OF REIGN .

p r es er ved a n d th e visitor to th e sit e o f the

,
“

city m a y still s ee th e p a i n ti n gs th er e de picted .

A you n g c a l f fr iskin g i n th e su n light gallops

, ,

th r ough a field o f r ed poppies ; wild ge ese r is e

fr om th e m ar sh e s a n d b ea t th ei r w ay th r ough
the r e eds distu r bi n g the butt er fli e s a s th ey do
,

so ; a midst the lotus flow er s r e stin g upo n the

-

rippli n g w a te r th e sin uous fish a r e see n to

wan d er Thes e a r e but fr a gmen ts of th e p a i n t
.

i n gs which on ce d elight ed the ey es of the

Ph a r a oh or br ought a sigh to the lips o f his
,

qu ee n.

The a r t of the p a i n t er of this per iod e xc els i n

th e d e pictio n o f a n im a l a n d pl a n t life Th e .

wi n di n g t a n gled stems a n d l ea ves of vi n es

,

w er e car efully studied ; th e r a pid motion s of

a n im a ls w e r e cor r e ctly c a ught ; a n d it h a s b e e n

s a id th a t i n th e se thin gs th e a r tists o f Akhn a ton

wer e gr ea te r th a n those i n a n y oth er O r ien t a l
1
S culptu r e i n the r ou n d too r ea ched a
‘

ar t
.
, ,

pitch of e xc ell en c e n eve r befor e kn o wn Th e .

sta tu e of Akh n a ton illust r a ted opposite is th e

wor k of o n e who m a y r a n k with D on a tello if ,

n ot with C e lli n i .

1 Petr i e Hi story of Egyp t , 11 . 21 9 .

 A leh n a ton .

r m a s t a t u e tt e in t h e L u re )
(F o o v .
 TH E B E AU T Y or TH E C I TY
‘

. 207

It is possible that Auta the c hi e f s culptor ,

o f Qu e e n Ti is the c r e ator o f this st a tu e and

1
y , ,

’
perhaps also of the h ead probably of Akhnaton s , ,

daught e r shown opposit e next page In the tomb .

o f H uya there is a s c e ne repr e senting this art ist

seated in his studio giving th e final tou ches to

a statu e of Princ ess Bak eta ton H e sits upon .

a low stool pal e tte in hand and as was th e

, , ,

c ustom , c olours the surfa c e o f the statu e Un .

like the stiff conventional pose s o f earli er work ,

the attitude of th e young girl is easy and

grac e ful On e hand hangs by her sid e : in th e
’

oth e r she holds a pom eg r a n a te whi ch she is

I
,

about to raise to h er lips Au ta s assistant .

’

stands beside th e figure and near by tw o ,

appr e nti c es work upon obj ec ts o f l ess import

ance their chisels on a table by their sid e
, .

Works su ch as thes e whi c h Auta and his

c ompanions w e re turning out a r e p e rman e nt
m e morials of th e r e ign o f Akhnaton whi ch will ,

c arry his name through th e y e ars until as he ,

“
would say th e swan turns blac k and th e c row
,

turns white Th er e must surely c om e a tim e

.
,

and soon when the art of Egypt will re ce ive

,

1 Page 7 5 .
20 8 TH I R TEEN TH TO FI FTEEN TH Y EARS O F R EI GN .

more att e ntion ; and on e m ay th e n h ea r Akhna

’
ton s nam e c oupl ed with that of th e Medi c i as
th e pa tron if not th e t e a c her of gre at mast e rs
, , .

It was he who rele as ed th e m from c onve ntion ,

and bad e their hands r ep e at what their eye s

saw ; and it was h e who d irec te d those ey e s to
the beauti e s of nature around them He and .
,

no oth er taught th e m to look a t the world in

,

th e spirit of life to infuse into th e c old ston e

,

“
som e thing of th e e fi u lg e n ce whi c h c om e s from
'

Aton and if th e se fe w tre asure s whi c h hav e

,

surviv ed th e utt e r wr eck of the C ity of the

H orizon hav e put on e s h e art to a happy ste p
’

it was Akhnaton who first set th e m easure .

A K HN ATON S AFEECTI O N FOR H I S FAMI LY

’
5 . .

In about th e thirte e nth y e ar of th e re ign a fifth

daughter was born who was named N e fer n e fer u r a
,
.

This seems to have be e n the first daughte r bo rn

aft e r th e change s in th e religion r ec ord ed at
1
th e b eginning of this c hapter had tak e n pla c e ;
and it is significant that the nam e of Aton of ,

whi c h all th e previous daught ers names had ’

1 Page 1 92 .
 A K H N A TO N S
’
AFFE CT IO N FO R H rs FAMI LY . 20 9

b een c ompounded now gives pla ce to R a A

,
.

sixth daught e r s ee ms to have made h er app ear

an ce som ewhat ove r a y e ar lat er som e time ,

during th e fourt e enth y e ar of th e r e ign Again .

R a is used in th e name inst e ad of Aton s h e ,

being c alled S etepe n r a It is impossible to say

.

what was th e m eaning of this slight c hange in

th e theologi c al asp ec t of the re ligion at th is

p eriod but it s ee ms evid e nt that c ertain de

,

v elo m e n ts in whi ch R figured w er e now

p a

introdu ced .

N o son was ye t forth c oming and both the ,

king and th e que e n must n ow have suffe red

six su c cessive disappointments It may be .

m e ntion ed h e re that th e next ch ild born to

th e unfortunat e c oupl e in the fol lowing y e ar

prove d to be a seve nth girl and a s ev e nth dis

appointm e nt ; and in the remaining two y e ars
o f th e r e ign no oth e r c hild was born or at ,

any rate was w e aned so that Akhnaton di e d

,

sonl ess I t is strange to pi c ture this lofty

.

minded me m b e r in his hom e with his six littl e,

girls around him as h e is shown upon th e

,

monuments N o other Pharaoh thus portray ed

.

himself surrounde d by his family ; but Akhnaton

o
21 0 THI R TEEN TH TO FI FTEEN TH YE AR S or REI GN .

se ems to hav e n e ve r be e n happy unless all his

c hildren w e re with him and his wife by his
sid e Th e c harm of family life and the san c tity
.
,

o f the relationship o f husband and wife parents ,

and c hildren s e e ms to have b een an important

,

point of doc trin e to him H e urged his nobl e s

.
,

also to give their att e ntion to th eir familie s ;

,

and in th e tomb o f Pa n eh esy for e xampl e one

, ,

may see r epr e s e ntations of that personage sitti ng

with his wife and his thre e daughters around

Akhnaton s affe ction for his daugh t e rs is now

’

shown to us in another mann e r Wh e n Amon . ?

h otep III had ask e d th e K ing of Mitanni for

.

on e of his daught e rs to b e giv e n in marriag e to

Akhnaton th e littl e N e fertiti was at on ce

,

dispatc h ed although s h e was not ye t old

,

enough to c ohabit with h er husband He had .

no s crupl e s about s ending th e c hild o f eight

y ears old to a for e ign c ou ntry and s eems to
.
,

hav e pack e d h er off without a thought N ow .

,

how e v e r w e obtain a glimps e of Akhnaton s

,
’

a ctions under similar c ircumstan c es and the ,

differe nce is mark e d Th e K i ng of Babylon

.
,

Bu r r a b u r i a sh wrot e to Akhnaton in about th e

,
21 2 TH I R TEEN TH TO FI FTE EN TH YEARS OF RE IGN .

arranged th e marriage by proxy and thus k ept ,

his daught er with him for ye t a few years This .

is made evid ent from th e fa ct that in a l etter

from Bu r r a b u r i a sh to Akhnaton th e Baby ,

lonian king stat e s that h e is s e nding a n e c k

lace o f over a thousand ston e s to the Pharaoh s ’

dau ghter th e wife of his son who is thus

, ,

evid ently still r e side nt in Egypt .

’
Besides Akhnaton s six and pre se nt ly s ev e n
, ,

daught ers th ere w er e two oth er prin cess e s

probably in residen ce at th e pala ce O n e of .

th e se his young sister Ba keta ton whom w e

, ,

hav e seen visiting th e C ity of th e Horizon wi th

h e r mother is not again heard of and p erhaps
, ,

did not long surviv e the dowager quee n s death -

.

The oth er was N ez em m u t the siste r of Qu e e n

,

N e fertiti who se e ms to hav e lived in Egypt

,

c ontinuously sin c e the tim e of th e founding of

the n e w c ity when we last saw her

,
1
Her .

portraits a r e sho w n in th e tombs of May Pan e ,

besy and Ay ; and sh e is ge n erally s ee n to b e

,

acc ompanied by tw o fe mal e dwarfs nam e d Para ,

and R en eh eh who appear to have waddled

,

1
S h e prob ab ly m ar r i ed so me Egypti an n ob le, an d h er fu tur e

car eer i s re c or d ed on p 269

. .
 AKH NATON S ’
FR I EN D S . 21 3

after her wher ever she went S h e was still no .

,

doubt very young and th ese tw o grotesque

, ,

att endants were entrusted with her safety as

well as her amusement .

AK HN ATON S FRIEN D S
’
6 . .

Th e simple and hom ely manner in whi ch

Akhnaton is re presented by his artists sur ,

round ed by his c hildre n is a n indi c ation that ,

although h e d emanded mu c h homag e from his

subj e cts in his c apac ity as th e ir Pharaoh he but ,

asked for their sympathy and affe c tion in all

other c onne c tions As Pharaoh his person was
.

inapproachabl e and his at titude aloo f but as a ,

man he n e ver failed to set an example of what

h e c on sid ered a m a n should do ; and ev e n upon
his throne to whi c h on e might but advan c e
,

with bow ed h e ad and b e nded kn e e b e displayed ,

his mortal natur e to all behold ers by j oking with

his c hildre n o r paying fond att e ntion to his
wife S o also many of his dis c ipl e s and c ourt
.
, ,

i er s w ho so c eremoniously approac h e d the st eps

,

o f his thron e w e r e in r eality his good friends

,
214 TH I R TEEN TH TO FI FTE EN TH YEARS OF RE IGN .

and intimat e s Akhnaton did not c are a snap

.

of the finge rs for aristocratic traditions and ,

although h e demand ed th e c onventional r esp e c t

of his subj ects and uph el d the less tiresom e
,

rule s of c ourt etiq u ett e many of his clos e st

,

fri en ds were o f p easant origin and the h ands ,

whi c h n ow held th e j ew elled ostri ch plume stand -

ards c ould as easily grasp th e pi ck or the

plough .

May a high o ffic ial o f th e c ity speaks of him

, ,

sel f in the following words : I was a man of

low origin both on my fath e r s an d on my moth er s
’ ’

side but the K ing e stabli sh ed m e

, H e c aus ed
.

m e to grow by his bounty when I was a

man of no prop erty ; h e gave m e food and
provisions every day I who had be en on e that
,

begge d bread . H uya Que en Ti y s st eward

,
’

Sp eaks o f th e king as s ele c ting his offi c ials from

the ranks o f th e yeome n -
Pa n e h e sy tells us
.

that Akhnaton is on e who maketh prin c e s and

form e th the humble and h e adds : When I
,

kne w not th e c ompanionship of prin ces I was

mad e an intimate of th e K ing But if th e .

Pharaoh raised men from the ranks he was also ,

c apabl e o f d e grading thos e who offe nd e d against

21 6 TH I R TEEN TH TO FI FTEEN TH Y EA R S O F R EI GN -
.

Whether from fear a r e volt in Egypt or

of

from m or e c ustom th e City of th e H orizon was

,

clos e ly defe nd e d at this tim e and th er e is a ,

s ce n e in this sam e tomb in whi ch Akhnaton is

shown insp ecting th e fortific ations H e drive s .

in his c hariot with his wife a n d his elde st

d au ghter Mer yta to n ; and although th e S pirit ed
hors es would app e ar to b e di ffi cult to manage ,

th e more so be c aus e the mis c hi e vous Mer yta ton

is poking them with a stic k Akhnaton is a sufh ,

c i e n tl good driv e r to be abl e to c arry on a c on

’

y
v ersation with the que en and to address a few
,

words to Mahu who runs by the side of the

,

c hariot . In striking c ontrast to the c ustom of

oth er Pharaohs Akhnaton is a cc ompani e d by an
,

unarmed bodyguard of poli ce as he drives round

th e defe n ce s ; and in this w e may p e rhaps s ee

an indi c ation of his popularity Th e for tific a

.

tions it may b e note d c onsist of blo ckhouses

, ,

built at r egular I nt ervals and d e fe nded by wire

,

or rope e ntangl e m e nts .

In s e veral of th e tombs ther e are repre s e nta

tions of th e ir own ers r ec e iving r ewards from th e
k i n g for their dilig e n ce i n th e ir o ffic ial works ,

o r for th e ir int ellig e nt a c c eptan c e o f his t e a c h

 AK H N ATO N S’
TR oUB L ES . 21 7

ing A high offi c ial nam e d Pentu ha s le ft us a

.

s c e n e in whi ch Akhnaton is shown seat ed in the

hall of his pala ce while Pen tu sta n d s before him
,
’

to r e ceive num erous golden c ollars at the royal

hands in recogn ition of his servi c es A part of .

th e pala c e is shown but the s c ene is mu c h

,

damage d : a small pond or tank surrounded by

flowers is sho w n in on e corner of th e en closu re ,

but th e plan of th e various rooms is confused ,

and is quite subsidiary to th e repr esentation of

th e hall where the Pharaoh re c eiv e s the happy

Pentu . Akhnaton se e ms to have be en a good

friend as he was a stern en e my ; and thos e w h o
,

assisted him in the difficult tasks whi c h h e had

s et hims elf were lavishly rewarded for their
pains .

7 AK HN ATON S TR OUBLES
’
. .

’
Akhnaton s h e alth was so v e ry un c ertain that
he haste n ed to c onstruc t for himself a tomb
'

in th e cli ffs b e hind th e City of the H orizon .

H e s ele c t ed as th e site of his last re sting pla c e -

a gaunt and rugge d vall ey whi c h here c uts

21 8 TH I R TEEN TH TO FI FTEEN TH Y E AR S OF REIGN .

into the hills leading ba ck around tumbled

, ,

ro c ks and up dry w atercourses to the Arabian ,

d e s ert beyond It is .

A s a vage
plac e — as h oly an d en ch an ted

As
’
e er b en ea th a w an i n g moon w as h au n ted
”
By w oman w ai li n g for h er d em on lov er -
.

Here Akhnaton el ec t e d to be buried where ,

hyaenas prowl e d and j a c kals wandered and wh e r e ,

th e de so lat e c r y of th e night owls e c hoed ov er

the ro cks . In wint er th e cold wind swe e ps

up this valley and b ow ls around th e ro c ks ;
i n summ er the sun makes of it a v e ritable
furna c e un e ndurabl e to man There is nothi n g .

h er e to r emind on e o f th e God who watch e s

over him and th e t end er Aton of th e Pharaoh s
,
’

c on c eption would se e m to have abandoned thi s

pla c e to th e S pirits of evil There a r e no flow ers

.

wh ere Akhnaton cu t his s epul chr e and no birds ,

sing ; for th e king beli e ved that his soul caught ,

up into th e noon of Paradise would n eed no ,

more the d elights of e arth .

The tomb c onsist ed of a passage des ce nding

into th e h ill and l e ading to a ro c k cu t hall
,
-
,

th e roof of whi c h was support ed by four c olumns .

H e r e stood th e sarc ophagus o f pink granit e i n

220 TH I R TEEN TH TO FI FTE EN TH YEAR S OF REIGN .

arms h er lately born seventh daughter whose ,

n am e,
ending in t is now lost ; while th e
,

five other little girls we ep with their parents

beside the bi e r o f their d e ad sister It is a .

path eti c pi c tur e and on e whi c h stirs our sym

,

pathy for a Pharaoh who unlike all oth e r kings

,

o f Egypt c ould w e ep for the loss of a daughter

,
.

This was not Akhnaton s only grief ’

H is .

doctrin es were not being accepted in Egypt

as readily as he had hoped and he was prob
,

ably able to detect a c onsid erabl e amount of

insin ce rity in th e attitude of thos e around him .

There was hardly a man whom he could trust

to c ontinu e in th e faith should h e himself d i e ;
and e ven as h e put the last touches to his
templ e s and his pala ces he was awar e that
h e had built his house upon th e sand The .

e mpir e whi c h h e had dr e amed of bound tog e th e r

,

by th e ties of a c ommon worship of Aton w a s ,

fast fading ou t of sight and the news whi c h

,

r e ac hed him from S yria was disqui eting in th e

e xtr e m e .

At this time th e K ing o f Babylon whose ,

son had married Akhnaton s daughter s eems ’

to have been on bad terms with his neighbour ,

 AK H NATO N S ’
TR ofI RL ES . 221

the K ing of Mitanni th e fath e r of th e Pharaoh s

,
’

mu c h loved Queen N e fertiti ; and Akhnaton cam e ’

nigh to b eing dra w n into th e quarrel The .

Babylonian king had been ill for some tim e ,

a n d in the c ours e o f th e international c orr e s

p on d e n c e N e fe rtiti had n e ver on ce s e nt her
c ondolen c e s to him .
apparently be c ause he w a s
,

a poor fri e nd to h er father This was mu ch

.

r esent ed and th e K ing of Babylon at last

,

s e nt an insulting letter to A khnaton in whi c h ,

he states that h e is sending him the usual

present of dec orative obj ects whi c h e tiquett e
requir e d of h i m but that he wish e s it to b e
,

und erstood that only a fraction of the gift

is intended for the mistress of his hous e ,

i a
. . N e fe rtiti sin c e sh e had not troubled to
, ,

ask after his health .

S hortly after this he wrote another l e tt e r

to Akhnaton making various c omplaints and ,

stating that his messengers had b ee n robbe d

in t erritory belonging to th e Pharaoh w h o must
, ,

th e r e fore make good t h eir loss e s A third lett e r .

make s similar c omplaints and hints at future ,

troubl e M e anwhile the K ing of Mitanni was

.

on non e too fri endly terms with Akhnaton and ,

222 THI R TEE N TH TO FI FTE EN TH YEARS OF REIGN .

appears to have d e tained th e Pharaoh s e nvoy ’

name d Man i th ereby c ausing Akhnaton con

,

si d e r a b le anxi e ty . Th e re was in fa ct a gen eral

, ,

tende n cy to disparag e th e Egyptian king whi c h ,

must hav e bee n e x cee dingly galling to Akhnaton ,

who had th e power to le t loose upon Asia an

,

army whi c h would sile nce all insult but did ,

not find su c h a st ep c onsist e nt with his prin

c i les In a l e tt e r whi ch h e wrote to on e o f
p .

th e S yrian prin c e s whos e fidelity was doubtful ,

Akhnaton ends his d e spat ch with the words

'

“
I am v ery w ell I the sun in th e h e avens
, ,

and my c hariots and soldi ers a r e ex ce edingly

nume rous ; and from U pper Egypt e ve n unto
Low e r Egypt and from the pla ce where the
,

sun ris eth e v e n unto the pla c e wh ere h e setteth ,

”
th e whol e c ountry is in good c aus e and c onte nt .

Thu s w e see that Akhnaton knew his powe r ,

and wish e d that others should know it ; and

it is ther e for e th e more surprising that as we ,

shall pre sently find h e never c hos e to use it

,
.
 LAS T T WO Y EAR S O F R E I GN .

to be pointing to the limit of Egyptian c onqu est ,

som ewh er e in th e neighbourhood of the Am a n u s

Mountains Th e kingdom of Mitanni the hom e
.
,

o f Qu e e n N e fe rtiti was situat e d o n th e banks

,

of th e Euphrat es som e distanc e inland from

th es e mount ains ; and as it a c ted as a buffe r
stat e b etwee n th e Egyptian possessions in S yria
and th e un c onqu e r ed lands beyond th e Pharaohs ,

had taken c are to unite th ems elve s by marriage ,

as we have s ee n with its rulers Be hind Mitanni

, .

to the north east th e fri e ndly kingdoms lat er

-
,

known as Assyria marked th e limits of the

known world ; whil e t o th e north th e hostile
lands of Asia Minor lay in th e poss e ssion of the
H ittit es a warlik e c onfederacy o f peopl e s p er
, ,

haps th e an cestors of th e mod ern Arm e nians .

From th e s e hardy warriors th e greatest danger

to th e Egyptian Empire in S yria was to b e
exp e cted ; and th e stat esm en of Egypt must hav e
c ast many an anxious look towards thos e for

bidding mountains whi ch loom ed b eyond Mitanni .

A south ern mov e m e nt of th e Hittites indi c a ,

tions of whi ch w e re already v e ry apparent would ,

bring th em swarming over and around the

Am a n u s Mountains eith e r along the east ern
,
 TH E H I TTI TE I N V A S I O N O F S Y R IA . 225

and inland route through Mitanni or along the ,

we ste rn route be sid e th e s ea and ove r the

Lebanon o r again midway betw ee n th e s e two
, ,

routes past th e gr e at c i ti e s of Tu n i p K adesh

, , ,

and oth e rs whic h stood to blo ck the way

,
.

Wh e n Akhnaton as cended the thron e S eplel ,

was king of the H ittit e s and w as by way of,

b eing fri endly to Egypt S om e of his peopl e

.
,

howe v e r c ross e d th e frontiers o f Mitanni and

,

w e re r epuls e d by Du sh r a tta th e king of that

'

c ountry who was fathe r i n law to Akhnaton

,
-
.

This c aus ed som e c oldn ess between S eplel and

th e Pharaoh ; and although th e former sent an

embassy to the C ity o f th e Horizon th e c orr es ,

on d e n c e betwe e n th e two mo n ar c hs pr e s e ntly

p
c e as e d . Th e young idealist of Egypt s eems to
hav e h eld warfar e in horror ; and th e H ittit es
w ere so ess entially a fighting ra ce that Akhnaton
c ould have had no friendly fe elings towards th e m .

S oon w e find that these H ittites unabl e to ov e r ,

flow into th e land o f Mitanni have move d along ,

th e e ast ern rout e and hav e s e iz e d th e land of

Amki whi c h lay on th e sea c oast be tw ee n th e

,
-

Aman n s Mountains and th e Lebanon This .

movement might hav e been stopp e d by Az i r u ,

P
2 26 LA S T TWO Y EA R S O F R EI GN .

an Amorite prin ce who ruled th e t e rritory b e

tween Amki and Mitanni and whos e duty as , ,

an Egyptian vassal was to c h eck the south ern

,

in cursions of the H ittit es But Azir a like his

.
,

father Ab d a shir ta b e fore him was a man as ,

ambitious as he was faithl ess a n d his d ealings ,

both with the H ittit es and with th e Egyptians

during the follo w ing y e ars w er e uns crupulous
in th e e xtr em e It was his poli cy to play the
.

on e nation against th e oth er and to extend ,

th e s c op e of his own pow e r at th e exp e nse of

both .

AK HN ATON S C ON S CI EN TI O US OBJECTI ON S
’
2 .

TO WARFARE .

Akhnaton s poli cy in S yria wh e n consid ered

’
,

from th e point of V i e w of an ordinary man was ,

o f th e w e ak e st Ideals c annot gov ern an empir e

.
,

and thos e w h o would apply th e doc trine of

p e ace and goodwill to subj ec t ra ce s endanger
the v ery prin c ipl es whi ch they would t ea ch .

Whil e th e young Pharaoh was singing his

imp erial psalms to th e Aton in his growing
228 L AS T Tw o YEARS O F R EI GN .

a days on e is familiar with th e doc trine : a

greater than Akhnaton has pre ac h e d it and ,

has died for it To day God is known to us

.
-
,

and the p e a c e of God is a thing hop e d for ;

but at that fa r off period thirt een hundred
-
,

years b e fore th e birth of C hrist two or thre e ,

c enturies be for e the a e o f David and S olomon

g ,

and many a y ear be fore the prea c hing of Mos e s ,

o n e is utt e rly surprised to b e hold th e tru e light

shining forth for a short moment like the sun

through a rift in the clouds and one knows ,

that it has c ome too soon Mankind e ve n n ow .

,

n ot r eady w a s then most wholly unprepare d

, ,

and th e pri ce whi ch Egypt paid for the id e als

of h er Pharaoh was no less than th e c ompl e t e

loss o f h er dominions .

Akhnaton beli e v ed in God and to him that ,

belie f meant a prac ti cal abhorr enc e of war .

Marshalling th e mat erial availabl e for th e study

o f this p eriod o f history on e c a n int e rpre t the
,

ev ents in S yria in only on e way : Akhnaton

definit ely refus ed to do battle b eli eving that ,

'

a r e sort to arms was an offe n ce to God .

Wheth er fortune or mi sfortune gain or loss , ,

was to be his lot h e would hold to his

-

,
 C ON S CI EN TI O U S O B JE CTI oNs
"
lo
.
‘
WARFARE . 229

prin ciples and would not return to th e old

,

gods of battle .

It must be remembered that at this time

th e empire w a s th e personal prope rty of the

Pharaoh as every kingdom was of its king

,
.

N obody ever c onsidered a possession a s belong

ing to th e nation whi c h had laid hands upon it ,
I

but only to that nation s k i n g It m attered

’
.

very littl e to the S yrian p eopl es wh e ther their

o wn e r was an Egyptian or a S yrian though ,

p erhaps they pr e fe rred to b e possesse d by one

o f their ow n ra ce Akhnaton was thus doi ng
.

his will with his o w n property He w as .

refusing to fight for his ow n possessions ; he

was a c ting literally upon the Christian principle
o f giving th e c loak to him w h o had stolen the

c oat
. Patriotism was a sentim e nt unknown to ~

th e world : d evotion to the king s personal ’

intere st was all that a c tuat e d loyalty in the

s ubje c t
, and th e monar c h himself had but h i s
'

o w n int e r e sts to c onsider Thus Akhnaton c an

.

not b e a cc used o f ruining his c ountry by his

r efusal to go to war He was e ntitled to d o
.

what he like d with his o w n p ersonal property ,

and if he sa crific ed his posse ssions to his

 L A S T TWO Y EA R S O F R EI GN .

’
princ iples th e sa crific e was mad e upon God s
,

h i gh altar and th e loss would b e felt by him

,

alon e S u ch a loss it is true would probably

.
, ,

break his heart ; for h e loved S yria de arly and ,

h e had had su c h great hopes o f uniting th e

e m pir e by th e ti e of a c ommon r e ligion But .

for good or ill h e was d etermin e d to stand

,

aloo f from the struggl e s upon whi c h S yria was

now e ntering .

3 . THE FAI THLES S N ES S OF AZ I RU .

Whil e Az i r u ,
the Amorit e s chemed on the ,
'

bord ers of Asia Minor a S yrian prin ce named

, .

I ta ka m a suddenly set up an ind ependent king

dom at K ad esh and j oined hands with the
H ittit e s thus c utting off th e loyal c ity of Tu n i p
, ,

th e fri endly kingdom of Mitanni and the t e rri ,

tory of th e faithl ess Azira from dire c t inter

c ourse with th e Lebanon and Egypt s remaining
’

poss essions in Pal e stine an d S yria Thr ee loyal .

vassal kings perhaps assist ed b y Du sh r a tta of

,

Mitanni atta c ked th e rebels but were repulsed

, ,

by I ta k am a and his H ittite allie s .

2 32 LA ST T WO Y EA R S O F R E I GN .

t he northmen to swarm southwards through his

dominions from Amki over and around the
,

Lebanon to K ad e sh wh e r e th e ir ally I ta k a m a
,

dwelt In r e turn for this assistan ce h e se ems to

.

hav e been allowe d a fr e e hand in the forwarding

o f his o w n int e r e sts and we now find him turning
,

his att ention to th e s ea c oast c iti e s of S im yr a -

and Byblos whi c h n e stl e d a t the w e st e rn foot

,

o f t h e L eb anon H e re howe ver h e r eceived a

.
, ,

c h ec k and fail e d to ob tain a footing He there

,
‘

fore mar ch e d eastwards to the c ity of N iy which ,

h e c aptur e d slaying its king ; and both to the

,

H ittit e s and to the Egyptians h e se e ms to have

pre tend e d that h e had take n this ste p in their
int er e sts .

O n h e aring of th e fall o f this c ity the

gov ernor of Tu n i p wrote a path eti c app e al to
Akhnaton asking for h elp ; for he was n ow
,

quite isolat ed and h e kn e w that Az ir u was a

,

free lan c e who c are d not a jot for any but his
-

o w n w elfar e .

To th e Ki n g Egypt, m y lor d ,
of
_
r u n s th e

letter . Th e i n h ab i tan ts of Tu n i p, th y ser van t .

May i t b e w ell w i th th ee, an d a t th e feet of ou r

lor d w e fall My lor d , Tu n i p, th y ser an t, speak s,
. v
 TH E FA I TH LES S NES S oF A Z I EU . 233

sayi n g Wh : o h ave plun d er ed Tu n i p

for m er ly c ou ld

w i th ou t b ei n p lu g
n d er ed b y Th oth m es I I I T h e .

god s of th e K i n g
of E yp t, my lor d , d w ell i n g
Tu n i p . May ou r lor d a sk hi s old men [ i f i t b e

n ot so .
] N ow ,
h ow ever , we b elon g no m or e to
ou r lor d , th e Ki n g of g
E yp t I f h i s sold i er s
.

an d ch ar i ots c om e too la te Az i r u w i ll m ak e u s
,

li k e th e ci ty of Niy . I f, h ow ever , we ha ve to
m ou r n , th en th e K i n g of g
E yp t w i ll m ou r n o er v
th ese th i n g s w hi c h Az i ru h a s d on e, for h e wi ll
tu r n h i s h an d g
a ai n s t our lor d . An d w h en Az i r u
en ter s S i myr a A z i r u wi ll d o to us h e pleases,
as

in th e ter r i tor y of ou r lor d th e g

Ki n , a n d on
accou n t of th ese thi n gs our lor d w i ll ha ve to
lam en t . An d n ow Tu n i p th y ci ty weeps
, , , an d h er
tea r s a re flowi n g , an d th er e is no h elp for u s.

For tw en ty yea r s w e h ave b een s en di n g to ou r

lor d th e K i n g ,
th e Ki n g of g
E ypt, b u t th er e h as
n ot c om e to us a —
wor d no ,
n ot on e .
”

S ev e ral points be c ome appar e nt from this l e tter .

O n e s e e s t hat in the mor e distant c iti e s of S yria

the signifi c an c e of Akhnaton s n e w r eligion was ’

n o t und e rstood Th e gov ernor o f Tu n ip r e fers

.

to the old gods o f Egypt w orshipp ed in that

town and h e knows not or c annot be brought
, ,

to b eli e ve that Akhnaton has bec om e a mono

,

th eist O n e s e es that the m emory of th e t erribl e

.

Th o th m es III and his vi c torious armi e s was still

.
2 34 LAS T T WO Y EA RS O F R EI GN .

’
in m e n s minds and was probably on e of the
,

main caus es of th e long continu ed peac e in S yr i a

-
.

A khnaton s father Am on h otep III had not con

’

, .
,

c erned himself greatly with r egard to his foreign

dominions and as the people of Tu n i p had be e n

, ,

asking for assistan ce for twe nty y e ars it would ,

seem that th e dange r whi c h now bes e t th e m

was alre ady feare d b efor e that Pharaoh s death ’
.

H ow one asks c ould Akhnaton read su c h a

, ,

le tt er as this and yet refuse to send a reli e ving

,

army to S yria ? Byblos and S i m yr a were still

loyally holding out ; a n d troops disembark e d at
these p orts c ould sp e e dily b e mar c h ed i n land to
Tu n ip c ould c rush H akama at K adesh and
‘

, ,

c ould fright e n Az i r u into giving real assistan c e

to Du sh r a tta and oth e r loyal kings in holding

th e H ittit e s ba c k b e hind the Am a n u s Moun

tains But this was Akhnaton s G e ths eman e if

.
’

on e may say so with rev e r e n c e ; and like that

gre ater T e a ch e r w h o thirt ee n hundr ed years

,

lat er was to prea ch th e s elf sam e doctrine of

,
.

p ersonal sa crifi ce on e may suppose that th e

,

Pharaoh suffe red a v ery Agony as h e r ealise d

that his prin c iples were l eading him to th e loss
of all his d earest possessions H i s re stless .
 TH E FI GH TI N G I N S Y R I A B ECO MES GEN ER A L . 235

generals in Egypt eager to marc h into S yria

, ,

must have brought every argument to be ar

upon him ; but the boy would not now turn
back Put up thy sword into his place h e
.
,

s e ems to hav e said ; for all th ey that take

th e swor d shall p e rish with the sword .

4 . THE FI GHTI N G I N S YR I A BECOMES GEN ERAL .

At this time th e K ing of Byblos was one

named R ib a d d i a fin e old soldier who was loyal
,

to Egypt in his every thought and deed He .

wrote to Akhnaton urging him to send troops

to r eliev e the garrison of S i m yr a upon whi c h
,

Az i r u was again pr e ssing clos e ; for if S i m yr a

fell h e knew that Byblos could not for long
,

hold ou t Presently we find that Z i mr i d a th e

.
,

king of the n eighbouring port o f S idon has ,

open e d his gates to Az ir u and has marc hed with

,

him against Tyr e Ab i m ilki th e K ing of Tyre

.
, ,

at on c e wrot e to Akhnaton asking for assist

an ce ; but on r ec eiving no r eply he too appears
, ,

to h av e thrown in his lot with Az ir u R i b a d d i

.

was now quit e isolat ed at Byblos ; and from

236 L A S T TWO Y EA R S O F R EI GN .

th e beleague re d c ity he wrot e to the Pharaoh t ell

ing him th at S i m yr a is like a bird in a snar e
'

Akhnaton made no r eply ; and in a short time,

R i b a d d i wrot e again saying S i m yr a your , , ,

”
fortr e ss is now in th e pow e r o f th e K habiri
, .

Th e s e K habiri w ere th e Beduin from behind

Palestin e who wer e b eing used as m erc enaries
,

by Az i r u and who themselv es we re making

,

smal l conquest in th e south on th e ir ow n

behalf Thus the south e rn c iti e s o f Megiddo
.
,

Aska lon G e zer and others writ e to the Pharaoh

, , ,

as king for aid again st th em Exasp erated how .

,

’
e v er , by Akhnaton s inac tion Ask a lon and G e zer , ,

toge th e r with the c ity of Lachish thre w o ff the ,

Egpti a n yok e and attac ked Je rusalem whic h w a s ,

still loyal to Egypt be ing h eld by an office r ,

named Ab d kh ib a This loyal soldi e r at on ce .

sent a despat ch to Akhnaton part o f whi ch .

,

r e ad as follows
Th e Ki n g ’
s wh ole lan d ,
wh i ch h as be g un

h osti li ti es w i th me ,
will be lost . Beh old th e
ter r i tor y of S ei r , as far as Car m el, i ts p r i n ces

ar e wh olly lost ; an d v
h ostili ty pr e ai ls a ai n st g
me . A s lon g as sh i ps w er e u pon th e sea

g g
“

th e str on ar m of th e Ki n occu pi ed N ah ar i n
an d Ka sh ,
b ut n ow th e K h ab i r i ar e occu pyi n g
238 L A S T TWO Y EA R S O F R EI GN .

ask e d questions as to th e state o f affairs ; but

never does he offe r any e n courage m e nt La paya
“

.
,

on e of th e prin ce s of th e south who had e vi

,

d e n tly re c eive d a c ommuni c ation from Akhnaton

in whi c h his fid elity was qu e stioned wrote say ,

ing that i f th e Pharaoh ord er e d him to driv e a

sword of bronz e into his heart he would do so .

It is a c omm entary upon th e v erac ity of the

O ri e ntal that in subs e quent l e tters this prin c e is
state d to have attac ked Megiddo and ultimately ,

to hav e b e en slain while fighting against the

Egyptian loyal ists .

Ad d u d a i a n a king o f some unknown c ity of

,

south Jud e a ac knowle dges the rece ipt of a l e tt e r

,

from Akhnaton in whi c h h e was ask ed to remain

loyal ; and h e c omplains in r eply of th e loss of
, ,

various poss essions Da g a n ta kala th e king of

.
,

anoth er c ity writ e s imploring th e Pharaoh to

,

r e scue him from th e K habiri N i n u r a que e n.

,

of a part o f Jud e a who c alls h ers elf Akhnaton s ’

,

handmaid e ntr eats th e Pharaoh to save h er

, ,

and r ecords the c aptur e of on e of h er c ities by

th e K habiri .

And so th e lett ers run on eac h t elling of some

,
 A Z I R U AN D R I B A DD I FI GH T TO A
'

FI N I S H . 239

d isaster to th e Egyptian c ause and ea c h voi c ing ,

the bitter complaint of those w h o wer e b e ing

s a c rifi c ed to the p rin c iples of a king who had

grasped the meaning of c ivilisation too soon .

5 . AZ I RU AND R I BADD I FI GHT TO A FI N I S H .

Meanwhile R i b a dd i was holding Byblos vali

a n tl against A z i r u s armi e s
’

y and many were

,
th e

d e spat c h e s whi ch he s e nt to Akhnaton asking

for assistan ce against Az i r u N othing c ould have
.

b ee n e asi e r t han the despatch o f a fe w hundred

m e n a c ross th e Medit e rran e an to the b eleagu e red
port and th e number whi ch R i b a dd i asks for is
,

a bsur dl y small Akhnaton howe ver would n ot

.
, ,

s e nd a single man but inst ead wrote a l etter

,

o f gentle rebuke to Az i r u telling him to c om e to

,

th e C ity o f the H orizon to explain his c ondu c t .

Az i ru wrote at on c e to on e o f Akhnaton s
’

c ourtiers who was his frie nd telling him to ,

S p e ak to th e Pharaoh and to s e t matters right .

He explained that h e could not l e ave S yria at

that time for he must remain to d e fe nd Tu n ip
,
24 0 LAS T Tw o Y EA RS O F R E I GN .

against th e H ittit e s Th e reade r who has s een

.
,

the l ett e r writt e n by the governor of Tu n i p

asking for help against Az ir u will re alis e the ,

r fid of this Amorit who was w no doubt

p e
y e n o, , ,

preparing to c aptur e Tu n i p for th e sake of its

ri c h e s and having don e so , would t ell Akhnaton
, ,

that h e had e nte red it to hold it against th e

H ittit es .

Akhnaton then wrote to Az i r u insis ting that

"
,

h e should r ebuild th e c ity of S i m yr a whi c h he ,

had de stroyed ; but Az ir u gain repli e d that he

was too busy in d e fending Egyptian int erests
\

against th e inroads o f the H ittit e s to give his

att ention to this matter for at l east a year To .

this Akhnaton s e nt a mild reply ; but Az i r u ,

fe aring that the l e tt e r might c ontain som e

matter whi c h it would be be tte r for him not to
h e ar c ontrive d to e vad e th e m essenge r and th e
, ,

d e spat c h was brought bac k to Egypt He wrote .

to th e Pharaoh howe ver saying that h e would

, ,

see to it that th e c ities c apture d by him

Should c ontinu e to pay tribut e as usual to
Egypt
The tribute se ems to have r e a c h e d th e City
of th e Horizon in c orr ect manner until th e last
24 2 L A S T TWO Y EA R S O F R EI GN .

king manage d to regain c ontrol o f Byblos an d ,

to set about the furth e r defen ce of the c ity .

Me anwhil e Az i r u had paid a rapid visit to

Egypt partly to j ustify his c ondu c t and partly
, ,

no doubt to as certain th e c ondition of affairs

,

on the N il e With Ori e ntal c unning he man

.

aged to satisfy Akhnaton that his inte ntions

w e re not hostil e to Egypt and so re turned to ,

th e Leban on R i b a d d i h earing o f this at on c e

.
, ,

s ent his son to th e City of th e H orizon to ex

pos e Az ir u s per fid y and to plead for assistan c e
’

agai n st him At th e same tim e he wrote to

.

Akhnaton a path eti c a cc ount o f his misfortun e s .

Four m e mbers of his family had been tak e n

prison e rs ; his broth e r was c onstantly con spi r
ing against him ; old a g e and dis e as e pre ssed
heavily upon him All his possessions had been
.

tak e n from him all his lands devastat ed ; he

,

had been re du c ed by famine and the privations

o f a long sieg e to a state o f utt e r destitution ,

“
and h e c ould not mu c h longe r hold ou t The .

“
gods o f Byblos h e writ e s a r e angry with me
, ,

and sor e displ eas ed ; for I hav e sinne d against

th e gods and th er e fore I d o not com e b e for e my
,

lord th e K ing Wa s his S i n on e won d ers the

.
, ,
 A K H N A TO N S TI LL R E FU S E S To S EN D H ELP . 24 3

’
adoption for a whil e of Akhnaton s faith To ?

this c omm uni c ation Akhnaton s eems to have

mad e no r eply .

6 . AK HN ATON C ON TI N UES TO REFU S E TO

S EN D HELP .

Th e messenge rs w hoarrived at the City of '

the H orizon of Aton dusty and travel stain e d

,
-
,

to deliver th e many letters aski n g for h elp ,

m ust have despaired inde e d w hen they obs erved

the manner i n whi c h th e news was received .

H ate ful to these hardy so ldi ers of th e e mp ire

w er e the fin e qu ays at whi ch th e ir gall eys
moored ; hateful th e fair villas and shaded
av e nu e s of the c ity and thric e hat eful the
rolling hymns to th e Aton whi c h c ame to them
from the temple halls a s they hurried to the
’
Pharaoh s palace The townsp e ople smiled at
.

their h a Ste in this c ity of dreams ; th e c ourt

o fficials d elayed th e d eliv e ry of th eir lett ers ,

s c ofli n at the idea f urgen y in th a ffairs f

g o c e o

Asia ; and finally thes e wr et c h e d do cum e nts ,

written — i f —
ever l et ters w e re so writte n with
244 L A S T Tw o Y E A R S O F REI GN .

bl ood and with t e ars w ere pigeon holed in th e

,
-

c ity ar c hives and utt erly forgotten sav e by

Akhnaton hims elf Inst ead O f th e brav e music
.

O f the drums and b u leS O f the r elieving army

g
whi c h th e s e me ss engers had hop e d to must e r ,

th er e rang in th e ir madde ned ears only th e

c e aseless c hants O f th e pri e stly c e remoni e s and

th e patt e ring lov e songs o f privat e fe stivals .

N e wly c om e from th e s w eat and th e labour of

th e road ,
th e ir brains still racked with the '

horror o f war and ye t burning with th e vast

hope s of empire th ey look ed with s corn at
,

th e luxury O f Egypt s n e w c apital and h e ard

’

with disgust th e dainty tal e s O f the flowers .

Th e l e an sad ey e d Pharaoh with his crook e d

,
-
,

h ead and his stooping should ers would S p e ak ,

only Of his God ; and clad in S imple cloth e s

,

unre li e ved by a single jew el there was nothin g

,

martial in his app earan c e to give them hop e .

From th e b el e agu er e d c iti e s whi c h th ey had S O

lately l e ft there c ame to th e m th e bitter cr y
for su cc our ; and it was not possible to drown
that cr y in words O f peac e nor in the j angl e of
,

th e sys tr u m or the warbling of th e pipes .

Wh o thought the waiting messengers c ould r e

, ,

“
sis t that pit e ous call : Thy c ity we eps and ,
24 6 ‘
LA S T Tw o Y EA R S O F R EI GN .

whi ch stirs in sympathy with thos e w h o w e re

holding th e c itadels O f Asia ? We can giv e ou r
approval to the ideals of the young king but ,

we cannot s ee his e mpir e fall without bitt erly

blaming him for th e disast e r Y et in passing .

j udgme n t in c alling the boy to a cc ount for th e

,

loss Of S yria th ere is th e cons c iousn e ss that

,

above ou r tribunal S its a judge to whom Wa r

must assuredly be abhorrent and in whose ,

eyes th e struggl e O f th e nations must utt erly

lac k its drama Thus e ven now Akhnaton
.
, ,

eludes ou r criti cism and but rai s e s on c e more

,

that eternal question whic h as yet has no

answer .

7 . AK HNATON S
’
HEALTH GI V ES WAY .

It is possibl e that th e Pharaoh now r ealis e d

his position and on e may suppos e that h e tri ed
,

as b est he could to pa c ify th e turbulent prin ce s

by all the arts of diplomac y It does n ot se em .
,

howev er that h e ye t fully appr eciat e d the c atas

,

tr oph e whi c h was now almost in e vitable th e

c ompl e t e loss of S yri a He c ould not bri n g .

hims elf to believe that the prince s of that

 WA Y
’
A K H N A TO N S H E A LTH GI V E S . 24 7

c ountry would play him fals e ; and h e could

have had no idea that h e was being S O entirely
fool e d by su c h m e n as Az i ru But when at .

last the tribut e c eas ed to com e in r egularly th en , ,

too late he knew that disaste r was upon him

, .

Th e thoughts whi c h now must h av e held sway

in h i s mind c ould not hav e fail e d to c arry him
d own th e dark st e ps o f d epr e ssion to th e v ery
pit O f d espair and on e may pi c ture h i m daily
,

c ast prone u pon th e floor b e for e th e high altar

o f th e Aton and nightly tossing sl e epl e ss upon

,

his royal b e d It s e ems that h e had plac ed

.
“

gre at r elian ce upon a c ertain O ffic ial nam e d ,

who was ac ting as Egyptian commis

s i o n er in Palestin e ; but now it is probable
that he r ec e iv e d n e ws o f that unfortunat e per
’
s on a e s flight and lat e r o f his murd e r Th n
1
g , e .

c ame the report that Byblos had fall e n and one ,

is led to suppose that that truly noble soldier

R i b a dd i did not survive th e fall of th e c ity
whi c h h e had S O t e na c iously h eld Th e n e ws .

of th e surr e nder of oth e r important Egyptian

strongholds follow e d rapidly and still th e r e ,

c am e th e path e ti c app e al for h elp from th e

minor posts whi c h ye t h eld out .

1 Br eas te d : Hi s tor y, p 38 8
. .
24 8 L A S T TWO Y EA R S O F REI GN .

Akhnaton w as n ow about twenty eight years

o f a e and alr e ady th e c ares o f the whole world
g ,

s eem e d to rest upon his S houlders Lean and .

lank was his body ; his fac e was thin and lin e d
with worry ; and in his eye on e might perhaps , ,

have se e n that hunted look whi c h c omes to those

w h o are dogge d by disaster It is probable that
.

h e 9 0 W S ufi ered a cut el y from the distressing

'
““

malady to whi c h he was a vi c tim and there ,

m ust have b een tim e s when h e felt himsel f

upon th e v e rge of madn e ss H is misshap e n
.

to b u r sti ng w i th the full

~ w

thoughts Of his and the S5d kn ow ” ‘

l edge that he had fail e d must have pr e ssed upon

his mind lik e som e unrelenting finger The .

invoc ations to th e Aton whi ch rang in his h e ad

m ad e c onfusion with the c r y O f S yria N ow he .

list e ned to th e voi ce s O f his choirs lauding the

sweetness of life ; and now br e akin g in upon the
,

c hant , did h e not h ear the sol e mn voi c es O f his

fath e rs c alling to him from the H ills O f the West
to give account O f his st ewardship ? Could he
then find sola ce in tr e es and in flow e rs ? Could
h e cr y Peace wh en th ere was r ed tumult in
his brain
250 L A S T TWO Y EA R S O F R EI GN .

h eld s w ay throughout Egypt thre w into disorde r

the whol e c ountry and stru ck at the h e art not
,

o f one but o f a hundred c ities Wa s th e kindly .

O ld a r ti ficer Ptah with his hamm er and his

,

c his e l , to b e tumble d into e mpty S pa ce ? Wa s

the b eautiful the gra cious Hathor— th e Ve nus
,

of th e N ile— to b e thrown down from h er cel estial

seat ? Wa s it possibl e to banish K hnum the ,

goat h e aded pott e r who live d in th e c aves of the

-

C atarac t from the life o f th e c ity O f El ephantin e ;

,

th e mysterious j a ckal Wepw a t from the h earts

O f the men O f Abydos ; or the an c i e nt c ro c odile

S ebek from th e ships and th e fi elds O f O mbos ?

Eve ry town had its loc al god and eve ry god ,

its pri esthood ; and surely th e Pharaoh was

mad who att empt ed to mak e war upon th e se
l egions O f h e aven .This Aton whom the king ,

c all e d upon th e m to worship was so remote , ,

so infinit ely abov e th eir h e ads Aton did not sit .

with th e m at their h earth S ide to watc h the -

ke ttle boil ; Aton did not play a swe e t toned

flute amongst th e r e eds O f th e river ; Aton did
not bring a fairy gift to th e n e w born bab e -
.

Where was the sacr e d tree in whos e b ran c h es

on e might hope to see him seat ed ?
 WA Y
’
A K H N A TO N S HE A LTH GI V ES . 251

wh ere was the eddy O f the N ile in whi c h he

loved to bath e ? and Where w a s th e ro c k at
-

Whose foot one might plac e as a fond O ffe ring , ,

a bowl of milk ? The peopl e loved th e ir O ld

gods whose S imple ways kind h e arts and
, , ,

qui c k t emp ers mad e them unde rstandabl e to

mortal minds But a god who r eign e d alon e
.

in solitary isolation who more r e mot e ev e n

, ,

than the Jehovah of th e H ebr e ws rod e n o t ,

upon th e clouds n or mov e d upon th e wings of

th e wind was hardly a d e ity to whom th e y
,

c ould open their h e arts Tru e th e sunris e and

.
,

the suns e t We re th e visibl e S igns o f th e godhead ;

but let th e r eader ask any modern Egyptian
peasant wh eth e r ther e is aught to stir th e
pulses in these two great ph e nom e na and h e ,

will realise that the glory o f th e ski es could not

hav e app e al e d parti c ularly to the l esse r subj e cts
o f Akhnaton who moreover were not permitted
, , ,

to how th e kn ee to th e flaming or b itself Wh e n .

the Christian religion took hold of th ese p e as

ants and pr e s e nt ed for their a cceptan ce the sam e
,

ide a O f a remote though loving and c onsid erat e

God it was only by th e el evation o f saints and
,

d e vils angels and powers O f darkn ess almost to

, ,
2 52 L A S T TWO Y EA R S O F R E I GN .

th e rank of demigods that the , faith prospered .

But Akhnaton allowed n o su ch tampering with

th e primary do ctrine and S t ,
Ge orge and all
th e saints would hav e su ffered the erasur e o f
th e ir very nam e s .

AK HN ATON S LAS T DAY S AN D DEATH

’
8 . .

The troubles whi ch Akhnaton by suc h a ctions

gathered around himself while disturbing to his ,

adhere nts must have given some degree of

,

pleasure to thos e nobles who saw in the king s ’

down fall the only hope O f Egypt H or emheb .

,

th e c ommander i n c hi e f of the ina c tive armies

- -
,

c ould now begin to pr e par e himsel f against the

time when he S hould l ead a forc e into S yria

to restore Egyptian prestige Tu ta n k h a ton .
,

b etroth ed to Akhnaton s third dau ghter c ould ’

dream o f the days wh e n he would make himsel f

Pharaoh and c arry th e c ourt ba ck to glorious
,

Th ebes Even Mer yr a the H igh Pri e st Of

.
,

Aton seems to have allow e d his thoughts to

,

drift away from the City of the Horizon

wherein th e sun Of Egypt s glory had set for ’

,
 L AS T T WO Y EA R S O F R EI GN .

The little Prin cess Mer yta ton now but twelve ,

y e ars of a g e was c all e d from h er games and

, ,

with pomp and c er emony was married to this

S m en kh k a r a thus making him th e legitimate
,

h eir to th e throne Mer yta ton be ing th e eld est

,

daught e r and sol e heiress o f the Pharaoh .

Feeling that his days we re numb er e d Akhnaton

.
,

th en asso ciat e d S m en kh kar a upon th e throne with

him as cO rul er and was thus able to familiarise
-
,

th e peopl e with their future lord In lat e r .

’
y ears after Akhnaton s d e ath S m en k hka r a w a s
, ,

wont to writ e after his nam e th e words beloved

O f Akh n aton as though to indi cat e that his
,

claim to the throne was due to Akhnaton s

’

affec tion for him as well as to the rights

,

d eriv ed from his wife .

But what m att ered the se curing of th e su c

c e ssion to th e throne Wh en that throne had
bee n S haken to its v ery foundations and now ,

s ee m e d to b e upon th e verge O f utter wreck ?

Akhnaton could no longer stave o ff th e impend

ing c rash and from all S id e s th ere gath e re d th e
,

force s whi c h were to ove rwh elm h i m H is .

government was c haoti c Th e plotting and

.
“

s ch eming of the pries ts o f Amon S howed S igns

O f c oming to a su cc essful issue Th e anger O f .
 ’
A K H N A TO N S L A S T DAY S A N D D EA TH . 255

th e priesthood s O f the other gods o f Egypt

hung over th e pala ce lik e som e m enac ing storm
c loud . The soldi e rs eager to marc h upon S yria
,

as in th e days O f the great Th oth m es III .

,

c hafe d at their en for c e d idleness and wat ched ,

with in creasing restlessness th e wr ec k of t h e

empire .

N O W through the str eets of th e c ity th ere

passed the weary messenge rs O f Asia hurrying
to th e palace no longer bearing th e app eals
,

of kings and generals for support but a n n ou n c ,

ing th e fall O f th e last c ities Of S yria and the

S laughter O f the last left O f their rulers The .

s catt ered remn ants of the garrisons stagger e d back

to th e N ile at the heels o f th e se m e ssengers ,

pursu e d to the very fronti ers of Egypt by th e

triumphant Asiatic s From the north th e H it
.

ti tes poured int o S yria ; from the south th e

K habiri swarme d over the land AS the c u r
.

tain is rung down on the turbulent s ce ne one ,

c at c h e s a glimps e o f the wily Az i r u his hands ,

still stain ed with the blood o f R ib a d d i and O f

many another loyal prin ce snatc hing at this
,

c ity and trampling on that At last he has

.

ca st aside his mask and with the tribute whi c h

,

h a d b ee n promis e d to Egypt he n ow no doubt , ,

25 6 LAST T WO Y EA R S O F R EI GN .

pla cates th e as ce nding H ittites whos e suzerainty ,

alone h e admi ts .

Th e tribut e having c e ased the Egyptian tr eas ,

ury soon stood e mpty for th e gov e rnm ent O f th e

,

c ountry was too c onfus e d to p e rmit o f th e proper

gath ering of th e tax e s and th e working of the

,

g old mines
-
c ould not b e organis e d Mu c h had .

been e xp e nde d on the building o f th e C ity of

th e H orizon and now the king knew not wh e re
,

to turn for mon ey In th e space of a fe w ye ars

.

Egypt had b e e n redu ced from a world powe r

to th e position O f a p e tty stat e from the ri ch e st ,

c ountry known to man to th e humiliating c o n

dition of a bankrupt kingdom .

S ur ely o n e may pi c tur e Akhnaton now in his

last hours his j aw fallen his sunken ey e s wid ely
, ,

staring as th e full r e alisation of the utter failur e

,

O f all his hop e s c am e to him He had sa crifi ce d .

S yria to h i s prin c iples ; but th e sa cr i fice w a s o f

'

no avail sin c e his do c trin e s had not tak en root

,

eve n in Egypt H e kne w n ow that the religion

.

of th e Aton would not outliv e him that th e ,

knowl edge O f th e love of God was n ot yet to ,

b e made known to the world Eve n at this .

mome nt th e psalms of the Aton w ere beating

 THE FALL O F THE R ELIGI ON O F
A KHNAT ON .

fi
Th u s d i sappeared th e most r emar kab le g u r e i n ear ly Or i en tal h i s
tor y . v
Th er e d i ed w i th h i m s u ch a s pi r i t as th e wor ld h ad n e er
f
s een b e or e B REAS TED
.
-
Hi stor y Of Egypt.
’

1 . THE B URI AL OF AKHN ATON .

TH E body Akhnaton was embalmed in the

Of

c ity whi c h he had founded ; and while th e se

m ortal parts O f the gr e at idealist w er e und er
going the leng thy process of m u m m i fica ti on th e ,

n e w Pharaoh S m e n kh k a r a mad e a fee bl e atte mpt

to re tain the S pirit O f his prede cessor in th e n ew

r e i me Pra ti ally nothing is known f his
’

g .c c o

bri ef reign but it is appare nt from subsequent

,
“

e v e nts that b e entire ly failed to c arry o n the

work O f Akhnaton and the pe ri od O f his ,

sovere ignty is marked by a general t ende ncy to

 TH E B U RI A L O F A K HN A TON
'

. 259

abandon the religion of the Aton S m en khka r a

.

had dated th e first year O f his reign fro m the

day of his a ccession as cO ruler with Akhnaton
-
,

and thus it is that th ere are n o ins criptions

found whi c h re c ord his first year although there
,

are many refere nces to his se cond year The .

main e ve nt must have o ccurred some three

months aft e r the c ommen cem ent O f his sole
reign wh e n the body of Akhnaton was c arried
,

in sol e mn state through the streets Of the c ity

and across the d ese rt to the tomb whi ch had
be e n made for him in the distant cli ffs .

The mum my had bee n wrapped as was usual , ,

in endl ess strips of lin e n ; and amongst these

the re was placed upon the royal bre ast a n ec k
lace O f gold and ov e r th e fac e an ornament cu t
,

in flat gold foil repre s enting a vultur e with wings

—
outstretc h e d a Pharaoni c symbol O f divine pr o
te cti o n
. In many burials of this dynasty a
vultur e su c h as this was plac ed upon the
mummy ; and repre sentations O f an exactly
similar ornam e nt a r e shown in th e tombs of
S e n n e fer and oth ers at Thebes It is some
.

what surprising that the body O f Akhnaton ,

who was so averse to all old customs S hould ,

260 TH E FA L L O F TH E R EL I GI O N O F A K H N A TO N .

thus have this royal talisman upon it ; and it

would s eem that som e O f th e stri ct rul e s of
the Aton worshipp e r had alr eady been relax ed
by his successor Akhnaton had retain e d but
.

thre e of the an ci e nt divin e symbols S O far as ,

one ca n t ell from th e relie fs and paintings

namely th e uraeus or c obra th e S phinx and
, , ,

the hawk whi c h w ere O ft e n used as ornam ents

, .

But on e may ask wh ether th e vulture had

r e ally b ee n disp ensed w ith by him It is true .

t hat h e bann ed the vultur e hi erogly ph in the -

ins criptions as w e hav e alre ady se en on th e

,

oute r c offin O f Qu e e n Ti y 1
but his reason for
S O doing was that by suc h a hi eroglyph the
name of th e goddess Mut was called to mind ,

and that goddess be ing the consort of Amon

, ,

was not to b e tol erated Th e vultur e whi c h

.

was laid upon th e mum my how ever had noth , ,

ing to do with Mut nor had it any like n e ss

,

to th e hi eroglyph It was originally a r epr e

.

s e n ta ti o n of th e presiding genius O f U pp er
Egypt a n d correspond ed to the uraeus whi c h
, ,

primarily repres e nt e d the power Of Lowe r Egypt .

It is true again that it Wa s the custom for the

, ,

1
Page 1 8 7 .
262 THE FA LL O F TH E R EL I GI O N O F A K H N A TO N .

th e y a dher ed Money b eing som e how found the

.
,

body was wrapp ed in sh e ets O f pure gold s uffic i ,

ently thin to be flexibl e and was plac ed in a ,

S plendid c o ffin designed in th e usual form of a

,

re cumbe nt figure and inlaid in a dazzling mann e r

,

with rare stones and c oloured glass Down the .

front o f this coffin ran a simpl e ins cription the ,

hi eroglyphs O f whi ch were a lso inlaid It r ead .

The beautiful prin ce The Chosen O n e of R a the

, ,

K ing O f U pper and Lower Egypt living in Truth , ,

Lord O f the Two Lands Akhnaton th e beautiful , ,

c hild Of th e living Aton whose name shall live ,

1 ”
for ever and e ver Th ere is on e c urious fe atur e
.

about this insc ription Whe n Akhnaton made .

the outer cofli n fo r his moth e r in or about th e ,

twelfth y e ar O f h is reign h e was parti c ularly ,

c ar e ful n ot to use the hi e roglyph r eprese nting

th e goddess Maat when writing the word m a a t ,

“ ”
truth But this S ign is employ ed now upon
.

his o w n coffin ; and on e ca n only pr e sum e ,

therefore that the coffi n was made aft er Akhna

,

ton s d eath and that th e Pharaoh S m e n kh

’
,
n ew

1 I n Egyti an : Heq n efer , Ra setep t, S eten b a ti , An k h em Maat,

N eb tau i , A kh n aton , Pa sh er a n efer en Pa Aton an k h , en ti au f an kh u
r en h h z et
e . Th i s was all th at wa s wri tten u pon th e c offi n .
 TH E B U R I A L O F AK H N A TO N
~
. 263

kara ha d not th e sam e obj ection to th e

r epresentation O f the goddess as gh a d his
prede ce ssor We may n ow b etter understand
.

th e pres e n c e o f the vulture symbol also ; for

it is O bvious that b efor e Akhnaton s funeral h ad

’

taken plac e his stri c t Tegi m e had been relaxed

’
.

Th e royal mummy was n ow c arried to its tomb

and there d eposited together with su c h funeral
,

furniture and O ffe rings as w e re c onsidere d n eces

sary. The four alabast e r c anopi c j ars always ,

c onspi c uous in an Egyptian burial were here ,

not wanting The stopp e r of eac h jar w a s

.

exquisitely c arve d to represent the head O f

s

Akhnaton w e aring the usual male Wi g o f the

,

p e ri od and having the royal c obra upon the

,

forehead From these heads on e sees that the

‘

art of Akhnaton was modified imm ediately aft e r

his d e ath and its more pronoun c e d character
,

i sti c s w e re alre ady b e ing ton e d down This .

sla ckening in th e rul e s whi c h Akhnaton h ad

mad e shows us how entirely dependent th e
mov e ment had be e n upon its l e ade r ; and w e
re alise th e more clearly how strong a char
acte r was his Ere e v e n the king s burial had
.
’

take n plac e th e d e ath O f his r eligion w as assured .

2 64 TH E FA LL O F TH E R E LI GI O N O F A K H N A TO N .

2 . THE COURT RETURN S TO THEBES .

S m en khk a r a
di ed o r was d eposed about a , ,

y ear aft er Akhnaton s death H e was su cce ed ed ’

.

by anoth er nobl e Tu ta n kh a ton who in ord er

1
, , ,

to l egitimis e his accession Obtained in marriage ,

Akhnaton s s ec ond daught er An kh sen pa a ton a

’

,
.

girl barely twelv e years O ld Thus S m en k h .

kara s wife Me r yta ton b ec am e a dowager que e n

’

, ,
-

at the a ge O f thirteen or S O and h er littl e S ister ,

took her pla c e upon th e throne .

By this tim e th e priests O f Amon had b egun

.

to hold up their heads on ce more and to ,

s c h eme for th e downfall of Aton with ren ewe d

e n e rgy Pressure was soon brought to bear
.

o n Tu ta n kh a ton and h e had not b ee n upon th e

,

thron e more than a y e ar or S O wh en h e was

p ersuaded to consider th e abandonm ent of th e
C ity of th e H orizon and his r eturn to Thebes .

H e did not yet turn entir e ly from th e religion

O f the Aton but attempt ed to tak e a middl e
,

c ours e be tween th e two fac tions giving full ,

1 Pr ob ab ly h e i s to b e i d en ti fied wi th Tutu ;a well kn ow n -

n ob le

Of th i s p er i od—th e w or d s a n kha ton ,

“
Li vi n g i n Aton , ”
b ei n g add ed

to m ake th e n a me m or e m aj esti c .
26 6 TH E FA L L O F TH E R EL I GI O N O F A K H N A TO N .

H ore mheb was a pra c ti cal man in whom that

dream w ould have bee n but we akn ess whi ch
w as su c h mighty strength in th e d e ad king .

Th e new Pharaoh now c hange d his nam e

from Tu ta n kh a ton to Tutankhamon a n d to th e , ,

sound of martial musi c r e turn e d to Th ebe s ,

.

The City of th e H or i zo n was l e ft to its fate ,

and it was not long b efore the palace s and

the villas be cam e the h Om e of th e jackals and
th e owls W hil e th e t e mples w e r e partly pull e d
,

down to provide ston e for other works H ow .

eve r mu c h th e reigning Pharaoh di ffered in

vi ews from Akhnaton it would not have be e n
,

possible to leav e th e royal body lying in S ight

O f this wre c k of all the hopes that had be en
’
his. Akhnaton moreov er was Tutankhamon s
, ,

fath er i n law and it was only through th e rights

- -
,

o f Ak hnaton s daughter that th e Pharaoh h e ld

’

the throne H is m e mory was still r egarded

.

with r ev e re n ce by many of his lat e followers ,

and th ere could b e no qu e stion of l eaving his

body in th e de s e rt e d c ity It was ther e for e .

c arri e d to Th ebes in its coffin toge ther with

-

th e four c anopi c jars and was pla ced for want

, ,

of a prop er s epul c hr e i n the tomb o f Qu ee n

,

Ti y whi ch had be e n reopen e d for the purpos e

,
.
 TH E C O U R T R ETUR N S To TH EBE S . 267

Tutankhamon S ho w ed the trend of his poli cy

by both restoring th e t e mple of the Aton at
K arnak and at th e same time r epairing the
damage don e by Akhnaton to the works O f
Amon The style of art whi c h he favoured w a s
.

a modified form of Akhnaton s method and the ’

influ e n ce of his movem ent i s still apparent in

the n e w ki n g s work He did not re ign long
’
.

enough how e ve r to display mu c h originality

, , ,

and after a fe w years he disappears almost ,

unnoti ced from th e stage

, On his death the
.

qu e stion o f inviting Horemheb to fill the vacant

thron e must hav e be e n seriously c onsidered but ,

ther e was anoth er candidate in the field This .

was Akhnaton s father i n law Ay who had bee n

’
- -
, ,

on e o f th e most important nobles in th e group

of c ourtiers at the C ity o f th e H orizon It w as .

he who had S heltere d Que e n N efertiti befor e S h e

had passed into Akhnaton s palace and it was
’

in his to m b that the gr e at hymn to the Aton

was i nscrib ed He had b e en loudest in the
.

praises o f the preacher king and o f his doctrin es ,

and h e still r etained the titl e Fath e r i m la w -

as his most ch erish ed designation .

R eligious fe eling at this time was running

high for th e partisans of Amon and thos e of

,
268 TH E FA LL OF TH E R EL I GI ON O F A K H N A TO N .

Aton seem still to have b een struggling for th e

supr emac y and Ay appeared to have be e n

,
re

garded as the most lik ely man to bridge the

gulf be t ween th e two fac tions A favourite of .

Akhnaton and still tol e rant of all that was

,

c onn e c t e d with the lat e movement he was not ,

av e rse to the c ult of Amon and by con ciliating

,

both parti e s h e m anaged to obtain th e thron e

for himsel f H is pow er how e ver did not last
.
, ,

for long and as the priests of Amon r egain ed

,

the c onfide nce of th e nation at the e xp ens e of

t h e worshipp ers of the Aton so the pr e stige o f
,

Ay de clined H is past relationship to Akhnaton

.
,

whi c h ev e n as king h e care fully r ecorded within

his c artou c h e now told against him rather than
,

for him and about e ight y e ars aft er the d eath

,

o f Akhnaton he disapp e ar e d like his prede c e ssors .

3 . THE REI GN O F HOREMHEB .

Th ere was now no question w h o S hould su cc e ed .

All eyes w ere turn ed to Hore mheb who had ,

already almost as mu c h pow er as the Pharaoh .

Th e c ommand er i n c hief at on ce as cended the

270 TH E FA LL O F TH E R ELI GI ON O F A K HNA TO N .

oth e r existing r oya l princ esses H oremh eb was

e
,

at on ce marri ed The religion of th e Aton wa s

.

now fast disapp earing In a tomb dating from

.

the third y e ar of Hor em h eb s reign th e words

’

Ra whose body is Aton o c cur ; but this is the

last mention of th e Aton and h en c eforth Amon
,

R a is unqu estionably supr e m e A certain Pa

.

a ton em h eb w h o had b e en on e of Akhnaton s

’

favourit e s was at about this tim e appoint ed

,

H igh Priest of R a Hor a kh ti at H eliopolis and

-
,

thus the last traces o f the r eligion of th e Aton

were merged into th e Heli opoli tan theology ,

from whi c h that r eligion at th e beginning had

emanat ed .

Th e negle cted Shrin e s o f th e old gods on c e

more e c hoed with th e c hants of the priests
throughout the whole land O f Egypt I n sc r i p .

tions t ell us that Hore mh eb r estore d the

t emples from th e pools of the Delta marshes to
N ubia . He fashion e d a hundr e d image s
with all splendid and c ostly stones He e stab .

li sh ed for th e m daily o fferings every day All .

the v e ssels o f their templ es w ere wrought o f

S ilv e r and gold . H e equippe d them with pri e sts
and with ritual priests and with the c hoi cest of
,
27 2 TH E FA L L O F TH E R EL I GI O N O F A K H N A TO N .

4 . THE PER S ECUTI ON O F AK HNATON S MEMOR Y ’

.

The pri e sts of Amon R a had now b egun openly

-

to d e noun c e Akhnaton as a villain and a h ere ti c ,

and as they r e store d the nam e of th eir god

wh er e it had be e n eras ed so th ey hammere d ,

out th e name and figure of Akhnaton wh e r ev er

th ey saw it Pr e s e ntly they pull ed down the
.

Aton templ e at K arnak and us e d the blo cks

,

of ston e in th e building of a pylon for Amon

S oon it was felt that Akhnaton s body
’
Ra .

c ould no long e r li e in state toge ther with that

,

of Qu e e n Tiy in the V all e y of th e Tombs o f

,

th e K ings The s epul c hre was th ere fore open e d

.

on c e more and th e nam e Akhnaton was e v ery

wh er e eras e d from th e ins criptions as was h is ,

figur e from th e s ce ne s upon the S hrin e of Qu ee n

Ti y Th e mummy was lift e d from its c offin and
.

th e royal nam e was c u t out of th e gold ribbon s

whi c h passed round it both at th e back and

,

th e front It was t h e n repla ced in the coffin

.
,

and from this th e nam e was also e ras e d .

The qu estion may b e asked w hy it was that

th e body was not torn to pie ces and s c att er e d
 ’
TH E PER S ECU TI O N O F A K HN A TO N S MEMO R Y . 27 3

to the four winds S inc e th e king was n ow so

,

fierc ely hat ed The Egyptians however ent e r

: , ,

ta i n ed a pe c uliar r e v e r e n ce for th e bodi e s o f

th eir d ead and it would hav e bee n a sacril ege

,

to destroy th e mummy even of this h er eti c .

N o thought c oul d be ent e rtain e d of breaki n g up

th e body u pon whi c h t h e divin e tou c h o f king
.

S hip h a d fallen : that would hav e b e en ag ainst

all th e s e ntiments whi ch w e know th e Egyptians

to have h eld .Th e c utting out of th e nam e
of the mummy was suffici ent punishm ent : for
ther eby the soul of the king was d ebarre d from
all th e be n e fits of the earthly prayers of his
des cendants and b e c am e a nam el e ss out c ast
, ,

wanderi n g unre cognis ed and unpiti e d through

th e vast und e rworld It was th e name flAkh
.
‘

naton whi c h was hated S O fi er cely ; and one

may p erhaps suppose that th e pri e sts would have
bee n willing to substitut e the king s earli er ’

nam e Am on h otep upon th e mummy had th ey

, ,

be e n pre ssed to do so H is nam e and figure as

.

Am o n h o tep I V is not damage d upon th e monu

.

ments ; but only th e repr es entations of him

after th e adoption of th e name Akhnaton hav e
be e n attack ed .
2 74 TH E FA L L O F TH E R EL I GI O N O F A K H N A TO N .

The tomb pollut ed by th e pr e s e nce of th e h e retic

, ,

was no longer fit for Ti y to r e st in and th e body

o f th e qu e en w as ther e for e c arried els e wh e r e per ,

haps to th e sepulc hre of h er husband Amonho

tep III Th e S hrin e o r ou te r c offin in whi c h h e r
.
, ,

mummy had lain was pull ed to pie ce s and an ,

att e mpt w as mad e to c arry it ou t o f th e tomb

to its own er s n e w r e sting pla ce b u t th i s arduous
’
-
, .

tas k was pre sently aban doned and on e portion ,

o f th e S hrin e was l e ft in th e passag e whil e th e ,

re st remain e d in se c tions in th e burial c hamber -

.

S ome of th e qu ee n s toil e t utensils w hi c h had

’

be e n buri e d with h er w er e al so left probably by ,

mistake Th e b od y of Akhnaton his name taken

'

.
,

from him was now th e sol e o ccupant of th e

,

tomb Th e c offin in whi ch i t lay re sted upon

.

a four legged bi e r some tw o feet or so from th e

-

ground and in a ni c h e in the wall abov e it stood

,

the four c anopi c jars And thus with a c urse

.
, ,

the priests left th e ir g reat en emy The e n .

tran ce of the tomb was blocked with ston es and ,

seal ed with th e s e al o f the J I GCI OPOllS ; and all ’

tra c es of its mouth were hidde n by ro cks and

’

ole b m s
’

Th e priests would not now p ermit th e nam e of

Ak hnaton to pass a man s lips and by th e en d

’

,
276 TH E FA L L O F TH E R ELI GI O N O F A K H N A TO N .

th e und r world the pri ests deni ed him a ston e

e -

upon whi c h to lay his head It is not e asy now

.

to r e alis e th e full m e aning to th e Egyptians of

the e x communi c ation of a soul : cu t off from
th e c omforts of human prayers ; hungry forlorn , ,

and wholly d e solat e ; forc ed at last to whine

upon th e outskirts of villages to sniv el upon ,

th e dung h e aps to rak e with S hadowy fing e rs

.
-
,

amidst th e r e fus e o f m e an stre ets for fragm ents

of d ec ayed food with whi c h to allay th e pangs of
hunger c aus ed by the abse n c e of fun eral ofle r i ng s -
.

To su c h a pitiful fate th e pri ests o f Amon

c onsign e d th e first individual in history and
as a n out c ast amongst out c asts a whimp ering ,

S hadow in a pla c e of S hadows th e m en of Th e b e s

,

bade us leav e th e great idealist doom e d to th e ,

horrors o f a life w hi c h will not en d to th e ,

misery of a d e ath that brings no oblivion .

5 . THE FI ND I N G OF THE B OD Y O F AK HNATON .

Thus sheathed i n gold th e nam eless body

, ,

lay while th e fortunes of Egypt ros e and fe ll

,

and th e centuries slid b y A gre at er t eac her

.
 TH E FI N D I N G O F TH E B O DY O F A K H N A TO N . 277

than Akhnaton arose and pre a ch e d that p e ac e

whi c h the Pharaoh had foreshadowed an d soon
'

all Egypt rang with th e new gospel Then .

c ame the r e ligion o f Muhammed and th e days

,

o f the sword returned . S O th e years passed ,

and many a wise man liv e d his li fe and dis

appeared ; but the first of the wis e men of
history lay undis cover ed in the heart of the '

Th eban hills .

N ow it happened that th e re was a fissure in

the ro cks in whi c h th e sepul chre was c u t and ,

during the rains of ea c h season a certain amount

“

of moisture manage d to pen etrate into the

c hamber . This gradually rotted th e legs of th e
bier upon whi c h Akhnaton s body lay and at last
’
,

there came a time when the two l egs at the h e ad

of the c offin gave way a n d pr ec ipitat e d th e royal
body on to th e ground The bandages aroun d
.

th e mummy had alr e ady fall e n almost to powder ,

and this j erk s ent the golde n vulture whi c h was

resting upon the king s fa c e on to his foreh e ad
’

where it lay with the tail and claws resting over

th e left eye so c k e t of the skull
-
Pr e s ently the
.

tw o remaining l egs of th e bi e r c ollaps e d and ,

th e whol e c o ffin fell to th e ground th e lid b e ing

,
27 8 TH E FA LL O F TH E R ELI GI O N O F AK H N A TO N .

partly j erke d o ff thus r e v e aling th e king s h e ad

,
’

at one en d and his fe e t at t h e oth er from all of ,

whi c h the flesh had rotted away .

In January 1 90 7 the e xc avations in th e V alle y

of the Tombs o f the K ings whi c h we r e be ing
c ondu c t e d by Mr Theodore D avis o f N ew o rt
p , ,

R hod e Island on behalf of th e Egyptian

,

Government brought to light th e doorway of

,

th e tomb a nd it was not long be for e an e ntran c e

,

was e ffe cted A ro ugh s tairway led down into

.

1
th e hillsid e bringing th e exc avators to th e
,

mouth of the passag e whi ch was entir ely bloc ked ,

by the wall whi c h th e pri ests had built after th e y

/

had e nter e d th e tomb to e ras e Akhnaton s name ; ’

Beyond this wall th e passage was found to b e

n e arly c hoke d with the d eb ms of th e thr ee earli e r
’
’

walls the first of whi c h had be e n built aft e r

,

Queen Ti y had be e n buri ed h er e the se cond ,

afte r Akhnaton s agents had ent ere d th e tomb

’

to erase th e name o f Amon and th e third aft e r ,

Akhnaton s body had be e n laid b esid e that of his

’

moth er O n top of this h e ap of stones lay the

.

1 Th e presen t w r i ter a ss i sted a t th e open i n g of th i s tomb . A full

a c cou n t of th e fin d w i ll b e pu b li sh ed b y Mr Davi s, a n d th er efor e
b r i ef d esc r i pti on , alr ead y pu b li s h ed wi th Mr Davis s pe r
’
on ly a

m i ss i on i n ar ti cle for m , m us t b e gi ven h ere .

280 TH E FAL L O F TH E R ELI GI O N O F A K H N A TO N .

The bones when examined by Dr Elliot

,

S m i th
, were found to b e those of a
young man of not mor e than about twenty eight -

years o f g
a e
,
— that is to say the a
g e at whi
,
ch

Akhnaton has b een S hown in the above pages

to have died Th e skull was pronounced to be
.

that of a man who suffer ed from epilepti c fits ,

and who was probably subj e ct to hallu cinations .

C uriously e nough the idiosyn crasies of this mis

,

shapen S kull are p re cis ely those whi c h Lombroso

has stat ed to b e S O usual in a religious reform er .

Th e fa c e had crumbl e d away but th e low er ,

j aw was intact ; and when this was placed in

position on e could see at on ce th e gre at re sem
blan ce to th e well known portraits of Akhnaton
-

whi ch had sur vive d the wrec k of his c ity .

There c ould thus b e no doubt that the

.

mummy of this wonde rful Pharaoh had at last

been found ; but S in ce Akhnaton ha d always
b een thought though witho ut parti cular re ason
, ,

to hav e b ee n a mu c h O ld er man th e identity ,

was qu estion e d It was sugge s ted that the body

.

was perhaps that of S m en k h ka r a the su ccessor ,

o f Akhnaton ,
whi ch by some error had manage d
to b e pla ce d in Akhnaton s coffin But how
’
.
,
 TH E FI N D I N G O F TH E B O DY O F A K H N A TO N . 281

th e n did the gol d ribbons ins cribed with

,

Akhnaton s name m anage to be plac e d ar ound

’
.

the body ? And apart from the extr e me i m

probability that th e mummy whi c h was thus
labelle d with Akhnaton s name and whi c h lay
’

in his coffin should be that of any other king

,

but Ak hnaton o n e may ask in this c as e how

,

it is that th e body has th e w ell known physi c al

-

c hara c teristi c s of th e gr e at h e reti c if it b e

that of S m en kh kar a who was not r elated to

,

th e king ?

It has bee n stated that the pre sen c e of the

vulture upon th e body is against th e i d en ti fi
c ation with Akhnaton . This has alre ady bee n
shown to b e c apable o f e xplanation ; but it may
here b e not ed that if S m en kh k a r a would n o t
hav e placed the vulture upon Akhnaton s body ’

then by th e same token the mummy is not

lik ely to b e that o f S m e n kh ka r a and th e re,

is c ertainly no oth er prin ce of this period with

whom to id entify th e body In c on clusion it
.
,

may b e adde d that of all th e royal mummi e s

now known ther e is not o n e whi ch ca n b e so
c l e arly S hown to belong to th e Pharaoh with
whom it has b een identified as this mummy c an
282 TH E FAL L O F TH E R ELI GI O N O F A K H N A TON :

be Th e body
‘
shown to b elong to Akhnaton ;

w a s lying in a c offi n ins cribe d with Akhnaton s

’

nam e ; it was bound round w ith ribbons inscribe d

with his name ; it had th e physi cal c harac t e ristic s
o f th e portraits of Akhnaton ; it had th e i d i o s n
y
cr a s i e s of a r e ligious r e former su c h as h e w a s

it was that o f a man o f Akhnaton s ag e as d e ’

d u ced from the monum e nts ; it lay in th e tomb

o f Akhnaton s
’
mother ; thos e who had eras e d
th e nam e s must have thought it to b e Akhnaton s
’

body unle ss o n e supposes an utt er c haos of cross

,

purpos e s in their a c tions ; and finally th e r e is ,

nobody els e who with any degre e of probability

, ,

it c ould b e .

Thus on e may say that without th e vagu e st

,

S hado w of a doubt th e body of this th e most

,

remarkable figure of e arly O ri e ntal history has

b e e n brought to light ; and with this assuranc e
w e may c los e this sk e t c h o f his life whi c h has ,

b ee n writt e n partly for the purpose o f thus

explaining t h e S ignifi c an ce of Mr Davis s great ’

dis c ov e ry a n d partly to introdu ce th e gen e ral

,

r e ade r to o n e of th e most int er esting chara ct ers

e v e r known In this brief outlin e it has only
.

be e n possibl e to tou c h upon the main c har

2 84 TH E FA L L O F TH E R E L I GI O N O F A K H N A TON .

hon est man should d o o f what a poet should

,
,

fe el of what a prea cher S hould t e ac h of what

, ,

an artist should strive for of what a s ci e ntist

,

S hould beli e ve of what a philosoph er S hould

,

think Lik e oth er gr eat t e a c hers h e sacrifi c e d

.

all to his prin c ipl e s and thus his life plainly

,

S hows alas —th e impra c ti c ability o f his d oc

trin es ; yet th ere c a n be no qu estion that his

ideals will hold good till th e swan turns black
and the c row turns white till th e hills rise up
,

to travel and th e deeps rush into th e rive rs

, .
286 I N D EX .

1 58 et seq —d e elop men t of th e r e v God s Egypt, th e, 1 1 et seq —Ak h

of
li g i on of, 1 89 et s eq —gr eat temple n a ton or d er s th e er asu r e of th e
of, 1 98 et seq —C ty of th e Hor on i iz n a mes o f, i n n scr pt on s, 249 i i i
o f, 202 et seq —d own all o f th e r e f
.

Good n es s of Aton , th e, 1 27 et seq .

l i gi on of, 264 et s eq
Q if i
.

A1 u een Ti y s c h e s culp tor , 7 5, Hath or , w or sh p of, 1 6

’

2?0 Hatsh ep su t, u een , 8 Q q

f
A y, oster -p ar en t of u e en N e er t t , Q f ii i i
Hel op ol s , temple of Aton at, 1 91
57 1 09—p ala c e of, 20 4 a cc ess on — i i
Her m on th s, tem ple of Aton a t 1 91
o f, to th e th r on e, 268—d eath of, i b i
,

Her mop ol s, tem ple o f Aton at, 1 91

i i i i i v i
.

Az i r u , th e A m or te p r n c e u n scr u p u l H tt te of S yr i a , tlie, 223

“

n a s on
i
,

o u s d eal n gs of, 226, 230 et seq et seq

i
. .

H orakh ti Aton er ect on of temple at

i Karn ak to, 63, 68, 89 —r estor at i
,

B ak etaton , s ster of Ak h n aton , 1 7 8, 2 1 2 on

Bek , ar t tau gh t to, b y Akh n aton , th e temple to, 267
of d estru c on — ti
sc u lp tu r es of, at Asw a n , 1 07 , 1 96 of th e temple to , 272
b
Horemh e , tom of, 67 an d n ote , 84, b
i j
C an op c ar s, th e, i n Ak h n aton s tom , b 86, 2 65 n ote—pr esen ce of, w th th e i
’

263, 279 tr oop s I n As a , 265 a c cessi on of, to i —

i
C h ld m arr ages,
-
i
r eq uen cy o f, in f th e th r on e, 268—mar r age of, 269 i
Eg ypt, 1 1 2 i
r e gn o f, 270 et seq
i i i
Ch r st an ty, c om p a r son of Ak h i Hor us, th e h awk god , w or sh of, 15, ip
fi
n aton s a th wi th , 1 43 ci seq
’
16
i i
.

C ty of th e Br gh tn es s of Aton , n ew Hu ya , sc en es scu lptu r ed on th e tomb

iv
n a m e of, g en t o Th e es , 65 b of, 1 70 et seq , 1 7 7 , 20 7
i i f i
.

C ty of th e Hor z on of Aton , oun d n g

o f, 90 ct seq Ak h n aton s r es d en ce -
’
i Is i s, wor sh ip of, 15
a t, 1 0 7—ga r d en s o f, 1 27— n scr pt on s i i i
.

on th e sepu lch r e s a t, 1 49 et seq Kar n ak , tem le to Hor ak h ti Aton at,

Q ii 89—temples an d sh r n e s i
.

u een Ti y s v s t to , 1 76 et s eq 63 et seq ,
’ ‘

Q i a t , 63, 8 4—r estora t on of th e Aton i

. .

u een Ti y s r es d en c e an d d ea th a t,
’

1 84 et seq —sh r n es an d te mples i n ,

i temple a t, 267 d estru cti on of th e —
1 96 et seq — eau ty of, 202 et seq b
.

Aton tem ple at, 272

b i i
. .

Ak h n aton s tom n ear , 207 et s eq

’
Kh n u n , th e r am -h ead ed d e ty, w orsh p
b
.

a an d onm en t of, b y th e cour t, 264 of 1 é

v
r em o al of Ak h n aton s
’
od y r om , b f Kh on su , th e god of th e moon, wor sh p i
266—d esolate con d t on of, 275 ii o f, 1 3
Ki r gi p a or Gi lu k hi p a, w e of Amon if
Delta Hou s e of Aton i n th e, 1 91 h otep I I I , 3 9, 5 1 , 55
i ii i
.
,

Dem gods an d sp r ts, w or sh p of, 1 8

“
et seq Lor d of th e Br eath of S weetn ess,
i if if
.

Dom est c l e of Ak h n a ton , r el e s an d Ak h n aton s n am e of, 6 1

’

p a n t i i
n g s on tom s s h ow n g th e , 1 67 b i
et seq Mah u , sc en es on th e tomb of, 21 5
i i i
.

Du sh r atta, Ki n ma r r age Of M tan n et seq

f ii i
.
,

o f N e er t t , a u gh ter o f, to Pr n c e Mek etaton d au g h ter of Akh s ec ond

rth of, 1 0 1 —d eath o f, 2 1 9
bi
,

Am on h otep (Ak h n aton ), 56 mar n aton ,

r i a ge of N esem m u t,
to H or emh e 269
d au gh ter of,
b
Memp hi s , te p le of Aton a t, 1 91
Mer yr a, ap po n tm en t of, as lii gh pr est
m
i i
,

o f Ato n , 1 58 et seq scen es s cu lp -

f ih f b
.

Ef ulgen ce w h c om s r om Aton , tur ed on th e tom of, 1 59 et seq

c
e .

n a m e of Aton ch an ged to, 1 92 203

fi
Merytaton , r st d au gh ter of Akh n aton ,
Fayu m, Hou se of A ton i n th e , 1 91 bi
rth of, 83 m ar r a ge of, 1 1 2, 21 1 , -
i
2 54
Ge b S i lsi leh , ta lets at th e q u ar ri es
el b Mi n or Mi n R a , wor sh p o f, 1 2, 27 i
—
-

o f, 63 th e n am e Amon h otep er ased vi

Mn e s, th e sacr ed u ll, wor sh p of, b i
a t, 1 95 1 35
 I N D EX . 287

Mut , th e c ons ort of Amon , wor sh i p of,

“
S on of th e S un , th e t tle o f, h eld i
b th e Ph a r aoh s , 1 4, 7 1 , 74, 1 31 ,
Mutemu a, w if e of Th oth mes I V 23 et 1 ? y
f
.

seq . , 28 S oul, sp1r1 tu al n eed s of th e, a ter d eath ,

1 38 et seq —mater i a l n eed s of th e,
s h mear s , s econ d n a me of Am on h otep 1 43 et seq —th e e c ommu n c at on of
. x i i
I I I 1 86, 1 87 , a , 276
efern e fern atori, f i i
.

ourth d au gh ter of S u nr se an d suns et, w or sh p of Aton

Ak h n aton , r th of, 1 1 2, 1 69—m ar
bi at, 1 24 et seq
i i i i
.

r ege o f, S yr a , mper a l r egar d of Ak h n aton for ,

efe r n eferu ra , fi th d augh ter of Akh f 1 89 et seq —temple of A ton i n , 1 91
b i i v i
.

-H i tt te
n aton , i r th O f, 20 8 n as on o f, 223 et s eq
f ii i
.

N e ert t ( Tad uk hi p a), marr i age of Ak h n aton s p ol cy i n , 226 et seq

’

b
.

Pri n ce Acfflb nh ote (Akh n aton ) to, th e fi gh ti n g i n , ec omes gener al, 235
55, 21 0 —t i es e m
r st d au gh ter fi et seq .
o f, 83—sec on d d augh ter of, 1 0 1 , 1 06
—i
th r d d aug h ter of, 1 09 ou rth f Tad uk hi pa : see Ne er ti ti f
d au gh ter of, 1 1 2,» 1 69 —fi fth d au h ter Temple of Aton , d escr pti on i of th e
of, 20 8 - s xt i
h an d s e en th d an g ter s v g r ea t, 1 98 et seq
i
.

of, 209 Ten d er Fath er o f all Cr eat on , Aton a s

i
Nez emmu t, s ster of u een N e ert ti , Q f i th e , 1 1 8 et seq
—
.

1 09 , marri age of, to H or emh e , b b i v i

Th e es, d sc o er es i n th e Valley of
Ki n g of Egyp t, 269 b
th e Tom s of th e Ki n gs n ear , 4 278
bi i i
Nu a , mp er al r egar d of Akh n aton et seq —
b b
ooty r ou gh t b y Th ot es
f , 1 89 et s eq —temple of Aton i n , I I I to , 8—th e d e t es of, 1 2 et seq ii
.
"

q th e c ou rt at, 35—th e r oyal p ala ce at,

. . .

1
36, 43 et seq —new n am e of C ty of i
i v
.

O si ri s, god of th e d ead , wor sh p of, 20 th e Br i gh tn ess of Aton g i en to, 65

— d epar tu r e of th e cou rt r om, 1 05 f
Palace of Akh n aton , d escr i pt on of th e, i et seq —Q
u een Ti y s c on t nu ed r es
’
i i
205 et s eq d en c e at, 1 7 6 — ueen Ti y s tom
’
Qat, b
i i —
.

Psalm ci v , s mi lar ty of Akh n aton s

’
1 85 r etur n of th e cour t to, 264 et
s eq — od y of Akh n aton
b b
.

h ym n to, 1 55 et seq r ou gh t to ,
—
. .

Ptah , th e Vu lcan of Egypt, w or shi p of, 266 fi n d i n g of Ak h n aton s od y at,

’
b
85 277 et seq .

Th oth m es I 8
Ra orR a Hor akh ti , th e sun -god , w or Th oth m es I I , 8
i
.

sh p of, 1 2, 1 4, 21 , 45 et seq . Th oth m es I I I , 8 et seq . .

59, 64, 70, 86 , 92 Th oth mes I V , 1 0 ci seq 1 3, 21 et seq ,

izi b
. . .

Ra m es , V r of Up per Egypt tom of, l l0

81 , 84, 1 48 Ti y, ueen , Q bi
r th an d ch ld h oo d of, i
i
Ri b ad d i , K n g of B y los, a peals of, b 2 6 —m ar r ag e of, 29 et seq , 1 1 2
i
i —
.

to Ak h n aton for h elp , 23 , 239, 242 ch ld r en of, 39, 43, 54 d eath of th e

— d eath of, 247 p a r e n ts of, 40— r th of Amon h otep bi
or Ak h n aton , son of, 43 et seq —th e
S et, th e w or sh p of, 1 6 i w f 49 t —d eath of t h e
—v i
p o e r o e s e q
ix
S etepen r a, s th d ai igh ter o f Akh u aton ,
,

c on so r t of, 57 i s t of, to th e C ty i
bi r th o f, 20 9 o f th e H ori z on , 1 7 6 et seq v s t of, -
ii
Q —
.

S h ad e o f th e S u n , th e, u een Ti y 8
’
to h er tem p le , 1 82 et s eq d e ath o f,
v 1 84 — tom of, 1 85 et s eq b —
.

p ri a te tem p le called , 1 82 et seq Ak h

b b
. .

statu e s I n , 1 82, 1 96 od y place d i n th e tom

’
n aton s
S m en kh k ar a, Akh n aton s s u c ce ssor to
’

13 266, 28 2 o d y o f, r em o ed , b v
th e th r one, 21 1 , 253—mar r i a ge of, 374
254—as soc a t on of, w th Ak h n aton ,
i i i ib
Tr al g od s, n a m es of, 1 2 et seq
a s c o r u ler , z b —a ccess on of a s sol e i
.

Tr u e God , Aton a s th e , 1 1 5 et seq

’

i i
, .

r u ler , 258 d eath of, 264

-
Tu au , w fe o f Y u aa , Pr est of th e g od
S on of God , Ak h n aton th e , b y tr ad i Mi n , 26 et seq 30, 32 d eath an d —
i b
.

ti on al r gh t, 1 30 et s eq . u r i al of, 40
288 I N D Ex .

Tun i p , letter to Akh n aton f ro m th e i

V u ltu r e , r epr es en ta t on of a , u sed i n
v
go ern or of, 232 b i
ur als, 1 87, 259 et seq 27 9 , 281 .

Tuta n kh aton , th e th r on e usu r ped b y,

—
2 1 1 , 252, 264 m ar r ag e of, 264 i Wad y Hammamat, i n s cr ipti on s n ear
n a me o f, c h an ged to Tutan k h a m on , th e q u ar ri es o f, 7 6, 1 1 3
2 66 r etur n of, to Th e es, 135 —d eath
b War far e Akh n aton s c on sc i ti
’
-
,
en ou s
o f, 267 s cr u p les to , 226 et seq
f Q f ii Wor sh p of Aton at sunri se an d
i
.

Ty, oster p ar en t o f u een N e ert t ,

-
su n set,
57, 1 0 9 1 24 et seq .

b
Valley of th e Tom s of th e K n gs at i i
Y u aa , Pr est of th e god Mi n , r th of, bi
b i v i
Th e es, th e, d sc o er es i n , 4, 278 25—m arri age of Ti y, th e d au gh ter
et seq —u r al of Y u s a an d Tu au
b i of, to Amon h otep I I I , 29—p er son
al ty of, 32—d eath an d u r al of, 40
i b i
. .

i n , 40

THE END .

P R I NTE D BY WI LLI AM B KW D
L AC OO AN D S ONS .
 re m a i n s w i th o u t a r i v a l.
” — Th e Da i ly M a i l .

B L A C KW O O D ’
S J

I wo n d er wh e th er r e ad e r s are a p p r e c i a ti n g

as th ey s h o u ld th e extr a o r d i n a r
y li fe and vi g o u r
w i th w hic h
‘
B la c kw o o d
’
s Ma g a z i n e i s b e i n g
’

c o n d u c te d . I t i s li ke no o th e r Ma g az i n e i n
”
th e w o r ld i n i ts ra n ge of sub j ec t a n d i n ter e s t .

-
S ir Wi lli a m R ob er tson N i coll i n The B r i ti sh

We are n e v er d i sa pp o i n te d w h en w e O pe n

B L AC K WO O D .
‘
Ma g a ’
has a d i s ti n c ti o n ,
c h a r a c te r , a n d n o te of i ts ow n . Gra ve y, or g a

it is al wa ys fu ll of g o o d th i n g s a n d o f go o d

li te r a tu r e .
”
— A r my and

Th e th er d ay th e r evi ewer hear d a m an

o
’

r emar k th at h e n ev er r ea d Black w ood ; i t ‘ ’

clear ly s h ows h ow b li n d p eop le c an b e w h en

th e ver y b est li es un d er th ei r eyes for n ot ,

t o r ead Bla ck wood I n th es e d ays i s to m i ss

'

i n c omp ar ab ly th e m ost li ter ar y an d th e m os t

i n ter e s ti n g of th e m on th ly m ag a z i n es .

Th e Ti m es of In d i a .

S u b scr i b er s b oth at home and a b r oa d

can ha ve ‘
B la ckw ood
’
s M ag a z i n e ’
sen t

by post mon thly fr om the Pu b li shi ng

Oj fice, 4 5 Geor g e S tr eet, E di n b ur g h , for

3 0 3 .
yea r l
y .
 G EN ER A L L I T E R A TU R E .

A C C O UN TA N TS M AG A Z I N E TH E A L I S O N , S I R A R C H I B A L D, B A RT
“
’

x b Y
. .
,

Mon th ly, e c ep t S ep tem er an d O c to H I S TO R O F EU R O PE B y S i r AR C H .

b er . 6d . n et . I B A L D A L I S ON , B art , D C L . . . .

1 FR O M TH E COMME N C E M EN T OF TH E
A C TA S A N C TO R UM HI B E RN IE V
.

FR E N C H R E O L U TI O N To TH E
Ex C o d i c e S a lm a n t i c e n s i Nu n c WATE R L O O
i i i B A TTLE OF
.

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.

p r m u m n teg r e ed ta op er a CA R OL I D E
S M E D T et J O S E H I D E B A OK ER , e S oc P .
Peop le s E di ti on ,
8 vo , £ 2, 1 1 8
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J es u H agi og r a ph or u m B olla n d i an oru m

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Au ctor e et S u m p tu s L a r g i en te J O A N N E 2 C O N TI N U ATI O N To T HE A C C ES S I O N O F
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PA TR I C I O MA R C H I O N E B O TH E I n On e
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h a n d s o m e 4 to o lu me , ou n d i n h al f Li b r a r y Ed i ti on , 8 8vo,
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v
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34 s .

ADAMS O N , PRO FES S O R

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TH E D E ELO PM EN T O F MO DER N A L L EN , J W
W th o th er L ectu r es Y i Y
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PH I L OS O PH TH E PLA CE O F H I S TO R I N EDU
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an d E s s ays B y R O ER T AD AM S O N , C A TI O N B y J W A LL E N Cr own
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Un er s ty of Gla sg o w Ed ted b y Pr o
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fes s or R S O R L E , Un er s ty of A L M O N D, HE L H UTC H I NS O N
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C am r i d g e In 2 ols d em y 8vo, C H R I S T TH E PR O TES TA N T, AN D

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1 8 8 n et O TH E R S E R MO N S B y H E L H UT
TH E DEV ELO PME N T O F MO DER N D
. . .

CH I NS O N ALM O N Cr ow n 8vo , 5 s .

PH I L O S O PH Y d it d b y P f
.

E e r o es so r
W R S Y U iv ity f C m
.

A N C I E NT C L AS S I C S FO R EN G L I S H
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DEV ELO PMEN T O F GR EE K

L UC AS C O LL I N S , M A
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PH I L O S O PH Y Ed it d b y P f
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Y d R P H D MA
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S O R LE an AR I E,
A N DE RS O N , REV G EO RG E , B D
. . . .

D my 0 6d t 8r o, 1
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TH E S C O TTI S H PA S TO R A Ma n u al
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( Ph il p h i l Cl i
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FI C H TE f os o ca a ss cs or o f Pas tor a l Th eology B y R e v GE O R G E

E g li h R d
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A N E R S O N , B D , M n s ter o f R en fr ew ,
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A I KM A N , D R C M b
.

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th e Gen er a l A s sem ly of th e Ch ur c h o f
MA N UR ES AN D TH E PR I NC I PL E S "
S cotl an d C r o wn 8y o, 2s 6d n et.
O F MAN U R I NG B y C M A I R M AN ,
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D Sc FR S E , A rc for mer ly Pr o A N DE RS O N, M A I TLA N D

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V Y
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fe ss or o f Ch e m s try, Gla s ow eter na r y

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FA R M A R D MA N UR E : I Ts N ATU R E , A PLA I N WO M A N j .

C O M POS ITI O N , AN D TR EATM ENT Cr o wn . PO O R N ELL I E B y A PLA I N WO M AN , .

8 m , 1 8 6d . . Cr ow n 8v o , 38 6d . .
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A RM Y TA G E, A J G RE E N . o '
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MA I D S O F H O N O U R By A J TH E PAS S I N G O F TH E S H ER EEFI AN
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GR E E N -A R M TAGE C r o w n 8 vo , 5 s . . E MPI R E . B y E AS H M EA .
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I llustr ated D em y 8 vo , 1 58 n et.
ATKI NS O N M A B EL
. .

G O V ER N MEN T I N
.
,

LO C A L S CO T
L A ND By M B A K T I N S ON , M A B E LL ES HE IM , A L PHO NS , D D
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. . .

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C HU R C H O F S C O TL AN D Fr om
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A Y TO UN , PRO FES S O R th e I n tr od u c t on of C h r s t an ty to th e
Y V
.

LA S O F THE S CO TTI S H CA A Pr esen t Da y B y A L P H O N S B EL L ES .

L I E R S , AN D O TH ER PO E MS By H E I M , D D , C a n on o f Ai x la Ch a p elle - -

W i ii
. . . .

E DM O N D S TO U N E AY I O UN , ’ ‘
Tr an s la ted , w th N o tes an d Ad d t on s,
i D
.

Pr o fes so r o f R h etor c a n d B el le s b y S i r D O S WA L H U N TE R B LA I R , B ar t ,
iv i ib
. .

L ettr es i n th e Un er s ty O f Ed n u r gh Mon k of Fort Au gu stu s C h ea p

ii ii v
. .

N ew Ed t o n Fca p 8 vo , 3S 6d C h ea p Ed t on C om p lete i n 4 ol s d emy 8y o ,

ii v i i
. . . . . .

Ed t on C l oth , l s 3d Pa per c o er s , I S
. . . . w th Map s Pr ce 21 8 n et . . .

A N I L LUS TR ATE D ED I TI O N O F TH E
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L A S O F THE S CO TTI S H CA A V B ES A NT, S IR WA LTER
i
.

L I ER S Fr o m d es g n s b y S i r N O E L
.
R A BEL A I S ( For eig n C la ss i cs for En gli sh
B y S i r WA L TE R B ES A N T
.

PA TO N S mal l 4to, 1 0 8 6d
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Fc a p 8v0 , I S n et
B A D EN - PO WE LL , M AJ O R B
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B A L LO O N I N G AS A S PO R T B y Ma or
D W th I llustr at on s i i B L AC K, KE NN ETH M AC LE O D
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B BA E N -PO WEL L
. .
.

TH E S C O TS CHUR C H ES I N EN G
.

C r ow n 8vo, 3 3 6 d n et . . .

L AN D B y KE NN ETH MAC L EO B L A C
. D K .

B A I R D, J (I A C r own 8vo, 5s n et
V
. . . . .

TH E PR I A TE L E TTER S O F TH E
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MA R UES S O F D A L H O US I E Ed ted i L AC KB U RN, DO UG LAS .
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an d RO B E R TS O N .
) Cr ow n 8vo , 6s .
.

B A N KS , D C
BLAC KI B
.

WO R K AN D
.

TH E E THI C S OF J O HN S TUA RT
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WEAL TH B y D C B A N S Cr ow n N O TE S O F A LI FE B y J O H N S TUAR T
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B A RB O UR. ( I F , D Ph i l
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A S PE
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PH I L O S O PH I C A L
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B i to h i s Par en ts S l t d
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few ear l er on es e ec e
B A R O U R , D Ph l Cr o wn 8vo
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K
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B A R B O U R. R W WAL E R S econ d I mp r ess on .

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THO UG H TS FRO M TH E RI TI N GS sy o , 1 2s 6 d n et
i
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O F R W B A RB O UR
. Post 8vo , l m p . .

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leath er , 2S 6 d n et .

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B L AC KWO O D S MA GA I N E Mon th ly,

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B A R FL E UR
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V Y Post fr ee for on e year , 3os

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2s 6d
NA A L PO LI C A PL E A
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TH E I R MAG A Z I N E AN D FR I EN S By
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B A RRETT, C R B Mr s O L I PH AN T W th Four Por tr a ts

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Th rd Ed t on De my sy o ols I
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£ 4, 4 s n et
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B ARRI N GTO N , M I C HAE L AN NAL S O F A PU B L I S H I N G H O US E

K D
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TH E KI N G S FO O L B y MI C H AE L B A R J O H N B L A C WO O By h i s
’
Vol I I I
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R I NGTO N Cr ow n 8vo, 6 8 Da u g h ter , Mr s B L AC WO O PO R TER

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. . .

TH E R E MI N I S CEN CES O F S I R BA R W th Two Por tr a ts an d ew of S trath

R I NGTO N BEAU MO NT, B AR T A t m Dem y 8 vo, 21 8 Lar ge Pap er
ii
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B RO D R I B B , W J
J

B UTB J O I1 N , M A RQ UES S O F
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O er lan d fr om S m la to Pek n By
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Ma or C L AR EN CE DAL R M L E B R U C E
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to th e H oly Of ce O f th e I nq u s t on i n
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TH E WATC H E R B Y TH E TH R ES H
th e Can ar y I s lan d s Pr epa r ed u n d er
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MAC PHA l L m
Ji L E
S O ME EI G H TEE NTH C E N TU R BY L O NS
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,

WA S , AN D O TH ER E S S A S Dem y
8vo, 7s 6 d n et
.

TH E A R MS O F TH E R O A L A N D Y
. . .

PA R L I A MENTA R B U R GH S OF Y
SC O TL A ND B y J O H N MA R Q U E S S O F
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w th n u m er ou s I l lu stra t on s , 7 8 6d
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LAN D B y J O H N , MA R Q UE S S O F B UTE ,
K T , J H S TE E N S O N , an d H -W V
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B U RTO N , JO H N H I L L , D C L
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TH E H I S TO R O F S C O TL A ND Fr om L O N S AL E
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t on s Cr own 4to , £ 2, 28 n et
th e las t J a c o te I n su rr ect on By bi i . . .

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. . . .
.

n et ea ch
LL D Fc a p 8vo, 1 8 n et
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i i i i
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w th s p ec a lly d es g n ed T tle p ag e an d -
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Fca p 8vo , 1 8 n et . . .

B UTE , JO HN , M A RQ U ES S O F
V Y
.

TH E R O MA N B R E I A R Refor m ed C A L DW EL L , PRO FE S S O R WI L
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b y O r d er o f th e H o ly ( E cu m en ca l C ou n L I AM
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ii vi
. .
. . . .

E d t on , R e sed an d E n larg ed In
v
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C A L L WE L L, C O L c E
4
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cr own 4 to, 68s n et

TH E E FFE CT O F MA R I TI ME CO M
. .

TH E A L TUS O F S T CO LUMB A Wi th M AN D ON LA N D C A MPA I GN S

S I NC E WA TER LOO
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Pr o se Par a ph ra se an d N otes By By 0 0 1 C E
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JO H N , MA R Q U E S S OF B UTE , K T In C A LLWE LL , C B
v
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2 8 6d S YO , 68 n et.
p ap er co er , . . .
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C A LLW E LL, C O L C E C B —con td C H URC H S E R I C E S O C I ET V Y

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C r ow n 8vo, 28 6d n et I S S UE
V Y v
. . .

MI LI TAR Y O PE R ATI O N S AN D MA R I
TH E CH U R C H S E R I C E S O C I ET S e en th
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Ed t on , c a r efu ll y r e v sed I n 1 v ol
TI M E PR E PO N D ER AN C E : TH E I R
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v
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I N TE R
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R E LATI O N S AND E EN EN C E
occ o , 58 Als o i n 2 o ls c r ow n 8vo,
.

Dem y 8VO , 1 5s n et
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c lot h , 4 s ; Fr en c h m or oc c o , 6 s 6d
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Cr ow n 8vo, 38 6d n et AND E ENI NG PR A E R

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8 VO , 3 8 6 d
C A N D L E R, E M U ND D V V
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TH E MA N TL E O F TH E EA S T B y C H I LD R E N I ss ued b y th e Ch u r c h
D
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vi i Wi i
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8 vo, 68 n et . .
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TH E GEN ER A L PLAN . C r ow n 8vo, 68 .

C L A R KE , M AJO R S E M O UR Y
Y
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TH E B O DS O F PE N KI L L AN D
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O F MED I E A L POLI Y
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V CL I OR , FF D Cr own 8vo, 6 8
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I N TH E WES T Y
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TI C AL THEO R
Y i C L O DD, E DWA RD
.

By R W C AR L LE , C Ba ll ol
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TH E L I FE AN D TI MES O F J O H N H I N TS O N TH E GA ME OF G O LF
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A C A ME R O N R e s ed an d en lar g ed b y vi E N C E S AN D S TR U GG LE S O F A O L U N TE ER V
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C M A I R M AN , D S c , & c 95th Th ou
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m or e th an Th rt y ea r s , a n d Des c r ed
.

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B y C H R I S TO H E R N J OH N S TON ,
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ihR Y
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. . . . . . .

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A H I S TO R O F S CO TL A N D FR O M
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OF
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A N R E W LAN G C om plete I n Fou r Vol

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Cr own 8vo , 6 8
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Vol I Wth a Ph otogr a ur e Fr on t s i Y Y
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pi
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V l I I With Ph t g v ti
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IN PH I L OS
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Cr own 8vo , 58 n et . .
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L APWO RTH, PRO FES S O R
META PH S I C S Cr own 8vo, 4 s n et Y . . .

X Y Y
.

I N TE R ME D I ATE TE T - B OO K O F TH E PS C HO LO G OF B ELI EF
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i i
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si ty, B r m n g h am 5s . . L I N ES M A N .

TH E MA KER S O F B LA C K B A S A UI ES
‘

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LA WS O N W . R B y LI N ES M AN W th n ear ly 30 0 I llus .

By W R
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B R I TI S H ECO N O MI CS tr ati ons Dem y 4to, 4 2s n et
ii
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L AWS N S ec on d Ed t on Cr own 8vo,

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6S n e L I TURG I ES AN D O RDE RS OF
A MER I CA N FI NA C E S econ d Ed i N DI I N E VS ER IC E ( C HURC H V
i
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JO H N B ULL A N D H I S S C H O O LS TH E S EC O N D PR A E R B O O K O F
.

KI NG EDWA R D TH E S I TH X
With i i i
Cr ow n 8vo , 58 n et
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c al I n tr od u ct on an d N otes
C ANA DA A N D TH E EMPI R E . Crow n b y th e R e v H J O TH ER S PO O N , W MA ,
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m ou ly c a lled KN o x s L I TUR G
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8vo, 58 n et .
b y R ev G W S R O TT, D D
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L I GHT 4 s 6d
A ND S HA DE : AN D O TH E R
. . . . . . .

n et
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. C r o w n 8vo, 58 . n et .
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S C O TTI S H L I TU R G I ES OF THE
L E I G HTO N , G E RA L D R , M D
‘

R EI GN O F J A MES VI i
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S E R PE NTS , A N D TH EI R L O CA L
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D I S TR I B UTI O N I N TH E B R I TI S H L I TURG Y O F Com mon ly called

D Y i
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MD . . th 50 I llu str at on s C r o wn . Pro fess or CO O ER , D D . 7 s 6d n et

. . . .

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8vo , 5s . n et .
TH E WES TMI N S TER DI R ECTO R
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.

L EIS HM AN , VE RY REV T Ed ted b y er y R ev . T L EI S H MA N , D D

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i i
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i i
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LEWI S , A RTHU R W
.

.
b y th e R e v G S PR O TT, D E 4s 6d
THE PI LGR I M B y AR TH UR LEWI S
. . . . . . .

. .

Cr o wn 8 vo, 68 .
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M A C PH E RS O N . H E C TO R, J u n M A RTI N S I R THEO DO R E—con td

Y DY
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MA DO N N A PI A A TR AGE ; AN D .

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V V
. . . .

TH R O UGH TH E D E PTH S O F S PA C E TH E I TA NU O A O F DA N TE
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Y i i
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ii
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MAC RA E
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KI R K A N D KI N G
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M A HA FFY
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PRO FES S O R CO R R EGGI O A TRAGED Y f By O m

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H E L E NA FA UC I T ( L A MAR TI N ) B y
D
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MA I R R EV WI LL I A M , D D i iv
W th F e Ph otog ra u r e Pla tes S econd v
. . . . . . .
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to th e C on s t tu t on , Pr ac t c e , an d A ffa r s i i i i PO EMS A ND B A L LAD S O F GO ETH E

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W I L LI AM MA I R , D D N e w Ed t on , d u c ti on b y S i r TH E O O R E MA R TI N -

vi
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VI CTOR IA
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. .

KNEW H ER
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n et QU EEN AS I
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Fvi P
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ii
PL AT ORM A ND PU L I T.
M A RTI N H EL E NA FA UC I T, LA D Y
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Fou r th Ed t Re s ed . Cr own 8vo, , .

on ,
S O ME OF S HA K ES PEA R E S
’
ON
l s 6d n et
FEMA LE C H A R A CTER S B y H EL
. . .

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M A L LO C K W H
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Fc a p 8vo, 1 s n et
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. . .

. . .
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M A RS H M A N J O H N C LA R K, C s l
Y M AS E FI E L D C HA R L E S
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.

By
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PO EMS L EO PA R D I .

TH E N E W? O R , TH E PR O L E M O F B
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V V
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TH E ZEN EI D O F I R GI L B ook s I -VI R ev GE OR G E MATH E S O N , D D Th r d

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Tr a n sla ted Post 8vo, 7 S 6d . . .

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8vo, 3 s 6d C r o w n 8 vo , 5 s
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.

t on , R e s ed Fca p 8vo , 6 s 5s
V
.
. . .

TH E DI S TI N C TI E MES S A GES O F
PO E MS A N D B A L L ADS O F H EI N
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ii
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8 vo , 2s 6d . .

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MA X WE L L , R I G HT HO N S IR . M I C Kl ETHWA I T , ST J . G M A . .
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By By
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6d
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C ou n ty H s tor es of S c otland n et
ii
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Fo ur Map s Demy
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S ec on d Ed t on . .

8vo, 7s 6 d n et . . .
M I L L , G A R RETT .

HO L YR O OD H UR C H , Y C TH E C O L O N E L S AH I B A N ovel By
ABBE
i
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PA LA C E, A N D E N I R O N S C ro wn V GA R RE TT M I LL . S ec on d I mp r ess on
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8 vo, 6 8 .

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WHAT
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8 vo, 6 s
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B MEA I N
B y A NN ETTE M
D em y 8vo, 1 08 6d n et K
. .
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C r o w n 8 vo , 6 8
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THE C A R DI NA L S S E C R ET
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8 vo, Gs
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TH E C O N QUE S T O F C HA R L O TTE
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VD D i D ES PAT
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TH E S TO R O F MA R G R D EL Be
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C r ow n 8vo, Os .

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M EL LO N E , S Y D N EY HE RB E RT ,
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.

S NE H ER E R T MEL L O N E , M A College . . .

i
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L on d , D S c Ed n Pos t 8vo, 1 08 6d
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. . . . . .

n et M IT LL , A LE P
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D O . .
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LEA D ER S O F R EL I GI O S TH O UGHT U
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A TTA C K O N C H R I S TI A N I TY D em y
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.
. . .

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M ER Z J O HN TH EO DO R E M O DE RN E N G L IS H WRI TE RS In
H I S TO R Y
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C EN TUR By JO HN TH E O O R E Y D MA TTH E A R N O LD W B y Pr o fess or

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.
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MER z Voi I Th r d I m pr ess on ' S A I N TS U R , S ec on d I m p r es s on

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Post 8y o, 1 0 8 6d n et Vol I I , 1 5 3 J O H N R US KI N B y Mr s ME N E L L
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.

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.

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.
.

B y th e D U E or R UTL AN , G C B C r o w n 8 vo , 2s 6 d
ii VER S ES
. . t
. .

L O R D J O H N MAN N E R S )
S
N ew Ed t on L Y R I CS AN D C r own 8y o,
‘

Jr o w n svo, 2s 6d . . 2s 6 d . .
2 4 Wi lli a m B la c k w oo d S on s
’
Li s t .

S A L M O N , A RTH UR L —con td S HA W W I L L I AM
V V V
.
. . ,

A BO O K O F ER S ES Cr own 8vo, S EC U RI TI E S O ER MO EA B L E S
iv
'
.
.

2s 6 d n e t Fou r L ec t ur es d el er ed a t th e R eq uest
WE S T C O UN TR
.

E R S ES C r own
.

Y V o f th e S o c ety o f A c c ou n ta n ts i n E d n i i
8 vo , 3 s n e t
.

b
ur g: h, th e I n st tu te of A cc ou n tan ts i
A L I TTLE B O O K O F S O N GS
.

Fc ap
.

and A c tu ar es i n Gla s g o w , an d th e i
i
. .

sy o , 2S 6 d n et I n st tute o f Ban k er s i n S c otl an d i n

W V
. . .

A NE B OO K O F ER S E Fc ap 8 vo, . . 1 902-3 Dem y 8 vo, 3S 6 d n et

. . . .

2s 6 d n et
S HE E PS HA N KS , R I C H AR D
. . .

H E C TO R AN D A C H I LLES : A TALE
S C HO O L C ATE C H I S M
I s s u e d b y a C O N E R E N CE O F M EM E R S F .

B O F TR O Y
I llu str a ted b y J FI N N E
F D i i
. .

M OR E R en d er ed n to E n g l s h a fte r t h e
O F TH E R E O R M E C H U R C H ES I N S C O T
i D
.

D C h r o n cle of H om er
P
b y R I C H AR
K
'

L AN 1 8 m o, %d
S H EE S H A N S S q u ar e cr o wn 8vo, 58
. .

. .

S C O LO PA X .
n et .

A BOO K OF TH E S NI PE By I M E, J AM ES , M A
i i
.
. .
“
S C O L O PA x I llu str a ted C r o wn 8 vo , S C H I LL E R ( For e g n C lass cs for En g
i
. .
.

59 n et
. .
l sh R ea d er s ) B y J A M ES S I M E , M A . . .

Fca p 8 vo, l s n et
S C O TT, S I R J G EO RG E,
. . .

C U R S E D L UC K B y S ir J G E O R GE . .
S I M PS O N , PRO FE S S O R J Y , D S C . . . .

S C O TT, C r o w n 8 vo, 3 S 6 d . .
S I DE LI GH TS O N S I B E RI A
-
S om e
A c c ou n t o f th e Gr ea t S i b er Ia n I r o n
S C O TT, M I C HA E L R o a d : Th e Pr s on s an d E le S yste m i xi
Y P
. .

TO M C R I N GLE S L O G B y MI C H A E L
’

B y Pr o fes sor - J S I M SON, D S c

’

W th 1 9 Fu ll ii i i i
.
.

W th n u m er ou s I llu stra t on s an d a
. . .

S C O TT N ew Ed t on
i
. .

p a g e I llu str a t o n s C r ow n sy o , 3 s 6 d . . .
Ma p D em y 8 vo, l 6 s
. .

TH E C R UI S E O F TH E MI D GE
I llu str a ted oa r d s , 2s ; c l oth , 2s b6d
.

S I M PS O N , V I O L ET A
YS VI
. . . .

I N FA N C
’
MI RR O R By A
P
O LE T
X Y
. . .

S C O TTI S H TE T S O C I ET PUB L I S I M S ON . Cr ow n 8 v o , 68 .

C ATI O NS For L i st of Vela , see p 29 .

S I N C L A I R, I S A B E L G
. .

S C O TTI S H B A N KE RS M AG AZ I N E TH E TH I S TLE A N D FLE UR DE LY S

B
.

Th e J ou rn al o f th e I n st tu te o f B an k er s i .
B Y I S A E L G S I N C L AI R C r own sy o , . .

i n S c o tla n d uar ter ly, l s n et . Q . .

3 8 n et . .

S KE LTO N , S I R JO HN , K C B
S C U DA M O RE , C R I L Y .
TH E H A N DB O O K OF PUB LI C
. . .

B EL GI UM AN D
Y
TH E B EL GI AN S
B y C R I L S C U A M O RE th I ll us tr a D Wi
.
H EA L TH A N e w E d t o n R e s ed b y . ii . vi
J A ME S PATTE N M AC D O UG A L L , C B , Ad
i
.

t on s
v v
. .

S q u ar e c r ow n 8vo , 6 s
oca te , S ec r e tar y to th e L oc a l G o er n
. .

m en t B oa r d for S c otlan d , J o n t-A u th or i

S E LLA R, E M . .
Of
‘
Th e Par s h C o u n c l Gu d e fo r S c o t i i i
R E C OL L ECTI O N
S I ONS By E
AN D
M S E LL AR
I MPR ES
W th i lan d , a n d A I J A H MU R R A , C h ef C ler k
’
B Y i
o f t h e L oc al Govern m en t
i i i oar d for
. . . '
.

E gh t Por tr a ts Fou r th I m pr es s on .
.
S c o tla n d 3 8 6 d net
Demy 8 vo , 1 08 6d n et
. . . .

. . .

S KRI N E , F H
Y
. .

S E L LA R, E DM UN D FO NTEN O , GR EAT B R I TA I N S
’
. AN D
W
.

M UG GI N S O F TH E MO DE RN S I DE AR O F TH E A US TR I AN
B y E M UN D
S E L L AR D
C r o wn 8 vo, 68
. S H A R E I N TH E
S UCC ES S I O N By F H S R I NE W th K i
i
. . . . . .

G LE N TYR E C r o w n 8 v o, 6 s Ma p , Pla n s , a n d I llu str a t on s

'
Dem y
WH E R E E ER PRO S PE CT PLEA S E S V Y
. . .

. 8 vo , 2 1 s n e t . .

C r o w n 8vo 6 s
Y
, .

L ATE R, FRA N C IS C A RE .

S E TH, J AM ES , M A FR O M M I MO S A L A N D B y FR AN C I S
Y Y
. . .

A S TUD O F ET H I CA L PRI N C I PLES . C A R E S LATE R Cr o wn 8vo , 3s; 6 d n et . . .

B y J A M E S S E TH , M A Pr o fes sor
iv i G REG O R Y
.

Mor a l Ph i loso p h y i n th e Un e rs ty S M I TH PRO FES S O R O

i
.

ib ii vi
,
“
E d n u rg h Ten th Ed t o n , R e se TH E TRA N S I TI O N PE R I OD Per o d s
i
.
.

Po s t 8vo, 7 s 6d of E u r o p ea n L ter atu r e By G

Y
. .
.

S M I TH , M A ( 0 xon
.

G R EG O R Pr o
Y i i
. . .

S HA RPL E , H fe s s or o f E n g l s h L ter a tu r e , B elfa s t

iv i
.

— i
.

A R I S TO PHA N E S PA X Ed ted , w i th Un er s ty C r o wn 8 vo , 5 8 n et .

i
.

O
.

I n tr od u c t on a n d N otes , b y H S HA R P . . S PEC I ME N S O F MI DDLE S C TS .

LE Y Dem y 8vo, 1 2s 6 d n et
. . . . Pos t 8 vo, 7 s 6 d n et : . .
2 6 Wi lli a m Bla c k w o o d S on s
;
Li s t .

TO DDA RT, A N N A M . TH O M S O N CO LO NEL . AN

L I FE ? A N D L E TTE B S O F HA N N A H S TR UTHE R
DD Y
~ .

E PI PE B y A N N A M S TO A RT H I S TO R O F TH E FI FE L I GHT
i i i
. ,
. . .

W th Portr a ts an d I llu str at on s Dem y HO R S E B y C o lon el AN S TR UTH E R

W th n u m er ou s Por tr a ts i i
.
.

8 y o , 1 5s n et . .
TH O M S O N . .

S m all 4to, 21 8 n et . .

S TO RM O NTH, R EV J AM ES
DI CTI O N A R OF TH E EN GL I S H Y
. .

THO MS O N DA I D V
Y FL OWE R
, .

L A N GUA GE , PR O N O UN C I N G, HAN D B O O K O F TH E
XP
ETY M O
L O GI CA L , A N D E L AN A TO R B y th e Y GA R D EN By DA I VD TH OMS O N
vi
~
. .
.

Cr ow n 8 vo, 58
P
R ev J AM E S S TO R M O N TH R e sed b y
ib ii
.
. .

t h e R ev P H PH E L L r a r y E d t on
ii i W I L LI AM
. . . .

N e w an d C h eap er Ed t on , w th S u pp le THO M S O N ,
i b
.

m en t I m p er al 8vo, h an d som ely ou n d A PR AC TI C A L TR EA TI S E O N TH E

“

i n h a lf m o r oc co, 1 88 n et C UL TI A TI O N O F TH E GR A PE V
TY MO L O GI CA L A N D PR O N O UN C
. .

VI N E By WI L LI AM TH O MS ON , Tweed
Y Vi y ii
.

I N G D I CTI O N A R O F TH E E N G ne ar d s Ten th E d t on 8 vo, 5 s

i v
. . .

LI S H L AN GUA GE I n clu d n g a er y
i i ifi
.

C o p i ou s S ele c t o n of S c en t c Ter m s .
THO R B U RN , S . S .

Fo r u se i n S ch o o ls a n d C ol leg es , an d a s A S I A TI C N EI GH B O UR S By S S
B i
.

W th Tw o Map s Dem y
. .

a B ook of Gen er a l R efer en c e Th e Pr o TH O R UR N

vi
. .
.

s ed b y th e R ev 8 vo, 1 0 8 6 d n et
P
n u n c i ati on c a r e fu lly r e
b W
. . .
.

P H PH E L , M A Ca n ta A N ew TH E PUN JA B I N PEA C E A N D AR
ii i
.

Ed ted b y WI L L I AM B A Y N E
. . . . .

E d t on Dem y 8vo , 1 2s 6d n et
V Y
. . .
. .

I N DI A S S A I N T A N D TH E
’

C r ow n 8 vo , p p 1 0 8 2 58 n et I CE R O
Y Y v
.
. . . .

HAN D S C H O O L D I CTI O N A R , PR O A N o el C r own 8vo, 68

XP
.

Y
.

N O U N C I N G AN D E L AN A TO R Th or
vi W
.

ou gh ly R e s ed an d E n l ar g ed b y IL TH U RS TO N . KATH E R I N E C EC I L .

L I A M B A NE 1 6m o , 7d n et Y . . .
TH E C I R CLE
TH U R S TO N N .
.

i
B y KATH ER I N E CE C I L
n th I m p res s on Cr o wn i .

S TRA I N E H 8 vo , 6 8
Fi ft
.
. .

W
,

A PR O PH ET S R E AR D
’
By E H J O H N lC H I L C O TE , M P een th I m
i ii
v
. .
. . .

S TR AI N . C r o w n 8 v o , 6s . p r es s on , cr ow n 8 vo , 6 8 C h eap Ed t on , .

1 8 n et
Y Wi i
. .

S WAY N E G C TH E M S TI C S th I ll u str at on s
i i
. .
, . .

HE R O DO TUS Cr ow n 8 vo , 3 s 6 d
(An c en t Cla ss c s for
i Y W
. .
.

En g l sh R e a d er s ) B y G C S WA NE TH E FL Y O N TH E H EE L Cr own .

,
. . . .

Fc a p 8y o , 1 8 n et
. . .
8m 6 s .

S Y L L A B US OF RE L I G I O US IN
S T R U C T I O N FO R P U B L I C E LEMEN TS O F TH E S C I E N C E O F
S C HO O LS R EL I GI O N Par t I — Mor ph olog ca l i
F — i i
. .

B
.
.

Par t I I O n tolog ca l Be ng th e Gi fi or d
'

I s su ed b y a CO N E R EN C E o r M EM E R S
Fm D iv b iv
. .

O F TH E R E O R M E L ectu r es d el er ed efo r e th e Un er
C H UR CH ES I N S C OT
LAN D . 18 o, 1 d .
s i ty of E d n u r g h i n 1 89 6 - 98 By C ib . .

P TI E L E ; Th eol D , L i tt D L
'

YNGE
. . . .

S M B H on M R A S , & c , Pr ofes sor of th e

T
‘

Y WO R LD i i iv i
, . . . . . . .

TH E S TO R OF HE By S c en c e of R el gi on i n th e Un er s ty
Y With i i v
.

M B S N GE C olo u r ed Fr on t s -
of L e d en : I n 2 ols p ost 8 vo, 7 8 6d
i i
. . . . . .

p ec es a n d n u m er o u s I llu s tra t on s b y n et eac h

SY
.

E M N GE , A R E a nd Ma p s 2
v
. . . . . .

ols 38 . . 6 d eac h n et
. . TRA NS A C TI O NS O F THE HI G H
LAN D AND A G RIC ULTURA L
TA B L E O F FE ES FO R C O N EY V ‘
S O C I ETY O F S C O TLA N D Pub
xb i
.

ANC IN G, & c 4 to Ro u r gh , 38 6d li s h ed A n n u al ly, p r 5s

’
'
. . . . ce .

s e wed , 28 . 6d .

THAC KE RAY MI S S
RA V E RS , G RA HAM (Ma r g a r e t To d d ,
M D)
V I GN E (F i
, .

MA DA M E D E S E WA Y vl
. . I

or e g n
TH E O F E S CAPE
i i A No e
.

) B y M ss V
. .

C la s s for En gl i sh R ead er s
K ( Mar gar et Tod d ,
cs
TR A
Y B y GR AH A M ER S
.

TH A C ER A Fca p 8 vo , 1 8 . . n et.
MD) . . S ec on d I m pr es s i on . Cr o wn
8vo , 68
THEO B A L D FRE D V M A ( C a n ta b )
.

A X
TE T B O O K O F A GR I C UL TU RA L -
, . .
, . . .

WI N D Y HA UGH Fou r th Ed t ii on . Cr ow n
Zi
O O LO G -B y FR E V TH EO AL
- Y D B D 8v o, 6 s .

W th n um er ou s I llustr at on s Cr own i V
.

FEL LO W TRA ELLER S

. . .

Four th Ed i
i
. .

sy o, 88 . 6d . t on . Cr o wn 8vo, 6s .
 Gen era l Li t e r a t u r e .

TRO L LO PE A N THO N Y WA L FO RD, E

’

i i ih i i
‘
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,

( A n c en t Class c s for E n g l J UVE NA L ( A n c en t for E n g

P F D
C ZES A R s Cl as s cs
Y i WA L
. .

R ea d er s ) B y A N TH O N TR O L L O
. E. l sh R ea d er s ) B y E . . OR Fc ap
. .

Fca p . 8 vo , 1 8 . n et . 8 y o, 1 8 . n et .

TRO L LO PE, HE N R Y M WA L LA C E PRO FES S O R

i i
.
‘
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KA N T ( Ph los oph i c al Cla s s c s for
C O R N E I L LE A N D R A C I N E ( For ei gn
i
E n g l s h R ea d er s ) B y Pr o fes s or WA L
.

i
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C lass c s for En gli sh R ea d er s ) By

P
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Y
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H E N R M TR O L L O E Fc a p 8 y o , 1 S . . . .
L A CE Fca p 8 vo , 1 8 n et
. . . .

n et .

WA RRE N S AM UE L
Y Y
.
,

TRUS C O TT, L PA RRY

DI A R OF A L A TE
PH S I C I AN
B y S AM U E L WA R R E N
.

C loth , 28 6 d ;
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TH E MA R R I A GE O F A MI NTA By
b v
. . .

YT oar d s , 28
.

L PA R R C r o wn 8 v o , 6s p ap er co er , 1 8
i
. .

R U S C O TT
N O W A N D TH EN
. . .

Th e L ly a n d th e
v
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TU L LO C H, PR I N C I PA L B ee I n telle c tu a l a n d Mor a l De elop

i i i
.
.

PA SC A L m en t o f th e Pr e sen t A g e 4 8 6d
( For e g n C la s s cs for En g l sh
i i
. . .
.

R ea d er s ) B y Pr n c p al TUL L O C H
. .

WATS O N G I LB E RT
Fc ap 8 vo , 1 8 n et.
B WAT
, .

TH E S KI PPE R B y GI L
. .

. ER T SON.

TA N L EY
Cr o wn sy o, 6 s
TU' IVFR HO RS FA L L ,
IVI A
S
.

TH E H I S TO R O F L OCA L TA A Y X WATT , M A C L EA N .

TI O N I N S C O TLA N D Y BY S TI L L WA TE R S By M A C LE AN
F B y S TAN LE
WATT
.

ls 6 d ; l ea th er , 2S
.

H O R S A L L TUR NE R , M A C r ow n 8 vo ,
. . . .

. .

58 n et
. .

W E IG A L L A RTH UR E
V Y
.
,

TR A EL S I N TH E UPPER EG PTI A N
TW DI E , M AJ O R - G EN E RA L W
EE l
D E S ER TS B y A R TH U R E P WE I G AL L
i
W th n um er ou s I llu s tr at on s Cr o wn
.

i
. . .

TH E A RA BI A N H O R S E : H I S C O UN TR Y .

AN D PE O PL E B y Ma or Gen er a l W
‘

j -
8 vo, 78 6 d n et . . .

D
.

TH E L I FE A N D TI MES O F A KH
.

TWEE I E , B en g al S ta ff C or p s ,
for m a n y year s C on su l N A TO N , PH A R A O H O F E G PT Y
ii i
.

Gen er a l, B a gh d a d , an d Pol t c a l R es I llu s tra ted C r ow n 8 vo , 1 0 8 6d n et

v i Y
. . . .

d e n t fo r th e Go er n m en t of I n d a i n TH E TR E AS UR OF A N C I E NT
Tu r k sh A r a a i I n on e v ol r oya l 4t o, bi Y
E G PT Ch a p ter s on A n c en t Eg yp i
i v i i
. .

W th
.

w th S e en Colou r ed Plates an d oth er t an H i s tor y an d Ar ch aeol og y

i i
.

I llu s tr a t on s , a n d a Map of th e C ou n tr y I ll u s tr at o n s D e m y 8v o , 7 s 6 d n e t
ii i
. . . . .

L ar ge Pa p er E d t on Pr c e £ 6 , 68 n et
WE
. . .

PRO FES S O R,
SLEY
B S . c. ,
VA UG HA N , PRO FES S O R C E
TH E R O MA N TI C R E O L T V .

B y Pr o
.

ASPECTS O F PES S I MI S M By R M
V WE N LEY
. . . .

fes s or C E A UG H AN C r o w n 8 vo , M A , D S c , D Ph i 1 , Pr o
i iv i
. . . . . . . .
, .

58 n et. fes s or of Ph lo s op h y i n th e Un er s ty
i i
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of M ch g a n , U S A C r o w n 8 vo , 6 8
V EHIATMC H PRO FES S O R
. . . .

( P il ph i l Cl i
, .

I L TO N h os o ca as s c s for WH I B L EY C HA RL E S
E g li h R d V Y ih
.
, .

n ) By P f
s ea er s r o es s or E I TC H TH A C KE R A Mod er n Engl s
Wr i ter s
.

WH I B LE Y
. . .

Fca p sy o , 1 s
'

. . n et. . By C H A R LE S .

Cr ow n 8vo ; 28 6d
Y AG E i i
. .

VO O F THE THE WI L L I A M PI TT W th Por tr a ts

i
B e ng th e R ec or d o f a oyag e of E x V .

i
'
. an d

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p lor a t on i n An ta r c t c S ea s B y TH R E E i C a r catu r es C ro w n 8vo , 6 8 n et . . .

O F TH E S TA Dem y 8 vo , 21 8 n et FF .
.

. .
A ME R I CA N
6s .
S KETC H E S . Cr own 8 vo ,

WA DDE L L REV P HATE L , D O Y W H IS PER

Y
, . . .
A
WH I S PE R
.

ES S A S ON FA I TH B y R ev P . .

Y W DD B LAC K MA R K
. .

A
.

H A TE L D D By
'

A EL L , . . C r o wn sy o, . . .

3s 6d C r o w n 8 vo , 6 s
VE
.
. .

TH O UG HTS O N MO D E R N MYS TI KI N G AN D CA PTI . C rown 8 vo,

CI S M Cr own 8vo , 3 s 6d
. . .
68 .

TH E S I N I S TFR N O TE C ro w n 8 vo, 6 8
WA KE Y
. .

L UC
Y W
, .

LA D A KE S REMI N I S CEN C ES WH ITE J A M ES

’

B y L UC A E Y
th Por tr a ts a n d W K Wi i .

S IR FR I
, R EV
LE PU MPKI N , ZZ N I GHTS
. .

i i
'
.

I llu strat ons S econ d I mp r es s on A T ME S S , 850 B y Rev J A M ES WH I TE

v
. . . . .

Dem y 8 vo, 1 2s 6d n et . . . I llustrated co er , 1 8 cl oth , 1 8 6d . . .

2 8 Wi lli a m B la c k w o o d 8: S on s
’
Li s t .

WHYTE A DA M G O WA NS WO Il S EY , PH I L I P TA N HO PE ,
k
S
’

, .

TH E TE MPL ETO N TRA D I TI O N By Ivl

D
A AM CO WA N S WH TE Y O D Y S S EY l t d i t
.

H O MER S T
’
C r ow n 8vo , 63 r an s a e n o

g li h V i St z
. . .

En
PS P W Y MA
s er s e n i th S p
e en s er an an a .

P
B y HI L I TA N H O E OR S LE
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DY
.
, .

L E TTER S FR O M I N D I A By L A 7 s 6 d n et
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WI LS ON Demy 8vo
.

WO TH E R S PO O N H J M A
Y D V
. .
, . .
, . .

K RIE EL EI SO N ( LOR , HA E
“

ME R C Y
A Ma n u al o f Pr ate Pr a ye r s iv
i ii
.

W I LS O N PRO FES S O R W th N o tes a n d A d d t on a l Ma tter B y

WO R KS
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WI L S O N H J WO THE R S PO O N , M A , o f S t O s
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. . . .

J D vi
E N O H ON S i r A le Gr a n t CA TU LL U S , TI ULL U S , AN D
W i
. .

a es
PE O PER TI U S
P
C I CE R O R ev Lu c a s C o ll n s
W i W J B d ibb
. . .

S O H O CLE S C Co ll n s DE MO S THE N ES ro r
Y W ibb S i Al x G
. . . . . .

J B r od r A R I S TO TL E
PD
R ev A Ch ur ch an d
PL I N t r e r an
YD D C li
.

W
. . .

W L
. . .

E UR I I E S B Do n n e TH UC I ES R ev u c as ol n s.
W H M ll k
. .

E Wa lfor d
. . .

P
J UVE NA L L U C R E TI US a oc
i D F D M i
. .

W
. . . .

A RI S TO HA N ES R ev Lu c as C oll n s PI N AR R ev. or c e .
D vi
. . . . . .

HES I O AN D TH EO GN I S J Da es . .
 E D U C A TI O N A L WO R K S .

Th e Pu b li s h e r s w i ll b e g la d to c o n s i d e r a p p li ca ti on s
fr o m Tea c h e r s fo r S p e c i m e n C op i e s .

EN G L I S H .

A Hi s t o r y of En g li s h C r i t i c i s m .

B y GEOR GE S AI N TS B U R , M A H o n LL D Y Pr o essor f
i i i iv i ib
. . . . .

of R h etor c a n d En gl sh L ter a tu r e i n th e Un er s ty o f Ed n ur gh Demy

.

8vo, 7s 6d n et
. . .

WO RKS BY J . LO G I E RO B ERTS O N , M A . .

A Hi s t o r y of En g li s h Li te r a t u r e .

For S ec on d ar y S ch ools By LO GI E R OB ER TS ON , M A , F r st En g l sh
. J . i i
i b i i i f
.

Ma ster , Ed n ur gh La d e s College W th an I n tr od u c t on b y Pr o es sor

.

ib iv i if ii vi
.

MA S S O N , Ed n u r gh Un er s ty F th Ed t on , r e sed 38 . . .

Dai ly Chr on i cle x ii

Th e e p os t on i s r esh an d n d ep e n d en t, an d h gh a o e f i i bv
v i i b v
.

th e le el of th e or d n ar y Wor k o f th s c lass Th e ook sh ou ld pr o e a

g r eat b o on n ot on ly to se con d ar y s ch oo ls an d c olleges b u t a ls o to p r
”
a te iv
s tu d e n ts .

O u t li n e s of En g li s h Li t e r a t u r e .

Fo r Y ou n g S ch olar s , w th I llu str at i iv e S p ec m en s i B y th e S A ME A U THO R

ii i
. .

S ec on d Ed t on , r ev sed l s 6d . . .

S p ecta tor —“ To En gl sh l ter atu r e r om B eowu l

sk etc h d own to Lor di i f f
f i f i i
.

Macau lay i n a h u n d red a n d fi ty p a ge s W th ou t a ll n g n to th e style o f a

c a talo gu e , i s v
a n a chi e em en t of w h ch Mr R o er tson m a y w ell b e
pr ou d
”
i b .

En g li s h V e rs e fo r J u n i o r C la s s e s .

By th e S AME AUTHO R . I n TWO Par ts . l s 6d . . n et e a ch .

PAR T I —Ch au c erto Coleri d ge

—N n eteen th Cen tu r y Poets
i
. .

PA R T I I .
-
.

S ch ool Guar d i an
'

—
Of th e h gh l ter ar y q u al ty of th s s elect on th er e
“
i i i i i '

i i i
.

c an b e n o q u est on Th er e i s n oth n g h er e th at i s n ot class cal i n th e

i
.
.

”
s tr cte st se n se of th e w or d .
3 6 Wi lli a m B la c k w o o d 6: S o n s ’
Li s t .

En g li s h Pr o s e fo r J u n i o r a nd S e n i o r C la s s e s .

By th e S AME A UTHO R I n Tw o Par ts 28 6d ea ch .

J i
. . . .

PAR T I Malor y to .
-
oh n son . PAR T I I N .
-
n eteen th Cen tu r y .

Ed u ca ti on a l Ti mes We
d o n ot r em em er to h a e seen a etter p r ose b v b
i b v f
.

c olle c t o n on th e s am e s cale, a n d th e ook sh ou ld b e er y u se u l to te a ch er s w h o

i
l k e to w or k on th e i
l n es o f g en u n e l ter a tu r e
”
i i .

Mr R
Bla i r , Ed uca ti on 0 fli cer I h a e to n or m yo u th at th e Com m ttee v i f i
i v i b i
. .

o f th e Lon d on Coun ty Co u n c l c on cer n ed h a e d ec d ed to a d d th e ook en t tled

‘
i
En gl sh E e r c ses for x i
u n or an d S en or Cla s ses J i
(J L R o er tson , 1 s ) to th e i b
i i b v i
_ . . .

Cou n c l s su p plem en tar y l st O f o ok s for e e n n g sch o ols

’
.

En g li s h E x erci ses fo r J u n i o r and S en i or C la s s e s .

B y th e S A ME AUTHO R , . 1s .

S ch oolma ster — “ Th e se e x i er c se s ha v e i
th e h gh r ecomm en d a t on O f e i bi ng
i i
.

th e g r a d u al gr ow th of a cou r se of p r ac t c a l w or k i n an En gl sh c la ss-r oom

Th e m a n u al c an n ot f il t b
x i a o e O f s er vi ce e v en to e p er en c ed tea c h er s
”
.

H dm ea t l S t d
a s er , C y S hil C l — A E gli h t
oun c h en r a e con ar c oo
“
s an n s ea c er
f l g xp i
v t I m d li gh t d w i th
.

an d l t e c u r er o I m y y d lyonth e er en c e , a sa u n r e ser e a a e e
th b k e oo it i my l
I h ll t i ly
s Tha gg ti d
c er a n h u se n c a sse s e su es on s u n er ea c
xt t xt m ly g d
d w i ll b v l b l t t li k
. .

e rac ar e e reh d t d t
e oo , an e a ua e o ea c er s an s u en s a e .

Hi g h S ch l H d m t Th x isoo d m i b ly d w eap d a s er . e e er c es ar e a ra ra n u an ar e

m t os it b l f l su p p i a
g f L vi
e g C ti fi t U iv i ty x m i
o r c a ss es re ar n or ea n er ca e o r n er s
,

e a na

ti I h v g
on s. t pl i d p ti g th b k
a e l
r ea b k adi t dt e a su r e n a o n e oo a s a c as s - oo n n en o
i t y t m ti lly th i
,
”
u se s gh t th
s e a ca r ou ou e s es s on .

En g li sh Dr a m a .

By th e S A ME AUTHOR . 2s: 6d .

S p e ctator — “ Th i s cap it l a sel ect on i N ot on ly i s i t a te t x b k w i th

-
oo
x i i d m ti
.

e c ellen t n otes, b ut a n eat and h an d y collect on of En g l sh ra a c

master p i eces .
”

Th e S e le c t C h a u c e r .

i
Ed ted an d Elu c d ated b y th e S AME AUTHOR i . Cr ow n 8vo, 33 . a nd i n Two
"

Parts— Part I , Par t I I l s 6 d . . . .

Ath em m — “
A v er y su c c e ss u l f a ttemp t to en lar g e th e Ch au cer
r an g e of
i We ih b li v b i v
.

r ea d n g in s ch o ol s w s we c ou ld e e e th at th e ook w ll h a e th e
i i v
.

c r c u l at on i t d e ser es

Pa r a p h r a s i n g , An a lys i s , and C o r r e c ti o n of S e n te n c e s .

By D . M . J J
. A MES , M . A .
,
Gor d on S ch ools , Hu n tly . ls .

A lso i n Two Pa r ts
Pa s sa g e s fo r Pa r a p h r a s i n g .
‘ ‘
Ver se an d Pr os e . 6d .

Exe r c i se s in An a lys i s , Pa r s i n g , and . C o r r e c ti o n of

S e n t e n c es . 6d .

Ath en aeu m Th e p ece s i ar e w ell c alcu lated i v

to mpr o e th e g r a m m ar an d
ii i i i i i i i
.

styl e o f th e r s ng gen erat on in an a ge wh ch is n ot d st n g u sh ed for lu c d ty or

l og i c.
”
3 8 Wi lli a m B la c k w o o d 8: S o n s
’
Li s t .

S TO RM O N TH S EN G L I S H D l C Tl O N A Rl ES ,
’

PR ON OUN CI N G, ET MOLOGI CAL Y , AND EXPLAN ATOR Y .

1 . Li b r a r y Ed i t i o n .

. f
I m p 8vo, h al m or occo; 1 8s . n et .

ll . S c h o ol and C o lle g e Ed i t i o n .

N e w Ed i t i on . Cr own 8vo , 1 0 80 p p . 58 . n et.

B LA C K WO O D ’
S

S E V E N PE N N Y
DI C TI O N A R Y

A t s u c h a p r i c e n o t h i n g b e t te r c o u ld b e as k e d g oo d c le a r .

p r i n t , c o n c i s e y e t a m p le e xp l a n a t i o n s , a n d a c c u r a t e e ty =

m o lo g y J u s t s u c h a h a n d y v o lu m e a s s c h oo ls n e e d
. Ha s .

e v i d e n t ly b e e n p r ep a r e d w i th g r e a t c a r e I t j u s t i fi e s i ts .

” —
r e c o r d fo r r e li a b i li ty Th e S c h o o l G u a r d i a n
. .

s TO R M O N TH s
’

HANDY SCHOOL DI CTI ONARY

PRONOUNCI NG AND EXPLANATORY

Th or ou g h ly R e vi s ed an d E n l a r ge d b y

WI L L I A M BAY N E

7 d . net
 Ed u c a t i o n a l Wo r k s .
39

Th e G e o r g e Eli o t Re a d e r .

B y ELI Z ABETH LEE , Au thor of A S c h oo l H stor ‘

i y of i
En gl sh L ter atur e, i ’

&c . Wi
th an I n tr o d u ct on an d Portr a t 2S i i . .

Aca d emy . A f i ti
a sc n a ng i
l ttle v olu m e .

En g li s h Wo r d s and S e n te n c e s .

B OO K I FO R THE UN I O R DI VI S I ON J 6d
V
. . .

B OO K I I . FOR TH E I N TER M EDI ATE DI I S I ON . 8d .

Pr a cti ca l Tea ch er Th ese b o ok s c on ta n i n u m er ou s w ell-gr a d u ated x

a er
i i i b
.

c ses i n En gl sh , an d sh ou ld b e p op u lar w th te a ch er s of th e su j e c t .

S to r y of th e Wo r ld Re a d e r s . S ee p . 58 .

Bla c k w o o d ’
s Li t e r a t u r e Re a d e r s . S ee p 57 . .

S pec i m e n s of M i d d le S c ot s .

WI TH HI S TOR I CAL I NTR ODUCTI ON GLOS S AR I A L N OTES

A ND B y G GR EGO R Y
f i iv i f
. .

S MI TH , M A Pr o . . e ssor o f En gl sh Li ter a tu r e Un
, er s ty o f B el a st Cr ow n .

8 vo , 7 S 6d n et . . .

En g li s h Pr o s e C o mp o s i t i o n .

By J A ME S Gu a m ,
LL D . . if
F ty-s e v en th Th ou s an d . l s 6d
. .

S h o r t S to r i e s fo r C o m p o s i t i o n .

FI R S T S ERI E S WI TH S PECI MEN S or LETTER S , A ND S UBJECTS FOR LETTER S

Y
.

AN D ES S A S . Sev en th I mp r ess on 1 1 2 p ag es i . . 1s .

S h o r t S to r i e s fo r C o m p o s i t i o n .

S ECON D S ERI ES . WI TH LES S ON S ON V O CA B ULAR Y . i

Th r d Ed t on ii . 112
p ag e s ls . .

Ed u cati on a l N ew s .
“
Th ese stor es i ar e f
r esh , sh or t, an d
p th y Th ey i
v i i i
.

p osses s a no elty th at w ll arr est a tten t on an d a k er n el th at w ll tax to

so m e m easu r e th e i i f
th n k n g a c u lty.
,
”

S h o r t S to r i e s , Fa b le s , a nd Pu p i l -Te a c h e r E x er c i s es fo r
C o m p o s i ti o n .

WI TH I N S TR UCTI ON S I N THE A R T O F LETTER A ND ES S A Y WR I TI NG ,

PA R A
PHR A S I N G, FI GUR ES OF S PEECH, 8 m 1 s 3d . . .

B LAC K WO O DS ’
S C HO O L S HA K ES PEA RE
Y JH
.

i
Ed ted b y R BR I LE . M O NS O N . Ea c h Play co mp lete , i
w th I n tr od u c t on , i
N otes, an d Glossar y . In cr own v
8vo olu m es . Cloth , 1 s . 6d p ap er c o er s,
.
v
l s ea ch
. .

Th e M e r c h a n t of Ve n i c e . As Y o u Li k e I t .

Ri c h a r d l l . He n r y V .

J u li u s C ze sa r . M a c b e th .

Th e Te m p e s t . Tw e lft h N i g h t .

Other Vol wmes i n p r ep a r a ti on

'
.
 40 Wi lli a m B la c k w o o d S on s
’
Li s t .

B L A C KW O O D S EN G L I S H
’
C LAS S I C S .

Wi th Por tr a ts i . I n Fc ap 8vo . v olu m es , cloth .

Gen eral Ed tor i -

J . H LOBBAN , M A
. . .
,

i
Ed tor of Th e S ch ool An th ol ogy ’
L ec tu r er i n En g li s h L ter atu r e’ B i i kb eck Colleg e’
L on d on ; E d tor i o f Th e Gr a n ta S h ak es p ear e, a c
‘ ’
.
r

J o ur n al o f E d u c a ti o n Th i s S e r i e s h a s , w e b e l i e v e , a l r e a d y
~
.

w o n t h e fa v o u r a b l e n o t i c e o f t e a c h e r s I t c er ta i n l y d e s e r v e s t o d o .

so . I t s v o l u m e s a r e e d i t e d w i t h s c h o l a r l y c a r e a n d s o u n d li t e r a r y
j u d gm t Th e y a r e s t r o n g l y a n d n e a tl y b o u n d , a n d e xt r e m e l y w e l l
gn
.

p r i n te
S a tu r d a y R e v i e w Th e p r i n t i s g o o d , a n d t h e i n tr o d u c ti o n s
.

b o t h s h o r t a n d t o t h e p o i n t , w h i l e t h e n o t e s s tr i k e a h a p p y m e d i u m
b e t w e e n m i s p l a c e d e r u d i t i o n a n d tr i v i a l s c r a p p i n e s s .

S c h o o l B o a r d 0 h r o n i c le Th e r e a r e n o m o r e t h o r o u g h a n d ..

h
h e l p fu l a n n o t a t e d e d i t i o n s t a n t h o s e o f th e s e r i e s o f B l a c k w o o d s ’

E n g l i sh C l a s s c s
”
i .

S c h o o l Gu a r d i a n Th e e d i t o r s h a v e d o n e th e r w o r k c a r e fu ll y
. i
an d w e ll Th e b i n d i n g i s n e a t a n d a ttr a c t i v e , a n d t h e t y p o g r a p h y
.

i s o f t h e e x c e l l e n t q u a l i ty t h a t w e h a v e l e a r n e d t o l o o k fo r a s a
m a tt e r o f c o u r s e i n M e s s r s B ac w o o d s p u b l i c a ti o n s
l k ’ ”
.

C o w pe r — Th e Ta s k , and M i n o r Po e m s .

B y ELI Z AB ETH LEE , Au th or of

‘
A S ch ool H story i of En gl sh L ter atur e i i .
’

2s 6d
—
. .

Un i ver s i ty Cor r esp on d en t

“
B oth th e i t d ti n ro uc on and
th e n otes ar e
i b i ti f
.

a d m r a le Th e ed on can b e sa ely r ec o en e o mm d d t a ll stu d en ts ”

i iz b d i ti t i i
. .

Gu ar d i a n —“M El a ss eth L ee sco r es a s nc su c c es s H er r

n t od uc t on
i
.

”
is to th e p o n t a n d n on e to o lon g ; h er n o tes a r e ap t an d a d eq u ate .

S c o tt — t h e La k e
La d y of .

B y W E W C O LLI N S , M A
. 1 s 6d
. . . . . .

Gua r d i a n
“
Th e n tr o d u ct on i s p ar t
-
i i i c u lar ly b i gh t
r an d i n ter est n g . i Th e
bif i
.

”
n otes ar e t
r eo t h e p o nt a d eq u ate , an d
— i b i i i
.
,
“
S a tu r d a y R evi ew L k e som e o th er m em er s of th s s er es of En gl sh
‘

i v i i v i
.

”
Cla ss c s w e h a e n ot ced r ecen tly, th s olu m e i s a good p ece o f w or k
’
.

Jo h n s o n — Li v e s o f M i lt o n a n d A d d i s o n .

By Pr o fess or J WI GHT DUFF D Li tt Dur h a m C ollege

.
,
. .
,
. of Sc i en c e , N ew
. c astle -
u p on - Tyn e . 2 S 6d
. .

Ed uca ti on a l New s A sch olar ly ed t on Th e n tr o d u ct on c on ta n s th n gs ii i i i i

f i
. .

a s g o o d as ar e to b e o u n d i n Macau lay s e s sa y or Lesl e S tep h en s m on o gr a p h

’ ’ ”
.

—
M i lt o n Pa r a d i s e Los t , B o o k s I - I V . .

By J
LOGI E R O BERTS O N M A , Fi r st En gli sh Mas ter ,
. , . . Ed i b n ur gh
'

La d i es
’

C ollege . 28 . 6d .

Un i ver si ty C orr esp on d en t — “

Th e i n tr od u c t o n i an d n o tes ar e m or e th an
i fyi
sa t s ng.
”

S a tu r d ay Revi ew . An e x cellen t e d iti on .

42 Wi lli a m B la ck w o o d S on s
’
Li s t .

BLACK OODS W ENGLI S H CLASS I CS —con ti n u ed

’
.

—
M i lto n S a m s o n Ag o n i s t e s .

By E . H Ru . n ne r ,
M A , Hea d m aster , K n g s S ch ool,Ely
. . i ’
. 2s 6d
. .

S ch ool Wor ld Ever yth i ng tes t fi es to i e x c e llen t s ch o lar sh ip an d e d it i or al

i
.

”
n otes ar e a j oy to th e cri t c .

B yr o n — S e le c t i o n s .

B y Pr o essor f
I GHT DUFF, D Li tt J W
Ar m str on g Colleg e, i n th e Un
. . iv er s i ty
o f D ur h am , N ew c a stle u p on Tyn e 3s 6d - -
. . .

Aca d emy an d Li ter a tu r e N oth n g h as i b ee nd on e p er fu n c tor i ly ; Pr ofessor

f i fi i
.

Du f i s h m sel n ter es te d i n B yr on , an d p asses on to h i s r ea d er , n c on seq u en ce ,

i i f f
,

s om e o f th e em ot on h e h m sel h a s elt .

Mr G K Ch ester ton in
‘
Th e Dai ly New s ’
Mr Wi gh t f
Du f h a s m a d e a n
x i g d l ti f m th p
. . .

c eed n gly o em s o f Byr on , an d a d d ed to th em a c le ar

‘

e oo se ec on ro e
and p bl i t d t y t d y
ca a e n ro u c or s u .

P f R Wii lk i
r o e s s orE g li h er n
‘
n sc S tu di en
e Du ff s Byr on w r d
’
—“ Wi gh t ’
i
i h li h d z b it g d c h t er s Wer k e i n En glan d m eh r z u v b i
. .

s c er c a u e ra en es er r e ten ,
l di
a s bi h g h h i t A b
es s er esc e en s er a u ch i n Deu tsc h l a n d i st d a s B u c h allen
mp f hl
.

”
F d w m
’
r eu nBy en r on s ar zu e e en .

H I S TO RY .

A S h o r t Hi s to r y of S c o t la n d .

B y AN DR EW LAN G . Cr own 8vo, 5s . n et .

[I n th e p r ess .

S t o r i es of t h e En g li s h .

By F . Wi th if
F ty I llu str at i on s . Cr o wn 8vo , 3S 6d . . n et.

S cotsma n i
I f h stor y c an b e g en a or m l k ely to m ak e i t p alata le to iv f i b
f i i
.

F h c c eed ed i n d oi n g s o i n th ese
’ ‘
y o u n g o l k s as su S tor es o f th e En gl sh ’

v i i i
.
, [
.
’
All th at i s r e eal ed r ega r d n g th e au th or s d en t ty i s th at S h e i s a w om an , an d
i i
th e stor es w er e wr tten for a l ttle g r l or n i n Can ad a , an d n ow r es d en t i n i i b i
I r elan d b b i
Th e ook eg n s w th Th e Com n g of th e Wh te H or s e (A D
‘ ’
i i i
i t en d s w th Water loo i i ib i
. . .

I n wh at m gh t b e d escr ed a s a p osts cr p t, F m ak es’

i i v i i
. .

l th e m or al w h ch S h e h a s en d ea our e d to p o n t i n th e p r ec ed n
p a n g p ag e s
x i b i
.

I t i s n o e a gger a t on to say th at th e ook r epr es en ts n ot on ly a m aster p ec e i n

 Ed u c a t i o n a l Wo r k s .
43

LATI N A N D G R EEK .

Hi g h e r La t i n Pr o s e .

Wi th I n tr od u ct on b y H
an i
AUDEN , M A , Pr n c pal, Upp er Can ad a W . i i
f i i b
. . .

Colleg e , Tor on to ; or m er ly A ss stan t Ma ster , Fettes Co lleg e, Ed n u r gh ; -

i
l ate S ch olar of Ch r st s Coll eg e, Ca m r d g e , a n d Bell Un er s ty S ch olar
’
bi iv i .

2s 6d. .

A K ey for Tea ch er s on ly), 53 n et . .

Ed uca ti on a l Ti m es — “
Th o se w h o
a r e i n n eed of a sh or t
p r a ct cal gu d e on i i
bj i
th e su ect w ll fi n d Mr Au d en s l ttl e w or k w ell w or th a tr a l Th e p as sag es
’
i i
i i
.

”
ch os en a r e w ell su te d fo r tr a n sl at o n .

S ch ool Gu ar d i a n — “ Th i s
i s an e c ell e n t Lat n p r o se m an u a l Th e h n ts x i i
ii i b
.

on c om p os t on ar e fi r st r ate , an d sh ou ld b e of c o n s d e ra l e u se to th e stu d en t
-

of style w h o h a s m a s ter ed th e or d n a r y r u les o f p r o se w r t n g Altog eth er , i ii

i v v b i b
. .

”
th s i s a er y alu a le l ttle ook .

Lo w e r L a t i n Pr o s e .
.

By K . P. WI LS ON , MA. i
Ass stan t-Master , Fettes College, Ed i b
n u r gh .
2s 6d. .

A Key ( f or Tea ch er s on ly ), 53 . n et.

J our n a l of Ed u ca ti on — “
A w ell -
arr an g ed an d m an u a l
h elp f
Th e w h ole
ul
b i We can u n r eser v
.

ed l y r ec om m en d th e w or k
”
o ok i s w ell p r n ted an d clear . .

Hi g h e r La ti n Un s e e n s .

i
For th e Use of H gh er For m s a n d Un er s ty S tu d en ts S elected , w th I n iv i i
i i i i
.

tr od u c tor y H n ts on Tr an slat on , b y H W A UDEN , M A , Pr n c p a l, Upp e r

f i
. . . .

C an a d a Colleg e , Tor on to ; or m er ly Ass stan t Ma ster , Fettes Co lleg e , Edi n -

b u rgh ; l ate S c h olar of Ch i t r s

’
s Colleg e, Cam b i dg r e, an d Bell Un iv i tyer s
S ch olar . 28 . 6d .

Ed u cati on a l New s Th e h i t n s on tr an slat on g i iv en b y Mr Au d en ar e th e

f j di i h v b i
.

m ost u se u l an d u c ou s we a e seen i n su ch sm all u lk , an d th ey a r e llu s

t d w i th k i l f l p i t
”
tr a e s u o n a n d a p tn ess .

Ed u ca ti on a l Revi ew . Most p r a c t cal i an d he lp f l i u n tro d u c tor y h i n ts.

Lo w e r L a t i n Un s e e n s .

S elected , w th In tr od u c ti i on , by W . L O B B AN , MA . Class i cal Master , H gh i

S ch ool , Glasg ow 23 . .

Ath en mum — “
V ar ed m i ch ar ac ter an d m or e i n ter est n g i in subt th
s an c e an
i
.

su ch th n g s u s u a lly a r e

J
.

ou r n a l of
Ed u cati on — “ A g o od sel ect on o f i Lat i n Un seens , w h i h w i ll bc e
i
.

”
w el c om e d b y all teach er s o f L at n .

S ch ool Guar d i a n — “ Th e i n tr o d u ctor y h i n ts on tr an slat i on S h o u ld b e w ell

stu d ed i
th ey ar e m ost v alu ab le , an d w ell pu t .
”
44 Wi lli a m B la c k w o o d 8: S o n s
’
Li s t .

N ow i s su e d at ls . 6d . n et to m e et th e r eq u i r em en ts of th e
i
E d u c a t o n D e p a r t m e n t fo r a L a t n Tr a n s l a t i o n B o o k s u t e d t o i i
p u p i l s i n th e e a r l y s t a g e o f t h e su b j e c t I n i t s m o r e e xp e n s i v e .

f o r m th e v o l u m e h a s b e e n e x t e n s i v e l y u s e d b y t h e g r e a t e r P u b l i c
S c h o o l s , a n d i s i n i t s Tw e l t h E d i ti o n f
A s p e c m e n c o p y w i ll b e . i
s e n t ;g r a t i s t o a n y t e a c h e r w i s h i n g t o e x a m i n e th e b o o k w i t h
a v i e w to i
n tr o d u c t i o n .

TWE L FTH E D I TI ON '

ADl Tus FAC l Ll oREs .

AN EA S Y L ATI N C O N S TRUI N G B O O K,
WI TH VOCA B ULAR Y .

BY

A . w PO TTS.
,
M . A .
,

L ate H ead -Ma ster of th e Fettes C o lleg e , Ed n i b gh ur an d som e ti me

Fell o w of S t J oh n s Co ll eg e , C am
’
bi g r d
,
e ;

A N D THE

Re v . C . DARN ELL, M A . .
,

L ate Head Ma ster Car g i l fi eld Pr ep ar ator y S c h ool , Ed

of ib
n u r gh ,
b i
-

an d S ch ola r of Pem r ok e an d Dow n n g

C olleg es , C am r d g e bi .

C o n te n ts .

PA RT I — S t0 r i e s a n d Fa b le s —Th e Wol f on h i s Dea th B ed Alex -

a n d er a n d th e Pi r a te— Z en o s Tea ch i n g —Ten

.

H el per s —Th e S wa llow

’

a n d th e An ts—D i scon ten t—Plea su r es o f C ou n tr y Li fe— Th e Wo l f a n d

th e La m b — S i mpli c i ty of Fa r m Li fe i n An ci en t I taly— Th e C on cei ted

Ja c dk a w T h —
e A n t a n d t h e G r ass h o pp e r — Th e H ar es con tem pla te
S u i ci d e— Th e C le er Pa r r ot— S i m ple L i i n g — Th e Hu m a n Ha n d —Th e
v v
Be ar — V a l u e o f Ri e r s — L o vve o f th e C o u n t r y
— u n o a n d th e Peac oc k J
Th e C a el T e S
m — h w a ll o w a n d th e B i r d s — Th e Boy a n d th e E ch o — Th e
St g d t h F t i — T h e C a t
’
s D e i c e — Th e H u m a n F i g v— Th e
—Th
a a n e ou n a n u r e

S i lly — Ab r a h am Dea th B ed — Th e Fr og s a sk for a Ki n g

’
Cr ow s -
e

God s s elec t se v er a lly a v

Fa ou r i te Tr ee — H ea r th e O th er S i d e
Y
.

PA RT I I
‘

H i s to r i c a l E t a t
. x r c s — TH E S TO R O F TH E FA B I I : Hi stor i
c al I n tr o d u c ti on — Th e S tor y of th e Fa b i i TH E C O N QU ES T O F VE I I .

Hi tor i c a
s l I n tr o d u c ti o n — Th e C on q u e st of V ei i TH E S A C R I FI CE O F
fi
.

DEC I U S H i stor i c a l I n tr od u c ti on — Th e S a cr i
De ci u s ce O f .

PA RT I I I Th e Fi r s t Ro m a n I n va s i o n o f B r i ta i n —I n tr od u c ti on
—
.

to x
E r t
t a c s r o m C aes a rf’
s C om m en ta r i es Th e Fi r s t Rom an I n a si on o f v
B r i tai n .

PA RT I V Th e Li fe A l e x a n d e r t h of
e G r e a t — Hi s tor i c a l I n tr o
d u c ti on —Li fe an d C am pai g n s o f Ale an d er th e Gr ea t
.

x
Y
.

APPE N D I X VO CA B U LA R . ADD E N D A . .

Tw o M ap s to I llns tr a te th e Fi r s t R oma n I n va si on of B r i ta i n a n d th e
Ca mp a i g n s of A lexa n d er th e Gr ea t .
4 6 Wi lli a m B la c k w o o d 6: S o n s
’
Li s t .

G r e e k Ac c i d e n c e .

For U se i n Pr ep ar ato r y an d Pu l c Sch ool s By T C WEATHER HEAD bi . ,

i i f
.

M A Hea d ma ster , Ch o r S ch ool, K n g s College, C amb r l d g e ; orm er ly o f

’

b iv i
.

Tr i n l ty C olleg e, Cam r i d ge, an d B ell Un er s ty S ch olar 1 S 6d . . .

Li ter a tur e — “
N ot th e l east of i ts m er ts i s th e clear n es s of th e typ e, oth i b
i
.

”
Gr eek an d En gl sh .

Wa r s
Th e M e s s e n i a n .

A El m t y G
n k R d With Ex i
e en ar d F ll V b l y By r ee ea er . er c ses an u oca u ar
H W AU M A P i ip l U pp C f m ly
.

d C ll g
DEN , T t r nc a er an a a o e e, or on o or er
A i t t M t F tt C ll g Ed i b gh l t S h l f Ch i t C ll g
. . . .
, ,
’
ss s an -
a s er , e es o e e, n ur a e c o ar o r s s o e e,
C mb i d ga d B ll U iv ity S h l l 6d
r e, an e n er s c o ar s. .

S t d y R i w— Af m p i it d tiv th th A b i W “
a ur a ev e ar ore s r e nar r a e an e na as s. e
m m d th b k
.

w mly
ar co en e oo .

Hi g h e r G r e e k Pr o s e .

Wi th an I n tr od u ct on b y H i i i p l U pp . W . AUD EN , M A . .
,
Pr nc a , er Can ad a
College, Tor on to 2S 6d . K y (f . T h ly) 5 . t e or ea c er s on ,
3. ne . .

Gua r d i an Th e se ec on . l ti f p g f t l ti i t G k io a s sa es or r an s a on n o r ee s c er ta n ly i
”
w ell m ad e
x i
.

Jour n a l of Ed u ca on ti A m l f w ll g d t d an u a o e -
ra ua e e er c s es i n Gr eek
ii gi g f m h t ti pi
.

”
Pr ose C o m p os t on , r a n n t t ro s or s en en c es o c on n u ou s e c e s.

Lo w e r G r e e k Pr o s e .

B y K P WI LS ON M A , Assi stan t Master i n Fettes

. . , . .
-
C ollege , Ed i b
n ur gh .
2s 6d A K ey ( f or Tea ch er s on ly) 5s , n et
. .
, .

S ch ool Gu ar d i a n — “
A w ell -
ar r an ged b ook , i
d es gned to m eet th e n ee d s of
i f
m d d le or m s i n sch o ols .

Hi g h e r G r e e k Un s e e n s .

Fo r t h e U s e o f H gh er For m s an d Un er s ty S tu d en ts i
S elected , w th iv i i
i
I n tr od uctor y H n ts on Tr a n sla tl on , b y H W AUDEN , M A i i
.

Pr n c p al,
f i
. . .

U p p er Can ad a C ollege , Tor on to or m er ly Ass stan t Ma ste r , Fe ttes College , -

i b gh 2 6d
Ed n ur . s . .

Ed tiu cal Ti m — It ona t i g es

“
c on a n s a oo d s elec t on i i
q u te d ffi cu lt i en ou g h
for th h i g h t f m
e f p bli h l
es or s o u c sc oo s
Th i t d t y i f
.

S h clm t oo a s er m e n ro u c or re ar k s on tr an slat on or m
style an d
mi tl y p fi t b l p li m i di g f ii
.

e n en y ro a e re n ar r ea n or th e ea r n est an d d l gen t w or k er i n
mi i l h l h ip ”
th g ld
e o f l
en ne o c a ss c a sc o ar s .

G r e e k Un s e e n s .

B EI N G O NE H UN D R ED PAS S A GES FOR TR AN S L ATI O N AT S I GHT I N U NI OR J

CL AS S ES S elec ted an d ar r a n ged W th I n tr o d u ct on b y LOB B AN , M A , i i W
i i
. . . . .

C la ss ca l Ma ster , Th e H gh S ch ool , Glasgow 23 . .

b
h as een h a d i n th e sele ct on to l ter ar y or h i i i stor c al i i n ter est, a n d i n th e arr an ge
m en t to p r ogr ess e d ffi cu lty iv i .
 Ed u c a ti o n a l Wo r k s . 47

G reek V er se Un s e e n s .

By T R MI LLS , M A
Lectur er i n Classi cs, Un iv i ty C er s ollege, Du n d e e,
J i t A th
. .

f W f
. .
,

or m er ly S c h ol ar of a d h am Colleg e, O x or d ;
’
o f S tu d en t s
‘
O n -
u or
i
C omp an on to L at n Au th or s ’
l s 6d i . . .

S ch ool Gu ar di an —“ A
cap ta l s elect o n m a d e wi th m u ch d s cr et on It i i i i
i i i ib f i x
.

i s a g reat m er i t th a t th e sele c t on s ar e n tell g le ap ar t r om th e r c on te t .

Un i ver si ty Cor r esp on d en t Th s car eful an d u d c ou s select on sh ou l d i j ii i

f v f i f i
.

b e oun d ery u se u l i n th e h gh er or m s of sch ools an d i n pr e par n g for less

v
a d an c e d Un iv i
er s ty exam na t on s for H on ou r s i i .

G r e e k Te s t Pa p e r s .

13y AMES MOI R , L i tt D late c O-R ec tor b Gr a m m ar S ch ool

éd
« . LL D . . of A er d een .

zS . .

A Key (f or Tea ch er s on ly ) , 53 . n et.

Un i ver s i ty C or r esp on d en t Th i s u se u l f b ook Th e p ap er s ar e b a sed

x v xt
.

on th e lon g e p eri en c e o f a p r a cti cal t each er , a n d S h ou ld pr o e e r em ely h elp

ful an d su ggest e to a ll tea ch er s of Gr eek iv .

G r e e k Pr o s e Ph r a s e B o o k .

Ba sed o n Th u cyd d e s , Xen oph on , Dem osth en es , an d Plato i . Arr an ged a c cor d
i n g to su ects , wi th I n d e es bj
By H AUD EN , x . W M A , Ed tor of
. . i
i i v
. .

Me s sn er s Lat n Ph r a s e B ook
’ ’
I n ter lea ed , 3S 6d . . .

S p ectator — “
A good p ec e of w o r k , a n d l k ely to b e u se u l i i f
f i v f b i
. .

Ath en a u m A u s e u l l ttle olu m e, h elp u l to oys wh o ar e learn ng to

i
.

w r te Gr eek p r o se
J
.

our n a l of Ed u ca ti on -
“
Of gr eat ser c e to sc h ool oys vi b an d sc h o olmaster s
li k i i vi i b
.

a e. Th e d ea of n ter lea n g i s esp ec a lly c om m en d a le .

A r i s to p h a n e s — Pa x .

i i
Ed ted , w th I n tr od u ct on an d N otes, b y H S HA R PL E , M A i . Y . . la te S ch olar
i i xf
,

o f Cor pu S Ch r st C o lleg e , O
~
or d I n 1 vol 1 28 6d n et . . . . .

A Hi s t o r y o f t h e A n c i e n t G r e e k s fr Om th e
'

S h o rt
Ea r li e s t Ti m e s t o t h e Ro m a n C o n q u e s t .

By P GI LES , Li tt D LL D , Un er si ty R ead er i n Co m p ar at e Ph lolog y, iv iv i

bi Wi i
. . .
, . .

C am r d ge th Ma p s an d I llu s tr at on s
.
[I n p r ep a r a ti on . .

O u t li n e s of G r e e k Hi s t o r y .

B y th e S AME A UTHOR . In 1 v ol. [I n p r ep a r a ti on .

A Ma n u a l of C la s s i c a l G e o g r a p h y .

By J O HN L M Y R ES , MA . . Fellow of Magd ale n e Col lege ; Pr o f

essor of

i i xf
.
.

Anc en t H stor y, O or d . I n p r ep a r a ti on .
 Wi lli a m B la c k w o o d 6: S o n s ’
Li s t .

8 L A C KW O O D S ’

I LL us TR A TED

C L A S S I C A L T E X TS .

ED I TO R — H W
“

GE N ER AL . . AU D EN , MA,
. .

Pr i i p l f Upp
nc a o er C an a d a C olleg e, Tor on to ; or m er ly Ass stant-Master at f i
F tt e C ll g es o e e ; late S ch olar o f Ch r st s C ollege , C am r d g e, an d B e ll Un i
’
i bi
v i ty S h l
er s c o ar .

Li t e r a tu r e . Th e b e st we h av e s e en of th e n ew typ e Of sch o ol
”
b oo k .

Ac d emy
a I f th e p r i c e o f th i s
. s er i es is c on s i d er e d , w e k n ow
n o t w h e r e t o l o o k fo r i t s e q u a l

P u b li c S c h oo l Mag az in e . Th e p l ate s an d m ap s s e em to h av e

b e enp r ep ar e d r eg ar d le ss o f c o st . W e w o n d er h ow it c an all b e d on e
”
a t th e p r i c e .

WO O DS C LA S S I C A L TEXTS
B L AC K
’
.

C aes a r — G a lli c Wa r B o o k s I I I I , .
- .

By J M H W H MA A i t n t M t t R gb y ; l t
AR D IC ss s a -
a s er a u a e S ch olar of
St J h
.

C mb i d g With bl y
. . .
, ,
C ll g wi th t V
’
o n s o e e, a r e. or ou oc a u ar . l s 6d
. .

C ae s a r — G a lli c Wa r , B ook s IV V .

By R S T J B WY ev. N N E- WI LLS O N MA Head master Ha ley i b u ry College

f St J h b idg With i b
. . .
, .
, ,

l t S h l C ollege , Ca m w th ou t V oca
’
a e c o ar o o n s r e. or u lar y,
I 6dS. V bl y p . o ca u ar se ar a tely, 3d .

— Wa r
'

C aes a r G a lli c , B o o k s v1 .
, VI I .

By C A A DU PO NTET, MA Ass stan t i -

Master at Ha r r ow . With or w th i
b
. . . .

ou t Voca u la r y 1 S 6d . . .

Vi r g i l Geor g i c I .

By J SA R GEAUNT M A A ss stan t - Ma ster i at Westmi n ster ; late S ch olar

iv ity C xf
. .
.
, ,

of Un er s ollege , O or d l s 6d . . .

—
V i r g i l G e o r g i e IV .

By J S A R GEAU NT, MA , As s
stan t i -
Ma ster at Westmi n ster ; late S ch olar of
iv ity C xf
. . .

Un er s ollege, O or d l s 6d . . .
50 Wi lli a m B la c k w o o d 8: S on s
’
Li s t .

BLAC KWOODS CLAS S I CAL TEXTS — con ti n u ed

’
.

—
C i c e r o S e le c t L e tt e r s .

B y R ev . T NI CKLI N , M A Ass
. . it
s an t- Master at R ossall . 2s 6d . .

Ci cero -
Pr o C a e c i n a .

B y R ev . J . M . L UPTON , MA . . Can ta b .
, Assi stant Master -
at Mar lb or ou gh
College .
[ In p r ep a r a ti on .

Ta c i t u s — Ag r i c o la .

By H F MO RLAN D S I MPS ON , M A , late S c h olar of Pem b r ok e College ,

bi b
. . . .

Ca m r d ge ; R ector O f A er d een Gr a m m ar S ch ool .

[I n p r ep a r a ti on .

X en o p h o n — An a b a s i s , B oo k s I , I I . .

By A J A GGER M A , l ate S c h ola r o f Pem b r ok e College, bi

C am r d ge ; Head
Qu een Eliz ab eth s Gr ammar S ch ool, Ma n s eld fi
. . .
,

master ,
’
. l s 6d
. .

ll —
S a u s t Ju g u r t h a .

By I F S MEDLE MA
’

Y Ass stan t Master i -

at Westmin ster ;late Fellow o f
b bi
. .
.
, , .

Pem r ok e Colleg e , Ca m r d g e l s 6d . . .

Eu r i p i d e s —He r c u le s Fu r e n s .

By E H B L AKEN E
. . Y ,
M A , H ead m aster , K n g s S ch ool,
. . i ’
Ely . 2s 6d . .

—
Li vy B o o k XXV I I I .

By G MI DDLETON , M A Class ca l Ma ster i n A i b er d een Gr amm ar S ch ool

f f
. .

a n d Pr o essor A S O U TE R , D L i tt Y ates Pr o essor o f N ew Testa men t Gr eek ,

xf
. .

Man sfield College, O or d l s 6d . . .

— v
L y B oo k I X
i .

By J A N I CKLI N , B A , late S ch olar of St J oh n s

’
Colleg e, Cam r d g e ; bi
i iv
. . . .

A ss stan t Master at L er p ool C olleg e

-
.
[ I n p r ep a r a ti on .

N e p o s —S e le c t Li ves .

B y R ev E . . J . W . HOUGHTON , D D . . , Head m aster of R os sall S ch ool .

[ I n the p r ess .

MO DERN LAN G UAG ES .

FREN C H .

Hi s t o r i c a l Re a d e r of Ea r ly Fr e n c h .

C on ta i i Pa ssag es I llu str a t e of th e Gr ow th o f th e Fr en c h L an gu ag e

n ng iv
f i
r o m th e Ear l e st T m es to th e en d o f th e 1 5th C en tu r y i
B y HER BER T A
bi i
. .

S TR ON G, LL D , Ofli ci er d e l I n str u c ti on Pu l q u e, Pr o fessor of Lat n ,

’

iv i iv
. .

Un er s ty Colleg e , L er p ool ; a n d L D BAR N ETT, M A Li tt D 3S . . . . . .

Gua r di a n
“ —
A m ost alu a le c om p an on t o th e m od ern h an d ook s on hi sv b i b
”
tor i ca l Fr en ch gr am m ar .
 Ed u c a t i o n a l Wo r k s .
5 1

Th e Tu t o r i a l Ha n d b o o k of Fr e n c h C o m p os i ti o n
‘

By ALFRED MER CI ER , L -és- L , Lec tu r er

'

. on Fr en ch L an g u age a n d Li teratur e
iv i
.

i n th e Un er s ty of S t An d r ews 38 6d
mi bly
. . .

Ed u ca ti on a l Ti m — A v y flb es
“
er u se u o ok , wh i ch ad ra accompl sh es i
i ts bj t o ec o f h lp i g t d t p p i g f
e n s u en s re ar n or i s on r ath er
v l li
no e n es , wh i h mm d th m lv
c tco en e se es a on c e to an y on e w h o h as h ad to teach
th bj t
e su ec .
”

Fr e n c h Hi s t o r i c a l Un s e e n s .

For Ar m y Cla sses By N E TO KE, B A 2s 6d

J
. . . . . . .

our n a l of Ed uca ti on —“
A . d i tis n ctly g o od b ook . Ma y b e u n r e ser v ed ly
c om m en d ed .
’

A Fi r s t B o o k of
“
Fr e e C o m p o s i t i o n ”
in Fr e n c h .

By J
ED MON D MAN S I ON B és - -
L , H ead m aster Of Mod er n Lan gu ag e i n th e
i i f i
. . .
,

R oyal A cad em cal I n st tu t on , B el ast 1s . .

S h l W c ld
oo — W mm d i t w
or
“
e r ec o en a r m ly to a ll teach er s of Fr en ch , a nd
t th t i t w ill h v i l ti
.

”
tru s a wi d a e a e c r cu a on .

Fr e n c h Te s t Pa p e r s fo r C i vi l S e r v i c e and Un i v e r s i ty
S tu d e n ts .

i
Ed ted b y EMI LE B LE FR AN COI S , Fr en c h Tu tor , Red cli fi Hou se,
‘

Wi n
v if i
.

ch e ster H ou se, S t I es, &c .

, C l ton , B r sto l. 25 .

Weekly R eg i ster es .
— “ De ser v as m u ch p r a i se a s c a n b e h eap ed on it .

Th or ou gh ly good w or k th r ou gh ou t .
”

All Fr e n c h V erb s in Tw e lve Ho u r s (e xc e p t De fe c t i ve

er b s) V .

By ALFRED J WY . ATT, MA . . 1s .

Wee kly R g i t Altogeth er u n q u e am on g Fr en ch gr amm at c al h elp s,

e s er i i
i y t m w i th i vi ii
.

a coup d oei l, w th a o d an c e o f r ep et t on , wi th a pr emi um

’
w th a s s e ,
i
on n tellectu al s tu d y, wh ch c on st tu te a n ew d ep a r tur e
”
i i .

Th e C h i ld r e n ’
s G u i d e t o t h e Fr e n c h La n g u a g e .

By A N N I E G FER RI ER , Teach er of Fr en ch i n th e Lad i es

’
C ollege, Q u een
i b gh
.

S tr eet, Ed n ur . 1s
— Th
.

S ch oo lm t a s er
“
e m e th o d i s g o od , a n d th e ook w ll b e b i fou n d h elp f ul
wh h v t t i
.

”
oy th ose o a e o ea ch Fr en c h to sm all ch ld r en .

G ERM AN .

A Hi s t o r y of G e r m a n Li t e r a t u r e .

J
B y O HN G R O B ER TS O N , Ph D . . .
,
Pr o f es sor of Ger m an i n th e Un iv i ty
er s
o f L on d on 1 0 8 6 d n et . . . .

Ti mes I n su ch a n en ter p r se e e n a toler a l e a ppr oa ch to s u ccess i s som e i v b

i iv i b
.

th n g o f an a ch e em en t, a n d i n r egar d to Ger m an l teratu r e Mr Ro er tson '

v
ap p ea r s to h a e m a d e a n ear er a p p r o ach th an a n
y o th er En gl sh w r ter
”
i i .

O u t li n e s of G e r m a n Li t e r a t u r e .

For th e Use of S ch o ols . B y th e S A ME A UTH OR .

[ I n p r ep a r a ti on .
5 2 Wi lli a m B la c k w oo d 6: S on s
’
Li s t .

D R L U B O V I US G ERM A N S E R l ES
’
.

"
A Pr a c ti c a l G e rm a n G r a m m a r , Re ad e r a n d r i te r W .

B y LO UI S LUB OVI US , Ph D Ger m a n Master H l lh e ad H gh S c hool Gla s i i

i i x mi
. .
'
, , ,

g ow ; Le ctu r e r on G er m a n , U F C Tr a n . . . ng C olleg e ; E a n er for De gr ees

in o f Gla sg ow 33 6d . . .

Par t I — Elem e n tar y

. . .
‘
zs .

Par t I I . 38 .

Lo w e r G e r m a n .

i
R ea d n g , S u p plem en tar y Gr a m m ar th E er c ses , an d Mater a l for Co m wi x i i
ii
p os t o n . Wi
th N ote s a n d V oc a u la r y, an d Ten S on gs i n S o l Fa N otat on b ’
-
i .

By L O UI S LUB OVI US , Ph D 2s 6d . . . .

Ath en aeum Th e v o lu m e
i s w ell d es gn ed i
i i b i f
. .

Pr ep ar a tor y S ch ools R evi ew — “

A c a p tal . r e a d ng- o ok for m d d le or m s.

Pr o g r e s s i ve G e r m a n C o m p o s i ti o n .

Wi th i N otes an d I d o m s , a n d FI RST I N TRODU CTI ON To i GER MAN

'

c op ou s
PH I LOLO G Y . B y LO UI S L UB O VI U S , Ph D . .

A lso i n Two Pa r ts
Pr o g r e s s i v e G e r m a n C o m p o s i t i o n . 2 s ; 6d .

A Key ( f or Tea ch er s on ly), 53 . n et.

Fi r s t I n t r o d u c t i o n t o G e r m a n Ph i lolo g y . ls . 6d .

Jou r n a l of Ed u ca ti on — “ Th e p a s sag es for tr an slat on a r e we ll sele cted , i

i i i iv
.

a n d th e n otes to th e p a s sa ge s , as w ell a s th e gr am m at c al n tr o d u ct o n , g e
r eal a ss stan c e i p ar t of th e b i
o ok d ea l n g w th Ger m an p h lology d eser es i i v
i
.

”
gr eat p r a s e .

A Co m pen d i o u s Ge r m a n Re ad er .

i i i i
Con s st n g o f H s tor c al E tr ac ts , S p ec m en s of Ger an L ter atu r e, L esx i m i iv
o f Ger m an Au th or s , an Ou tl n e o f Ger m a n H s tor y ( 1 640
’

i
B ogr ap h c al an d i i i
i
H stor c al Notesi Esp ec a lly a d a pted for th e u s e of Ar my Class es
. i
By G B . . .

B E A K, M A as 6d
‘

. . .
.

Gu ar d i an i
Th s m eth od of c omp lat on i s c er ta n ly a n mp ro em en t on th e i i i i v
i f b
.

h otch p otch of m s cellan eou s p a ssa ge s to b e ou n d i n m an y of th e old er ook s

- .

S p a r t a n e r j ii n g li n g e A S t o r y o f Li fe i n a C a d e t C o lle g e . .

By PA UL V ON S Z CZ EPANS KI Ed ted w th V o ca ul a r y an d N otes b y M i i b J

b
.
.
, , .

MO R R I S ON , M A , Ma ster i n Mod er n Lan g u ages , A er d een Gr a m m ar

. .

S ch ool . 2s .

S cots m an An ad m r a i bl d e r ea er i
for teac h n g Ger m an on th e n e w m eth od ,
v b th w i th i
.
”
l stu d en ts a n d w th teach er s
“

an d is su r e to p r o e o
p p u ar o .

A Germ a n Re a d e r fo r Te c h n i c a l S ch o o ls .

By EWAL D F S EC KLER , S en or La n gu a g e Master a t th e B r m n gh a m Mun i i i i

i i v i
.

c i p al Da y S ch ool ; Ger m a n Le c tu r er , B r m n gh am E en n g S ch o ol ; Fr en ch
Le ctu r er , S tou r r d ge Tech n c al S c h o ol bi
25 i . .
54 Wi lli a m B la c k w oo d S on s
’
Li s t .

Mo d e r n G e o m e tr y of th e Po i n t , S tr a i g h t Li n e , and
C i r c le
mt
.

An Elem en ta ry Tr eat i i se By J A THI RD , D S c i , H ea d a s er of Sp er s

’

i
. . . .

S ch ool , B e th 3s . .

S h lm t
c oo E h b h f th i w i d
a s er . bj t i t t d w ith b vity
“
ac r an c o s e su ec s r ea e re
d y t w i th m zi g i d i g th iz f th v l m ,
it i ts r u e, an mp l t e a a n co e en e ss con s er n e s e o e o u e.
li b l ff t d v ”
S t
o ear n es d an re a e an e or eser e s su c ces s .
J u l f Ed ti
o rna A
o x d i gly f l t xt b k f ll
u ca gh on n e c ee n u se u e -
oo u en ou
ly v y d ti p ll t b y v l d i g
,
”
for n ear l p p
e er d y t t e u ca on a ur ose, an e no re e en o er o a n
A b k w h i h w i ll ily t k k m g th b t f
.

Ed ti l N w
u ca on a e s oo c eas a e r an a on e es o
it ki d bj t i s t t d wi th mpl t th gh
.

s Thn . e su ec d h ty r ea e co e e or ou n ess a n on es .

M e n s u r a ti o n .

1 28 pp , c loth , 1 s Also i n Two Parts Pt I , Par allelogr a m s a n d Tr i

i i
. . . . .

a n gle s 6 4 pp Pa p er , 4d ; cl oth , 6 d Pt I I C r cl es an d S o l d s .

i
. . . . .

64 p p Pap er , 4d
. c l oth , 6 d A ns w er s m ay b e h ad s ep ar a tely, pr ce 2d . .

ea ch Pa r t .

Ed u cati on a l Ti mes Th e e xp l i
an at on s ar e alw ays clear an d to th e p oi n t,
i x i x i i i
.

w h le th e e er c s es ar e s o e c ept on a lly n um er ou s th at a w de select on is O ffer ed

to th e stu d en ts w h o m ak e u se of th e ook
”
b .

Hi g h e r A r i t h m e t i c .

For Ex-S tan d ar d an dC on t i n u a t on i Class es 1 28 pp Pap er , 6d cloth , 8d

Wi th i
. . . .

A n swer s , cloth , 1 1 d . A n sw er s m ay b e h ad sep ar ately, p r ce 3d .

G EO G RAPH Y .

Fifty -Ffith Th ou sa n d .

Ele m e n t s of Mo d e r n G e o g r a p h y .

ALEXAN DE R MA CKA Y vi
'

By th e R ev LL D Re s ed to th e
i
. .
,

p r esen t t m e . Pp 300 35 . . .

S ch oo lm t F
a s er -
“
or sen or i pu p il s or -
pu p il t- ea ch er s th e b ook c on ta n s i all

d i bl b
.

th at i s es r a It i e s w ell got u p, an d ea r s th e m a r k of mu ch c ar e i n th e
h ip d d i ti g
”
au th or s an e n .

O n e H u n d r ed and N i n ety S i xth Th ou sa n d

-
.

O u t li n e s of Mo d e r n G e og r a p h y .

By th e S A ME AUTHO R to the pr esen t t m e Pp 1 28 Is . Re vi se d i . . . .

Th ese Ou tl n es —i n m an y r esp ects an ep tom e of th e El em en ts —ar e

i i c ar e
f
ully p r ep ar ed to m eet th e w a n ts o f eg n n er s Th e arr an gem en t i s th e b i . same
as i n th e Au th or s la r g er w or k s
’
.

O n e H u n d r ed an d Fifth Thou sa n d .

Fi rs t S t e p s i n G e o g r a p h y .

B y th e S AME AUTHO R . 1 8m o, p p 56 . . S ew ed , 4d . in c loth , 6d .

 Ed u c a t i o n a l Wo r k s .
55

A Ma n u a l ofC la s s i c a l G e o g r a p h y .

By J OHN L . MXR ES , M A , Pr o essor of An c en t H

. . f i it
s or y, O xfor d .

[ I n p r ep a r a ti on .

C H EM I S TRY AN D PO PU LA R
S C I EN C E .

Fo r ty Ele m e n t a r y Le s s o n s i n C h e m i s t r y .

By W L S AR GAN T M A. H ead m aster O ak h am S ch ool

.
, .
, . I llu strated .

ls 6d
—“ R em ark ably
. .

Gla sg ow Her a ld w ell a r r an ged for tea ch n g pu r p oses , i an d

i v i i i i b
.

sh ow s th e c om p ler to h a e a r eal gr p of sou n d e d u c a t on al p r n c p les Th e o ok

i i
.

i s clear ly wr tten an d aptly llu str ate d .

I n o r g a n i c Ta b le s , w i t h N o t e s a n d Eq u a t i o n s .

B y H M TI MPANY , B S c S c en c e Master , B or ou gh Tech n i i c al S ch ool,

b
. . .

S h r ew s u r y. Cr own 8vo , l s .

Th i n g s of E ve r yd a y .

A Pop u lar S c i en ce R ead er on S om e Com mon Th i n gs. Wi th I llu s

tr ati on s 2s . .

Gu ar d i a n Will b e fou n d
b y te ach er s i n elem en ta r y a n d c on t n u at on
u se ul f i i
v i i W
.

s c en c e of c omm on th n gs
’
s ch ools w h o h a e to c on d u c t classes i n th e ell
‘
.

an d s tr on gly b i
ou n d , an d llu str a te d b y eau t u lly clear d a gr a m s b if i .

G EO LO GY .

A n I n t e r m e d i a t e Te t - B o o k x of G e o lo g y .

By Pr o essor C HAR LE S f LA PWOR TH, L L D , Un er s ty, B iv i i m i gh m r n a .

x Wi th Ill
. .

Fou n d ed on Dr PA GE S I n tr od u ctory Te t B ook of Ge olog y

’ ’
-
. us
tr ati on s 58 . .

Ed uca ti on a l N ew s — “
Th e w or k i s lu c d i an d a ttr ac tiv d wi ll t k h i gh
e , an a e
b x b bj
.

”
r an k am on g th e e st te t- o ok s on th e su e ct.
Pu b li sh er s Th e ar r an gem en t of th e n e w b k i i v ywy
’
Ci r c u lar oo s n e er a
x i
.

e c ell en t an d i t n eed h ar dly b e s a d th a t i t i s th or o u ghly u p to d ate i n a ll

i
d eta ls i ii
S mpl c ty an d clearn ess i n th e ook ar e as p r on ou n ced a s i ts a c cu racy, b
an d stu d en ts an d tea ch er s a l k e w ll fi n d i t o f l a st n g i
en efi t to th em
”
i i b
b
.

Ed u ca ti on Th e n am e of th e Au th or i s a gu a r an tee th at th e su j ec t i s
iv f i vi
.

”
effect ely tr eated , an d th e i n or mat on an d ew s u p to d ate .

PA LAEO NTO LO GY .

A Ma n u a l of Palaeo n t o lo g y .

For th e Use o f S tu d en ts With

Gen e r al I n trod u ct on on th e Pr n c ples of i i i
Y
a
f b
.

Palaeon tology By Pr o essor H A LLE N E N I CH O LS ON , A er d een , an d

i ii i i
. .

R I CHAR D LY DE KKER , B A , F G S , &c Th r d Ed t on En t r ely r ewr tten

v i v
. . . . . . .

an d gr eatly en lar ged . 2 ols 8vo, w th 1 41 9 En gr a i n g s

. 63s . .
 Wi lli a m B la c k w o o d 6: S o n s
’
Li s t .

PH Y S I C A L G EO G RA PH Y .

Fifteen th E d i ti on , R ev i s ed .

I n t r o d u c to r y Te xt - Book of Ph ys i c a l G e o g r a p h y .

Wi th S k et ch -Map s an d I llu strat on s B y DA I D PA GE, LL D , & c , Pr o i V

i vi
. . . .

fe ss or o f Geo log y i n th e D u r h a m C o lleg e o f S c en c e, N ew c astle R e sed .

b y Pr o fessor CH AR L E S LA PWO R TH 2 s 6d . . .

Ath en aeu m ivi i f th bj t l Th e d

ly d fi d th x pl s on s o e su ec a r e so c ear e ne e e an a
ti l i d th l ti p ti bj t t
.
,
on s a r e so f uc f th th e re a on s o on e or on o e su ec o an o er a r e s o
t i f t i ly h w b v ll th b i g f th lli d i t Ph y i
,

sa s a c or d s o n , an a o e a e e ar n s o e a e s c en c e s o s c al
b gh t t w ith m h p i i th t v y d w i ll f
, ,

G g ph y
eo ra ar e ro u ou so uc r e c s on , a e er r ea er eel
th t d i ffi lti h v b m v d d th p th f t d y m th d b f ”
a cu es a e him
een r e o e ,
an e a o s u s oo e e or e .

E x a m i n a t i o n s i n Ph ys i c a l G e o g r a p h y .

A d a p te d to th e Te t B ook s x -
of Ph ys i cal Geogr aph y B y Pr o f
ess or PA GE
ix ii
. .

S th Ed t on S e we d , 9d . .

PS Y C H O LO GY AN D LO G I C .

A n I n t r o d u c t o r y Te xt = B o o k of Lo g i c .

With N u m er ou s E am p l es a n d E er c ses x
B y S D N E H ERB ER T MELL ON E , x i Y Y
x i i iv i
.

MA D Sc E am n er i n Ph los o p h y i n th e Un er s ty of
ib ii vi
. . . .

Ed n u r gh Fou r th Ed t on , R e sed
. Cr ow n 8 vo , 5s . .

S cots ma n is a — e
“
s u e Thaca e ic s e oo , n w ll
c -
t di d d mi t xt b k i w h i h th -
e
ii i b f m A i t tl t th iv
.

t r a d t on a l d o c tr n e th at h as e en an e o n ro r s o e o e un h d d d w er
f
si ty p r o e s sor s o f to d ay i s e o un e c ear n es s , a n
-
u on a n xp
ns ruc d d w i th l d p i t tiv e
i
s ys tem w h c h lea d s u p n atu r ally to th e d eep er a n er e n s e c u a on s n o d d i ff t p l ti i v lv d e
i n m od er n log c i
Th e ook , i n fi n e , i s an e c e en or n b e oo o x ll t w k i g t x t b k f i t -
s
su bj i
e c t , l k el y to p r o e u se u l v
o th to stu d en ts a n d to te a ch er s
”
f b .

Ele m e n t s of Ps yc h o lo g y .

By S Y DN E YH ER B E R T MELL ON E M A D so an d MA R GA R ET
i
. . . .
,

D R UMMON D , M A , . .
(Ed n ) Cr ow n 8vo 5S
. .

S c otsm a n — “
Th or ou g h n ess i s a eatu r e o f th e w or k , an d , tr eat n g p syc h ology f i
ivi i i f iv
.

”
as a l n g s c en c e i t w ll b e rou n d r esh su gg est e, an d u p to d a te - -

i v v if
.
, ,

Ed u ca ti on — “
Th e a u th or s o f th s olu m e h a e m ad e sat s ac tor y u se o f
i ii ii v ii i v i i
.

a c cr ed ted a u t h or t es ; i n a d d t o n , th ey h a e p ur su ed o r g n a l n e st g a t on s

x i
a n d c on d u ct e d e p er m en ts, w th th e r es u lt th a t g r eat i
r esh n es s o f tr e atm en t f
i ib i
m a r k s th e r c on tr u t on to th e tea ch n g o f p s ych ology i

FO R ES TRY .

Th e Ele m e n t s of B r i t i s h Fo r e s t r y .

A Han d bfor For est A p p r en t

oo k i c es . By J O HN N I S BET, A u th or of

Th e For es ter Cr ow n 8vo [ I h

’
. . n t e p r ess .
58 Wi lli a m B la c k w o o d 6: S o n s
’
Li s t .

Ab s o lu t e l y th e b e s t s et o f a l l t h e h i s to r y r ea d er s th a t h h i th e r to
—Tb
a ve
”
b een p u b li s h e d . e G ua rd ia n .

TII E S TO Y OF THE WORLD .

FO R THE C H I L D REN O F TH E B R I TI S H EM PI RE .
( I n Fi v e B ook s .
)

By M . B . S YN G E .

Wi th C olo u r e d Fr on ti s p i ec e s and n u m er o u s I ll u s tr a ti on s by
B . M . S y n g e, an d Ma p s .

BOOK I . ON THE S HO RES OF THE GR EAT S EA . ls . 4d .

Col on i a l Ed i ti on , 1 s . 6d .

TH E H o me of Ab r ah am —I n to A fr ca i Gr eek C olo n es A th en s i
Th e D eath Eof —
— i
-

J os ep h i n E gyp t Th e C h ld r en o f I sr ael S o c r ates —Th e S tor y of R om u l u s a n d R emu s

i—
Th e F r st Mer ch an t Fl eet—H r a m , K n g of
—
i i —H ow H or a ti u s k ep t th e B r d ge C or olan u s
—i
i — i
i— x i
-

Tyr e K n g S olom on s Fleet Th e S tor y o f A le a n d er th e Gr eat K n g of Ma ced on a

’
-

C a r th ag e Th e S tor y of th e A r g on a u ts—Th e
—
Th e C on q u est o f I n d a A le a n d er s i x ’

i
S eg e o f Tr oy Th e A d en tur es o f Ulys s es v— i
C ty — Th e R o m an Fleet Th e Ad en tur es of — v
i
Th e Daw n o f H stor y Th e Fall of Tyr e H an n a l ibTh e E n d of Car th ag e Th e
i —
Th e R s e o f C ar th ag e H an n o s A d en tu r es
’
v i
Tr u m ph o f R om e J u l u s C aes ar Th e
—
— i
— Th e B a ttl e of Ma r ath on —K n g A h a s u er u s i —
i
Fl gh t O f Pom p ey Th e Death o f C aesar
i
.

-
H ow L eon d a s k ept th e Pa ss S om e

BOOK I I . THE DI S COVER Y O F NEW WORLDS . ls . 6d .

TH E R oma n or l d —Th e Tr a g ed y of N er o
W
—
Ma id i H— y th S il
of O r lean s —Pr n ce en r e a or
i i Th I v ti f P i ti g V
,

Th e Gr eat F r e i n R om e Th e Dest r u c t on d G m
’

—
e n en on o r n n a sco a a a s
o f Po m p e ii—
Mar cu s A u r el u s —C h r st a n s t o i— i i G t V y g
r ea G ld G
o a e C h i t ph o en oa r s o er
i
th e L o n s A N ew R om e Th e A r m es o f i C l m b —Th
o u L t us f th M —Di e as o e o or s s
th e N or th — i
K ng A r th u r an d h i s Kn g h ts i c o ver
y f t h N oW l d — C mb e ew or olu us in
H ow th e N or th m en con q u er ed E n glan d Ch i —D i v f th P i fi — M g l
S t it —
a ns y s co er o e ac c a e
i —
Th e F r st C r u sad e Fr ed er c k B ar a r o s s a i b l
an s
’
M t z m —S i g
ra s d F l fon e u a e e an al o
i
Th e Th r d C r u s ad e—Th e Days o f C h al r y iv M xi
e C co
q t f P A G
on t
u es o er u rea
Q
u een of th e A d r at c — Th e S tor y of
—
i i Aw k ig
a en n
Dan te s Gr eat Poem — Th e
.

Mar co Pol o
’

[ BO O K III . THE AWAKENI NG OF EUR OPE. ls .

C oloni al Ed i ti on , 1 8 . 9d .

Y
th e N eth er lan d s Th e S tor y of — —O liv C r om w ell—Tw o Fam ou s A d m rals i
S TO R of
—
er

ti —
Mar n Lu th er Th e Ma s sacr e of S t B ar —
D e R u yter Th e Fou n d er of Pen n s yl
th ol om ew—Th e S eg e of L eyd en i ll am —Wi i v i— —i i
an a Th e P lgr m s Pr ogr ess
’
W ll a m s’
—i i
th e S len t i— Dr ak e s —
oya g e r ou n d th e
’
V vi i
I n tat on Th e S tru g g le i n I r el an d Th e
—
-

Wor ld Th e Gr eat Ar mad a— r g n a—S tory Vi i i i Vi

S eg e of en n a b y th e Tur k s Th e S tor y o f
v
of th e R e en g e—S i r Walter R al e gh Th e i th e H u gu en ots —Th e B attl e of B l en h e m i
ib i
-

‘
Fa r y i Q
u een F r st i
oyag e of th e Ea st
-
V H ow Pete r th e Gr eat l ea r n ed S h p ui ld n g
i —
I n d a C om p an y H en r y H u d s on — Ca p ta n i —Ch ar les XI I of S w ed en —Th e B oyh oo d o f
i i Q b i — V
.

J oh n S m th —Th e Fou n d n g o f Fr ed er ck th e Gr eat A n son s oyag e r ou n d

’
u e ec

—
i
Th e Pil gr m Fa th er s —Th r ty ear s o f
—
ar i Y W th e orl d W —
Mar a Th er esa Th e S tor y of i —
Th Dutc h at S ea Van R i eb eek s C olon y
’
S cotlan d .
 Ed u c a t i o n a l Wo r k s .
59

THE S TORY OF THE W ORLD— con ti n u ed .

BOOK I V . THE S TR UGGLE FO R S EA PO WER 18 . 9d .

.

TH E S tor y of th e G r eat Mog ul—R o ert

.

b C op en h agen N ap ol eon Tr afal gar Th e

C l e—Th e B lac k H ol e o f C a lc utta—Th e
iv D eath of N els on Th e R se of Well n gton — i i
S tr u ggl e for N orth A m er c a—G eor ge Wa sh i —
i
Th e F r st A u str a l a n C olon y S t ory of th e i —
—
i n g ton H ow P tt sa ed E n g la n d Th e Fa ll i v v —
S la e Tr ad e Th e D efen c e o f S a r ag oz a S i r
—
Q b Vi
-

of u e ec— “
Th e Gr eat L or d H aw k e
”
J oh n Moor e a t C or u n na Th e c tor y o f
i
Th e Dec l a rat on of I n d ep en d en ce—Cap ta n i v —
Ta la er a Th e Peasan t H er o o f th e Tyr o l
C ook s S tor y—Ja m es B ru c e an d th e N le
’
i Th e S h a n n on an d th e C h esa p ea k e
i —
Th e Tr al of War ren H ast n g s Mar a i i N ap ole o n s R etr eat fr om Mo s c ow —We ll n g
’
i
i
A n to n ette Th e Fa ll of th e B a st le i ’
ton s Vi i
ct or e s i n S p a n —Th e Fal l o f th e i
N ap ol eon B on ap ar te—H or a t o N els on —Th e i i
Em p r e—S tor y of th e S tea m En g n e— Water i
v
A d en tur es o f Mu n g o Par k —Th e Tr a el s o f v l oo—Th e E le of S t H elen a xi
b
B ar on H u m old t—Th e B attle of t h e N i le
.

BOOK V . GR OWTH O F THE BRI TI S H EM PI R E . 28 .

H o w S p a in l o st S ou th A m er i ca—Th e Gr eek S ou th A fr i ca—L ivi n g ston e s

d s c o er es i n i v i
’

War —Vi ctor i a Q u een of E n glan d —Th e i

C en tr al A fr c a — C h n a s L on g S lee p —J a p a n , i ’

Gr eat B o er Tr ek —Th e S to r y o f N atal Th e

,
— i i —
B r ta n s A l ly R u s s a Th e A n n e a t on o f
’
i — x i
S to r y of C a n ad a—Th e n n n g of th e es t Wi i— W Bu r ma —
Th e S tor y o f A fg h a n stan Th e i
— i x ii
A Gr eat Ar ct c E p ed t on D s c o er es i n i v—i i
E mp r e o f I n d a i
Gor d on , th e H er o o f
i i—
Au s tr al a—Th e L as t K n g of Fr an ce L ou s i Kh ar tu m —Th e R ed emp t on of E gyp t Th e i —
Kos su th a n d H u n g ary Th e C r mean ar i W Stor y o f B r t sh ii
est A fr c a Th e Stor y of W i —
i i
Th e I n d an Mu t n y—Ki n g of Un ted I ta ly
— ivi W
i U g an d a Th e Fou n d n g of R h o d es a i i
C l ar i n A m er ca—Th e Me i
c an R e xi ii
B r t sh S ou th A fr ca Th e Dom n on o f i ii
v i
olu t i o n —Fou n d n g th e Ger m an E m p r e i C an a d a A u s tr al a Th e N ew N a t on i i
Th e Fr an c o -Ger man ar —Th e Dr ea m of W Fr e ed om for C u a —R e g n of u een
—W i b
c t or a i— Q Vi i
i
C ec l R h od es — Th e Du tc h R ep u l c s i n bi el d n g th e E m p r e C t en sh p i i iz i .

Als o i n 2 v olu mes , a t 3 8 . 6 d . each n et, s u i ta b le as pr i z e b ook s .

Un i fo r m w i t h t h i s S e r i es .

TH E W O R L D ’
S C HI LD HO O D .

Wi th n u m er o u s I ll us tr a ti o n s b y B r i n s l ey L e Fa n u .

l. S TO R I ES O F TH E FA I R I ES . ro d

CON TEN TS
i —P
.

u L i t-tle R ed R i -d n g H o od . 11 . Ci n d er - -
el -la ar t II .

p Th e Th r ee B ea r s 12 Th e L ost B ell
i i
. . .

p Th e S n ow Ch ld -
13 Ja c k th e Gi a n t K l l er - -

b bi i
. . .

m Tom Th u m 14 S tar r g h t a n d B r d -i e
-

i
. . .

m Th e Ug ly Du ck -l n g 15 B eau ty an d th e B ea st
-

i
. . .

m Pu ss i n B oots 16 Pea ch -Dar l n g -

i i i
. . .

q Th e L tt le G r l an d th e Cats I n S ear ch of a N gh t s R es t
’
17
i Wi i
. . .

m J a ck an d th e B ean -S talk . 18 . D ck h t t n g t on an d h i s C at
- -
.

o Gol -d y 19 Th e S leep i n g B eau ty

—
- -
. . .

Ho Ci n -d er -el -la Part I .

ll . S TO R I E S O F TH E G RE E K G O DS A N D HE RO ES . no d .

1 A ou t th e God s
. b
-
. 13 . At la n ta s R ac e
-
a - -
’
.

N Th e N am es of th e God s 14 Th e S to r -y o f Al -ces -ti s

i
. .

Th e S n o w -Wh te B u ll
.

O
Tur n - cd i n -to S ton e 15
i
O .

W
. .

Q Th e S h n -i n g C h a r -i - ot 16 Th e S p i -d er an d h i s eb
— W i
. .

M Th e L au r -el Tr ee
'

17 I -o th e h te C ow
’

Q A H or s e w th W n g s i i
. . .

. 18 . Th e Th r ee Gold -en Ap p l es -
.

Q Th e C y- p r ess Tr ee 19 Th e O l -i ve Tr ee
i
. . .

8 Th e Fr u ts of th e Ear th 20 A B oy H er -o o f O ld
i
. . . .

9 Cu -p d ’ s Gold - en A r -r ow s 21 Th e Th r ea d of Ar -i -ad -n e
i i
. . . .

1 0 Pan s P p e Th e B oy w h o tr ed to Fl y
’

22
~
. . . .

1 1 A L on g S leep 23 Th e Gold -eu H ar p

i ix
. . . .

1 2 Th e R e -w ar d of K n d -ness Teach er s A p p en d
’
. .
60 Wi lli a m B la c k w o o d 6: S o n s
’
Li s t .

S t a n d a r d Re a d e r s .

i
R ev se d Ed t on ii
th S u p p lem en tar y Pages ,
. Wi c on s st n g i i of
“
S p ell n g i
i
L sts ,
” “
W
or d B u ldi n g ,
-
” “
Pr efi xe s a n d S u ffi i x es ,
”
&c Pr o f
u s ely I llu s

i vi
.

tr ated wi th S u p er or En gr a n g s .

BO O K 1 . 40 L esson s 8d .

BOO K II . 40 Lesson s 9d .

B OOK I I I . 60 Les s on s 1s. 0d .

BO O K I V . 60 Lesson s l s 3d. .

B O OK V . 60 Less on s l s 4d
. .

B OO K VI . 60 Les son s I S 6d. .

S ch oolm a s ter We str on gly r ecomm en d th ese i

w ll b e
i x i b i i i
.

su r e to l k e th em ; th e m atter i s e tr em ely su ta le an d n ter est n g, th e p r nt

v i i
er y d st n c t, a n d th e p ap er a p le a su r e t o eel
”
f .

I n fa n t S e r i e s .

FI RS T PI CTU R E PR I MER S ew ed , 2d 3d cloth , .

S EC O N D PI C TUR E PRI MER S ewed , 2d ; cloth , 3d . .

PI C TUR E R EA DI N G S H EETS .

1 s r S ERI ES
'
. 2N D S ERI ES .

Ea ch c on ta n n g i i 16 sh e ets , u n m ou n ted , 35 . 6d . Mou n ted on 8 b oar d s,

i
w th c l oth b or d er , pr i ce 1 4s ; . v ihd
ar n s e , 3s . 6d .
p er set e xt ra .

O r th e 1 6 ,
sh eets i
la d on l i n en , v ihd
a rn s e ,
an d m oun ted on a r oller ,

1 7s . 6d .

TH E I N FA N T PI CTUR E R E ADER . Wi th nu m erous I llu str at i on s .

Cloth , l mp , 6d i .

Ed u ca ti on a l New s — “
Teach er s w i ll . fi n d th ese Pr i m er s a u se ul f i n tr o d u ct o n i
to th e a r t o f r ea d i ng . We con s i d er th em w ell a d ap ted to th e i r p p e.
u r o s
”

G e o g r a p h i c a l Re a d e r s .

With n u m er ou s Map s, D i a gr a m s , an d I llu s tr a t i on s .

GEO GR APH I CA L PRI MER .

(For S tan d I . .
) 96 pp . 9d .

B O OK ( For S tan d I I.
‘

1 . .
) 96 pp . 9d .

BO OK II .
( For S tan d . III .
) 1 56 pp . l s 0d
. .

B OOK I I I .
(For S tan d . IV .
) 1 92 pp . I s 3d
. .

BOO K I V .
( For S tan d . V .
) 256 pp . l s 6d
. .

B OO K V .
( For S tan d . VI .
) 256 p p . l s 6d
. .

B OOK VI .
( For S tan d V I I ) 256 pp
. . . 1 s 9d. .

S ch oolmaster i
Th s i s a r eally e c ellen t ser es of Geograph c al R e a d er s x i i
v v iv i
. .

Th e olu m es h a e , i n c omm on , th e a ttr a ct en e s s w h ch goo d p ap er , c lea r typ e ,

iv
e ffec t e w oo d c u ts , a n d d ur a le n d n g c an b bi i
p r esen t ; Wh lst th e r c on ten ts , oth i i b
i i
a s to q u a l ty a n d q u an t ty, a re so g r a d e d a s to b e a d m r a ly a d a p te d to th e i b
v ’
se er al sta g e s o f th e p u p l s p r o gr e s s
”
i .
62 ’

Wi lli a m B la c k w o o d S on s
’
Li s t .

Gr a m m a r and A n a lys i s .

B OOK II . 24 p ages Pap er , 1 5d cloth , 2éd .

B OO K I I I . 24 p ages Pap er , l gd cloth , % d .

B OOK IV . 48 p ag es Pap er , 2d . c loth , 3d .

B OO K V . 64 p ages Pap er , 3d cloth , 4d .

B OOK V I . 6 4 p ages Pap er , ad . cloth , 4d .

BO OK VI I . 6 4 p ages Pap er , 3d ; cloth , 4d .

S ch oolma s ter i
Th s i s a seri es of g ood pr act cal ook s wh ose m er ts ou gh t i b i
i i i i i ii
.

to en su r e f or th em a w d e sale Am on g th e r lead n g m er ts are s m pl c ty i n

ii j ii i i b x i
.

d e fi n t on s , u d c ou s r ecap tulat on , an d a u n d a n c e o f w ell selected e e r c ses

for p r act ce i .

Tea ch er s Ai d ’
-
“
For th or ou gh n e s s , m eth od , h gh class w or k ,
style , an d i -

i x i i
.

com m en d to th ese l ttle te t

uS pr ac t cal h an d h as m p r essed
v
e e r y l n e w th
”
i
nd d u a l ty i i ivi i . We ar e i
d eter m n e d to u se th em i n our own
d ep ar tm en t .

Ar i t h m e ti c a l E x erci ses .

BO OK I . Pap er , l fid cl oth , 2 éd .

B O OK II . Pap er , 1 5d c loth , 2éd .

B OO K III . Pap er , 2d . cloth , 3d .

B OO K IV . Pap er , 2d . cloth , 3d .

B OO K V . Pap er , 2d c loth , 3d .

B OOK VI . Pap er , 2d c loth , 3d .

B OOK VI I . Pa p er , 3d . cloth , 4d .

HI GH ER AR I TH METI C for Ex S tan d a r d an d C on t n u a -

i
i
t on Cla sses 1 28 p p Pap er , 6d cl oth , 8d
. . .

AN S WER S ma y b e ha d sep a r a tely, a n d a r e supp li ed d i r ect

to Tea ch er s on ly .

S ch oolma s ter We can sp eak I n ter m s of h g h pr a s e r espec t n g th s ser es i i i i i

i i x i v b f
.

o f Ar th m et c al E er c ses Th ey h a e een ca r e u lly c on stru cted Th ey ar e .

W i v i i x
.

w ell gr a d u ate d , an d c on ta n a lar g e an d ar ed c ollect on o f e a m ple s e

i
.

”
can r e c omm en d th e s er e s t o o u r r e ad er s

S ch oolm i str e s s Lar g e q u an t ty, e i x cellen t q u al ty, gr eat i v i ty

ar e ,
an d good
i i i i i x i
.

”
ar r an gem en t a r e th e c h ar a c ter st c s of th s set o f Ar th m et cal E e r c ses.

Ele m e n t a r y G r a m m a r a nd C o m p o s i t i on .

B ased on th e AN AL S I S OF S EN TEN CES th Y Wi a Ch apter on WO RD BUI LDI N G

V
-

i i x i ii
.

an d DERI ATI O N , a n d con ta n n g n u m er ou s E er c ses New Ed t on 1s . . .

S h lm tc oo A v y v l bl b k
a s er It i nt tiv w ll lyti er a ua e oo s co s ru c e as e as an a c,
d x i h v b f m d t t h th y g t d t h w t
. .

and w ll p l e -
an n e e er c ses a e een ra e o ea c e ou n s u en o o
th
u se l m t f h i m th
e e e en j i t x t b k th t i l l t d
s o s o er u n or e -
oo a s c a cu a e

t yi ld m t ti f t y
”
o e lt os sa s a c or r esu s.

Ed ti l Ti m
u ca — Th p l on agh t t w k w ll A d id d dv es
“
e an ou o or e . ec e a an c e

f m th ld f h i d p ti f t h i g
.

ro e o - as on e r ac ce o eac n .
 Ed u c a ti o n a l Wo r k s . 63

Gr a m m a r and A n a lys i s .

S cotch Cod e .

S TAN DARD II . 24 p ages . Pap er , l i d . cloth , 24d .

S TAN DAR D I I I . 32 p ages . Pap er , 1 5d . cloth , 25d .

S TA N DARD I V . 56 p ag es . Pap er , %d . cl oth , 3 gd .

S TAN DAR D V . 56 p a ges . Pap er , 2 5d cloth , 35d .

S TAN DARD VI . 64 p ages . Pap er , 3d cloth , 4d .

Teach er s Ai d ’
Th ese a r e th ou gh t ully wr i tten f v an d ery p r a ct cally c on i
i x iv b i mm i i x
.

c ei ved l ttle h elp s Th ey ar e m ost e h au st e, an d r n g w th e a m ples

”
.

N e w Ar i t h m eti c a l E x er ci ses.

S cotch Cod e .

S TA N DAR D I . 32 p ag es Pa p er , 1 5d . cloth , 25d .

S TA N DARD II . 32 p ages Pap er , 1 5d . cl oth , Z N .

S TA N DAR D I I I . 56 p ag es Pap er , 2d . cloth , 3d .

S TA NDAR D IV . 64 p ages Pap er , 3d ; . c lo th , 4d .

S TA N DAR D V . 80 p ag es Pap er , 4d . cloth , 6d .

S TAN DAR D V I . 80 pag es Pa p er , 4d c loth , 6d .

HI GHER AR I TH METI C for Ex S tan d ar d an d C on t n u a -

i
i
t on Classes 1 28 p ag es Pa p er , 6d c loth , 8d .

AN S WE R S ma y b e ha d sep a r a tely, a n d a r e sup p li ed d i r ect

to Tea ch er s on ly .

Ed ucati on a l —“
Th e
g r ad a t on of th e
New s i e x i i p fe t
er c ses s er c an d th e
x i v v iv bl v i ty
.
,

e am p les , w h c h a r e er y n u m er ou s, ar e o f e er y c on c e a e ar e Th er e i s
i v i
.

a m pl e c h o c e for th e tea ch er u n d er e er y h ea d . We r eco m men d th e ser es as

x
e c ellen t S ch ool Ar th m et c s
”
i i .

M e r i t C e r t i fi c a t e A r i t h m e t i c .

96 p p . Pa p er co v er , 6d cloth , 8d .

Me n s u r a ti o n .

1 28 pp . 1s A lso i n Tw o Parts
c l oth , Pt I , Par a llelogr am s a n d
i
,

i i
. . . .

Tr a n gles 64 p p Pa p er , 4d ; c loth , 6d
. Pt I I , C r c les a n d S ol d s
.

i
. . . . .

64 pp Pa p er , 4d ; cloth , 6d
. A n s wer s m ay h e h a d s ep ar ately, pr c e
. .

2 d e ac h Par t
. .

Ed u ca ti on a l Ti m es —“
Th e exp l i
a n at on s a r e a lw a ys C lea r an d to th e po n t, i
i x i
w h l e th e e e r c ses ar e so e c e x pt i on ally n u m er ou s th a t a i
w d e sele ct on i s i
f
of er ed to th e stu d en ts w h o m ak e u s e of th e b oo k .
”

A Fi r s t B o o k on Ph ys i c a l G e o g r a p h y .

For Use i n S ch ools 64 p p 4d

J
. . .

our n a l of
Ed u ca ti on is a —
“
Th i s c ap it al i
l ttle b ook , d es cr ibi ng sh ortly
i
.

an d c l ear ly th e geogr a ph ca l p h en o m en a of n atu r e .

64 Wi lli a m B la c k w o o d 6: S o n s
’
Li s t .

Ma n u a l In st r u c ti o n — ood w or k W
D ES I GN E D TO MEE T TH E .

R EQU I R E MEN TS O F THE MI N U TE O F THE S CI EN CE AN D AR T DEPAR TMEN T

ON MA N U A L I N S TR U CTI O N By GEO R GE S T OH N , Un d en om n a t on a l J i i
i With i
.

S ch ool , Han d sw orth , B i r m n gh a m . 1 0 0 Illu str at on s . ls .

B la c k w o o d s
’
S i m p le x civil S er ice v Co p y Bo o k s .

By J O HN T PEAR CE, B A
. . .
,
i
L e th Acad em y . Pr i ce 2d . e a ch .

C O NTENTS O F THE S ERI ES .

No 1 . . Elem en ts , S h or t Letter s, Wor d s .

2 . Lon g Letter s , Easy Wor d s .

3 . i
Cap ta ls , Ha lf l i n e Wo r d s
-
.

x b i
‘

4 Te t, Dou le R u l n g, S en ten c es
. .

. f x
5 H al Te t, S en ten c es, F gur es
-
i .

i
6 I n ter m e d ate , Tr a n s cr p t on , 8 m
. i i .

7 S m a ll Han d D ou l e R ul n g
.
, b i .

8 S m a ll Han d , S n gle Ru l n g
. i i .

H ea d li n es ar e g r a d u a ted , up -
to-d a te, a n d a ttr a cti ve .

B la c k w o o d s
’
Un i ve r s a l Wr i ti ng B oo k s .

Ha v b e i
d es gn ed to a c com p an y th e a o e ser es, an d tea ch er s w ll fi n d i t
e en bv i i
dva an tageou s to u s e th em as D c ta t on C op es , i
ec au s e b y th e m th e lear n er i i b
i ii
i s k ep t con t n u ally wr t n g a t th e c or r ec t S IO p e , & c N o 1 i s a d apte d for
i
. .

L OWER CLA S S ES , N o 2 for H I GH ER CLASS ES . Pr c e 2d eac h . . .

Pr a cti ca l Tea ch er Ou r r ea d er s w ou ld d o w ell to w r te for i a S p ec im en of

i b b x i b i i
.

th s ook , a n d of
th e er c se lan k e n c p le Th ey
-
ook s r u led o n th e sa m e pr
f i
.

a r e w or th car e u l atten t on
xi i i i
.

S ch ool or ld W— “
Th ose tea c h er s w h o ar e an ou s to tr a n th e r p u p ls to
i i ivi vi ii
.

w r te i n th e style a s so c ated wi th C l S er c e Com p et t on s sh ou ld fi n d th e

b
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our n a l o f E d u ca ti on — “
A d s t h e e ye a n d g u d es th e h an d ,
an d th u s

c h ec k m a tes a n y bi
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UN I V ERS ITY C A L E N DA RS .

S t An d r e w s Un i v e r s i ty C a le n d a r .

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Pr n ted an d Pu l sh ed for th e S en a tu s Acad e mi cu s . Cr ow n 8vo, 2s 6d . . n et.

S t A n d r e w s Un i v e r s i t y L L A . . . C a le n d a r .

Pr i n ted an d bi
Pu l sh e d for th e S en atus Ac ad emi c u s . Crown 8vo, 1 s .

WI LLI AM B LA CKWOOD 85 S ON S , EDI NB UR GH AN D LO N DO N .