The War Stamps of Mexico

By
George Ward Linn

MEXICO-ELMHURST PHILATELIC SOCIETY, INTERNATIONAL

Los Angeles, California

Digitized Version

With thanks to the Google Books project

and
MEPSI members Miguel Mota and James Ford

Tad Mackie
MEPSI Librarian
September 2012
THE WAR STAMPS
of
MEXICO

•• • • • • •
A Brief Study of the
Different Issues and
a Specialized Check
List of all Varieties
Known to the Author
• • • • • • •

GEORGE WARD LINN

PUBLISHED BY
GEORGE W. LINN COMPANY
COLUMBUS OHIO U S c/I
1917
PRICE 75 CENTS
 TABLE OF CONTENTS
Introductory - 5
The White Stamps of Sonora - 7
The Green Seal Stamps of Sonora 10
The Ejercito Issue - 14
The Transitorio Issue - 16
The Torreon Issue - - - 18
The Perforated Transitorio Issue 19
The Rubber Stamped G C M Issue - 24
The Denver Issue - - 27
The Coach Seal Issue 28
The Lower California Coach Seal Issue 33
The Anvil Seal Issue - - 34
The Oaxaca Issue - 38
The $ Overprint Issue 40
The Ville G C M Issue - - 44
The Villa G C M on $ Overprint Issue 46
The Villa G C M on Transitorio Issue 48
The Villa G C M on Denver Issue - 48
The Carranza G C M Issue - - - 49
The Carranza G C M on $ Overprint Issue - - - 51
The Famous Men Issue — Rouletted - 52
The Famous Men Issue — Perforated - - - 54
The One Centavo Engraved Eagle Issue 56
The Carranza Commemorative Issue - 57
The G. P. de M. Overprints - - - - - 58
The G. P. de M. Overprint on the 1899 and 1903 Issues - 59
The G. P. de M. Overprint on the 1910 Issue - - 60
The G. P. de M. Overprint on the $ Overprint Issue - - - 61
The G. P. de M. Overprint on the 1903 Issue with Carranza G C M - 62
The G. P. de M. Overprint on the 1910 Issue with Carranza G C M - 62
The G. P. de M. Overprint on the 1903 Issue with Villa G C M - 63
The G. P. de M. Overprint on the 1910 Issue with Villa G C M - 63
The G. P. de M. Overprint on the Denver Issue - - 64
The G. P. de M. Overprint on the Transitorio Issue - 65
The G. P. de M. and New Value on the 1910 Issue - - 66
The G. P. de M. and New Value on the $ Overprint Issue - - 67
The G. P. de M. and New Value on the Carranza G C M Issue - 68
The G. P. de M. and New Value on the Villa G C M Issue - 68
The G. P. de M. and New Value on the Denver Issue 69
The G. P. de M. and New Value on the Postage Dues 69
The G P M $2.50 on the Postage Dues - 70
The 1917 Issue - - - - - 71
The Official Overprint on the Famous Men Issues 72
The Official Overprint on the G. P. de M. Issue 72
The Madero Issue - 73
The Vera Cruz Essays - - - - - 73
A Final Word About the Mexican War Stamps 74
Check List - - - - - 75
 INTRODUCTORY

HIS BOOK has been produced principally on account of the

fact that I have been led to believe that there is a demand for some-
thing of this sort, and also because I have had a desire to print in a
compact and condensed form my opinions and ideas regarding the
various stamps. What I say herein is my honest opinion as a collector
and student of these issues. I have no ax to grind with regard to any of them and
have attempted to give my opinion regardless of who or what it might effect.
Since the appearance of the first White Stamps of Sonora I have been on
the job every minute and what I know about the various issues has been learned
only after months and years of the very hardest and most tiresome kind of study
of the stamps themselves and through correspondence and observation and per-
sonal talks with other collectors.
I hope that critics will be able to agree that I am unprejudiced about all
the various issues and if my opinions are wrong it is simply because I have felt
that the burden of proof has been in favor of the opinion I hold.
A book of this limited size is entirely too small to properly describe and
study the issues covered herein and I have only attempted to point out in a brief
way the points of interest in the various issues and since I have never posed as a
literary man, this work is not offered as a literary production. In fact, there are
some portions of the manuscript which could well be made plainer but this task
has developed to such magnitude that I have hurriedly turned the copy over to
the printer with instructions to rush it through simply because I had to get my
mind off the subject for a time at least.
Specializing is, to my way of thinking, the most attractive part of stamp
collecting. To collectors who think along the same lines, I can earnestly urge
their consideration of the issues considered herein. I do not know of another
country that presents such a wonderful field for the specialist as Mexico. The
early issues are and always have been among the gems of the Philatelic world.
Specializing is much more interesting and can be carried on with much less
difficulty when the varieties of the various stamps are clean cut and readily
determined. This is one of the features of the War Issues of Mexico. While
many will require considerable study, there are others that are so simple that
anyone can readily grasp the possibilities of the issue.
The number of stamps is quite large and the field for discovery is broad.
In fact, there is still much to be learned about many of the issues and new
varieties are apt to be discovered at any time. Some of the very interesting
minor varieties carried in the check list in this book have only come to light within
the past thirty days.
[51
 I have not attempted to classify or list any of the various Hand stamped
issues excepting the one which was regularly overprinted and put in use as an
issue of the Government from the main Postal Department of the Government.
The other Hand stamped issues, while very interesting and undoubtedly legitimate
in many instances, were applied locally under the direction of the military author-
ity which ruled the district from which they came. To properly classify and list
all of these varieties is a task that will not be completed for years to come and
one that will require the assistance of many collectors.
Such lists as have been issued are very poor in one way or another, some
listing varieties that are plain fakes, others omitting varieties that are known to be
good and in some cases illustrations of overprints made from fakes are shown in
place of illustrations from genuine stamps.
Collectors will have to depend on their own judgment in collecting these
stamps and should bear in mind that numerous counterfeits and fakes have been
on the market.
Throughout the latter part of this book reference is made to counterfeits
put on the market by a St. Louis dealer. As a final warning in regard to these
stamps I would suggest that collectors adhere very closely to the list of varieties
as given herein and look upon as bad such other varieties as may be offered, for
many things that were never made in Mexico City have been offered by this
dealer.
The counterfeits of the Carranza GCM varieties are distinguished at a
glance when one understands them. The Villa GCM fakes are more difficult
to tell and I can only urge collectors to be careful in their purchase of same.
I shall be glad to express an opinion regarding any stamps that collectors
may care to submit to me. No charge will be made and it is only necessary to
enclose with your inquiry an addressed and stamped envelope for return of your
stamps.
I wish to thank Mr. John N. Luff an Mr. A. 0. Tittmann who have
been of much assistance to me in compiling the check list and in straightening out
some doubtful points regarding the various issues.

July 11, 1917.

[6]
 THE WAR STAMPS
of
MEXICO

The White Stamps

of Sonora c()R 1-t EO S
Estado Libre y Soberano de
FiC■NJOF-7 A.

DECRETO DE 13 DE
MARZO DE 1913

The white stamps are of the denominations of I, 2, 3, 5 and 10 centavos.

Printed in black and red, the numerals and words of value being in red and the
remainder of the design in black.
The stamps were printed from type set forms and five complete forms for
the black portion of the stamp were first printed on one edge of a sheet, then the
same five forms were printed on the other edge of the sheet, so that the two rows
are tete-beche. The red portions of the forms to give the various denominations
were next printed in the same manner. Following this the sheets were again
run through the press and the stamps were rouletted on both sides and at the
bottom with what is known to printers as perforating rule. Some few sheets of
the 5c value with thick numeral of value were perforated with round holes but
it was found that this method of perforating would take too much time and it was
discontinued. Following the rouletting or perforating of the stamps the sheets
were next embossed over each stamp with the colorless word CONSTITU-
CIONAL. This work was done by hand on one stamp at a time but from one
to several sheets were embossed at one operation. Varieties of double embossing
and of stamps embossed from the wrong side of the sheet are known and varieties
with embossing missing are also known, but this ratter variety should be con-
sidered of little value except in a pair showing one stamp with genuine embossing.
Since the five forms for printing the stamps were hand set from type it is a
very simple matter to classify or plate the five varieties and but five varieties are
all that are needed for the specialist, besides varieties of embossing and other
errors.
In the check list I have given the first place to the perforated 5c stamp be-
cause my study of this issue has led me to believe that this value was the first
one prepared although cancellation dates show that other stamps were actually
used before this variety. Following the perforated stamp I have listed the lc, 2c,
3c, 5c, and I Oc values of what are known as the first printings and following this
we have another printing of the 5c value which is identical in the black printing
with the previous 5c value but quite different in the red printing and with a thin
gothic figure of value.
Following this, there is another printing of the 5c value in which the roulet-
ting rules are put in with the black form and the stamps come with black roulette
all around. This latter 5c value is also printed on a different paper than the
former white stamps.
Other than the five usual type varieties of the 5c stamp with thick figure,
there is also the error CENTAVOB at the right on the fifth stamp of some strips
of five. This error was discovered and corrected at some time and it appears that
the fifth stamp of the strip is much scarcer without the error than with it. The
Sc perforated does not come without the error in the fifth stamp in the strip.
Of the lc value there are no varieties of printing other than the five types.
The 2c value gives us a variety that the cataloguers consider worthy of elevation
to the class of distinct varieties but the stamp is no more deserving of this classifi-
cation than is any of the other five stamps from a strip. This variety is the third
or center stamp of the strip and the numeral 2 is of a distinctly different style than
are the other figures two on the other four stamps. The numeral being large is
easily seen and that is the only excuse that can be given for classifying it as a
distinct variety.
No varieties of printing are found in either the 3c or 10c values of this first
set and the following 5c value with thin gothic figure is also without any promi-
nent variety of printing other than the five types.
Next comes the 5c value with black roulette and in this we find that the first
two stamps of each strip on all sheets have the error "MARO" for "MARZO,"
being Spanish for the month of March.
Probably all of these white stamps can be found in which the black printing
is of a brownish cast. This can be accounted for in various ways but I would
believe due principally to a cheap ink and if such is the case it will be found that
with age, the brownish cast will become more noticeable.
All of the white stamps are printed on what is known as a commercial bond
paper. A white paper very similar to the usual office stationery or letter paper in
daily use by all business houses. The first seven varieties are on a paper which
bears the brand watermark "PEERLESS MILLS" in large letters and portions
of this watermark can be found on certain stamps from some sheets. The last
variety described above, the one with black roulette is also on a white bond paper
but with the "YUKON-AURORA" watermark. The entire design of this
watermark being a sun coming over the horizon, depicted by a stright line and
with the word -YUKON” above and "AURORA-below the same. None
of these white stamps were ever issued on the creamish colored paper. The varie-
ties on the creamish paper have all been embossed with the fake embossing and
large numbers of this fake embossed variety have been sold for the genuine stamp.
All of the white stamps with the exception of the 5c perforated value and
the 5c vith thin gothic figure and colorless roulette have been offered with the
embossed word forged thereon. I have fully described these values in my
previous work and will not attempt to do so here. In addition to the varieties

[8]
listed in my previous work I have recently found the 2c value of this first white
issue with the embossing faked thereon. This variety had not previously been
reported.
Since these faked embossed varieties are somewhat difficult to tell unless one
has proper material for studying them I am including herein a plate showing the
genuine and both types of the faked embossing. Large numbeis of these stamps
with faked embossing are in collections throughout the country and they were
marketed by people who knew very well that the stamps were not genuine.
The 5c value with thin figure five and colorless roulette has also been
counterfeited but copies seem to be very scarce. The printing was evidently done
from the original forms but from a different setting than that used in the original
printing and they are readily told by anyone familiar with the stamps.

ILLUSTRATING THE GENUINE AND THE TWO KNOWN

FORGED EMBOSSINGS

Original JAH013U1IT21403
First
Forgery JAI/1MM' I TURD
Second
Forgery

Illustrations are from back of stamps and as near perfect as could be made.

ORIGINAL EMBOSSING
This appears slightly taller than either of the forgeries. Both of the letters
C are of the same style and shape, with rounded corners. The letters 0
are upright ovals. This word measures 44mm. in length and is about 4mm.
high.

FIRST FORGERY
This is the commoner of the forgeries, the word measures 48 mm. is length
and 3/21 mm. in height. The second letter C and both of the letters 0 are
square shaped with fancy pointed corners.

SECOND FORGERY
Both of the letters C and both of the letters 0 are square shaped with
fancy pointed corners. The word measures 40mm. in length and about
4mm. in height.
[91
The Green Seal Stamps
of Sonora
E3tacto Ube. y Sobers ce

(&'
DtCRETO rctE. L3 Vr
MARS° 012

The Green Seal stamps are merely an alteration of the method of producing
the stamps and are in all ways like the white issues previously described except
that the embossed word was omitted and the green seals printed on the stamps.
It has been my belief that the embossed word was simply a control mark to
guard against counterfeiting and I believe that the green seals were applied for
much the same purpose.
There are five different types of the seals all very easily distinguished when
you are once familiar with the points of difference. The plate included herein
will assist you in seeing the main points of difference and should enable anyone to
classify the various seals. The seals were evidently engraved and made sepa-
rately and all then mounted on one base for printing therefrom but at a later date
the first seal of the strip of five must have been separated from the remaining four
seals as it is found at both the beginning and end of the row of five seals on
various sheets. These stamps with the seals in this latter position are referred to
as stamps with seals transposed.
The seals were originally prepared and mounted up in the proper manner
for overprinting the white stamp, Number 8, and later on had to be spaced
further apart for overprinting stamps of the colorless roulette values which were
still on hand and which had not been embossed with the colorless control mark.
A few sheets of some values, however, with the embossing were also overprinted
with the green seals, but I would consider these as sub varieties of the stamps
without embossing and with green seal as this is the manner in which the issue
was intended to be put out.

THE BLACK ROULETTE

[10]
 ILLUSTRATING THE VARIETIES IN THE

GREEN SEALS

SEALS IN NORMAL POSITION—SPACED ABOUT 10mm. APART.

Some sheets show First Two Seals spaced about 12mm. apart.

KEY TO DIFFERENCES AS INDICATED BY —ils•

Inner edge of outer circle Scratch accross chains support- Dent in edge of seal. Two lines Dent in seal and lines of back- Ray from cap at right appears
shows flat place. ing basin at left. of background run together ground scratched. Lower slightly concave Ray at
and lines show scratches mountain in cap larger than top is unfinished and does
in any other. Speck on chain not touch edge of circle.
where ray from cap crosses.

SEALS TRANSPOSED
Taking the above arrangement as the normal position of the seals, and calling them No. 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5, we find them in a transposed
position as indicated by the numbers below. The following sheets are known at present; some sheets of the 1c, 3c and 10c Green Seal, Colorless
Roulette, Nos. 11, 13 and 16, Some sheets of the 5c No. 17, and all sheets of the late 1914 Green Seal Re-issue.

2 3 4 5 1
 Of the Green Seal stamps there are altogether twenty-three different print-
ings or normal sheet varieties and most all can be very easily distinguishd by care-
ful study. There are four different sheets of the I c value. Number 11 being
the lc with green seal and colorless roulette. Number 20 being the lc with green
seal and black roulette. Number 26 is very similar to Number 20 but quite
readily distinguished in the sheet and in certain single copies. Number 27 is
the 1 c of the re-issue set and all have the seals in the transposed position.
In the 2c value we find Number 12, which is with colorless roulette and
green seal also embossed word. Number 19 is with black roulette and green
seal. Number 24 is very similar to Number 19 but quite easily distinguished in
the sheet or in certain single copies. Number 28 is the re-issue variety with seal
transposed.
In the 3c values there are but three printings. Number 13 being with color-
less roulette and green seal. Number 21 with black roulette and green seal and
Number 29 being the re-issue with seals transposed.
Of the 5c values we find ten different printings of the green seal stamps
and there are quite a number of the sub varieties in the entire sheets. Number 9
is the white stamp Number 8, on white bond paper, with the embossed word
omitted but overprinted with the green seal. Number 10 is of the same printing
as Number 9 but is on a creamish soft wove book paper and the black roulette
is very deep so that copies are usually found with the stamp showing a clean
rouletted edge on all sides. Number 14 is the thick figure 5 of the white colorless
roulette stamps with the green seal in place of the embossed word. Number 15
is the thin gothic figure 5 variety of the white stamps with green seal and embossed
word. Number 17 is the variety that is usually referred to as the 5c violet brown
green seal and black roulette. This is really a very poor distinction for the
printing as a whole, for but a very small portion of the printing shows a good
brownish color in place of the usual black. Number 18 is with green seal and
black roulette and the red ink on this value is always of a very deep cherry red
color. This vareity is the scarcest of the green seal black roulette 5c values and
several distinct paper varieties are found in this printing. Numbers 22, 23 and
25 are all readily distinguished in complete sheets but very difficult to tell in
single copies. All stamps of these three numbers are with the black roulette
printed very lightly so that the stamps would not tear out of the sheet. Conse-
quently stamps which show that they have been cut from the sheet are usually
safely classed under one of these numbers. It is also a fact that individually,
any one of these three numbers is a much scarcer variety than are Numbers 9,
10, or 17, which are the most plentiful of the 5c values. Number 30 is the re-
issue with transposed seals but readily distinguished because all other 5c values
with black roulette and green seal are with thin gothic figure 5 while this re-issue
has the thick figure 5 as used on the first printing of the white stamps.
The 10c values are only found in two varieties. The stamp with colorless
roulette and green seal and in the re-issue printing with black roulette and green
seal, seals transposed.
There are a few interesting varieties in the Green Seal printings.
In full sheets or strips of five stamps there are two varieties of spacing of
the seals. The first two seals being spaced either ten or twelve mm. apart.
On all values, Numb,rs 9 to 26, the seals are in the normal position for the
regular printings but on the following stamps, Numbers 11, 13, 16 and 17 the
[12]
seals are also in the transposed position on some sheets and of these the numbers,
excepting 17, are very scarce.
Probably the most interesting discovery recently made in reference to the
green seal stamps is a copy of the 5c value in which the entire red printing is
omitted. This copy is a fine used copy and is the only one that has been reported.
The stamp is from a sheet of the 5c Number 17.
The lc value Number 20 is known in full sheets with seals missing on one
row of five stamps. The 5c value Number 17 is known with seals double. Two
different sheets with at least one row of seals double must have been issued for
I have had varieties showing a shifting of the second print of the seals about one-
eighth of an inch while another variety is shifted so slightly that it is very apt to
be overlooked. The 5c Number 22 is also known without seals.
In the 3c value Number 21 the word "CENTAVOS" is with final letter
S missing at the left on some of the second stamps in the strip on some sheets.
This 3c value is also found on the Peerless Mills watermarked paper and also
on several other distinct papers.
All of the re-issues are with the seals transposed and the 1, 2 and 3c values
show the error "erano" the letters "Sob" missing. This variety is on the fourth
stamp of the strip on one edge of the sheet and only on some sheets.
The 2c and 10c of the re-issue printing are offered without seals and with
or without embossed word "CONSTITUCIONAL." All such are waste
which was found in the printing office after the break between Carranza and
Villa and the stamps are waste or spoiled sheets and were never issued in such
manner and are not errors as claimed by some who have offered them. They are
simply scrap that had been discarded.
I could hardly attempt to say more about the White and Green -seal stamps
without going into lengthy detail and I can only recommend and advise that any-
one who is really interested in this most interesting series of stamps, should secure
a copy of the book entitled, "Sonora—the White and Green Seal Issues of
Mexico."
My check list may seem somewhat disarranged to anyone who is not famil-
iar with my previous book on these stamps. I have used the numbers as given in
this former work so as to avoid confusion and the stamps were numbered in the
order in which they were printed or prepared for use.

PLAN FOR COLLECTION

Single copies, used or unused of all major types, or single copies, used or
unused, one from each different printing.
Plated strips of five varieties of all major types, or plated strips of five
varieties of each of the 31 different printings.
Varieties of embossing and other errors.
Full sheets of at least one variety, preferably all the commoner varieties in
this state.
Pairs, strips and covers, the latter showing combinations of the White
and Green Seal Issues and other later issues.
[13]
The Ejercito Issue

EJERCITO CONSINCIONAUSTA
J

This issue was evidently prepared with the intention o f using the stamps for
revenue purposes only. Mr. Hinojosa seems to make this statement in his booklet
on these stamps. It appears that an order had been placed for both this issue and
the Transitorio issue but that the demand for stamps was such that it was deemed
advisable to use these stamps for postal purposes pending delivery of the Transi-
torio issue.
The stamps were used in some cases with the coupon attached and are much
scarcer thus. At a later date postmasters were instructed to remove the coupon
and the stamps were sold in strips of ten for postal use. At this same time the
same stamps were being sold from the revenue offices for revenue use, at first
without the usual district overprints and later with the overprint added. Stamps
with this overprint should not have been used for postage but that some were so
used is a fact. However, the majority of stamps so offered are on faked or made-
to-order covers. A large number of such covers bearing 1, 2 and 5c values and
possibly some of higher value were made up at Juarez. These are offered quite
frequently. A number of made-to-order covers without district overprint also
come from the same place.
These stamps were lithographed on a ready gummed paper, presumably by
the stone process and it is apparent that the 50c value was used as the key stamp.
Other values were worked up from this by erasing the figures of value and re-
drawing the new denomination and transferring from this newly created value.
The work is such that it would be difficult to figure in just what way this was
done, whether in strips of ten or otherwise. This refers only to the centavo values.
For the Peso values the I peso stamp was the key variety and in making the
higher values the entire upper part of the label at bottom has been re-drawn for
all values and transfers then made to complete the plates.
These stamps show no varieties of much interest other than a number of
shades of most denominations. The perforating or rouletting was done with
printers' rule on a printing press and several different combinations of the 7 and
14 roulette may be found. The 20c value shows a defect on one or more
stamps in a sheet. Something like a spot of color about the head of the eagle.
The variety is listed by Champion but I have never considered it worth mention.
The Imperforate varieties of this issue and of the Transitorio issue which
follows, have been quite interesting. The remarks here made will refer to both
issues.
[14]
 Both of these issues were produced by The Maverick-Clarke Lithograph
Company of San Antonio, Texas. I have endeavored to learn from these parties
how the imperforates came on the market but they maintain the silence of a clam.
However, there are other sources of information, and I have a letter in re-
gard to these stamps and the letter is written by a man who had conversation
with the lithographers. It is, therefore, the best information that can be offered
at present.
My correspondent says among other things that The Maverick-Clarke peo-
ple first claim that both these issues have been extensively counterfeited. This I
would deny for I do not believe that counterfeits of either issue have ever been
found.
These people state in regard to the imperforate varieties that none of either
issue of these stamps were ever delivered from their office to other than the proper
Mexican authorities, and that the plates for same have been securely locked in
their private vault.
Admitting this to be a fact it is then clear that the imperforates were either
stolen from their office by workmen or that imperforates were actually in the lots
delivered to Mexico and have come out from that source. It is a fact certain
values of the Transitorio stamps have been found in various post offices in part
roulette state.
No attempt will be made to list the various compound roulettes of this stamp
for too few blocks or sheets have been available for examination. The roulette
is difficult to tell except on mint copies in blocks or pairs. Various of the stamps
are rouletted 14 throughout. Others are rouletted 14 all around except between
stamp and coupon where the roulette is 7. Others are rouletted 14 horizontally
and 7 vertically, while still another variety shows the 14 roulette horizontally
and between stamp and coupon and 7 vertically. It is entirely probable that all
of these various combinations of roulette might appear in one sheet.
The only values which are known imperforate are the 2c, 5c, 10c, 50c
and 1 peso, 10 peso, 50 peso and 100 peso values. I have never seen the others
offered imperforate.

PLAN FOR COLLECTION.

Single copies, used or unused or both, without coupon.

Single copies used, without coupon and with revenue overprint.
Single copies, used or unused or both, with coupon.
Single copies, used, with coupon and with revenue overprint.
Pairs or strips, used or unused or both.
Blocks of four used or unused or both, with coupons.
Blocks of four or single copies unused with revenue overprint and with
coupon may be added if desired. These are however revenue stamps.
Imperforate stamps as desired. Ordinarily single copies with coupon are
sufficient proof of being imperforate because of lack of perforation separating
the coupon.
Add covers, etc., as desired.
[15]
The Transitorio Issue

The Transitorio issue was also produced by The Maverick-Clarke Litho-

graph Company of San Antonio, Texas. This issue is also lithographed in the
same manner as the Ejercito issue, and printed on ready gummed paper.
The 1 c value was the key stamp or original design and in producing the
other values the figure of value and words of value were erased from ten stamps
in a block, two wide by five deep, and the new value re-drawn therein and
transfers made from this block of ten to complete the plate of 100 stamps.
It is possible to plate all of the values of this issue with the possible excep-
tion of the lc value. A block as arranged in the diagram here shown will show
the ten varieties.

1 2
3 4

5 6
7 8

9 10

Since transfers to make the complete plate of 100 stamps were made from
an already complete block of ten, it is clear that the spacing between the stamps
in this original block would show the same throughout the sheet. It is quite notice-
able that the spacing between the two vertical rows of stamps in this block show
the stamps close together, while the spacing between the block of ten as a whole
and between the next block as a whole shows much wider spacing than between
the vertical rows of an original block as transferred. It is therefore, possible to
gather pairs showing two very distinct spacings between and also pairs showing
both the wide and narrow spacing with either the 9 or the 14 roulette between.
Imperforate pairs with both the wide and narrow spacing may also be found.
The plate for printing the 5c value became badly scratched at one time.
A scratch is clearly seen beginning at the top of the sheet and extending nearly
to the botton. On account of this scratch this plate was altered and a part of it
[16]
 erased and new transfers made on it so that in plating the 5c value some difficulty
may be met with. I believe that this entire sheet can be plated without much
trouble for other flaws are very clearly seen on it. To make a plated section of
the scratched portion will be very simple if one has the material and this can be
done without any diagram of any sort.
Should anyone desire to plate these varieties they need only buy blocks
of ten as above laid out preferably with a straight edge at the top or bottom and
narrow vertical space between, and carefully examine the stamps, paying atten-
tion to the figure and words of value and the tablets containing same.
Shades of the 1 c value are not pronounced, while the 2c can be found in
three very distinct shades. The 4c and 5c come in slight variations of color,
while the 10c is quite uniform. The 20c comes in two very good shades, like-
wise the 50c value. The peso comes in only one shade worthy of mention.
The stamps were rouletted with ordinary printers' rule on a printing press
and varieties of roulette are easily found in pairs. The stamps all come with a
horizontal roulette about 9 and a vertical roulette of about 1 4. One vertical row
in all sheets always shows the 9 roulette. In various denominations this is found
in different positions or between various rows. Generally between the last two
rows at the right side of the sheet but it is found in most all positions.
The one variety of prominence is found in the 5c value. A number of
sheets of the second printing from the repaired plate show two stamps at top of
sheet imperforate between and the two stamps below imperforate half-way
between. This was caused by a piece of rouletting rule pulling out of the form
while the rouletting was being done. Certain other values have been bought from
various Mexican offices in a part perforate condition, and I have every reason to
believe that such are errors and not scrap.
Only the 4, 10, 20, 50 and 1 peso values have been known imperforate
to the writer. If others exist I have not seen them although such are listed by
others. The same remarks apply to these as are made with regard to the Ejer-
cito issue.
According to Mr. Hinojosa, the 10c value split and used for 5c was Lever
authorized. I believe, however, that although no special decree may have been
issued for the use of this stamp in this condition, that its use was recognized and
permitted with the full sanction of proper authorities for the stamp was quite
generally used for a few days, when the 5c values became exhausted.
This is not true, however, of the 20c values split for 10c, all of which are
without any authority and all that I have seen are made-to-order covers. This
applies likewise to the 2c splits which are frequently seen. An overprint, figure
"5," on split 1 Oc is occasionally offered, but these are fakes.

PLAN FOR COLLECTION

Single copies, used or unused or both.

Pairs spaced close together, rouletted 14 between, used or unused or both.
Pairs spaced close together, rouletted 9 between, used or unused or both.
Pairs spaced wide apart and rouletted 14 between, used or unused or both.
Pairs spaced wide apart and rouletted 9 between, used or unused or both.
[ 17]
 (Blocks of four could be shown in preference to pairs for above varieties if
desired.) Part perforated varieties in pairs or blocks. Imperforated varieties
in pairs or blocks. Varieties showing scratched plate. Splits, four varieties.
Blocks of ten showing section as transferred and to be used as model to plate
from. Used strips, blocks, covers, etc., as desired.

The Torreon Issue !Mons de

TORREON
AB NIL 2-1014

Overprint on
Transitorio Issue

On April 2, 1914, the Carranza-Villa forces captured Torreon from the

Federal troops. In celebration of this victory a holiday was declared at Juarez,
which was the capital of the Carranza-Villa government at this time.
The Transitorio stamps then in use were overprinted with wording as
shown. The overprinting was done from type set forms, on an ordinary printing
press in El Paso, Texas. All values of the Transitorio issue from 1 c to 50c
were overprinted in various quantities from a few of the I, 2, 4, 10, 20 and
50c values to several hundred of the 5c values. It is said that the stamps were
especially authorized by Ignacio Bonillas, the Minister of Communications, and
that they were sold at Juarez by Ponciano Cota, who was postmaster at this
city.
The above is the generally accepted statement regarding the issue and
appearance of these stamps. It is interesting to note that this is denied by parties
in Mexico. The Mexican parties put forth the statement that the stamps were
issued and used in Torreon and that in proof of their claim they ask to be shown
covers used from Juarez. It is a fact that many of the Juarez covers that are
shown are clearly of the made-to-order variety and it is a further fact that these
stamps were used at other places than Juarez, for covers have been found show-
ing cancellation dates. I can not attempt to argue the matter, but believe that
time will tell.
A variety of little importance is found on all values. This is what is re-
ferred to as apostrophe after the de. This, I will wager, is not an apostrophe
but simply the tip of inverted type sticking up, just the same as the variety found
on the second stamp in a strip of the early Sonoras. Type is made with the base
or bottom cut semiculiarly with a small foot or base either side of the hollow part.
It is not an uncommon thing for the type to be set up in a form upside down.
This mark which is called an apostrophe does not have the shape of an apos-
trophe and appears to be an inverted type showing only one of the bottom corners
printed. Such speck varieties are found on most all stamps and I do not con-
sider them of sufficient importance to list.
The varieties of perforation and spacing as mentioned in the Transitorio
issue are, of course, also found in this issue.
The 5c value was overprinted on sheets showing the stamps which come
imperforate between, down through the first horizontal row and half-way through
the second horizontal row between two stamps in the sheet.
[18]
 These stamps were first placed on sale on April 3rd, and such of these
stamps as were not sold and used on the 4th of April, were later sold to an El
Paso collector who disposed of them to various dealers. Although intended for
use only on the 4th of April, copies were used at later dates. Many of those
bought by the El Paso collector were applied to covers and are cancelled to order,
rather made to sell covers. This party claimed to have secured the entire lot of
remainders, and such may be the case. Other lots have been offered since this
date, but all are said to be counterfeits. It is claimed three different counterfeit
printings are known.
It is reasonable to believe and it is, I believe, a fact that minute differences
could be found on all of the ten stamps of an original strip of ten, provided they
were printed thus. I feel very certain that with an unbroken sheet or large piece
of these stamps that because of the possibilities of plating the Transitorio stamps
that it would be very easy to place each variety of the overprint on a certain
stamp of the sheet of Transitorios and then it would be possible to detect
counterfeits.
The overprint is one that would appear easily counterfeited, but to deceive
an experienced philatelist, who has sufficient material for proper study, it would
require the best effort of another equally experienced philatelist.

PLAN FOR COLLECTION

These can be collected along the same plan as for the Transitorio issue.

The Perforated Transitorio

Issue

Many writers make long guesses, and all bad ones in regard to this stamp.
I have always believed that these writers were close students of the Philatelic
press, for about all that is known about the stamp has been printed at one time
or another.
This stamp was printed by W. M. Linn & Sons Company of Columbus,
Ohio. It was printed with full authority of Cosme Hinojosa, postmaster-general
of the Carranza-VIlla government, then situated with headquarters at Hermosillo,
Sonora, Mexico.
The claim that the stamp was not issued is no longer made and this shows
that our Philatelic historians are learning about Mexico, even though slowly.
The lack of knowledge of lithography, typography or letter press work of
various kinds is clearly apparent in the writings of some chroniclers.
The stamp was copied in a general way from a sample of the 5c rouletted
Transitorio stamp supplied by Mr. Hinojosa. The artist doing the work made
[ 1 9]
a large drawing and eliminated and changed certain features of the design for
more satisfactory results in reducing the drawing and for better printing effect.
The drawing is in my possession as is likewise the original first zinc etching made
therefrom. A zinc etching was first made and I must say that it was one of the
most beautiful pieces of work of this sort that I have ever seen. From this zinc
etching an electrotype plate of 100 designs was produced. The printing was
then done on a Golding platen press.
So much has been said for and against this stamp that I am going to give
the real facts in connection therewith, although much of the matter here printed
has been printed before, both in the Philatelic press and elsewhere.
I must now go back to the early days of the Sonora issues and again refer
to my personal friend Mr. Howard R. Howard, whom many dealers will re-
member as having supplied them with certain of the early Sonora issues which
they, in most cases, foolishly disposed of at a few cents apiece.
Mr. Howard was a mining man and had been in Sonora for years and rep-
resented influential interests. His acquaintance extended to the higher-ups in the
government and it was entirely through his suggestion to certain officials that the
firm of W. M. Linn & Sons Company were approached concerning the printing
of stamps.
The first correspondence was very early in the game and if it had been put
through and handled in a successful manner collectors would be able to thank
the Columbus firm for saving them from a flood of numerous varieties.
At the time of the beginning of the revolution in Sonora, the postmaster at
Hermosillo was one, M. F. Romo. Hinojosa came later. Mr. Romo wrote
W. M. Linn & Sons Company under date of July 24, 1913, inquiring as to the
possibilities of producing stamps. Mr. Romo did not want a new issue. His
letter asked for prices on four million copies of the then current 5c Federal Mexi-
can stamp, also 1 and 2c values. Mr. Romo was very careful to explain that
the color, the paper and everything must be the same as the sample he was send-
ing and he proposed to submit full sheets for samples to work from if the work
could be produced agreeably.
In short, Mr. Romo wanted W. M. Linn & Sons Company to counterfeit
for his government the current Federal issue. Some nice invitation, was it not?
W. M. Linn & Sons Company knew that it would be unlawful to produce
stamps as desired and wrote a letter explaining the difficulties and delay to be
encountered in such an attempt. This letter, addressed to Mr. Romo, was never
delivered to him, for in the meantime he had left Hermosillo. Another report
said that he had been appointed "lefe Politico" in Altar, Sonora. The letter
was finally returned to Columbus in October, 1913.
Other correspondence passed between the government and Columbus and
one interesting piece is a telegram received from Ernesto Pesqueira. A transla-
tion reads:
"Mr. Howard offered postage stamps to this government some time ago. We would
like to know if you can make stamps for the Internal Revenue. If you have any repre-
sentatives in Nogales, Arizona, with instructions to offer prices in quantities, I could give
him our order.
ERNESTO PESQUEIRA."

The revenue job was not secured.

[20]
 Meantime, other correspondence was being carried on and Mr. Howard
had sent me numerous rough drawings as suggestions for stamps. Designs typical
o f Mexican ideas and he suggested that a finished drawing be made from a
design and some stamps produced as samples to show what kind of work could
be done. Mr. Howard suggested overprinting a few of them with the word
"OFICIAL," also some with the letters " S. 0. D. G. D. E." meaning
Servico Oficial del Gobierno del Estado. This was done and the type as here
shown was prepared in a 5c value. Others for I. 2, 3, and 10c were also

1
prepared and a few samples for color were made. These samples were sent
down both rouletted and perforated. I have previously given a number of them
to various correspondents and their status is very well understood among these
people. I have since seen them from various people in Mexico and I have seen
them apparently genuinely used on covers. One New York dealer sold a col-
lector a set with the statement that they were essays.
Following this it was on the 14th of February that Mr. Hinojosa wrote to
W. M. Linn & Sons Company, enclosing samples of the above mentioned stamps
together with a sample of the 5c Transitorio then being used.
I quote from Mr. Hinojosa's letter as follows:
- I am enclosing a sample of the stamps we are now using, and authorized by the Con-
stitutional Government, that you may quote prices on lots of from one thousand to one
million. These stamps must be like your samples, but with the design in ours; you may send a
sample if so desired.
Awaiting your answer, I beg to remain,
Yours very truly,
C. HINOJOSA,
Postmaster General,
Hermosillo, Sonora, Mexico.

Please note that Mr. Hinojosa says "you may send a sample if so de-
sired." This is proof of his request for samples of these stamps. The fact that
later events show that 75,000 samples were sent does not make the least differ-
ence.
W. M. Linn & Sons Company wrote Mr. Hinojosa under date of February
27, that his letter had been received and that they would proceed to prepare and
send him 100,000 samples as soon as the drawing and plate could be made.
On March 23, a letter was sent Mr. Hinojosa advising him that a sample
sheet imperforate was enclosed and that the finished perforated stamps would be
sent as soon as the perforating could be done.
[21]
 Mr. Hinojosa was advised as follows:
"We have made only the 5 centavos value and will be able to
make any other values and send you within ten days after receiving
your order for same.
"We have made samples of the 5 centavos value in many colors
and enclose samples that you may select the colors to be used on other
values."
The samples referred to were proofs from the original zinc etching on india
paper and on card.
On March 24, 1914, there was mailed to Mr. Hinojosa in three parcels,
each containing 25,000 stamps, a total of 75,000 stamps.
A letter was sent from which I quote as follows:
"In accordance with our letter of February 27, we are now
sending you, in three parcels, 75,000 stamps as per sample sheet en-
closed herewith."
The next exhibit is from Mr. Hinojosa under date of April 2, 1914. I
feel that it is best to quote the letter in full and the same is therefore produced.

April 2, 1914.
'Messrs. W. M. Linn & Sons Company,
Columbus, Ohio.
Dear Sirs:
In due time I received three packages containing 75,000 five-cent postage stamps, which
are very much like the sample I sent you.
On this day I have sent to the Department of Communications a sample of these stamps
and the different colors that you can supply, and also your lowest price per thousand.
When I first received your first set of samples, I also sent some of them to the Depart-
ment of Communications and pointed to them the convenience of sending you an order. I
informed them about the number of stamps of each value that were needed and probably
within a few days it will be decided whether to order the stamps from you.
You may write to the Department of Cominunications directly, which at present is located
in Ciudad Jaurez, as that Department does the purchasing of postage stamps. The Minister
already has your references and the samples that I sent him.
Yours truly,
C. HINOJOSA,
Hermosillo, Sonora•, Mex."

I am enclosing copy of my letter to the Department of Communications.

"The firm of W. M. Linn & Sons Company of Columbus, Ohio, the same one that
sent me postage stamps with the name of Sonora, some of which I sent you together with
their letter, has just sent me 75,000 five-cent stamps. These stamps are very much like the
ones we now use and the difference can only be told by examining them closely. The
quality is very much better and are well perforated. I am sending a sheet that you may
compare them and see their superiority. They have made this shipment as I sent them a
sample of our five cent stamps and ask them for their best price in quantities. They will
charge 12% cents per thousand and are willing to deliver the orders ten days after their
receipt. Enclosed please find the samples of colors they sent. I beg to inform you of the
convenience of getting the plates after the issue of the stamps. We have very few five-cent
stamps left, only about ten thousand. Those we have just received, I believe ought to be used,
unless some of the others are ordered.
C. HINOJOSA,
To Engineer Ignacio Bonillas,
0. M. E. D. L. Department of Communications,
Ciudad Juarez, Chihuahua, Mexico."

[22]
 Besides this letter I have the three U. S. return registered receipts which
were signed personally by Mr. Hinojosa on receipt of the three separate parcels
of stamps.
Further than this the correspondence is of little value as an order was not
placed for these stamps because, in the meantime, an order had been given to
the Smith-Brooks Company of Denver, who produced the Denver issue.
That the stamps were actually put in circulation is beyond question and that
Mr. Hinojosa is the man that put them in circulation is also beyond question.
As further proof of the use of the stamps I refer to a letter from a gentle-
man who quotes me a statement by Hinojosa.
"Among the remainders proposed to be offered for sale some time ago were
a lot of 800 copies of this stamp and Mr. Hinojosa admits that they were in
actual use 15 days." It is, of course, impossible, with only 75,000 stamps that
they could have been used very long, but hundreds of covers are proof that they
were used very extensively throughout the territory of the Carranza-Villa faction,
over a period of 30 days or more as is proven by postmarked covers.
The above statements of fact should set at rest the minds of all who doubt
the actual issue of this stamp. All of the original correspondence, the letters
with Mr. Hinojosa's own neat signature are in my possession and all can be
shown at any time. If there is still some fanatic who has doubts as to the matter
I will gladly submit the correspondence to some reliable disinterested philatelist
and let him judge the matter.
That at least one sheet of imperforate stamps were sent to Mexico is shown
in the correspondence, whether other imperforates were overlooked and shipped
I could not say.
Mr. Hinojosa does not list this stamp in his booklet on Mexican stamps
which he has prepared, but since Mr. Hinojosa's knowledge of what he does list
seems to be very limited it makes no difference. Many varieties which were
never put on actual sale were produced by Mr. Hinojosa and put on the market
in order to further boost the game. These varieties are generally considered by
reliable dealers as proofs.
Some amusing points regarding this stamp have cropped out at various
times. The first instance was when the 1915 edition of the Senf Catalog ap-
peared. This catalog very kindly listed a complete set of stamps from 1 c to
1 peso, all perforated. The set was listed and described as, the same as the
rouletted Transitorio stamp but in this new re-drawn design and perforated.
Another fizzer, this time by the great Gibbons of London, has just made
its appearance in their new 1917 catalog. They do not list the stamp as a
separate issue, but as a sub variety of the 5c rouletted stamp. This is, of course,
wrong, for the design is entirely re-drawn and changed and the method of print-
ing is entirely different. Add to this the fact that Gibbons catalogs the stamp at
10 shillings unused and 7 shillings and six pence used and the error is still more
amusing.

PLAN FOR COLLECTION

Single copies, used or unused or both.
Blocks of four, used or unused or both.
Strips, large blocks and covers as desired.
[23]
The Rubber Stamped
GCM Issue

"It came to pass in May, 1914, that the stock of stamps of the lower de-
nominations belonging to the first issue (Transitorio) placed on circulation by the
Constitutional Government was totally exhausted at the Head Post Office
(Hermosillo) of the State of Sonora."
Mr. Hinojosa starts his explanation of this issue with the above words. I
have quoted them because I want you to see that he says "stamps of the lower
denominations." This is proof that the need for stamps was confined solely to low
values and the plentiful supply of Transitorio of all values from 10c to 1 peso
that has been available during the past couple of years is further proof that only
the values from 1 c to 5c were needed. It is a fact that only these values were
needed and should have been overprinted with the GCM, and it is a further fact
that for some time after their first issue these were about the only values seen
with this overprint. However, demand from speculators and collectors soon
brought all values on the market with the GCM overprint. It is, however, still
a fact that few copies of values other than the 1, 4 and 5c stamps are found
legitimately used. I do not mean that others were not used, but these three values
are the only ones found in sufficient numbers to make matters look as though the
stamps had been actually issued and used in a general way. Large numbers
of most other values were used on made-to-order covers.
In the first place, there was issued from Hermosillo stamps of the I c value
with magenta overprint. Later on I believe that purple overprints on the lc also
came from Hermosillo. I do not believe the green overprint or other colors were
applied to the I c value from Hermosillo. The lc with magenta overprint seems
to be the one issued for sale through post offices to the public. The 4c values
thus sold and used were practically all of the purple overprint variety. The 5c
values were mostly of the purple overprint, but I believe that at first there were
some issued with magenta overprint for undoubted used copies are occasionally
found on genuine covers. A few 5c were also overprinted in a very pale green
and issued for use. This variety is quite scarce and the darker bright green over-
print so generally seen was made at Juarez and is quite common.
All values from I c to 5 peso with purple and magenta overprint were made
at Hermosillo to fill demands for same. Whether green and other overprints
were also made at Hermosillo I can not say but should such exist, the number is
undoubtedly quite small.
It must be remembered that the Hermosillo Post Office was the official
Headquarters of the Carranza-Villa forces at this time and that distribution to
other offices in the state and some outside territory was made from there.
However, some time later the GCM overprint was issued from Juarez, just
across the river from El Paso, Texas. This overprint, while being considered
[24]
as of the same issue as the Hermosillo stamping, did not come from Hermo-
sillo but was stamped locally in the Juarez postoffice. It is from this point
that much of the great number of varieties came. Here we find the whole
set overprinted in both purple and green. Many values have also been seen in
black from this office, and I believe that all were so overprinted. The 1, 2 and
5c values also came from the Juarez lot in a dull brownish red color. Only
these three values have been reported thus. This multiplicity of colors was either
at the suggestion of the Americans who bought the stamps or may have been
through lack of care on the part of the postmaster who used any color ink pad
that was handy, for many of the stamps were overprinted only as sold. Many
varieties, which offer as their best excuse for existing, the fact that they were
asked for in this or that way, undoubtedly came from this office.
Immediately after the overprinting was done at Hermosillo, I had the
opportunity to examine at least 30 to 40 sheets which had come from there.
All lc and 5c values. It is to be noted that insofar as varieties were concerned
that they were practically non-existent. I do remember of having seen two
lc values in different sheets which had escaped the overprint and occasionally a
5c value with overprint sideways. This convinced me at once that the majority
of the varieties which turned up later were at the suggestion of the buyers of the
stamps. It is, of course, natural that some varieties of possibly all kinds did come
out in a legitimate way and about all that one can do is to collect them all and
let it go at that. However, any odd variety on a genuinely used cover should be
considered of exceptional rarity alongside the unused and cancelled to order.
The above remarks pretty well cover the GCM of the Hermosillo issue.
We now find that Mr. Hinojosa recognizes another printing or stamping of this
GCM which was put in use from Vera Cruz under a Decree dated December
16, 1914. The cause for this issue is explained by the fact that the Carranza-
Villa Big Chiefs had had a rumpus and separated, as enemies, each wanted to
be the Big Chief, so they just quit playing together. Carranza went east and
occupied the eastern part of the country and left Villa in Sonora in virtual control
of the northwestern part of Mexico. Mr. Hinojosa packed up his little post
office and trailed along. It was following this ruction that the printers waste
copies of the white seals were put on the market with forged embossing.
The Decree issued at Vera Cruz authorized the use of all the 1910 Federal
issue with GCM overprint also the use of the Denver issue without overprint.
Also the continued use of the $ overprint issue which had been in use from Mex-
ico City and adjacent territory.
It might be noted here that this Vera Cruz GCM should be listed at a
later date, but I include it here because only the most experienced can tell it from
the other issues and it is thought advisable to list both issues together.
No Transitorio stamps, Denver issues or others were authorized for use with
this overprint, although such are offered. Various other styles of overprint in
all colors of the rainbow are also offered as being of this period and issue. From
Vera Cruz itself comes a very beautifully stamped GCM in which the G and C
are not joined together. This is found in all kinds of pretty colors and very
clearly stamped. That some of these were genuinely used through the mail is
beyond question. However, these seem to have been the work of one Carlos A.
Ysla, a gentleman who transacted business with the notorious Fournier of fac-
[25]
 simile fame, so we can discard Mr. Ysla's goods as being fraudulent, yet inter-
esting, because actually used through the posts.
Various other styles of overprint, some very good imitations and others,
very crude, seem to have been actually used at various places and numerous
varieties that appear to be counterfeits have been offered. Goodly numbers of the
Transitorio stamps of all values came along from this territory and at later times
certain of the Denver stamps with this overprint were actually sold and passed on
Mail matter from Mexican Post Offices. This is also true of certain of the Fed-
eral issue with $ overprint, but as stated before, these were not authorized to be
used thus.
The Carranza faction had by this time gained control of much territory
and we find these GCM overprints used from the State of Sinaloa, on the west
coast.
Thus it will be seen that the actual government authorization of this over-
print applied only to the 1910 Federal issue and it is a fact that the Decree
specifies purple or violet ink for color of overprint. However, we find that the
overprint is known on the Transitorio, Denver, Ejercito and $ overprint issues
and on possibly others. The overprint is also found in all positions that ingenuity
of the rubber stamp wielder could frame up and in about all the colors that could
be commandeered.
In other words, you can go as far as you like with this issue. Any attempt
to make a complete list of varieties would be useless. For this reason I offer a
list showing such as I know to exist and will again say that you can still look for
more if you ever get all these. I list the overprint only on the 1910 issue, be-
cause only authorized thus. Even the Madero stamps are known genuinely used.
The Vera Cruz overprint always comes in a very pale color alongside of
the genuinely used Hermosillo overprint and those thoroughly familiar with these
stamps can usually distinguish them.
From Juarez we have some very pretty varieties showing pairs with both
purple and green overprints on the two stamps also numerous pairs with one
stamp with and the other without overprint. These varieties with numerous
others of no better standing were marketed by a gentleman from El Paso, a num-
ber being secured by the author while a still greater number and of greater variety
went to a prominent California exponent of the stamps.
In the original Hermosillo overprinting all values of the Postage Dues
were overprinted and used for postage, copies used for postage due have also
been seen, showing that the stamps were used both ways but it is believed that
they were intended to be used for the prepayment of postage and I list them
thus. Postage dues from the Vera Cruz overprinting are also known while
many of the unauthorized stampings are found on the postage dues.

PLAN FOR COLLECTION

Single copies used or unused or both.

Pairs or blocks showing normal and odd varieties, used or unused, or both.
Blocks of four normal varieties, used or unused or both.
Large strips, blocks or covers as desired.
[26]
The Denver Issue

Following the Transitorio issue, the perforated Transitorio and the rubber
stamped GCM which were all at one time in use at the same period, the so-
called Denver issue was placed in use. This issue is referred to as the Denver
Issue because produced in Denver, Colorado. The work was done by the
Smith-Brooks Printing Company one of the largest and finest plants in the west.
The stamps were lithographed on ready gummed paper in sheets of two hun-
dred stamps. Twenty vertical rows of ten stamps each. When finished these
sheets were perforated in sheets of two hundred stamps and then cut apart in
the middle and trimmed at the bottom, thus making two straight edges to each
sheet. Large margins were at top on all sheets and half of the sheets had a
large margin at the left while the other half of the sheets had the large margin
at the right.
The work is so beautifully and accurately done that it seems that it could
have been done only by the Offset process of lithography. The fact that the
sheets are so perfectly laid out and that flaws are practically non-existent would
make it difficult to figure in what manner the transferring for the complete plate
of two hundred stamps was done. It would seem, however, that guide marks
at both the top and bottom of each vertical row between the stamps would
indicate that the transfers were made in vertical strips of ten stamps.
Offset lithography is not done by the stone process but from zinc plates
which transfer to a rubber blanket and then offset on the paper.
There are no varieties caused by defective lithography or manufacture,
the only variety of shade of any considerable prominence is the 50c value which
comes in a very decided dirty yellow or ochre. Varieties showing creased
paper and such are occasionally found.
The 1, 3, 5 and I Oc values are to be had imperforate. I have been given
to understand that imperforate samples had been submitted the Mexican Gov-
ernment prior to the completion of the stamps.

PLAN FOR COLLECTION

Single copies, used or unused or both.

Blocks of four, used or unused or both.
Imperforate pairs or blocks.
Large strips or blocks and covers as desired.
[27]
The Coach Seal
Issue

Shortly after the issue of the Denver Issue from Hermosillo, trouble which
had been brewing in the Carranza-Villa camp came to an open break and Car-
ranza moved east with his followers, taking Mr. Hinojosa and his post office
department with him.
Followers of Carranza at various towns also left, taking the post office
supplies with them. This is where Rocha got out. Maytorena, Governor of
Sonora was a staunch friend of Villas and a sworn enemy of Carranza. May-
torena stuck with Villa. This left Villa without stamps of any kind and it was
at this time that the Green seal stamps with black roulette were re-issued. These
stamps and their reissue are referred to in the fore part of this book and more
thoroughly covered in another volume. Left without any stamps at all there
was a period of some days in which letters were mailed from various post offices
without stamps, the envelopes merely being cancelled on payment of the postal
fee to the postmaster.
As has been previously pointed out the production of stamps in sheets of
ten from the forms of the Green seal stamps was a very slow method and it
was very shortly thereafter that the Coach Seal issue was prepared and put in
use. The green seal reissue and the Coach Seal issue are Maytorena-Villa
issues.
The Coach Seal stamps were printed on sheets measuring roughly about
51/2x 121/2 inches. Forty stamps to each sheet. Two horizontal rows of ten
on one edge and two horizontal rows of ten on the other edge, making the inner
rows tete-beche. Like the early Sonoras there is therefore no top or bottom to
a sheet and barring broken letters in printing and the like, a half sheet will
give one all varieties that may be found in the forty stamps.
The stamps printed in three colors required a lot of work as will be noted
by the method of printing. Each sheet went through the press twelve times
before completed. Considering this fact it is really to be commented on that
actual errors, misprints and the like are very few.
Twenty background designs were first printed on one edge of the sheets.
After a quantity had been put through the press the pile of sheets was then
turned around and the twenty background designs were then printed on the
other edge of the sheets. Following this the black form consisting of the frame
line of the stamps and the words and figure of value were printed. This
form was made up in a horizontal row of ten settings. The black form was
either printed on the outer or on one of the inner rows of ten background de-
signs on one edge of the sheet. The sheets then turned around and the black
form then printed on the opposite corresponding row. The gauge pins on the
[28]
 press were then reset and the black design was then printed on the other row
of backgrounds on one edge of the sheet, the sheets then being turned around
again and printed on the corresponding row on the other edge. The seals were
next printed and these were printed in the same manner as the black form, in
horizontal rows of ten at a time, going through the press four times to com-
plete the seals.
It will therefore be seen that there are ten different settings of the black
form, many of which show variations if closely examined and many of which
can be readily placed as to their order. There are also ten different Seals be-
cause all show slight differences although quite difficult to study. Twenty
different background forms may be figured out as later description will show.
It is therefore apparent that by studying the three printings together the stamps
may be plated in blocks of twenty showing thz twenty different backgrounds,
while strips of ten will show all of the different black printings and all of the
different seals.
The background is builded up from ordinary printing material known as
a fancy border, twelve point or pica size. This border is made by the American
Type Founders Company. The design of the border is in the nature of a
double lined X with small circles between the crotches of the X. Each back-
ground of each stamp is made up of 30 pieces of this border, five across and
six deep, making the background measure exactly five-sixths of an an inch wide
by one inch in depth.
There is a pecularity about this border design that will enable one to
plate the stamps. The small circles between the bars of the X as referred to
are not all in the same relative positions. Ofie of these circles at one [Link]
the X is farther away from the crotch of the X than are the other three. 1 his
circle would touch a straight line drawn across connecting two arms of the X.
In order to plate the stamps by the baAground designs it will therefore be neces-
sary to study the backgrounds and make a diagram from a sheet showing the
position of this odd circle in the various individual pieces of the background.
I would suggest the following form for a table, for anyone who wishes to
plate one of the sheets.
TBRTL BRTLR
RBTLR BRTLL
LRBTT L RTRR
BRTLL TRBLL
RBTLR BLTRL
LLLTR B BBRL

The letters indicate the direction of the odd circle, T toward top, 13
toward bottom, R toward right and L toward left. Draw up a sheet with
twenty spaces for the twenty separate stamps. Mark up every space for each
stamp. Start by marking across the top row and if no duplicates in combination
of letters are found it will be unnecessary to go further. If duplicates are found
then mark across the bottom row and then if necessary one or both sides. The
work will be very trying on your eyes but it can be done.
The type set black forms which were next printed in the manner as ex-
plained, show many variations in the arrangement of the border and some very
minor differences in spacing of the type can be found. In certain printings of
[291
these stamps there are very pronounced differences which from careful examina-
tion of large numbers of sheets seem to run throughout the entire printing. The
most prominent variety of this sort is found in stamps showing the bottom frame
line clearly curved upward, making the word MEXICO much closer than
in other copies. The vertical side lines in some printings on certain stamps
extend much beyond the horizontal lines. Notably on the last printing of the
2c value on the stamps at the right end of the sheet.
Take a full sheet of stamps or a block or even a vertical pair and study
the black printing carefully. It can be easily seen in most stamps that any
little differences noted in the frame lines or elsewhere also show in duplicate
on the stamp below. Reverse the sheet and look at the corresponding stamps
on the other edge and the same difference will be noted.
After the black forms were printed the seals were added and these were
printed as previously explained. As further proof of this it can be noted that
the first, seventh and ninth seals in each horizontal row set slightly higher up
in comparison with the other seals on the row of stamps. This is true throughout
all printings of the various sheets. This seems to indicate that all ten seals
were mounted on one base and that these three seals are mounted too high. On
some sheets it can be seen that the seals or the black printing in one row does
not come directly below that in the row above. This is still further proof that
these two printings were done in rows of ten impressions at a time.
Varieties which are perforated with round holes also pin perforated, are
offered, but these are all private or unofficial perforations, although found
on covers. The perforated varieties are rather scarce considering the size of
the issue and are quite interesting on genuine covers.
There were two or more printings of all values, and this will of course
make plating more difficult.
For the benefit of those who have a number of full sheets of some values
of these stamps I will describe the various printings and in doing so will indicate
the position of the odd circle in the crotch of the X shaped ornament in the
background across the top of the first stamp in each of the various sheets described.
1 CENTAVO VALUE
First Printing. BLBRR.
The blue ink in the background is of a very dark color, much darker
than in the second or third printing.
Second Printing. TRBBR.
The blue ink in the background is of a medium shade of blue and although
quite distinctly blue is not nearly so dark as the first printing and is still much
darker than the third or last printing.
Third Printing. BBB1313.
The background is of a very pale blue tint. The sixth stamp in each row
has the top and bottom frame lines curved inward toward the center of the stamp.
2 CENTAVO VALUE
First Printing. BLBRR.
I have no sheets of this printing but the ink in the background is a very
strong color and the stamps can be easily identified in most instances.
[301
 Second Printing. TRBBR.
I believe that the background plating scheme on this printing of the 2c
value will work out the same as the second printing of the 1 c value. The ink
in the background is much lighter in shade and is very much the same as in
the third printing. The second and third printing will be difficult to distinguish
in single stamps except in some specimens in the two different sheets which show
prominent defects in the printing of the rule border line.
Third Printing. LLLLL.
This is very much like the second printing in general appearance and
color of ink but easily distinguished in the full sheet.
Fourth Printing. BBBBB.
The plating scheme according to the first stamp will work out the same
as the third printing of the 1 c value. The ink in the background of this print-
ing is very pale. The last stamp in each row has the lower frame line running
slightly upward from the left corner of the stamp, making the right vertical
frame line drop slightly below the bottom frame line.

5 CENTAVO VALUE
First Printing. BLBRR.
The plating scheme according to the first stamp will be the same as in
the first printing of the I centavo value. The background in this stamp is a
deep orange red color and the printing can be thus easily distinguished. This
is quite scarce too.
Second Printing.
I have no sheets of this printing and can not describe it. Probably same
as second printing of 1 c value.
Third Printing. BBBBB.
The plating scheme according to the first stamp will be the same as in
the third printing of the 1 centavo and the fourth printing of the 2 centavo.
The last stamp in each row also shows the variety in the frame line as described
in the fourth printing of the 2c sheets.

10 CENTAVO VALUE
First Printing. BLBRR.
I have no complete sheet of this printing. The background of this print-
ing is in the very dark blue as found in the first printing of the 1 c value, although
the 1 c value seems to have been slightly darker than these 10c stamps.
Second Printing. TRBBR.
The background varies from a medium to a pale blue. The third stamp
in each row shows the S of CENTAVOS slightly higher than the remainder
of the word.

20 CENTAVO VALUE
First Printing. BLBRR.
The background is in the deep orange red color, the same as in the first
[31
5c printing. The seal on this printing is in blue and the stamps are quite
scarce, used.
Second Printing. TRBBR.
This printing has the background in the pale yellowish color and since
there is but one printing it will not need any special description to identify
the sheet.

50 CENTAVO VALUE
First Printing. BLBRR.
This printing is quite scarce. The background is very dark, the same as
in the first printing of the 2c value, and I would judge that the first printing
of the 2c value would plate the same as this printing of the 50 centavo stamps,
as it is apparent that the same backgrounds printed on various sheets of paper
were overprinted with the words of value to make the 2c or 50c stamps. Like-
wise lc or 10c stamps, and also 5c or 20c stamps.
Second Printing. TRBBR.
The plating scheme in this printing is the same as in the second printing
of the 2c stamp and the color of the background is the same as in this sheet.

The following varieties worthy of mention have been noted:

1 CENTAVO VALUE
Copies with the top and bottom frame line curved slightly towards the
center of the design. There are also known full sheets showing one row of
stamps without the seal and another full sheet is known on which the seals, are
printed double on one row.

2 CENTAVO VALUE
This value also comes with the top and bottom frame line curved toward
the center of the stamp. These varieties occur four times on one printing of
both values. A sheet of 2c is also known with seals missing on one row of
ten stamps.

5 CENTAVO VALUE
Copies without the seal and used on cover are known. There are probably
ten of these copies accounted for or known to me and it is worthy of note that
all were used between the tenth and twenty-fifth of December, 1914 and in
the same town.

10 CENTAVO VALUE
The third stamp in each row on the sheets of the second printing show
the S of "Centavos" higher than the other letters.
No other varieties or errors are known, but many stamps showing quite a
defect in the printing of the border lines are worthy of a place in a collection.
The first printings of all these stamps are quite scarce and are well worth
looking for.
[321
 PLAN FOR COLLECTION
Single copies, used or unused of each different printing of all values.
Blocks of four, used or unused of each printing.
Tete-beche strips of four of all printings.
Tete-beche blocks of four of all printings.
(Tete-beche strips or blocks will in many cases determine the various
printings.)
Full sheets. Many are still so cheap that some examples should be in-
cluded.
Large strips, blocks or covers as desired.
Oddities, in the way of varieties showing prominent defects in the black
printing.
Perforated varieties, cancellations, etc.

The Lower California

Coach Seal Issue

This issue was produced in the very same manner as described in reference
to the Sonora Coach Seal Issue. A description of the method is therefore
unnecessary.
But four values were issued, I, 2, 5 and 10 centavo. The colors were
different from the Sonora Coach Seal issue and the black form was altered by
omitting the word SONORA and substituting therefor the wording DIS-
TRITO SUR—DE LA BAJA CAL. Numerous copies of the different
values can be readily placed in their correct position in the horizontal row of
ten by differences in the frame lines.
One variety of prominence is found in each value. The fifth stamp in
each horizontal row has a wrong font or larger letter "A" in "LA." This
occurs four times in each sheet of forty stamps. No other varieties worthy of
listing are found.
Privately perforated copies are found in this issue. Apparently pin or
sewing machine perforation.
Used copies of these stamps are exceedingly rare, in fact much rarer than
the majority of the White Sonora stamps. Used copies should be purchased
with discretion, covers with all the earmarks of genuineness being preferred for
it is not beyond a possibility that numerous of these may be cancelled to order,
although I have not yet seen them offered thus.
PLAN FOR COLLECTION
These may be collected in the same manner as the Coach Seal stamps
o f Sonora.
[33]
The Anvil Seal
Issue

Like the Coach Seal stamps this issue has been termed the Anvil Seal
Issue because of the Anvil which occupies the prominent place in the design
of the seal. It is quite appropriate that the Anvil is on these stamps too, for
this issue has been the subject of much controversy. Some would say knocking,
but it must be remembered that the principal use for an Anvil is the forging of
good things thereon and it is to prove the status of this issue that the talk has
been done.
Other writers have been the main champions of this issue. Whether for
reasons of personal gain or otherwise I will leave my readers to judge.
The argument I have always set forth is that none excepting the 5c and
10c values and only these, without the PLATA overprint were ever regularly
put in use and genuinely used.
The other side of this argument is that nearly all of the various values
were regularly issued and used.
In the first place, these stamps were issued and used from Nogales, So-
nora. From this place I have had some very few covers that were actually
mailed in the usual and proper manner by business houses. I also succeeded
in buying a number of sheets of both of the 5c and 10c values without PLATA
overprint from the post office at this place. I have never seen a genuinely used
cover from any other place.

CORREOS

50
CFNTAVO8

PLATA
SONORA.
MEXICO.

WITH PLATA WITHOUT SEAL

Other parties have used various ways to advance their claims for the use
of the other values and I have been shown much of their evidence but the best
of it has been simply sets of all values 1 c to 20c strung out in a row, very
neatly, on a cover and cancelled in the proper manner. Numerous of these
[34]
 covers were made and all bear the earmarks of the faked cover. Controversy
further than this would prove nothing. Let us be shown the real thing in covers
and we will agree with the other parties. Even so few of the 5c and 10c values
are known on covers that appear good that the value of the stamps thus used
if figured on the basis of their actual rarity would be greater than those of any
other Mexican issue.
A few facts that may help in satisfying the doubters are here given in
support of my claim. I could say much more and will do so if necessary to
convince.
Certain parties invested quite a sum of money in a bunch of these stamps
after their use was prevented on account of the overthrow of the Villa Faction
at Hermosillo. It is very natural that the investors would like to get their
money back and with a profit, of course. It was the idea of these people that
they had bought about all of the available supply of the stamps, sort of had
them cornered you know. This has been disproves several times since then by
numerous lots that have come on the market.
A certain Mr. Vergobbi, I believe was the man that got the money for
this lot of stamps and I believe that he sold them with the assurance that
"these are all of the stamps that are known of this kind, all that were saved
from the wreck and burning of the train load on the deserts of Sonora." Surely
quite a pathetic scene for a Philatelic Drama. The same claim was worked
later by Mr. Hinojosa with other issues.
Following this cornering of the market the stamps were advertised as
rarities by California parties at very stiff prices, in fact prices that would have
enabled the sellers to reap a very beautiful harvest had things moved as per
schedule.
The argument as to the validity of the stamps was then occupying space
in the various prints and shortly thereafter the bottom slipped out of the market
for other lots began to turn up from different sources and the price has been
broken down from about $2.00 for five varieties to as low as 15 or 20 cents
for nine varieties.
The General Postmaster of the State of Sonora was Mr. Manuel M.
Lacarra M. This gentleman had to flee along with the rest of the Villa fol-
lowers when the Carranza forces cleaned them out. Mr. Lacarra located at
Tuscon, Arizona. I had much correspondence with him and have his signed
statement which is printed below.
Messrs. G. W. Linn Co.,
Columbus, Ohio.
Dear Sirs.
By the present I make it known that, till the eleventh day of November, 1915, I was
General Postmaster of the State of Sonora, Republic of Mexico, and that I can give truthful
information about the postage stamps used till that date in the State of Sonora, and about
the stamp known by the name of Yunque, "Anvil Seal" as you call them.
The Anvil Seal five and ten cent stamps, without overprint, were the only ones in cir-
culation. Although there were stamps of other values, they were never put in circulation in
the postoffices; all of which were under my supervision. Later and upon orders from the
Citizen Governor Randall, I ordered to Hermosillo to print or place the overprint "plata"
on all the stock of "yunque" stamps, from the I to the 50 cent values, but there was no
time nor facility to put into circulation in any of the postal offices, the stamps with the
overprint "plata."
Yours very truly,
MANUEL LACARRA M.

[35]
 This should be sufficient proof as to the validity of these stamps. How-
ever since this statement was issued by Mr. Lacarra I understand that Mr.
Vergobbi or other parties prevailed upon this party to issue another statement
and in this other statement I am told. Mr. Lacarra makes a statement which
is just the reverse of the statement that I have. He claims that the other values
were issued and used. My statement which is printed was obtained without
a cent of expense or cost of any kind and was a free and voluntary statement
on the part of Mr. Lacarra. I can not say how or by what means the other
statement was obtained, although it is said to be in the form of an affidavit,
certified by U. S. Consul Hostetter, at Nogales.
Further than this, I can quote from a letter from the seller of these stamps
who steadfastly claimed they were actually issued and used. This letter is
a personal business fetter written to a collector to whom some of these stamps
had been sent on approval. This letter should be fuKther proof in support of
my claim that the stamps were not used other than as I have stated.

Los Angeles, Cal., Feb. 24, 1916.

Dear Sir:

I am much obliged for your favor with check value $6.00 in payment for the four sets
of stamps. It was intended to overprint all these stamps PLATA to show they were to
be sold against silver and not for the depreciated paper money. All values lc to 20c were
so overprinted I believe and a new setting was made for the 50c with PLATA forming
part of the design. Before any of these were issued the Villa crowd had to hurry from
Hermosillo taking with them all stamps, paper money and documents. When the train had
preceded about 60 miles on its journey it was seen that escape from the Carranza troops
was almost impossible and it was decided to dynamite the train and burn everything possible.
That this was done I know from torn, partly burned fragments of sheets I have seen here
which were picked up on the plains of Mexico after the destruction of the train. While
these stamps are genuine, scarce, and intensely interesting none ?were, of course, issued for
postage as this was impossible under the circumstances.
BWHP

These stamps were printed in the following manner. Much the same as
the Coach seal issue but not tete-beche on the sheet. A full form of forty set-
tings of the background from the same border as used on the Coach seal issue
was first printed on the sheets. Then two complete settings of the horizontal
rows of ten were printed on the upper or lower two rows of background and
then on the remaining two rows. The seals were then printed from a form
of 20 seals in the same manner.
The stamps were originally printed without the word PLATA. Owing
to a change in government affairs and a decree placing the sale of stamps on
a silver basis, orders were given to overprint the stamps with the word PLATA,
meaning silver. This overprinting had progressed to a certain point on various
values and 50c stamps were being prepared with this word PLATA set up
[36]
as a part of the black form. Just at this time the Villa Faction had to flee
from Hermosillo and the stamps were carried away and many of them destroyed
as referred to in the letter last quoted. Many values come showing entire sheets
without any overprint, others with overprint on all stamps and still others with
the two upper rows showing the overprint PLATA and the two lower rows
without this overprint. All of the 50e values thus far known come with the
seal printed on only the two upper rows. Recently there has been offered 50c
values without PLATA overprint but I can not say whether with or without
seals. Whether these are genuine or counterfeit I do not know but a lot of
about 22,000 copies was offered.
There has also been offered a large lot of these stamps cancelled on en-
velopes or on pieces of envelopes. All values from I c to 20c are included in
the lot which I believe are without the PLATA overprint. One thousand
sets are offered. It might be noted that parties previously claiming all these
stamps were issued and used have now reduced their claim to refer only to
stamps from lc to 20c without PLATA and to the 50c value with PLATA.
The same stamps as are offered in the above mentioned lot of 1000 sets cancell-
ed. These cancelled stamps were offered together with other stamps in February,
1917. The party offering them is the same Mr. Vergobbi who has marketed
most of the others now being offered. Mr. Vergobbi evidently found no buyers
for his goods and reports received at the time this copy was being written are
to the effect that he had visited El Paso, Texas; Chicago, Ill., and then New
York City in an effort to unload. It is said he plans to go to Paris to dispose
of the goods although some small sales were made at each of the other cities
visited.
Mr. Vergobbi very kindly offers to supply a copy of a sworn statement
from Mr. Lacarra stating that the stamps are good. The statement previously
referred to which contradicts the statement which I have and which was given
voluntarily and without cost.

PLAN FOR COLLECTION

Single copies of all varieties, unused. Used fake cancelled varieties may
o f course be added for the interest they will lend.
Blocks of four of all varieties.
Blocks of four showing two stamps with and without PLATA also the
50c value showing two stamps with and two stamps without the seal.
Full sheets are very cheap and should be added for the interest they will
lend.
Covers. If you like faked covers these may be obtained. Genuine covers
are not likely to be found.

[37]
The Oaxaca Issue

The Oaxaca Issue consists of five values or six major varieties. 1 c

violet; 2c green; 3c brown; 5c orange with large thick figures of value; 5c
orange with small figures of value and 10c blue and red.
The stamps were printed on the backs of old post office official blanks
or similar papers. Hand gummed. Perforation in most instances being 12
but varying from 8 to 14 in some sheets.
All of the 1 c values were printed in forms of 21 stamps in panes 3
wide by 7 deep, making it necessary to run the sheets through the press two
times to complete the printing of the sheet of 42 stamps. The first type of the
5c values and those sheets showing first and second types in the same sheet
were printed in this same manner but it seems that all other printings of the
different values were printed from complete forms of 42 stamps.
The stamps were printed from a combination of electrotypes, stereotypes,
or other plates and type set forms. The sheets are of 42 stamps arranged six
across by seven deep. A background in a light tint of the same color as the
stamp was first printed and the design then printed over this in a full color
of the same kind.
To one familiar with printing, by the method in which these stamps were
printed, it would appear that the entire design of the stamp, with the exception
of the figures of value and the border lines, was in the form of an electrotype
or other plate possibly stereotypes, and that the individual plates were morticed
or notched at the edges for inserting the figures of value and that the rule border
was then placed around each individual form and these grouped into the com-
plete form for printing. This seems to be borne out by the fact that in most
sheets the figures of value are punched very heavily through the paper and it
is a fact that this punching is generally evident in any printing done in this
manner and only a very good pressman, with much attention, can overcome
the defect. The remainder of the form generally shows a very level and
uniform impression.
Check Lists of this issue already available go to great extremes in listing
imaginary varieties in the way of missing or defective letters or periods, lines
under figures. etc. I believe that any collector who has had sufficient material
for studying this issue and who has any knowledge of printing will come to the
conclusion that many such varieties are merely due to rotten printing and as
such, most of them do not deserve classification in any list.
The inverted figures of value are of course very desirable and are prob-
ably plain errors which were corrected when seen.
[38]
 The imperforate varieties, double impression, part per fs., etc., are very
probably from scrap or waste sheets and other illegitimate sources. With
sufficient material, any printing of any value could be reconstructed in a full sheet.
A resident of Oaxaca City who was there throughout the time of the
revolution and both before and after, writes me as follows regarding the stamps.
"a a a I know very well that all cancelled Oaxaca stamps which are in the market
today are 'cancelled by favor' and I know that many hundreds of sets, cancelled that way,
were taken out from here and sold in Mexico City and the U. S. a a * The imper-
forated specimens is another fake, and came to the 'world' as follows:
A friend of mine, (whose name I cannot publish very well.) went to the post office,
the first day when the stamps were out for sale, and asked the post master to allow him to
look over the entire stock, in search of any 'irregulars.' The post master allowed him to
do so and my friend found a few sheets imperforated or partly perforated, which had been
sent amongst the others from the printing office by overlook and which would have been
returned to the printer for perforation. But as my friend came along right at the start,
and at the same time bought a lot of other stamps, the postmaster let him have those sheets,
not thinking anything about it, as he told me later on. This is how the 'imperforated'
came to 'light' and my man went to work immediately and produced • lot of letters, all
addressed to himself, bearing pairs" strips, blocks, etc., and had them cancelled. I saw
about thirty of such letters, and was offered some as a present, but did not accept any,
knowing that it was a 'fake' or as we say in German 'Moderne Mache.'
The fact is, that there were never any imperforated stamps sold to the public, not in
Oaxaca nor elsewhere. * * * I am also aware of what was left of these stamps when
the Carranza troops came and took possession of this city and if I remember right, there
were from six to eight thousand complete sets, including the :0c. These sets however did
not include any of the 5c first type, of which all were sold. It seems that this is a very
small number and would justify therefore, a better price, considering that there are about
150,000 collectors in the United States alone and while the Sc second type, of which some
160,000 were left over, will never be scarce, the complete sets will doubtless have to go up
in price.-

The above letter certainly sheds much light on these stamps. Further
comment will do more and collectors are therefore entitled to know that the
man referred to in the above letter as having had stamps cancelled on covers,
etc., is evidently a Dr. H. A. Monday. A majority of the covers which I
have seen have all been addressed to this party and all bear the mark of "made
to order." Genuinely used Oaxacas on cover are extremely rare and desirable.
The letter quoted above, written Jan. 28, 1917, is of course with ref-
erence to the stamps prior to this date. The writer does not mean that there
were no genuinely used stamps, but that large numbers of cancelled to order
copies were on the market prior to this date. Genuinely used covers, however,
are quite rare and should bring a much better price than the "Monday" covers.
It is common knowledge also that the remainders of these stamps were
disposed of throughout this country and elsewhere.
PLAN FOR COLLECTION
Single copies of each value. Six varieties. Used and unused.
Blocks of each value, six varieties.
Tete-beche pairs.
Invert numerals in single copies also pairs showing one stamp with in-
verted numerals and the other without.
Imperforate varieties as desired.
Varieties of defective printing, showing missing or imperfectly printed
figures, letter or periods.
[39]
The $ Overprint
Issue

The Dollar Overprint Issue is so named because of the dollar mark

appearing in the overprint on all values from I c to 20c. Between the words
Gobierno and Constitucionalisa on the 50c and I and 5 peso values is a
letter V. Many collectors may have never noticed this because it is very
difficult to see on account of being printed over the black portion of the stamps.
There were two different settings of the form from which the $ overprint
issue was printed.
The first printing seems to show clearly that originally a string of ten
settings of the complete wording were arranged horizontally in the proper
spacing for printing on a row of ten stamps and it is i apparent that electrotypes
must have then been made in duplicate and grouped for printing on the com-
plete sheet.

NORMAL INVERTED
Before attempting to explain the varieties of this issue, one must become
familiar with the appearance of the $ mark. If you will carefully look at a
$ mark you will note that the vertical lines running through the body of the
mark are somewhat longer below than above. Therefore if this arrangement
appears reversed it is shown that the $ mark is inverted. In setting the type
for this design, any printer would naturally set the $ mark in his stick in a
position with the nick in the type away from him as in setting any kind of type.
It would therefore be natural that the $ marks would and should be in their
normal position when inverted and as a consequence the stamps with $ in
normal position are about six to seven times as scarce as those with the $ in
inverted position.
The I of Gobierno, if continued to the right would pass directly through
the 'center of the inverted $ marks. The normal $ marks would rest on a
line with the I if continued to the right. This is the easiest method for dis-
tinguishing these two varieties.
A diagram of a full sheet of 100 copies of both printings of the $ over-
print is shown on the opposite page. I use the numbers 1 to 100 to indicate
the various stamps in the sheet for ready reference. A study of the diagram
of the first printing will show that each horizontal row of ten stamps is a duplicate
of the first or top row. A further study and dissection of the sheet will show
you that there are 20 copies with the $ in the normal position and without
the error GONSTITUCIONALISTA. There are 70 copies with the $
[40]
 FIRST PRINT

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
I I N I I N I I I N-G
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
I I N I I N I I I N-G
21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
I I N I I N I I I N-G
31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40
I I N I I N I I I N-G
41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50
I I N I I N I I I N-G
51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60
I I N I I N I I I N-G
61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70
I I N I I N I I I N-G
71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80
I I N I I N I I I N-G
81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90
I I N I I N I I I N-G
91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100
I I N I I N I I I N-G

SECOND PRINT

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
I I I I I I I I I I
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
I I I I I I I I I I
21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
I I I I I I I I I I
31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40
I I-G I I I I I I I I
41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50
I I N I N I I I I N-G
51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60
I I I I I I I I I I
61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70
I I I I I I I I I I
71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80
I I I I I I I I I I
81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90
I I-G I I I I I I I I
91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100
I I N I N I I I I N-G

[41]
 ▪ •

mark in an inverted position and ten copies with the $ in normal position and
with error GONSTITUCIONALISTA.
If there had been but one printing of this $ overprint issue it would be
very easy to figure the relative scarcity of the three varieties in the sheet.
In the second printing of this issue, a diagram of which is shown, we find
that the entire top half of the sheet is an exact duplicate of the entire lower
half. Each variety being duplicated on the corresponding stamps. This sheet
is not so readily dissected as the first printing and yields one new variety, the
GONSTITUCIONALISTA error on a stamp with the $ in the inverted
position. This variety is shown on stamps number 32 and 82. As a distinct
variety it is therefore apparent that this is a very scarce stamp, for figuring
that there may have been about an equal number of sheets printed of both the
first and second printing, this variety is therefore found but twice in 200 copies
or once in 100 copies. Just one per cent. of the stamps will show the variety.

•NC .we .III

I,.. 11 l■ •
60) CO 0
= =,
=
0 ••C CD ,..0 0 MC
IC =
CC 0 0 LC. 0
11 .1
. $g, CC
Lt. + z.
,
- go cl
CD I—
Da . =
0 /, 0
=
CD I. CD CD
1, I ,
C9 CO Coa
aC i =
C. C. 0
Ca . Ca CD

$ Normal $ Inverted Gonstitucionalista Error

From the whole sheet we find as follows: Four stamps with the $ mark
in the normal position. Ninety-two stamps with the $ mark inverted. Two
stamps with the $ mark inverted and with GONSTITUCIONALISTA and
two stamps with the $ mark normal and with GONSTITUCIONALISTA.
The above should be sufficient to enable any collector to thoroughly
understand the possibilities of collecting from these stamps. The plan for
collection given below will further assist you.
So far as speculation in this issue is concerned and as regards errors or
made to order varieties, the issue has proven very clean. I have seen stamps
of all values to the 20c with the overprint reading down instead of up. I
have no reason to believe that these are other than faked prints. Very few have
been offered however. I have never seen the GONSTITUCIONALISTA
error in this overprint reading down and am assured it does not exist. If such
is the case, the overprints are assuredly counterfeits. I have also seen what I
consider counterfeits of this overprint reading up and it is only fair to say that
it could be very easily and inexpensively counterfeited in most any first class
printing office.
In the way of real errors I know of but five. These are all double
prints. One being on the 2c value showing only a slight shift but very distinct.
A 3c value double print has also been discovered, another being on the 5c
value which showed a very decided shifting and clear double printing. Another
5c value with double overprint, one reading up and the other reading down
was recently shown me, also a 5c with lightly printed shifting of all letters.
I have seen the 5c orange of the 1 903 issue, the 1 5c and 20c of the 1 899
issue, all with $ overprint and I have every reason to believe that these are
legitimate varieties that deserve fullest recognition.
[42]
 The $ overprint was also applied to the Postage Dues but I could not state
from the reference material at hand whether both printings of the $ overprint
were applied to the Dues or not. These Dues, I believe were intended for
postal use and I have listed them thus.

PLAN FOR COLLECTION

Collect used or unused or both. •

Single copies with $ in normal position. Single copies with $ in inverted
position. Single copies with $ in normal position and with error GONSTI-
TUCIONALISTA. Single copies with $ in inverted position and with error
GONSTITUCIONALISTA. The first three come from either printing. The
last only from second print sheets.
Pairs showing both $ marks inverted. Pairs showing one $ mark inverted
and one $ mark normal. Pairs showing GONSTITUCIONALISTA error
at right with $ mark in normal position. These may be from either printing.
Pairs showing GONSTITUCIONALISTA error and $ in inverted position.
These come only from second print sheets. Pairs showing sheet margin at right
and without GONSTITUCIONALISTA error are from second print sheets
only.
Blocks of four, showing all $ marks in inverted position come from either
printing. Blocks showing two $ marks normal and two $ marks inverted come
only from first printing sheets. Blocks showing two GONSTITUCIONAL-
ISTA errors at right are from first print sheets. Blocks showing one GON-
STITUCIONALISTA error at right with $ in normal position are from sec-
ond print sheets and blocks with the one GONSTITUCIONALISTA error
either at right or left with the $ mark inverted are from second sheet printings.
Blocks showing three $ marks in inverted position and one $ mark in normal
position are found only in second print sheets. Other blocks can be figured out
by duplicating some of the varieties already included.
Strips of four first print showing stamps numbers 3, 4, 5, 6 or corresponding
ones below, are proof of first printing. In second print sheets strips of four
showing all $ marks inverted may be found. A strip from second printing
showing numbers 42, 43, 44 and 45 or 43, 44, 45 and 46 or the corresponding
numbers in the nineties is found only in second print sheets.
A collector can multiply the above singles, pairs and blocks by the eight
different stamps from 1 c to 20c and one will find that this issue is a delightful
one for specializing.
Varieties showing various broken and defective letters are numerous and
may be added as one fancies.
Covers as desired.
[43]
 The Villa G C M
Issue

The Villa GCM Issue was so named because supposed to have been
issued by the Villa faction. This seems to be incorrect, but it is not my
intention to argue the matter for the name seems to have stuck.
This overprint is found on all of the 1910 Federal issue of Mexico, from
lc to 5c pesos. The 2c, 3c and 5c have been fairly plentiful in used condition
but all other values are very scarce and worth much over the price of unused
copies. There is some question as to whether the 5 peso value was ever
actually used. As to this I could not say, used or cancelled copies are known
and it is probable they were available for use. This issue was very clean up
to the time that certain people began trafficking in stamps. Such varieties as
inverts, double prints, etc., were practically unknown. I can remember of but
two instances of a variety being found in a legitimate manner and that was a
full sheet of the 5c value with double overprint and some 1 c values with over-
print inverted. I do not believe there is any question as to the legitimacy of
these varieties. However since other parties went into the business the value
of this sheet has been reduced from dollars to cents for not satisfied with a
few double prints of each or of some values, the entire set from lc to 5 pesos
is now available with double print, also with double print showing one printing
inverted also plain inverts. That these varieties did not show up early, during
the time of issue of these stamps could easily have been accounted for by the
fact that the former postmaster may have seen to it that misprints and the like
were not issued and it may be that these varieties are actual errors of print
that have been put on the market by Mr. Hinojosa.
If a number of error prints had been made and discarded as unfit for
issue and these have since been offered from the post office by Mr. Hinojosa,
we can blame him but little for the fact. It was the loose condition of affairs
in Mexico that permitted such business if it was done and we might well be
thankful that more of a like nature was not done. On the other hand, I am
strongly inclined to the belief that practically all these inverts, double prints,
etc., except the two as previously mentioned, are nothing more than made to
order varieties for sale to collectors and that they are printed from the original
dies or from dies so perfect that they defy detection. It is even probable that
all of these were made by parties outside of the post office department and I
would much sooner believe that this is the case than that they were made
within the department for when one knows these issues thoroughly, there is
really little that can not be easily accounted for.
What is called a handstamped printing of this overprint is also offered
at various times. This is claimed to have been handstamped by Zapatistas in
1915 and the monograms are placed irregularly on the stamps and the ink
[44]
 seems to have been a greasy dirty printing ink. I have seen such handstamped
varieties used and recommend their collection. I do not list them separately
as many would be difficult to distinguish.
The Villa Overprint on the stamps of the 1899 and 1903 issue is another
source of much trouble.
Before discussing these varieties it must be understood that this overprint
was applied by the Revolutionary Faction known as the Conventionists. The
postmaster for this faction is given credit for creating both the Villa GCM and
the Carranza GCM monogram as used on the following issue but it is said that
this postmaster used only the Villa GCM overprint.
Bear in mind now that Mr. Hinojosa was in no way active in the pro-
duction of the Villa GCM. It therefore seems right that we should believe that
Mr. Hinojosa does not know just which of the values of the 1899 and 1903
issues may have been overprinted for use with the Villa GCM monogram. It
must be further pointed out that since few of these 1899 and 1903 issues are
found legitimately used that it is also possible that since they came on the
market under the Hinojosa regime that it would appear that all such as are
known may have been overprinted under Mr. Hinojosa's directions and that if
such is the case the stamps are purely speculative, but at the same time we
still believe good for postal use.
I have seen certain values used on post office Second Class mailing re-
ceipts that were issued in Mexico City prior to the reign of Mr. Hinojosa. The
number of used copies of these issues that can be shown is however, so small
that this fact alone is evidence that the stamps may not have been issued exten-
sively. I am rather inclined to the belief, however, that these stamps were
actually issued by the faction in power at the time of use of this overprint but
that the numbers made of most values were so small that they were immediately
absorbed by philatelists in Mexico City and that in a sense they occupy the same
place that certain values of late G. P. DE M. printings occupy. I refer to
stamps which were issued in such small numbers that they have been scarce and
high priced from time of issue.
Mr. Hinojosa offered the 5c value with this overprint and this same stamp
has been offered with every known overprint since this period. It is clear that
this stamp is simply a speculative printing and that no quantity sufficient for
use was ever on hand. I really don't believe that the 5c orange of the Eagle
type, with any overprint is a bit more legitimate than are the Villa overprints
on the 1899 and 1903 issues of all values.
I have seen practically all the values of both sets with the Villa GCM
overprint but know that many of these are counterfeits. I dislike to attempt
to give a list of the varieties of this printing that I consider good for I am frank
to say that I can not feel positive of certain of them. I do however incline to
the belief that most of the 1899 and 1903 issue should be in the list but I
may have stamps here that do not belong here, and, again, may have omitted
something that should be here. Collectors may use their own opinion on these
and let them all alone if they desire.
Probably the only people who could tell us the truth about this issue are
certain Mexican Postal Officials who authorized their issue. Many others
in Mexico have lists and statements about them but events have shown that
these parties have failed to produce satisfactory proof regarding all values.
[45]
 The entire issue of 1899 and 1903 is offered with this overprint but it
is noticeable that most of those offered are cancelled copies. As some help
to collectors, I do not believe that many of the regularly overprinted stamps
of this issue were ever used, although I have seen some which appear good,
most cancelled copies are counterfeits.
While on the subject of counterfeits I call your attention to the April,
1917 number of Linn's Stamp Collector which exposes a dealer who has been
instrumental in flooding the country with counterfeits of this issue and of most
all following issues. When collectors re fuse to deal with such dealers and
demand that publishers of stamp magazines re fuse to accept advertising of any
sort, then these dealers will discontinue such practices.

The Most Easily Distinguished Counterfeit.

Cross Bar of G Extremely Long.

There are three different known counterfeits of the Villa GCM over-
print. One is very readily distinguished and should deceive no real collector.
The other two are both difficult to tell and further study is needed on them.
They can be told however in certain instances because of the fact that the
counterfeiters have overprinted cancelled stamps which show cancellation dates
some years prior to the revolution in Mexico.
The counterfeits are of course undesirable and collectors would not care
to have them and the best way to avoid them is to buy from reputable dealers.
The counterfeits are offered in both normal and inverted position also double
on certain stamps.
The Villa GCM was also overprinted on the Dues and I believe intended
for postal use. The general remarks concerning the overprint on the 1910
postage stamps are also applicable to the Dues. These are offered in normal
and invert position and otherwise.

PLAN FOR COLLECTION

Single copies used or unused or both, with overprint normal, overprint
inverted, overprint double and with overprint showing one double and one in-
verted.
Blocks in the same manner.
Strips, covers, etc., as desired.
Counterfeits.

The Villa G CM on $ Overprint Issue

This is another issue that collectors can get along without. Until it is
more correctly and positively known as to just what factions are supposed to
be responsible for some of these issues it will be difficult to discuss them thor-
oughly.
[46]
 It seems, however, that the best that can be said for this issue is that in
the first place the 50c, I and 5 peso values were the only ones offered. It
was some time later before the values from 1 c to 20c were put on the market.
Considering things in their logical order it would seem that an issue of
this character would not be out of place. Official decrees referring to the
postal issues, however, do not make the matter clear. It must be remembered
that the $ overprint issue had been in use and was used quite extensively by
the Hinojosa postal administration of the Constitutionalist Government from
Mexico City. The Carranza crowd then had to hit the high places and get
out of Mexico City because of the Zapatistas threatening them from the south.
The Zapatistas or the Conventionist Faction, probably both are the same,
then came into Mexico City and issued what we call the Villa GCM. The
decree authorizing this overprint refers to other stamps but the meaning is not
clear. Like the Villa GCM overprinting, Hinojosa probably knows little more
than anyone else as to whether this GCM overprint was applied to any of the
already overprinted $ overprint issue. It would seem very probable that such
overprinting would be done but at the same time there are no known genuinely
used copies to prove that the stamps were issued for use. like many things
which have come under the Hinojosa regime, however, these stamps may have
been made in small numbers for various reasons.
I do not write the above as a defense of this issue but simply as an
argument both for and against it. To get the real facts is the mark at which
I aim.
It seems however on the face of matters that the issue appears to have
been prepared or put out during the time of the Hinojosa regime in Mexico City
and while Mr. Hinojosa may have never offered these stamps up here, there
seems to be no reason why he did not know that the stamps were being offered
as an issue of the Mexican Government. That Mr. Hinojosa did not offer
these stamps himself proves nothing, for he has offered some things that are
no better.
I have much doubt if the stamps actually deserve listing and will there-
fore omit them from the list and advise collectors to let them alone till more
is known about them.
In this issue I can not say as to whether the Villa GCM was overprinted
on all values of both first and second print sheets of the $ overprint. If it is
found that certain or all values appear on both first and second print $ over-
print sheets then the other values as shown under the listing of the $ overprint
issue can be looked for.
In this issue the Villa GCM has also been counterfeited in the two or
three different known counterfeit designs, one of which is very easy to distinguish
and of this one, many that I have seen are cancelled, while as stated above
I do not believe that any of this issue was regularly used. It may be that
the entire issue came from the same source that has produced so many other
counterfeits.

PLAN FOR COLLECTION

Your collection of this issue can be laid out along the same lines as for
the $ overprint issue.
[47]
Villa GCM on Transitorio Issue
Here we have another issue that rests on a shaky foundation. The Villa
GCM overprinted on the Transitorio issue. It is claimed that Mr. Hinojosa
never offered any of this issue for sale. However, there seems to be no reason
why he did not know that the stuff was being offered and that it was being can-
celled by postmasters.
Numerous covers showing complete used sets on the cover made-to-order
in Mexico City have been on the market. Those offering them claim that the
stamps were legitimately and actually issued at a certain date but they have got to
show me. I would simply class this issue as another of those which, like former
ones, was put out to get the coin, and, like former ones, if you had the stamps
and wished to use them to prepay postage, very well and good, the postoffice
would accept them. In fact, it seems that most anything looking like a stamp
would pass through, for it is very doubtful if half the postmasters in Mexico
knew who was their big chief or what stamps were good.
The only varieties I have seen in this issue are the 5c from second printing
of the Transitorio sheets which comes imperforate between a pair at top of sheet
and the two stamps below come imperforate half way between. I also had a
pair of the 1 peso imperforate between.
For the present I will omit these stamps from the check list, although I am
not prepared to say whether they should or should not be listed.

PLAN FOR COLLECTION

This issue can be collected along the same plan as the Transitorio issue.

Villa GCM on Denver Issue

This is still another of the unnecessary and undoubtedly speculative issues
and may be classed along with the Villa GCM on Transitorio. It has about the
same excuse for being here.
I have seen no varieties in this issue but I have seen the entire issue with the
counterfeit GCM overprint, the variety of overprint which is very easily distin-
guished. This set was on an approval book of the dealer referred to in the
April, 1917, issue of Linn's Stamp Collector.
I do not believe that any of this issue was ever legitimately used but that
like other issues, the stamps would pass the post office if put on letters.
I omit this issue from the check list for the same reasons as given in regard
to the two preceding issues.
Numerous covers with full sets cancelled thereon have been offered.

PLAN FOR COLLECTION

Single copies, unused or cancelled or both.
Blocks of four, unused or cancelled or both.
Covers and pieces as may be desired.
[48]
The Carranza G CM
Issue

This issue is, or rather, had been, very clean up till recent dates. Like the
Villa GCM issue, no varieties of any considerable number came forth as a result
of evident plain error in printing. This condition changed, however, in more
recent times and the issue is now offered "as you like it." This is still another
example of the power of the American dollar and the desire for same on the part
of certain parties.
Originally the issue consisted of the "Carranza" or small "script" or
"baby" GCM overprint on the entire 1910 issue. All varieties were found used
in a legitimate way with the possible exception of the 5 peso value. There has
been much discussion as to whether this was issued and put on sale as were the
other values.
I would class this 5 peso value as other speculative varieties are listed. Most
of the other values, however, were found at various times in used condition, the
lc to 20c being frequently met with. Even at this, however, the stamps are all
much scarcer used than unused.
The first varieties that came to notice were a lot of only a few sheets, of the
2c, 4c and 50c, with double overprint and the 10c with double overprint, one
design being inverted. These were brought to this country by Mr. Hinojosa and
sold to a dealer in New York City.
For some time these were the only varieties that were offered and these may
have been unintentional errors and if such, are, of course, more interesting than
late similar varieties, which seem to be fakes from the original dies. They should
not have been offered in the manner that they were and are not deserving of the
same consideration that should be accorded legitimate errors found in post offices
and on used covers.
Of errors of this latter sort I know of but two. A 5c value with double
overprint and the 20c value with GCM inverted. Both of these were found in
imported lots of covers and loose stamps bought from the natives in Mexico.
These were used copies and as such should be recognized as of considerable
value.
In the way of made to sell varieties we find many values with the over-
print inverted, overprint double and overprint double with one design inverted.
I have practically all these counterfeits in my private collection. All
values from 1 c to 5 peso in each form as described above. Real varieties
are very much scarcer than the counterfeits and are worth a fair price to anyone
who wants them. The counterfeits are generally very readily distinguished to
one familiar with them and should be kept out of a collection of stamps. The
dealer who offers these counterfeits also offers the counterfeit overprint on the
stamps in the normal position and has sent them out on approval about the coun-
[49]
try to boy collectors. I do not believe the fake overprints came from Mexico
City authorities.
One of the most interesting counterfeits, so far as I am concerned is the first
discovered counterfeit which was listed and described in the November, 1915,
issue of Linn's Way, the name of which has since been changed to Linn's Stamp
Collector.
I never before had the honor of being challenged to fight a duel on the
field of honor and when this counterfeit turned up, little did I think that such an
honor would be thrust upon me.
The story is short and may be amusing and for this reason I will tell it.
A certain Mexican sent me a parcel of about 1000 stamps with this over-
print, mostly 5c values but with a few 2c and other values scattered throughout.
All cancelled copies. A hurried glance into the mixture showed clearly that the
printing presses had been doing gymnastics and careful examination soon showed
that the entire lot of stamps were overprinted with a counterfeit overprint which
is here illustrated.

GENUINE COUNTERFEIT

Some people would have sent the stamps back to the owner and refused
them with or without an explanation as to why. This I did not do. Wishing to
nip such business at the start, I wrote the sender a letter advising him that the
stamps were counterfeit and that if he wished them back that I would mail them
to the postmaster at Mexico City explaining that they were counterfeit and telling
him where they came from and that the owner could then have them forwarded
from the postmaster at Mexico City.
For some weeks I heard nothing further from this man. However, in the
course of about three months' time, there came a letter from a party who claimed
that another party had used his name in sending me the stamps. This man
claimed that he was a lieutenant in the Carranza army and that my letter accus-
ing him of being a counterfeiter was a great insult, and he went on to state that
he was very sorry the distance separating us was such that he could not demand
satisfaction in the usual Spanish way.
Anyhow, the stamps are still in my possession and I have never seen other
similar counterfeits offered, so it seems that this game was stopped at the be-
ginning.
You will note in the check list that I list this overprint on only two stamps, of
the 1899 and 1903 issue. I do this because I believe it is the best way to warn
collectors about the counterfeiting that is being done on this issue. Only the 5c
orange of the 1903 issue and the 15c lavender and claret of the 1899 issue
were put out in the customary way by the department at Mexico City. These
should be accepted only in mint condition as a matter of safety. However, all
other values are offered with this Carranza GCM overprint, generally used
copies, and these are counterfeits. These come also from the same dealer who
[50]
has repeatedly been warned and asked to discontinue selling the trash. The
1910 issue with double overprint, one inverted, seem also to have come from the
same source as the counterfeits of the 1899-1903 issues, and I, therefore, omit
from the check list all except the 10c value, which is known to be genuine.
The Postage Dues are also issued with this overprint and since these were
for postal use I have listed them with the postage stamps.

PLAN FOR COLLECTION

Single copies, used or unused or both.
Blocks of four, used or unused or both.
Legitimate varieties as described.
Covers, strips and other pieces as desired.
Counterfeits.

The Carranza GCM on the

$ Overprint Issue
This is probably one of the rankest fakes of the entire series. I have never
seen this in what I would consider a genuine overprint of the GCM. All copies
that I have seen are plainly counterfeit and all that I know of have come from
the dealer who has occupied so prominent mention in this work.
Copies of this issue with genuine overprint from Mexico City are unknown
to me, but may exist. To be fair, however, I may say that I very much doubt
that they do, for I have never seen or heard of them having been offered publicly
from Mexico City. In fact, much that has been blamed on Mexico City seems to
be without foundation for things that have never been offered from there are
offered up here and it is a question where the stuff is made.
So far I have seen this series with the GCM both normal and inverted and I
have also seen the overprint inverted over the $ surcharge on the 15c lavender
and claret of the 1899 issue.
Cancelled copies are offered, but like the uncancelled ones, they are coun-
ter fait.
I would therefore say, that from the best of my knowledge this issue can not
1/ blamed on Mexico City, and that collectors have no reason to include this in
their collection unless they wish to include fakes and the like.
I am unable to state whether both printings of the $ overprint issue have
been employed in faking this issue.

PLAN FOR COLLECTION

On same lines as for $ overprint issue with the GCM both inverted and
in normal position.
[51]
The Famous Men Issue
*uletted

At the time of the issue of this set it was announced that all previous issues
would be demonetized and sold as remainders. This brought joy to the hearts of
us who had been studying and trying to keep informed on Mexican stamp matters
for it is a fact that the issues had become so numerous that it was beginning to be
a very difficult matter to keep track of all of them.
Illustrations of the stamps are sufficient to acquaint one with the design and
a description is unnecessary. These stamps were printed by the lithographic pro-
cess, whether by the old stone process or by offset lithography, I am unable to
state, but on a rough guess I would say that the work is so good that the doubt
seems to be in favor of the offset press. Whether the stamps were produced in
Mexico City or elsewhere I cannot say, but it is evident that they were not pro-
duced at the same place as were the perforated series which follows, for the
work is so far superior to the perforated series that there is no chance for com-
parison between the two issues.
This series was printed on what is known as ready-gummed paper. A very
fine quality of this paper has been imported for years from England. It is known
as English Non-Curling Gummed Paper. Paper of this sort was undoubtedly
used.
In the book about the Mexican issues which has been issued by Mr. Cosme
Hinojosa, Postmaster General of Mexico, Mr. Hinojosa, in speaking of these
stamps, says that the Government office was very busy on orders for engraved
stamps and that in order to secure stamps which were badly needed that it was
necessary to make a provisional issue of these stamps of 1c and 2c denominations
until the government office was able to deliver those which had been
ordered and which were to be engraved from steel plates. Instead of a 1 c and
2c stamp, this lithographed set from 1 c to 10c made its appearance.
Mr. Hinojosa does not state that this issue was prepared in Mexico City
or elsewhere in Mexico. I believe representatives of the Mexican Government
were negotiating for work of this sort in Chicago, but I am informed that the
stamps were produced by the American Book Company in Mexico City. How-
ever, this is not of great importance in a study of the stamps.
A careful examination and measurement of the full sheets seems to prove
conclusively that the transfers for these stamps were first laid down in a horizon-
tal strip of ten and then retransferred from the strip ten times to complete the sheet
of 100 designs. The 4c value shows a very distinct difference in the fifth stamp
in each horizontal row. Making this difference show in every stamp in the fifth
vertical row. The figure 4 at the left has a very decided foot which shows only
on the stamp referred to, showing that the transferring for full sheets was done as
[52]
stated above. Measurements between the same stamps in any horizontal row are
the same throughout the sheet. Measurements between stamps in the vertical rows
vary enough throughout the vertical row to show that the stamps were transferred
in horizontal strips of ten.
The rouletting on this series is not done in the usual manner on a machine
for this work. This rouletting was done on an ordinary printing press and each
sheet went through the press two times before finished. Once for the vertical
and once for the horizontal roulette. The rouletting was done with ordinary
steel or brass rule called perforating rule.
Varieties in the nature of imperforates, double prints, part perforates, etc.,
are found in most all values. Another variety of the 10c value, imperforate and
without gum, on a very smooth white paper is also known and is much scarcer
than the gummed paper varieties. Still another variety of the 1 Oc value without
gum and on an entirely different paper of a bluish white color and very porous is
found rouletted horizontally only. The lc value comes gummed and imperforate
in a trial color.
A number of copies of the 3c and 5c values which had been rouletted
vertically or horizontally and of the 10c value roulette horizontally or vertically
were also perforated both vertically and horizontally with round holes and were
offered for sale. I have seen the 1, 2 and 4c values also listed thus, but have
never heard of any one having copies of the same. The three values which I list
were marketed direct by Mr. Hinojosa and if the others came in this manner I
believe he would have had them. The perforated 3, 5 and 10c values are
issued varieties and can be distinguished from the regular perforated set by the
clear printing, paper and gum.
The varieties such as the imperforates, double prints and part roulettes
referred to above, I consider mostly as printers' waste and their coming on the
market is evidently due to the further desire of the "man behind" for the coin of
the realm. That some such varieties as are mentioned did escape the eyes of the
authorities and probably were issued in error is entirely probable and I believe
it to be so and as such they would have been very interesting and valuable addi-
tions to any collection, but the great number thrown on the market has nulled the
value of the legitimate ones and there is no way to tell the sheep from the goats.
Most all these varieties have been seen used on covers and all probably exist thus,
their use being winked at, in the usual manner.
The almost entire absence of shades in this issue speaks well for the printer
who did the work. This is probably accounted for by the fact that the entire
printing of the 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5c values was completed at one time. The 1 Oc
value, however, comes in three very decided shades in the issued stamps and since
the 10c value was the one most used at this time it is probable that there may
have been as many as three or more different printings and this would account
for the variations in the colors.

PLAN FOR COLLECTION

Single copies, used or unused or both.
Blocks of four, used or unused or both.
Pairs or blocks of imperforates, part perforates, etc.
Strips or large blocks and covers as desired.
[531
The Famous Men Issue
Perforated

Unlike the rouletted issue, this perforated issue gives plenty of room for
study. This issue was also lithographed and for the same reasons as referred to
in connection with the rouletted set it would look very much as though this issue
was produced by the old style stone process of lithography. It certainly was not
done in the same office as the previous issue. I am advised that this issue through
the 10c value was produced by La Carpeta, of Mexico City.
The work is crude in every detail and shows clearly that an effort had
been made to copy the rouletted stamps. In fact, this is what was done, but with
very poor results.
The paper used was an ungummed paper and the gum was applied after
the printing and then the perforating was done. The entire job in all operations
is a poor one.
There were two or more printings of all values, and of the 1, 4 and 10c
values there were two different plates used in printing from. Whether this is
true of other values I cannot say, but I have not as yet discovered such to be the
case.
There is one printing of the 1, 4 and 10c value in which it appears that
the spacing of the sheet and other details were copied very closely from the
rouletted stamps and the measurement of the design is nearly exact with the
rouletted stamps; I91/2x24mm. The spacing of the sheet is very good through-
out, but I could not attempt to say in what manner the transfers for this printing
were made. A careful examination of a sheet seems to show that this was done in
a haphazard manner with possibly single transfers and small groups patched in.
In this printing the work is much superior to the other printings and is really
very fair in comparison with the rouletted set. The 1 c value is a very good
duplicate as to color, the 4c is a pale color more nearly resembling the rouletted
stamps, while the later 4c is a deeper color. The 10c is a strong blue.
Whether these stamps were issued before or after the group to be next de-
scribed I can not say, but I believe them to have been second printings for the
perforated stamps.
The entire series from 1 c to 10c also comes with the design measuring
19x231/2mm.
How the designs were transferred or laid down for the sheets will be left
open for further discussion as it would take too much space to go into each sheet
thoroughly. However, the 4c value shows some chance for fair deduction and
I will attempt to describe this value. I would not attempt to explain why the de-
sign of these stamps is smaller than the rouletted ones without knowing by just
what method they were transferred or copied. It is easy to see that a new plate
was made up for the 4c value and it is probable that the same is true of other
[54]
values. In this 4c value we find a very interesting error CEATRO for
CUATRO. This error occurs on the stamp in the upper left corner and on
the centre stamp of each block of 25 stamps in the sheet. Making eight
errors to each sheet. The fact that this error is found in these positions
shows clearly that the method or order in which the stamps were transferred
to make the plate of 100 was somewhat different than has been shown on
other printings. It would be natural to figure with a block of 25 stamps
as each of the four blocks shows this same error in respective positions.
Starting with this in mind it is even difficult to figure in just what manner
a block of 25 stamps may have been builded up but it is apparent from
certain minor details that originally a block of 25 transfers were built up and
that these were then re-transferred to make the complete sheet of 100 stamps.
The fourth stamp in each horizontal row of five in each block of 25 shows
the top of the figure 4 slightly cut away or slanted at the top.
The lc value is usually very well printed and later printings show wear of
the plate. The color is fairly uniform throughout. The 2c value comes in both
a good yellow green and in a very pronounced olive green. The 3c value comes
in a chocolate brown, also in a very pronounced yellow brown. The 4c is in a
very uniform red color. The 5c comes in orange, also in a distinct orange yellow.
This is very pronounced and the printings in this color all show that the plate
has become badly worn. The 1 Oc comes in both a light and dark shade of blue.
One being a very good ultramarine and the other has a purple cast.
It will thus be seen that this issue opens quite a field for the specialist and
contrary to the statement of others, there are plenty of distinct shades. In fact,
so pronounced that they are almost different colors.
Some few paper variations, varieties of double or extra perforation and the
like can be found in these low values. The 3c value imperforate and ungummed
is also to be had.

Although produced by a different method, the 40c map, 1 peso lighthouse

and 5 peso post office building varieties, seem to be properly classed with this
series.
These were all produced by engraving and the work is very good on all
values. It appears that these stamps were also printed on a ready gummed
paper. The 40c and 1 peso stamp were issued and in use shortly after the pre-
vious rouletted series came out, but I class them with this perforated series as has
been the usual custom.
The only varieties known in these three stamps are what may be classed as
printers' waste or speculatively prepared stamps. All varieties are known im-
[55]
perforate while the 1 and 5 peso stamps are also offered with inverted center,
both perforated and imperforate. Proofs of the 5 peso in other colors have also
been offered.
These printers' waste varieties are known used and it appears that like other
issues, their use was permitted and this gives them some little additional interest.

PLAN FOR COLLECTION

Single copies, used or unused or both.
Blocks of four, used or unused or both.
Large blocks, strips, covers, etc., as desired.

The One Centavo Engraved

Eagle Issue

This stamp seems to constitute a complete issue by itself. Why only the
one value was issued is not known, but it is possible that lack of materials and
lack of time prevented the issuing of a full set and that the overprinting that
follows was resorted to.
This stamp was engraved at the Government office in Mexico City. The
stamp appears to be printed on the same paper as the Famous Men Perforated
series. 'The design is also very like the 1 centavo of this series but slightly en-
larged. The stamps are hand gummed and perforated 12. Printed in sheets of
one hundred. No varieties caused by faulty workmanship have been reported.
Varieties of double or faulty perforation are not uncommon and shades are
plentiful, three or more very distinct shades can be readily picked up.
Beautiful proofs of this stamp have been available for some time. These
are on a thin, ready gummed paper and make a very fine appearance, being much
prettier than the issued stamps. The proofs come imperforate, in carmine and
ultramarine, also in carmine, ultramarine, brown and green, perforated.

PLAN FOR COLLECTION

Single copies, used or unused or both.
Blocks of four, used or unused or both.
Strips, large blocks and covers, as desired.
Add shades as you like them.
Proofs.
[56]
 The Carranza Commemorative
Issue

This Commemorative stamp, like many others, was also a speculative stamp,
thus answering a double purpose. The stamp was said to be issued to "Com-
memorate the Triumphal Entrance of the First Chief of the Constitutional Army
and Depository of the Executive Power of the Union into Mexico City." This
great event took place on April 14, but the stamps were not ready at this time
and the Official Decree authorizing their use set'the date some time later. It has
always been understood that the stamps were available for use and to be sold only
on June 1st, but the booklet which was issued by Mr. Hinojosa says "it was
ordered to use such stamps in June." This same booklet gives the numbers issued
as 190,000 in blue and 10,000 in sepia. It looks as though the blues were for
the Commemoration and the sepias for speculation.
The issued stamps, therefore, are of the design as illustrated and in both
blue and sepia.
A number of copies were also printed in various other colors from the same
plates, both perforated and imperforate and were used on mail matter. I did have
a cover bearing certain varieties other than the two issued varieties and it came
from a source beyond question. At present I can mention the following varieties.
Irnperforates in blue, sepia, green and black, also in blue and violet brown
printed on the gummed side of the paper.
There appears to have been two plates made for the printing of these
stamps and one of them seems to have been rejected.
The printings from the rejected plate are exactly like the issued variety
excepting that the shading around the bust in the oval gradually fades away
from the top downward, and is almost entirely eliminated around the shoulders.
This shading is of horizontal lines only, while on the issued variety the shading is
of both horizontal and diagonal lines, crossed.
This variety was not issued for general use, but I have had them used on
covers direct from Mexico City, along with imperforate and odd colors of the
issued variety as referred to in another paragraph.
I can mention the following colors for this stamp. Both blue and sepia
as the issued varieties, also in a very pale ultamarine, gray blue, carmine and
olive green, all perforated. Also in olive green imperforate. It is very likely that
all colors and varieties so far mentioned may be found in both printings of these
stamps. The varieties other than the issued ones are naturally to be classed as
proofs, but it is a fact that certain of these proofs from both plates, passed through
the mail and came from sources that leaves no doubt that they were intended
to pass.
[57]
 PLAN FOR COLLECTION
Single copies, used or unused or both.
Blocks of four, used or unused or both.
Strips or large pieces and covers as desired.
Proofs, both perforated and imperforate of both issued and unissued design.

The G. P. de M. Overprints

This overprint "covers a multitude of sins." It seems advisable in writing on

this subject to consider under it all the different issues so overprinted as all are
in a sense the same issue. The small G. P. DE M. overprint on current or
older issues, for current use. The overprint is found on one value of both the
1899 and 1903 issues, also on the 1910 issue without other overprint, on the
1910 issue which had previously been overprinted with the "Gobierno $ Consti-
tucionalista" overprint, also on this issue which had previously been overprinted
with both the Script or Carranza and with the tall vertical or Villa GCM. The
overprint was also used on the Denver or Transitorio issues and on the 1910 issue
which has the overprint "OFICIAL." This latter set will be discussed under its
proper heading.
The Official Decree in regard to the issuing of these stamps undoubtedly
refers to the overprint being applied only to the stamps of the 1910 issue either
with or without previous overprint. It could also include the 1899 and 1903
issue but the stock of these was so small that, these were probably not considered,
although some are known.
This decree says:
"The colors to be used in surcharging stamps with such countermark are
the following:
"For stamps of one, two, ten and fifty centavos, one peso and five pesos
denomination: RED-
- For those of three and five centavos denomination: BLUE.
"For those of fifteen and twenty centavos denomination: BLACK."
It will be seen by the above that the 4c value was not mentioned in the
official decree at all. On the basis of this decree it would, therefore, be fair to
argue that the 4c value was not legally issued, and it is a fact that few if any
4c values of both the 1910 issue without other overprint and also with the Car-
ranza GCM, were sold in the proper way at the post offices of the country. All
[58]
that I have seen used have come from sources which indicate that they were got
from the man that controlled them. The 4c with $ overprint seems to be of about
the same class but they are much more plentiful than are these other two values.
It would seem advisable now to discuss each of the different groups of this
overprint separately, but general remarks to be made later will apply to all of
them.

The G. P. de M. Overprint on the

1899 and 1903 Issues
Only the 15c value of the 1899 issue and the 5c value of the 1903 issue
are found with the G. P. DE M. overprint alone. That these two stamps were
issued solely for speculative purposes seems to be a fact. Actual sale or general
use of them is unknown although used copies may exist and undoubtedly do,
but all such were undoubtedly charged for at prices the same as which unused
copies were sold for, which was always several times their actual face value. It
must be understood, however, that these stamps were available for postal use if
you had them and wished to use them. There is nothing in the Decree previously
referred to to indicate this but since the 5c value was overprinted in blue it should
pass muster under this decree. The 15c value should be overprinted in black to
come within the decree but there were other ways of giving the stamps a standing.
The postal authorities at Mexico City simply passed as good such things as it was
found advisable to pass. This kind of work, of course, did not cause much
trouble, for decrees did not have to be issued, as Mexico City is about the only
place that any odd varieties of these G. P. DE M. printings were used from.
It might seem that postmasters in other cities might have some doubt as to whether
this or that stamp was legal, but I feel very certain that they never worried over
these matters for there were so many stamps in use that it is very likely that few of
them knew what was good and what was not. Again most of these things when
mailed either came direct into this country in a pouch from Mexico City and
were thus not seen by other postmasters or they were passed in one window of
the Mexico City post office, cancelled and passed out the next window.
It can, therefore, be seen that all the odd color varieties and things which
seem scarce and out of sight may have been actually used at times and that their
use was undoubtedly authorized and that it is very probable that they would have
been accepted in payment of postage at most any Mexican office. All such
varieties however, are undoubtedly speculative. The stamps were as valid for
postal use as many other things in our albums and catalogues and you can suit
yourself about collecting them.

PLAN FOR COLLECTION

Single copies, used or unused.

Blocks of four, used or unused.
[59]
The G. P. de M. Overprint
on the 1910 Issue

In this issue we find several interesting stamps which seem to be within the
bounds of legitimate errors or varieties. The overprint is found on some values
reading up and on others reading down. Contrary to what some think, there
seems to have been no attempt to have all these overprints reading in one direction
for some are found reading up only while others are found reading down only.
All values up to the 20c, excepting the 1c and 2c values are known with over-
print reading both up and down. Some of these values are exceedingly scarce
and I would hardly consider that these are speculative varieties.
The 5c value first came out with overprint reading down, while at the same
time an occasional copy with overprint reading up, was found. For some time
this variety was quite scarce but recently they have shown up in much larger
numbers. On this value the overprint reading up is in a much deeper and
brighter blue than on the value reading down.
The lc and 4c values are in a sense speculative values. Neither of these
values seems to have been issued to postoffices and put on sale in the usual manner.
All that came up here were charged for at very high prices and I have never
heard of any source of supply out of the inner circle at Mexico City. Both
stamps, however, were available and were used for postage.
The 50c, 1 peso and 5 pesos values all are offered with overprint inverted.
These inverts, I believe, should be classed among the speculative varieties. Some
people would also class the 5 pesos value with overprint normal as such, but this
value was supplied at the current price per peso when issued and this is proof
some had been put on sale in the proper manner. That these may have been
bought up later and held for a fancy price is entirely probable with any stamp.
The only error of printing other than ups and downs of the overprint is in
the 5c value with overprint reading down. A beautiful copy with double over-
print was found in a mixture of cheap stamps imported from Mexico.
Numerous proofs of trial colors are found in the check list and like the 5c
and 15c values of the 1899 and 1903 issue with G. P. DE. M. overprint, some
of these varieties have been used postally, but I would consider them all proofs,
and very high prices were asked for them when they were offered.

PLAN FOR COLLECTION

Single copies, used or unused, including G. P. DE M. up and down.
Blocks of four, used or unused.
Strips, large pieces and covers, as desired.
Proofs of trial color varieties.
[60]
The G. P. de M. Overprint on
the $ Overprint Issue

In this issue we also find certain values with overprint reading both up or
down. The 3, 4, 5, 10 and 20c values are the only ones I have seen or have
heard of. The same remarks would apply to these as to the plain 1910 issue
with overprint up or down.
The 50c, 1 peso and 5 pesos all come with overprint inverted and I would
believe that these are also somewhat of a speculative nature. The 5 peso value
of the normal variety was sold in the usual manner at actual value when first
issued but like the previous 5 peso value may have been bought up later and the
price advanced.
The only real error reported is a 15c value with G. P. DE M. overprint
double.
Proofs or Trial Colors were made of several values and a list of same will
be found in the check list. These were also offered at high prices, some are
known used and they belong with the speculative varieties.
In specializing this issue collectors will find all varieties that are known in
the regular $ overprint issue. This, of course, is, provided that all values of both
printings of the $ overprint issue were overprinted with this G. P. DE M. over-
print. I have found all values from 1 c to 20c overprinted on both first and
second print sheets of the $ overprint issue, excepting the 2, 4 and 15c values.
which I have found on first print sheets only. I could not attempt to say on what
printing of the $ overprint the proof and Trial color values come, but would
believe that the first print $ overprint sheets were used, as these seem to have
been the most plentiful.
Since there are four very decided and easily distinguished varieties in the
$ overprint issue, the $ normal and $ inverted also the GONSTITUCIONAL-
ISTA Error with $ both normal and inverted, it will be readily seen that of
most of the values of this G. P. DE M. overprint we can find eight different and
easily distinguished varieties for we have the G. P. DE M. overprint reading
both up and down on the various varieties referred to above. Truly this is a
very interesting issue for a specialist for the pronounced varieties are readily
distinguished without any hair splitting.

PLAN FOR COLLECTION

This may be collected in the same manner as listed for the regular $ over-
print issue. Do not overlook the new varieties created by the G. P. DE M.
overprint, reading both up and down on some values.
[ 61 ]
The G. P. de M. Overprint on the
1903 Issue with Carranza G CM
We have here only the 5c value of 1903 issue with the G. P. DE M. over-
print over the Carranza GCM. This overprint reads up and the stamp should be
classed merely as a speculative variety made to enrich the manipulator, for all
were put out at several times their face value.

PLAN FOR COLLECTION

Single copies, used or unused.
Blocks of four, used or unused.

The G. P. de M. Overprint on the

1910 Issue with Carranza GCM

This issue shows no varieties other than the overprint reading both up and
down on all values from 3c to 20c. The 50c comes with inverted G. P. DE M.
Like the previous issues the 1 c and 4c values were both held up for fancy
prices and none were probably ever put on actual sale to all corners. The
stamps, however, were good for postal use and were used thus. The 50c and
I peso values both seem to have been sold in the proper manner at the beginning
for both were available at a very reasonable price in the first place. The peso
value was never offered cheaply, however, as information regarding the number
issued lead the early buyers to hold on to what they got. The 1 peso value is
reported with double G. P. DE M. overprint, whether used or unused I could
not say.
The proofs and trial colors may be considered in the same manner as these
varieties of the other issues described. The 5 peso value, which I have included
under the heading of Proofs of Trial colors, seems to have been made especially
to fill a set for the government collection as is admitted by authorities at Mexico
City. This is, therefore, a stamp with absolutely no standing.
Numerous counterfeits of this issue were offered from the St. Louis source.
The counterfeiting was done by applying the Script GCM. overprint to stamps
of the plain 1910 issue, which bore the G. P. DE M. overprint. These counter-
feits are known in several values with the GCM in normal position also inverted
and also with double GCM, and with double GCM one being inverted. The
[62]
author will gladly examine any varieties without charge. Counterfeits of the
Carranza GCM with $ overprint and G. P. DE M. all on one stamp are
offered. These are really not counterfeits but manufactured varieties for no
such varieties were ever issued. These come from the same source, in St. Louis.

PLAN FOR COLLECTION

Single copies, used or unused, including G. P. DE M. up and down.
Blocks of four, used or unused.
Strips, large pieces and covers, as desired.

The G. P. de M. Overprint on the

1903 Issue with Villa GCM
Here again we have the 5c value of the 1903 issue with the Villa GCM
overprint and with additional overprint of G. P. DE M. This is also a specula-
tive variety, as none were ever sold in the proper manner.

PLAN FOR COLLECTION

Single copies, used or unused,
Blocks of four, used or unused.
Covers, etc.

The G. P. de M. Overprint on the

1910 Issue with Villa GCM . -
ii
r ..i. ..a .c/.. i
i'i , Zir.., r:-..
:-,
.. IA..*
,

This issue is probably more nearly a speculative issue than any of the
previous G. P. DE M. issues mentioned. It appears that the principal excuse
for this issue being here is that a number of Villa GCM. overprinted stamps of
the 1910 issue were on hand and this would be the best way to dispose of them.
Such would, of course, be only a natural thing to do and we collectors really
have no reason to object. However, few if any of the values probably ever got
into any post office other than possibly the Mexico City office for sale in even a
limited manner for the public use.
We find the 5c value reported with G. P. DE M. overprint reading both
up and down. Other values are reported only in one position.
[63]
 The 50c, I peso and 5 peso values, which I list as Proofs or Trial colors,
were issued especially to supply copies for the Government collection, but copies
of some values have been passed through the mail.
I find many varieties with Villa GCM double or inverted, listed by others.
I know positively that there are numerous counterfeits of such varieties and the
only really legitimate variety that I know of is the 20c value with the Villa GCM
inverted. I believe that this occurred once in some sheets and that the stamp was
near the upper right corner of the sheet. I list no other variety than this because
I believe the others are counterfeits.
The Proof and Triai color varieties may be considered as are these varieties
of previous issues.

PLAN FOR COLLECTION

Single copies, used or unused.
Blocks of four, used or unused.
Strips, large pieces and covers, as desired.

The G. P. de M. Overprint
on the Denver Issue

I will quote here from the book of Mr. Hinojosa. I do not often quote
from this book because I do not consider it to be anything like authoritative on the
stamps of the revolutionary period, for a careful study of it will show that such
is not the case, proving that Mr. Hinojosa was careless with his subject, or didn't
take the trouble to look up information which he may have had.
- The stamps of the first and of the second Constitucionalist Government issue, that is

to say, those called 'Transitorio' and 'Denver,' which had been surcharged with the counter-
mark G. P. de M.' were used only in prepaying postage on second-class matter (newspapers
and periodicals) deposited by publishers, and therefore affixed and cancelled on the stub books
used specially for the purpose in that kind of postal service, such stamps having not been
used for prepaying postage on mail matter of the other class in consequence of the fact that
the proper number of sample copies of the stamps had not been sent to the Universal Postal
Union International Bureau, Bern, Switzerland, a a *-
The above quotation proves what I have just said, that Mr. Hinojosa knows
little about the stamps of the Revolutionary period. Many other instances could
be cited.
It is interesting to note, however, in what manner it was officially intended
that these stamps should be used. Stamps so used are cancelled with a date
stamp the same as letters are cancelled with and large numbers of high values are
[64]
so used. These stamps will undoubtedly come on the market if not already here,
as many others have come from the same sources in Mexico.
While the official statement reads one way, it is a fact that many values of
these Denver stamps with G. P. DE M. overprint were sold at the post offices
and have been used in numerous cases although by no means common when gen-
uinely used on covers.
The bulk of the lc and 2c values of the Denver issue were later overprinted
60 centavos and only a few seem to have been issued with the small G. P. DE
M. overprint. These two values were held up by the speculators and com-
manded a fancy price from the beginning. They were, however, available for
use and will, of course, be collected. A few color proofs were made on some
values.

PLAN FOR COLLECTION

Single copies, used or unused.
Blocks of four, used or unused.
Strips, large pieces and covers, as desired.

The G. P. de M. Overprint
on the Transitoria Issue

Evidently a very small number of these stamps were on hand and over-
printing them with the G. P. DE M. overprint would mean a nice way to dis-
pose of them and the profit would be very satisfactory. A number of these were
offered at prices much over actual face value and it is possible that what were
not sold were used in the manner as referred to by Mr. Hinojosa.
If such is the case, nicely cancelled copies will be available at a later date.
These will come from the stubs of the record books for second-class mailings.
Practically none of this issue were on sale to the public in any manner.
It is interesting to note that there is no 5c value in this set. The 5c values
were practically exhausted back in Sonora in the summer of 1914 and it will not
be out of place here to remark that the plain 5c Transitorio unused is a better
stamp than any other value from the 1 c to the 20c inclusive.

PLAN FOR COLLECTION

This issue can be specialized on the same plan as the regular Transitorio
issue.
[65]
 As closing remarks for this chapter, I want collectors to know that during
the period in which these stamps were first issued and while they were being used,
the postal rate in Mexico was jumping up and down all the time. There were
different rates in effect and G. P. DE M. overprinted stamps were represented
to be sold for silver money only, and the postal rate in silver was generally about
10 centavos. If stamps of the Famous Men issue were used the rate varied till
at one time it cost $5.00 to mail a letter with stamps of this issue which were
sold for paper money.
This explanation will account for the fact that stamps of one issue were
offered at a few cents per peso while stamps of other issues were offered at 60
to 75c per peso and more. Collectors must remember that in normal times be-
fore the European war the Mexican silver dollar was worth about 45 to 48c.
Its value was its bullion value or the value of the silver in it. This value fluc-
tuated with the silver market. At more recent times within the past year the
Mexican dollar has been quoted as high as 58c, possibly higher, so it can be seen
why the stamps sold for silver brought such prices as they did.

Overprinted G. P. de M. and New Values

The announced excuse for this overprinting is the fact that the supply of
stamps of previous issues which were being sold for paper money had become
exhausted and it was necessary to have more stamps to do business with on the
paper money basis.
All stamps with this type of overprint, with the exception of the 2c value
of the 1910 issue either plain or with overprint, and overprinted 60 centavos
were to be sold for paper money at the post offices. Postal rates were being
advanced and stamps of higher value were needed and this was the most prac-
tical way to produce them.

The G. P. de M. and New Value

on the 1910 Issue

The 1 c value is overprinted in brown or sepia, with the tablet bearing the
inscription G. P. DE M.-5—CENTAVOS. This value also comes with the
overprint reading vertically on the stamps. We should be thankful that other
values were not thus treated. This variety would hardly come within the class of
speculative varieties for many were at first sold at the same price as was charged
for the regular variety. Soon, however, it became apparent that this was going
to be a nice little variety to keep. Used copies are quite uncommon.
[66]
 The 10c on 1 c value has the overprint in blue. The stamp is most
common with a blue surface over the entire stamp. Many refer to this as blue
paper, but the paper is the ordinary variety and the blue color which is only on
the surface of the stamp comes from imperfect wiping of the plates. Copies from
the top row of a sheet show many stamps with only the lower portion of the stamp
with the blued surface. The normal value without the blued surface is much
the scarcer of the two varieties. Similar discoloring of the paper is noted on
many others of the G. P. DE M. issues.
The 20c stamp has so far produced the only actual error and it seems to
be an error that came without any manipulation of the officials. A sheet with
double overprint was found in a post office just over the Texas border and this
variety should prove a very desirable one as probably only 100 copies will ever
be known. This 20c on 5c value comes with overprint in the brownish or
sepia color and this seems to be the normal color. Varieties with the overprint
in a beautiful deep black are found, but are much scarcer than the other.
All the above varieties with the exception of the latter were offered for
paper money at various prices per peso, depending on the then current value of
the peso. The 60c on 2c green was offered for silver only, and this accounts for
its apparent scarcity, as dealers and collectors would not load up with them
fearing that they were being stuck on the price of the stamp.
A great number of proofs and trial colors were made for speculative pur-
poses by Mr. Hinojosa from the plates with which this overprinting was done.
All values from 5c to 60c are found overprinted in from one to half a dozen
different colors on various stamps. A complete list of the varieties know to me
is found in the check list. Numerous of these are known postally used and the
same remarks will apply to these as to the Proofs and Trial Colors of the small
G. P. DE M. overprint, which were postally used.

PLAN FOR COLLECTION

Single copies, used or unused or both.
Blocks of four, used or unused or both.
Strips, large pieces and covers as desired.
Proofs and color varieties.

The G. P. de M. and New Value

on the $ Overprint Issue

The overprinting of new values on the stamps of the original $ overprint

issue was along the same plans and on the same values as for the overprinting
on the plain 1910 issue, except that there were no 20c overprints applied to the
5c $ overprint stamps.
[67]
 The colors used for overprinting are the same and the blue surface is on
the 10c stamp. This value without the blue surface seems to be very scarce in
this series. The values other than the 60c on 2c come overprinted on both the
first and second print $ overprint sheets so all varieties as found in the regular
$ overprint issue may be found in this series. I can not say on which printing of
the $ overprint sheets the 60c on 2c overprint was made. No varieties other than
the regular varieties of the set have been reported.

PLAN FOR COLLECTION

This series should be collected along the same plan as for the original $
overprint issue.

The G. P. de M. and New Value

on the Carranza G CM Issue

Like the $ overprinted issue we find no 20c on 5c value in this series. The
10c comes with and without the blue surface and the plain surface paper is again
much the scarcer variety. The supply of the 5c on lc and 10c on lc must have
been very small for few were issued although the stamps have been reported on
sale at certain offices.
No minor varieties or Color proofs are found in this series.

PLAN FOR COLLECTION

Single copies, used or unused or both.
Blocks of four, used or unused or both.
Strips, large pieces and covers as desired.

The G. P. de M. and New Value

on the Villa G CM Issue

Of this series we have but the one value, 25c on 5c and but three color
proofs are known. A sheet of the 3c value with Villa GCM is claimed to have
[68]
overprinted with the 25c value in error. It is claimed that this is an error and
not a trial color.

PLAN FOR COLLECTION

Single copies, used or unused or both.

Blocks of four, used or unused or both.
Strips, large pieces and covers, as desired.

The G. P. de M. and New Value

on the Denver Issue

Of the Denver issue we have the 1 c and 2c values both overprinted in

brown or sepia, with new value, 60 centavos. These stamps were at first priced
rather highly by the manipulators in Mexico and at later dates dropped down to
a more reasonable price. Few if any of these two stamps were ever on general
sale in post offices in Mexico. Both were used, however, to a certain extent.
Color varieties or proof colors in four colors on the 1c value and three colors on
the 2c value were made. Numbers of these were also used for postage by the
inner circle in Mexico City.

The G. P. de M. and New Value

on the Postage Dues

All values of the Postage Due stamps were finally overprinted with various
new denominations from 5c to 1 peso. The first of these to appear were offered
in sets of six new varieties. 5c on 1 c; 10c on 2c; 20c on 4c; 25c on 5c; 60c
on 10c and 1 peso on 4c. This latter value came out first with these other
[69]
values as a part of a complete set. Very shortly after these appeared, probably
within a few days or a week at the most, all other values from I c to 10c were
overprinted with the 1 peso overprint in red. Report has it that only the 1 peso on
the 4c value was printed in any quantity and that this is the only value that was
on public sale. However this may be, this value was very plentiful and priced
very cheaply and one could get large lots of them while the others all seemed to
be quite scarce. All have been used from Mexico City.
In listing these I have listed all the 1 peso overprints in one set and the
values 5c to 60c in the other set as this would seem to be the advisable way to
classify them.
Color proofs were made in a number of colors on certain stamps.

The G. P. de M. $2.50 on the

Postage Dues

Immediately following the overprinting of the Dues above mentioned the

postal rate for single letters was advanced to $2.50 for the stamps sold for paper
money. The remainder of the Due Stamps were then hurriedly overprinted by
lithography with a monogram "G P M" in circular form and "$2.50" below,
in black ink. It seems also that few of these readied the post office of Mexico
for general use, although according to announcement they were issued to fill a
need for $2.50 stamps for prepaying postage on letters.
No varieties are known in this printing.

PLAN FOR COLLECTION

All these overprints may be collected in single copies, used or unused or

both.
Blocks of four used or unused or both.
Strips, large pieces and covers, as desired.
Color proofs, etc.
Those with the overprint over the $ overprint stamps can be planned out on
the same plan as mentioned for the $ overprint issue.
[70]
The 1917 Issue

It seems that Mr. Hinojosa's Government has at last "run out of soap,"
for it is doubtful if they would give up the profitable business of overprinting
stamps for collectors if they had more stamps to overprint.
The decree authorizing this issue announces values from I c to 5 pesos.
1 c, 2c, 3c, 4c, 5c, 10c, 20c, 30c, 40c, I peso and 5 pesos.
The values from lc to 30c were to be entirely new designs, the 40c stamp
is created by printing the 40c gray map stamp in lavender, the 1 peso by printing
the Lighthouse stamp in blue and black instead of in brown and black as pre-
viously issued and the 5 pesos by printing the Post Office building stamp in green
and black instead of in claret and ultramarine as previously issued.
Such low values as have been seen are rouletted and it is to be presumed
that other values to 30c will come rouletted. The values 40c to 5 pesos are
perforated as were these stamps in the former colors. I have seen all the rouletted
values listed from Mexico City as perforated and it is very probable that they
will be offered thus but they have not yet been put in general use in this condition.

PLAN FOR COLLECTION.

Single copies, used or unused or both.

Blocks of four, used or unused or both.
Strips, large blocks and covers, as desired.

[711
The Oficial Overprint on the
Famous Men Issue
OFICIAL

There are three different sets of Official stamps to be credited to the Revo-
lutionary issues. The Famous Men issue, rouletted and perforated, and the
1910 issue with OFICIAL and G. P. de M. overprint.
The rouletted Famous Men issue shows the variety of the 4c as in the
postal issue and these stamps also come rouletted horizontally or vertically only
and imperforate. All values come with inverted overprint.
The perforated Famous Men issue, also the 40c, 1 peso and 5 peso values
are also issued with overprint OFICIAL. The CEATRO error in the 4c value
is found in the Officials, while some of the pronounced shades in the regular set
may or may not come with the overprint. My information as to this is not
thorough enough to list them. Whether the two printings of the 1, 4 and 10c
values come with OFICIAL overprint I can not say. Those I have seen are of
the stamps with the design 19x23mm. on all values except the 1 c, which is
19V2x24mm. All these come with the overprint inverted.
Counterfeits of this OFICIAL overprint in normal position, inverted,
double and otherwise are offered from the St. Louis source.

The Oficial Overprint on the

G. P. de M. Issue

The 1910 issue with OFICIAL overprint was also issued with the small
G. P. de M. overprint on all values from 1 c to 5 pesos. I have seen the 1 c
value with overprint in blue, but have seen no other varieties in these stamps.
The overprint on all these stamps reads up on 1 to 20c values and horizontally
on the high values. Some few 50c and 1 peso values were sold up here at high
prices but the 5 peso value was never generally offered.
I also find the 5 peso 1899 issue with OFICIAL and G. P. de M. over-
print, and consider it as a variety made for the Government collection, as other
varieties were made.
Counterfeits were offered from the St. Louis source. These were made by
counterfeiting the word OFICIAL over stamps without this overprint on various
[721
stamps. While this work was being done the OFICIAL overprint, Counterfeit.
was applied to plain stamps of the 1910 issue also the $ overprint and Carranza
GCM issues, with the OFICIAL overprint both normal and inverted.

The Madero Issue

Among some of the interesting varieties of the Revolutionary Period are a

couple of sets of unissued stamps that should be in the collection of every special-
ist.
First, there is the issue known as the Madero issue. Values of 1, 2, 3, 5,
and 10 centavos. These are of the same general design as the Denver issue, but
with the bust of Madero in the center instead of the Mexican eagle. ' These
come both perforated and imperforate and numerous proofs and trial color
varieties are known. A set of perforated varieties is very cheap and these stamps
are not without some interest.

The Vera Cruz Essays

Another set is referred to as Vera Cruz Essays. These come in values

from 1 c to 1 peso, all printed in two colors and make a very interesting showing.
This set is also cheap and there is a variety in which the frame of the lc value
printed in black was in a sheet of the 1 peso values.
Both of these sets are of interest to the specialist and will add much to your
collection at little cost.
[731
A Final word about The Mexican War Stamps
Collectors who are interested in Mexican issues should carefully consider
several points before condemning certain stamps.
In the first place consider the condition of the country and the looseness
of all matters both official and civil. Consider that the authorities were not so
much interested in how the post office was run so long as it answered the purpose
for which it was there, as they were in licking the other fellow. This was the
main job. There was war in Mexico. War of the worst kind and everything
was topsy-turvy. Consider that any man who was postmaster would undoubtedly
be glad to sell all the old stamps he could get for what he could get out of them,
one graft was as good as another so long as it got the coin.
We can blame these conditions for the great flood of issues and remember
that prior to this period Mexico was a very clean and interesting country from a
philatelic viewpoint.
It will undoubtedly regain all its popularity and add many new devotees so
soon as collectors cool down and forget the ravings of the fanatics who try to
distort the real facts.
The great amount of talk appearing in certain magazines has been di-
rected against certain stamps which all fair people will consider as proofs,
printers' waste and tie• like. That such varieties are interesting to specialists is a
fact and they will always want them. The main trouble is that the people who
are knocking these are touting them as postage stamps evidently issued for use and
then coming back with the claim that they were issued in only small lots for
speculative purposes.
No sane man would consider them as anything else than proofs and printers'
waste, and as such they have their place in any collection.
The fact that conditions in Mexico were such that it was possible to place
these stamps on cover and send them through the mail is to be regretted. Such
things might happen anywhere but collectors can generally learn their true
status and then those who don't collect such varieties can leave them alone.
That some few stamps other than those I class as proofs and printers'
waste were issued in a speculative way is beyond question but this is done in many
up-to-date countries and since it can not be prevented we will have to accept
them and forget about it.
As a whole, I believe that the list here given will be found very reliable and
there may be some stamps which should be omitted, while there may be others
that should be included. The legitimacy of these varieties will be proven in due
time if they deserve full recognition and can be included in later lists.
I even include some varieties as proofs, when I feel that they should be
classed otherwise, for I hold that any stamp which is passed by the authorities
as a payment for postage deserves recognition as a postage stamp,. no matter how
limited its use.
Reports just received from Mexico City and copies of different news-
papers from Mexico City state that all the remainders of all late issues have
been burned. Photographs of the furnace and stamps being burned are printed
in some of the newspapers. The report that this was to be done has been current
for some time and I can join with the rest of the collectors in hoping that this
has come to pass.
[74]
 CHECK LIST
NUMBERING NOTE—Stamps number I to 7 inclusive
I have attempted to give whole numbers to are on white bond paper some sheets show-
all major varieties. The Proofs and Trial ing the water-mark "'PEERLESS MILLS."
Color numbers are started with 501 and these
are found in the list fAlowing the regular Perforated 12 at bottom and on both sides.
issue of each variety. The Officials are num- Embossed -CONSTITUCIONAL.-
bered from 801 up and Proofs and Trial I (a) 5c black and red
Colors of same are numbered 901 and up. W. Watermarked
EE. -CENTAVOB"
EEW. Same as EE watermarked
THE WHITE SONORA ISSUES
NoteThere is no type E in this 5c per-
In presenting the list below, I give the forated stamp, all of the fifth stamps in the
following information which will be of help strips are with the error.
in determining the difference between the
2 (b) Ic black and red
five Types of the various stamps. The dif-
a. Double embossing
ferences as indicated below are universal
W. Watermarked
throughout all printings of the Sonora Stamps
Wa. Double embossing and watermark-
except as indicated.
ed
3 (a) 2c black and red
TYPE A. 0 in MARZO is a cypher.
a. Embossed on back
0 in CENTAVOS at right is a cypher.
b. Double embossing
TYPE B. 1913 is printed 1913. 0 in c. Without embossing
CENTAVOS at left is a cypher. d. Embossed both sides of paper
TYPE C. 1913 is printed 1913. e. Split diagonally for Ic
TYPE D. 0 in MARZO is a cypher. f. Split vertically for 1 c
1913 is printed thus 19!3. C in CENTA- W. Watermarked
VOS at right is a wrong font letter. C. Numeral of value in light face curved
figure. (c)
TYPE E. 0 in CENTAVOS at right
WC. Same as C watermarked
has a dot of color in center. NOTE—This
variety occurs on all stamps of the original 4 (a) 3c black and red
1913 printing excepting on the 1 c value Num- a. Double embossing
ber 26 and it does not occur on any of the W. Watermarked
reissue printings. 5 (a) 5c black and red-
W. Watermarked
A careful study of the above points to-
EE. -CENTAVOB-
gether with an understanding of the Green
EEW. Same as EE watermarked
Seals will enable anyone to plate the stamps.
There are five types of every major num- 6 (b) 10c black and red
ber listed below. Those varieties which are a. Double embossing
listed with double letter as EE, BB, DD, W. Watermarked
etc., are sub-varieties of the same normal 7 (d) 5c black and red
types E, B or D as the case may be. Of W. Watermarked
the minor varieties of the major numbers
some that are listed are known on all five On white bond paper some sheets show-
types of the stamps while others are known ing the Yukon-Aurora watermark.
on only one or more of the five types. A
complete list is given in my book on these Rouletted all around in black lines.
stamps. Embossed "CONSTITUCIONAL-

TYPES OF THE NUMERALS 8 (d) 5c black and red

W. Watermarked
A or B -MARO"
AW or BW "MARO- and water-
marked
@®®o®
Note—Five types, but A and B are all
a with error "MARO" for "MARZO"

[75]
 GREEN SEAL ISSUE. All following varieties are on white or
creamish tinted soft wove book paper and
On same paper and in all ways the same rouletted all around in black lines.
as Number 8, except that with Green Seal
With rouletted lines cut deply in paper,
in place of Embossed word.
17 (d) 5c black, red and green
9 (d) 5c black, red and green a. Brown, red and green
W. Watermarked b. Seals double
A or B -MARO" c. With figure and words of value omit-
AW or BW "MARO" and watermark- ted
ed T. Seals transposed
On soft wove creamish colored book paper. Ta. Same as a, seals transposed
Rouletted all around in black lines. With d. Thin hard white paper
Green Seal.
All following varieties are with the rou-
10 (d) 5c black, red and green lette lines printed lightly so that it was neces-
A or B, -MARC)" sary to cut the stamps apart.
18 (d) 5c black, brownish red and green
Numbers 11 to 16 are all on the paper, a. Heavy white paper
some sheets of which show the "PEER- b. Heavy creamish paper
LESS MILLS" watermark. All are with c. PEERLESS MILLS paper
colorless roulette at both sides and at bot- W. Same as c, watermarked
tom and all with the Green Seal. 19 (d) 2c black, red and green
II (b) black, red and green 20 (e) lc black, red and green
a. Embossed "CONSTITUCIONAL" a. Seal in sage green
T. Seals transposed b. Without seal
W. Watermarked 21 (a) 3c black, red and green
WT. Watermarked and seals transposed a. Pale green
b. Pair with seals 12mm apart b. Light weight white porous paper
Wb. Watermarked and pair with seals c. Heavy enameled paper
12mm apart d. Heavy white wove paper
Wa. Embossed "CONSTITUCION- e. Peerless Mills Paper
AL-and watermarked W. Same as e, watermarked
12 (a) 2c black, red and green, embossed BB. CENTAVO at left
"CONSTITUCIONAL" BBa. Same as a, with CENTAVO at
C. Numeral of value in light face curved left
figure (c) BBe. Same as e, with CENTAVO at
13 (a) 3c black, red and green left
a. Embossed "CONSTITUCIONAL" BBW. Same as W, with CENTAVO
T. Seals transposed at left
W. Watermarked 22 (d) 5c black, red and green
Wa. Embossed "CONSTITUCIONAL" a. Without seal
and watermarked 23 (d) 5c black, red and green
WT. Seals transposed and watermarked 24 (d) 2c black, red and green
b. Pair with seals 12mm apart 25 (d) 5c black, red and green
Wb. Pair with seals 12mm apart and 26 (e) I c black, red and green
watermarked
14 (a) 5c black, red and green REISSUES.
W. Watermarked The reissues were used by the Villa fac-
EE. "CENTAVOB" tion after the split between Villa and Car-
EEW. "CENTAVOB" and watermark- ranza.
ed
All reissues are with seals in the trans-
15 (d) 5c black, red and green, embossed
posed positions.
"CONSTITUCIONAL"
16 (b) 10c black red and green 27 (e) 1 c black red and green
a. Pair with seals 12mm apart DD. Error "erano"
Wa. Same as a, watermarked 28 (a) 5c black, red and green
b. Embossed "CONSTITUCIONAL" 29 (d) 2c black, red and green
W. Watermarked DD. Error "erano"
Wb. Same as b, watermarked 30 (a) 3c black, red and green
T. Seals transposed DD. Error "erano"
WT. Seals transposed and watermarked 31 (b) 10c black, red and green

[76]
 E JERCITO ISSUE a. deep green
Rouletted 14x7 b. Horizontal pair Imperf. between
43 4c blue violet
32 1 c yellow green b. Imperforate
a. With revenue overprint 44 5c gray green
b. With talon a. Horizontal pair Imperf. between
c. With revenue overprint and talon b. Horizontal pair lmperf. half way be-
33. 2c violet tween
a. With revenue overprint 45 5c red. (Diagonal half of 10c used
b. With talon for 5c.) Four varieties
c. With revenue overprint and talon 46 10c red
d. Imperforate a. Imperforate
e. Imperforate with talon 47 20c yellow brown
34 2c pale violet a. Horizontal pair Imperf. between
a. With revenue overprint b. Imperforate
b. With talon 48 50c claret
c. With revenue overprint and talon a. Horizontal pair Imperf. between
d. Imperforate 6. Imperforate
e. Imperforate with talon 49 I P bright violet
35 5c brown a. Horizontal pair lmperf. between
a. With revenue overprint b. Imperforate
6. With talon
c. With revenue overprint and talon TORREON ISSUE
d. Imperforate
e. Imperforate with talon Rouletted 91x14
36 10c bright claret Trantiitorio Issue Overprinted in black
a. With revenue overprint
b. With talon Victoria de
c. With revenue overprint and talon
d. Imperforate TORREON
e. Imperforate with talon MIL 2-1914
37 10c dull claret
a. With revenue overprint
b. With talon 50 I c deep blue
c. With revenue overprint and talon 51 2c yellow green
38 20c green 52 4c blue violet
a. With revenue overprint 53 5c gray green
b. With talon a. Horizontal pair lmperf. between
c. With revenue overprint and talon a. Horizontal pair hive& half way be-
39 50c ultramarine tween
a. With revenue overprint 54 10c red
6. With talon 55 20c yellow brown
c. With revenue overprint and talon 56 50c claret
d. Imperforate
e. Imperforate with talon PERFORATED TRANSITORIO
40 I peso orange
ISSUE.
a. With revenue overprint
b. With talon Perforated 11 1/2
c. With revenue overprint and talon 57. 5c gray green
d. Imperforate a. Imperforate
e. Imperforate with talon 58 5c deep green
NOTE—Values over / peso were probably a. Imperforate
never used for postal use. The 5, 10. 50
and 100 peso are known imperforate. RUBBER STAMPED GCM ISSUE
Overprinted on Federal issue of 1910
TRANSITORIO ISSUE OVERPRINTED IN VIOLET OR
PURPLE
Rouletted 9:14
59 lc violet
41 lc deep blue a. Overprint sideways
42 2c yellow green b. Pair; one without overprint

[77]
 c. Overprint inverted 72 3c orange brown
d. Double overprint a. Overprint inverted
e. Pair; one purple and one green over- 73 4c carmine
print a. Overprint inverted
60 2c green 74 5c orange
a. Overprint inverted a. Overprint inverted
b. Overprint sideways b. Overprint sideways
c. Pair; one without overprint c. Pair; one without overprint
d. Pair; one purple and one green over- 75 10c blue and orange
print a. Overprint sideways
61 3c orange brown 76 15c gray blue and claret
a. Overprint inverted a. Overprint double
b. Overprint sideways 77 20c red and blue
c. Pair; one without overprint a. Overprint sideways
62 4c carmine 78 50c red brown and black
a. Overprint inverted a. Overprint sideways
b. Overprint sideways 79 1 peso blue and black
c. Overprint double a. Overprint sideways
63 5c orange 80 5 peso carmine and black
a. Overprint inverted a. Overprint sideways
b. Overprint sideways
c. Overprint double OVERPRINT IN MAGENTA.
d. Pair; one without overprint
81 lc violet
64 10c blue and orange
a. Overprint inverted
a. Overprint inverted
b. Overprint sideways
b. Overprint sideways
c. Double overprint
c. Pair; one without overprint
d. Pair; one without overprint
d. Pair; one with purple and one with
e. Pair; with three overprints
green overprint
82 2c green
65 15c gray-blue and claret
a. Overprint inverted
a. Overprint inverted 83 3c orange brown
b. Overprint sideways a. Overprint inverted
c. Pair; one purple and one green over- b. Pair; one without overprint
print
84 4c carmine
66 20c red and blue 85 5c orange
a. Overprint inverted a. Overprint inverted
b. Overprint sideways b. Overprint sideways
c. Overprint double 86 10c blue and orange
d. Pair; one without overprint 87 I 5c gray blue and claret
67 50c red brown and black 88 20c red and blue
a. Overprint inverted 89 50c red brown and black
b. Overprint double 90 1 peso blue and black
c. Pair; one without overprint 91 5 peso carmine and black
68 I peso blue and black
OVERPRINT IN BLACK
a. Overprint inverted
c. Pair; one without overprint 92 1 c violet
d. Pair; one purple and one green over- a. Overprint inverted
print b. Overprint double
69 5 peso carmine and black 93 2c green
a. Overprint sideways a. Overprint inverted
94 3c Orange brown
95 4c carmine
OVERPRINT IN GREEN a. Overprint sideways
b. Overprint double
70 1 c violet 96 5c orange
a. Overprint inverted 97 10c blue and orange
b. Overprint sideways 98 5c gray blue and claret
71 2c green 99 20c red and blue
a. Overprint inverted 100 50c red brown
b. Overprint sideways 101 1 peso blue and black
c. Pair; one without overprint 102 5 peso carmine and black

[78]
 OVERPRINT IN MAROON. OVERPRINTED IN BLACK
103 Ic violet 138 4c blue
104 2c green 139 5c blue
105 5c orange
OVERPRINTED IN PINK.
OVERPRINT IN BLUE. 140 Ic blue
141 2c blue
106 Ic violet
142 4c blue
a. Overprint inverted
143 5c blue
107 2c green
a. Overprint inverted
103 3c orange brown
109 4c carmine DENVER ISSUE.
110 5c orange Perforated 12.
1 1 1 20c red and blue
144 lc pale blue
a. Imperforate
OVERPRINT IN PINK
145 2c light green
12 lc violet 146 3c orange
13 2c green a. Imperforate
14 3c orange brown 147 5c deep rose
15 4c carmine a. Imperforate
16 5c orange 148 10c rose
17 10c blue and orange a. Imperforate
18 I5c gray blue and claret 149 I5c rose lilac
19 20c red and blue 150 50c yellow
20 50c red brown and black a. Ochre
21 I peso blue and black 151 I peso violet
22 5 peso carmine and black

OVERPRINTED ON POSTAGE DUES. COACH SEAL ISSUE.

OVERPRINT IN PURPLE OR Imperforate
VIOLET. FIRST PRINTING.
123 Ic blue 152 Ic dark blue, black and red
124 2c blue a. Tete-beche pair
a. Overprint double 153 2c deep green, black and orange
125 4c blue a. Tete-beche pair
a. Overprint inverted 154 5c orange, black and green
b. Overprint sideways a. Tete-beche pair
126 5c blue b. Private perforation
a. Overprint inverted 155 10c dark blue and red
127 10c blue a. Tete-beche pair
156 20c orange, black and blue
OVERPRINTED IN GREEN. a. Tete-beche pair
157 50c deep green, black and orange
128 lc blue
a. Tete-beche pair
129 2c blue
a. Overprint inverted SECOND PRINTING
130 4c blue
131 5c blue 158 Ic blue, black and red
a. Overprint inverted a. Tete-beche pair
132 10c blue 159 2c green, black and orange
a. Tete-beche pair
160 5c yellow, black and green
OVERPRINTED IN MAGENTA
a. Tete-beche pair
133 Ic blue 161 10c blue, black and red
134 2c blue a. Tete-beche pair
a. Overprint inverted 162 20c yellow, black and green
135 4c blue a. Tete-beche pair
136 5c blue 163 50c green, black and orange
137 10c blue a. Tete-beche pair

[79]
 THIRD PRINTING OAXACA ISSUE.
164 Ic pale blue, black and red Perforated 12.
a. Tete-beche pitir Two types of 5c value.
165 2c green, black and orange Type I large figures of value.
a. Tete-beche pair Type II small figures of value.
166 Sc yellow, black and green
182 lc bright violet
a. Tete-beche pair
a. Dull violet
b. Without seals b. Imperforate
c. Private perforation
c. Imperforate and printed on back
FOURTH PRINTING d. Imperforate and tete-beche
167 2c green, black and orange e. Imperforate horizontally
a. Tete-beche pair f. Perforated 10x12
g. I omitted at lower right
NOTE—The lc value is known without
h. 1 omitted at upper right
seal and with seal double. The 2c value is 183 2c green
known without seal. These are not listed- a. Imperforate
above because I cannot state as to which
b. Horizontal pair, imperf. between
printing they belong.
c. Imperforate vertically
d. Albino 2 at lower right
LOWER CALIFORNIA COACH SEAL. e. 2 omitted at lower left
Imperforate. f. Same ac (e), imperforate
g. Inverted 2 at lower left
163 Ic blue, black and yellow
h. Perforated 10
a. Tete-beche pair
i. Perforated 11:12
b. Large A in LA
184 3c brown
169 2c olive green, black and gray
a. Imperforate
a. Tete-beche pair
b. Perforated 10xI2
b. Large A in LA
c. Inverted 3 at upper left
170 5c olive, black and rose
d. Same as (c), perforated 10x12
a. Tete-beche pair
e. Albino 3 at lower left
b. Large A in LA
f. Albino 3 at upper and lower left
171 10c flesh, black and dull violet
g. Tete-beche-
a. Tete-beche pair
185 5c orange yellow, (Type I)
b. Large A in LA
a. Imperforate
b. Imperforate vertically
ANVIL SEAL ISSUE. c. Tete-beche
Imperforate. d. Tete-beche and Imperforate
e. Tete-beche and Imperforate vertically
172 Ic blue, black and red
186 5c orange yellow, (Type 11)
173 Ic blue, black and red. With PLATA a. Imperforate
a. Vertical pair, one with and one with- b. Imperforate vertically
out PLATA c. Imperforate horizontally
174 2c green, black and orange
d. Vertical pair imperforate between and
175 5c yellow, black and green
perforated 10 horizontally by 12 ver-
a. Without seal
tically
176 10c blue, black and red
e. Type I and Type II in pair
177 10c blue, black and red. With PLATA f. Perforated 10
I77A 20c yellow, black and green g. Perforated 8I/2x12
a. Without seal
h. Perforated 9x12
178 20c yellow, black and green. With
i. Perforated 10x11
PLATA j. Perforated II to 12x13 to 14
179 50c green, black and orange k. Perforated 13x10
180 50c green, black and orange. With 1. Perforated I4x14
PLATA in. Perforated 10x 12
181 50c green, black and orange. With n. Perforated II x12
PLATA and without seal o. Without background.
a. Vertical pair, one with and one with- 187 10c blue and red
out seal a. On blue ruled paper
NOTE—The 50c value without PLATA 6. Figure 1 missing
has been offered but I cannot say whether c. Cypher of 10 missing
with or without seal. d. Figures 10 missing

[80]
 $ OVERPRINT ISSUE. 198 20c red and blue
Perforated 12. a. $ inverted
b. Gonstitucionalista and $ normal
Overprinted. c. Gonstitucional and $ inverted
On Federal Issue of 1899-1903.
Overprint reading Horizontally.
Overprint reading up. 199 50c red brown and black
188 5c orange 200 I peso blue and black
a. $ inverted 201 5 peso carmine and black
b. Gonstitucionalista.
189 ISc lavender and claret OVERPRINT ON DUES.
a. $ inverted 202 lc blue
b. Gonstitucionalista. a. $ inverted
190 20c red and blue b. GON. and $ normal
a. $ inverted 203 2c blue
b. Gonstitucionalista a. $ inverted
b. GON. and $ normal
Overprinted
204 4c blue
on Federal Issue of 1910.
a. $ inverted
Overprint reading up. b. GON. and $ normal
205 5c blue
191 1 c violet
a. $ inverted
a. $ inverted
b. GON. and $ normal
b. Gonstitucionalista and $ normal
206 10c blue
c. Gonstitucionalista and $ inverted
a. $ inverted
192 2c green
b. GON. and $ normal
a. $ inverted
b. Gonstitucionalista and $ normal NOTE—I do not know whether any
c. Gonstitucionalista and $ inverted second printing of the $ overprint was issued
d. Double overprint on the Dues.
e. Double overprint with $ inverted
f. Double overprint with Gonstitucional- VILLA G C M ISSUE
ista
Perforated 12
193 3c orange brown
a. $ inverted Overprint on Federal Issue of 1899
b. Gonstitutionalista and $ normal
206A 15c lavender and claret
c. Gonstitucionalista and $ inverted
a. Inverted
d. Overprint double
206B 20c red and blue
e. Double overprint with $ inverted
a. Inverted
f. Double overprint with Gonstitucional-
206C 50c red lilac and black
ista
a. Inverted
194 4c carmine
206D I peso blue and black
a. $ inverted
206E 5 peso carmine and black
b. Gonstitucionalista and $ normal
c. Gonstitucionalista and $ inverted Overprinted on Federal Issue of 1903.
195 5c orange
a. $ inverted 206F lc violet
b. Gonstitucionalista and $ normal 206G 2c green
c. Gonstitucionalista and $ inverted 206H 4c carmine
d. Double overprint 2061 5c orange
e. Double overprint with $ inverted a. Inverted
f. Double overprint with Gonstitucional- 206J 10c blue and orange
ista a. Inverted
g. Double overprint, one inverted 206K 50c carmine and black
1% 10c blue and orange
Overprinted on Federal Issue of 1910.
a. $ inverted
b. Gonstitucionalista and $ normal 207 lc dull violet
c. Gonstitucionalista and $ inverted a. Inverted
197 I5c gray, blue and claret b. Double overprint
a. $ inverted 208 2c green
b. Gonstitucionalista and $ normal a. Inverted
c. Gonstitucionalista and $ inverted b. Double overprint

[81 ]
209 3c orange brown gitimacy. Collectors should understand how-
a. Inverted ever that in omitting this issue, I do not do
b. Double overprint so because I have been convinced that it
210 4c carmine is not legitimate. On the contrary I favor
a. Inverted the belief that the stamps were prepared,
b. Double overprint but lack sufficient proof.
211 5c orange
a. Inverted
CARRANZA G C M ISSUE.
b. Double overprint
212 10c blue and orange Overprinted on Federal Issue of 1899.
a. Inverted
b. Double overprint 223 15c lavender and claret
213 15c gray blue and claret Overprinted on Federal Issue of 1903.
a. Inverted
b. Double overprint 224 5c orange
214 20c red and blue
Overprinted on Federal Issue of 1910.
a. Inverted
b. Double overprint 225 lc violet
215 50c red brown and black a. Inverted
a. Inverted 226 2c green
b. Double overprint a. Inverted
216 1 peso blue and black b. Double
a. Inverted 227 3c orange brown
b. Double overprint a. Inverted
217 5 peso carmine and black 228 4c carmine
a. Inverted a. Inverted
b. Double overprint b. Double
NOTE-1 very much doubt if any of the 229 5c orange
varieties with double overprint, one inverted, a. Inverted
are genuine, and I believe most inverts and 230 10c blue and orange
a. Inverted
double overprints are fakes from original
b. Double, one inverted
die.
231 15c gray blue and claret
a. Inverted
VILLA G C M OVERPRINT ON 232 20c red and blue
DUES. a. Inverted
233 50c red brown and black
218 1 c blue
a. Inverted
a. Overprint inverted
b. Double
b. Overprint double
234 1 peso blue and black
219 2c blue
a. Inverted
a. Overprint inverted
235 5 peso carmine and black
b. Overprint double
a. Inverted
220 4c blue
a. Overprint inverted NOTE—I consider the majority of the
b. Overprint double invert overprints as fakes from the original
221 5c blue die or from a perfect copy of same. I
a. Overprint inverted consider all double prints except those listed,
b. Overprint double as fakes and fakes of the listed ones are
222 10c blue plentiful.
a. Overprint inverted
b. Overprint double
CARRANZA G C M OVERPRINT ON
NOTE—I believe that numerous counter.. DUES.
feits of the inverts and double prints have 236 lc blue
been made. a. Overprint inverted
237 2c blue
a. Overprint inverted
VILLA G C M ON $ OVERPRINT
238 4c blue
ISSUE.
a. Overprint inverted
I have omitted this issue from the check 239 5c blue
list because not fully satisfied as to its le- a. Overprint inverted

[82]
240 10c blue 253 4c carmine
a. Overprint inverted a. Error "CEATRO-
254 5c orange
NOTE-1 have all the invert overprints
255 5c yellow
both genuine and counterfeit. All the double
256 10c ultramarine
overprints I have seen are counterfeit.
257 10c blue
258 40c gray
1915 ROULETTED ISSUE. a. Imperforate
259 I peso brown and black
Rouleited 15.
a. Center inverted
241 lc violet b. Imperforate
a. Imperforate c. Imperforate, center inverted
b. Double print, one inverted, imperforate 260 5 peso claret and ultramarine
c. Imperf. vertically a. Center inverted
242 2c green b. Imperforate
a. Imperforate c. Imperforate with center inverted
b. 'awe& vertically
c. Double print, one inverted, imperforate SECOND PRINTING
243 3c brown
Size of Design 1917fix24mm.
a. Imperforate
b. lmperf. horizontally 261 lc violet
c. Perforated, round holes 262 4c carmine
244 4c carmine 263 10c ultramarine
a. Imperforate
NOTE—It is very probable that most all
b. Double print, one inverted, imperforate
the double prints and most of the imperfor-
c. Imperf. vertically
d. Foot on left 4
ates of the 1916 rouletted and perforated
e. Same as d imperf.
issues are printers waste or proofs.
f. Same as d double print, one inverted,
imperf.
g. Same as d Imperf. vertically ONE CENTAVO ENGRAVED EAGLE
245 5c orange ISSUE.
a. Imperforate
264 1 c Violet
b. Double print, one inverted, imperforate
a. Deep violet
c. Perforated, round holes
b. Pale violet
d. Imperf. horizontally
246 10c ultramarine
a. Pale ultramarine PROOFS
b. Imperforate 502 lc carmine, perforated
c. Imperf. vertically 503 lc carmine, imperforate
d. Imperf. horizontally 504 lc ultramarine, perforated
e. Perforated, round holes 505 lc ultramarine, imperforate
247 10c blue 506 lc green, perforated
a. Imperf., no gum, smooth paper 507 lc brown, perforated
b. Double print, imperforate
c. Double print, one inverted, imperforate
CARRANZA COMMEMORATIVE
PROOF OR TRIAL COLOR ISSUE
501 lc buff, imperforate 265 10c blue
a. Imperforate
b. Printed on gummed side of paper, im-
1916 PERFORATED ISSUE. perforate
Perforated 12. 266 10c sepia
a. Imperforate
Size of Design I9x23mm.
b. Printed on gummed side of paper im-
248 lc violet perforate
249 2c yellow green
250 2c olive green
TRIAL COLOR OR PROOFS.
251 3c brown
252 3c yellow brown 508 10c blue green, imperforate
a. Imperforate, no gum 509 10c black, imperforate

[83]
 UNISSUED DESIGN. 526 20c red and blue (blue) up
527 20c red and blue (green) up
510 10c blue
528 20c red and blue (brown) down
511 10c gray blue
512 Ilk sepia
Overprint Horizontal.
513 10c carmine
514 10c olive green 529 50c red brown and black (blue)
a. Imperforate 530 1 peso blue and black (blue)
531 5 peso carmine and black (blue)
G. P. DE M. OVERPRINT ON 1910
ISSUE G. P. DE M. ON $ OVERPRINT ISSUE
Overprint Reading Down or Up Indicated by
Overprint reading down or up indicated the Words Down and Up.
by the words down or up.
Color of Overprint in ( ).
Color of overprint in ( ).
286 lc violet (red) up
267 1 c violet (red) up a. $ inverted
268 2c green (red) up b. Gon. and $ normal
269 3c orange brown (blue) up c. Gon. and $ inverted
270 3c orange brown (blue) down 287 2c green (red) up
271 4c carmine (blue) up a. $ inverted
272 4c carmine (blue) down b. GON. and $ normal
273 5c orange (blue) down 288 3c orange brown (blue) up
a. Overprint double a. $ inverted
274 5c orange (blue) up b. GON. and $ normal
275 10c blue and orange (red) down c. GON. and $ inverted
276 Ilk blue and orange (red) up 289 3c orange brown (blue) down
277 15c gray blue and claret (black) up a. $ inverted
278 I5c gray blue and claret (black) down b. GON. and $ normal
279 20c red and blue (black) up 290 4c carmine (blue) up
280 20c red and blue (black) down
a. $ inverted
Overprint horizontal b. GON. and $ normal
291 4c carmine (blue) down
281 50c red brown and black (red)
a. $ inverted
a. Overprint inverted
b. GON. and $ normal
282 1 peso blue and black (red)
a. Overprint inverted 292 5c orange (blue) up
283 5 peso carmine and black (red) a. $ inverted
a. Overprint inverted b. GON. and $ normal
c. GON. and $ inverted
293 5c orange (blue) down
Overprint on 1899 Issue.
a. $ inverted
284 I 5c lavender and claret (blue) up b. GON. and $ normal
294 10c blue and orange (red) up
Overprint on 1903 Issue. a. $ inverted
b. GON. and $ normal
285 5c orange (blue) up c. GON. and $ inverted
295 10c blue and orange (red) down
PROOFS ON TRIAL COLORS a. $ inverted
b. GON. and $ normal
515 lc violet (blue) up
516 2c green (blue) up 296 I5c gray blue and claret (black) up
517 4c carmine (red) up a. $ inverted
518 5c orange (red) up b. GON. and $ normal
519 5c orange (black) up d. G. P. de M. double
520 10c blue and orange (blue) up e. Same with $ inverted
521 10c blue and orange (black) up f. Same as (d) with GON. and $ normal
522 10c blue and orange (black) down 297 20c red and blue (black) up
523 I5c gray blue and claret (red) up a. $ inverted
524 I5c gray blue and claret (red) down b. GON. and $ normal
525 20c red and blue (red) up c. GON. and $ inverted

[84]
298 20c red and blue (black) down Overprinted on 1910 Issue With Carranza
a. $ inverted GCM
b. GON. and $ normal 303 lc violet (red) up
304 2c green (red) up
Overprint Horizontal
305 3c orange brown (blue) up
299 50c red brown and black (red) 306 3c orange brown (blue) down
a. Overprint inverted 307 4c carmine (blue) down
300 I peso blue and black (red) 308 4c carmine (blue) up
a. Overprint inverted 309 5c orange (blue) up
301 5 peso carmine and black (red) 310 5c orange (blue) down
a. Overprint inverted 311 10c blue and orange (red) up
312 10c blue and orange (red) down
NOTE—I can not state whether the 2, 4
313 15c gray blue and claret (black) up
and I5c values come in both printings of the
314 15c gray blue and claret (black) down
$ overprint. All other values do, and these
315 20c red and blue (black) up
three are known in first printing.
316 20c red and blue (black) down

PROOFS ON TRIAL COLORS Overprint Horizontal

317 50c red brown and black (red)
532 3c orange brown (red) up
a. Inverted G. P. de M.
a. $ inverted
318 1 peso blue and black (red)
b. CON. and $ inverted
a. Double G. P. de M.
533 15c gray blue and claret (red) up
a. $ inverted NOTE Many values are offered with
—

b. CON. and $ normal double or inverted CCM, also with double

534 I5c gray blue and claret (red) down CCM one printing being inverted. All that
a. $ inverted I have seen of these are counterfeits which
b. GON. and $ normal have come from the Si. Louis source. I do
535 15c gray blue and claret (blue) up not believe they exist in genuine copies. A
a. $ inverted list of such as are known is unnecessary.
b. GON. and $ normal Attention may here be called also to the Car-
536 I5c gray blue and claret (green) down ranza CCM over the $ overprint and with
a. $ inverted the C. P. de M. overprint. All that I have
b. GON. and $ normal seen of these are counterfeits from the same
537 20c red and blue (red) up source.
a. $ inverted
b. GON. and $ normal
PROOFS OR TRIAL COLORS
538 20c red and blue (blue) up
a. $ inverted 542 4c carmine (black) up
b. CON. and $ normal 543 I5c gray blue and claret (red) up
544 I5c gray blue and claret (green)
Overprint Horizontal 545 20c blue and red (red) up
539 50c red brown and black (blue) 546 50c red brown and black (blue)
540 I peso blue and black (blue) 547 5 peso carmine and black (red)
541 5 peso carmine and black (blue)
NOTE—I can not state from which print- G. P. DE M. ON VILLA GCM
ing of the $ overprint the proofs and trial OVERPRINT ISSUE
colors come but the listed varieties may be
found in either printing. Overprint Reading Down or Up Indicated
by the Words Down or Up.

G. P. DE M. OVERPRINT ON Color of Overprint in ( ).

CARRANZA GCM ISSUE
Overprinted on 1903 Issue With Villa GCM.
Overprint Reading Down or Up Indicated
by Words Down and Up. 319 5c orange (blue) up

Color of Overprint in ( ).
Overprint on 1910 Issue with Villa GCM.
erprinted on 1903 Issue With Carranza
320 I c violet (red) up
GCM.
321 2c green (red) up
302 5c orange (blue) up 322 3c orange brown (blue) up

[85]
323 4c carmine (blue) up OVERPRINTED G. P. DE M. AND
324 4c carmine (blue) down NEW VALUE ON 1910 ISSUE.
325 5c orange (blue) up
326 5c orange (blue) down Color of Overprint in ( ).
327 10c blue and orange (red) up Overprint Reads Horizontally.
328 15c gray blue and claret (black) up
329 20c red and blue (black) up 345 5c on lc violet (sepia)
a. Overprint vertical
346 10c on Ic violet (blue)
PROOFS OR TRIAL COLORS a. Stamp with blued surface
On Issue of 1910. 347 20c on 5c orange (sepia)
a. Overprint double
Overprint Horizontal. 348 20c on 5c orange (black)
548 50c red brown and black (red) 349 25c on 5c orange (green)
549 1 peso blue and black (red) 350 60c on 2c green (red)
550 5 peso carmine and black (red)
NOTE—Counterfeits of this issue are of- PROOFS OR TRIAL COLORS
fered from the St. Louis source. Among 556 5c on lc violet (blue)
these may be mentioned both normal and 557 5c on lc violet (green)
invert CCM overprint and these are known 558 5c on lc violet (black)
with two different styles of the Counterfeit 559 5c on lc violet (red)
CCM overprint. I do not know of any 560 10c on lc violet (sepia)
legitimate varieties other than those in this 561 10c on lc violet (red)
list. 562 10c on lc violet (green)
563 10c on 2c green (blue)
564 10c on 5c orange (blue)
G. P. DE M. ON DENVER ISSUE 565 10c on 5c orange (black)
Overprint Reading Up on all Values. 566 10c on 5c orange (red)
Color of Overprint in ( ). 567 10c on 5c orange (green)
568 10c on 5c orange (sepia)
330 lc pale blue (blue) 569 20c on lc violet (red)
331 2c pale green (blue) 570 20c on lc violet (black)
332 3c orange (blue) 571 20c on lc violet (blue)
333 5c deep rose (blue) 572 20c on Ic violet (yellow green)
334 10c rose (blue) 573 20c on lc violet (blue green)
335 I5c rose lilac (blue) 574 20c on lc violet (olive green)
336 50c yellow (blue) 575 20c on 5c orange (blue)
337 1 peso violet (blue) 576 20c on 5c orange (ultramarine)
577 20c on 5c orange (red)
578 25c on 5c orange (blue)
PROOFS OR TRIAL COLORS 579 60c on 2c green (blue)
551 lc blue (red) up 580 60c on 2c green (black)
552 2c pale green (red) up NOTE—Many of the varieties of all
553 I5c rose lilac (red) up Habilitada issues are offered from Si. Louis,
554 50c yellow (red) up counterfeited.
555 I peso violet (red)
OVERPRINTED G. P. DE M. AND
G. P. DE M ON TRANSITORIO ISSUE NEW VALUE ON $ OVERPRINT
Overprint Reading Horizontal on all Values. ISSUE
Color of Overprint in ( ). Color of Overprint in ( ).
Overprint Reads Horizontally.
338 lc blue (red)
339 2c yellow green (red) 351 5c on lc violet (sepia)
340 4c blue violet (red) a. $ inverted
341 10c red (blue) b. GON. and $ normal
a. Vertical overprint (blue) down c. GON. and $ inverted
342 20c yellow brown (blue) d. G. P. de M. double. one vertical
343 50c claret (black) e. Same as (d) $ inverted
344 1 peso bright violet (black) f. Same as (d) GON. and $ normal
[86]
352 10c on lc violet (blue) 589 2c pale green (red)
a. $ inverted 590 2c pale green (blue)
b. GON. and $ normal 591 2c pale green (green)
c. GON. and $ inverted
353 10c on Ic violet (blue) stamp with blue
surface
a. $ inverted
b. GON. and $ normal OVERPRINTED G. P. DE M. AND
c. GON. and $ inverted
354 25c on 5c orange (green) NEW VALUE ON POSTAGE
a. $ inverted DUES FOR POSTAL USE
b. GON. and $ normal
c. GON. and $ inverted
355 60c on 2c green (red) Overprint Reads Horizontally.
a. $ inverted
b. GON. and $ normal
364 5c on lc blue (sepia)
NOTE-1 can not say whether the 2c 365 10c on 2c blue (violet)
value was overprinted on both first and second 366 20c on 4c blue (sepia)
printing sheets of the $ overprint value and 367 25c on 5c blue (green)
therefore do not list the variety CON. and 368 60c on 10c blue (red)
$ inverted which comes on second print sheets 369 1 peso on Ic blue (red)
only. 370 I peso on 2c blue (red)
371 I peso on 4c blue (red)
PROOFS OR TRIAL COLORS 372 I peso on 5c blue (red)
373 I peso on 10c blue (red)
581 25c on 3c orange brown (blue green)
a. $ inverted.
b. GON. and $ normal
PROOFS OR TRIAL COLORS
ON CARRANZA GCM OVERPRINT
356 5c on lc violet (sepia) 592 5c on 10c blue (black)
357 10c on Ic violet (blue) 593 5c on 10c blue (blue)
358 10c on lc violet (blue), paper with 594 5c on 10c blue (yellow green)
blued surface 595 5c on 10c blue (dark green)
359 25c on 5c orange (green) 596 5c on 10c blue (violet blue)
360 60c on 2c green (red) 597 5c on 10c blue (brown)
598 5c on 10c blue (red)
599 5c on 10c blue (orange)
ON VILLA GCM OVERPRINT 600 5c on 10c blue (yellow)
361 25c on 5c orange (green) 601 5c on 10c blue (indigo)
361 A 25c on 3c orange brown (green) 602 I peso on 10c blue (violet)

PROOFS OR TRIAL COLORS

582 25c on 3c orange brown (carmine rose)
583 25c on 3c orange brown (black) OVERPRINTED GPM IN MONO-
584 25c on 3c orange brown (sepia) GRAM WITH $2.50 BELOW ON
POSTAGE DUES FOR
G. P. DE M. AND NEW VALUE POSTAL USE
OVERPRINTED ON DENVER ISSUE
362 60c on Ic pale blue (sepia)
363 60c on 2c pale green (sepia)
Overprint in Black.
PROOFS AND TRIAL COLORS 374 $2.50 on Ic blue
585 Ic pale blue (red) 375 $2.50 on 2c blue
586 lc pale blue (blue) 376 $2.50 on 4c blue
587 lc pale blue (black) 377 $2.50 on 5c blue
588 lc pale blue (green) 378 $2.50 on 10c blue
[87]
 1917 ISSUE "OFICIAL" OVERPRINTED ON
Rouletted. FAMOUS MEN ISSUE
379 lc lilac Perforated.
a. Perforated
380 2c green 807 lc violet
381 3c sepia 808 2c yellow green
382 4c red 809 3c yellow brown
383 5c ultramarine 810 4c carmine
384 10c blue a. Error "CEATRO"
385 20c claret 811 5c orange
386 30c mauve 812 10c blue
813 40c slate
Perforated. a. Overprint inverted
387 40c violet 814 1 peso brown and black
388 I peso blue and black a. Overprint inverted
389 5 peso green and black 815 5 peso claret and ultramarine
a. Overprint inverted

OFFICIALS. "OFICIAL" OVERPRINTED ISSUE OF

1910 WITH ADDITIONAL OVER-
"OFICIAL" OVERPRINTED ON THE PRINT G. P. DE M.
FAMOUS MEN ISSUE.
Rouletted. Color of Overprint in ( ).
801 lc violet Overprint Reading up on all Values to 20c.
a. Overprint inverted
b. Imperforate 816 Ic violet (red)
c. Imperf. vertically 817 2c green (red)
802 2c green 818 3c orange brown (blue)
a. Overprint inverted 819 4c carmine (blue)
b. Imperforate 820 5c orange (blue)
c. Imperf. vertically 821 10c blue and orange (red)
803 3c brown 822 I5c gray blue and claret (black)
a. Overprint inverted 823 20c red and blue (black)
b. Imperforate
c. Imperf. horizontally Overprint Horizontal.
804 4c carmine
a. Overprint inverted 824 50c red brown and black (red)
b. Imperforate 825 I peso blue and black (red)
c. Imperf. vertically 826 5 peso carmine and black (red)
d. Imperf. horizontally
e. Foot on left 4
f. Same as e, overprint inverted. PROOFS OR TRIAL COLOR
g. Same as e, imperforate.
h. Same as e, imperf. vertically (On 1910 Issue)
i. Same as e, imperf. horizontally.
805 5c orange 901 Ic violet (blue)
a. Overprint inverted
b. Imperforate (On 1899 Issue)
806 10c blue
a. Overprint inverted 902 5 peso, carmine and black
b. Imperforate
c. lmperf. vertically NOTE—Counterfeits of all OFFICIAL
overprints on all these issues came from the
NOTE—The above come from St. Louis St. Louis source. Normal, invert and
with both normal, double and inverted over- doubles. Also counterfeit OFFICIAL on
print, counterfeited. plain /910 issue without other overprint.
[88]
APPROVAL SELECTIONS
of
MEXICAN WAR STAMPS

W EMexican
are prepared to send specialized selections of
War Stamps on Approval. We have
made up specialized selections of each different issue
planned out along the lines of the PLAN FOR COL-
LECTION suggestions in this book. The selections are
numbered according to the check list herein and of
most of the issues we can offer a very complete line.
If you wish a specialized selection of any issue
please specify clearly what you desire. If you are only
a general collector and do not care for the varieties
we will send a general selection and would appreciate
your want list.
WANT LISTS
We are prepared to fill want lists as per numbers in
the check list of this book. Specify clearly what you
want, whether used or unused, on or off cover etc.
We are prepared to mount to your order a special-
ized collection to any value you wish. We can make
you up a collection at prices varying from $50 to $500
and show you something that will please you.

GEORGE W. LINN COMPANY

COLUMBUS, OHIO
[89]
 MEXICO
THE WHITE AND GREEN SEAL ISSUES
Of SONORA

T HE above is the title of the most thorough and

complete book on the White and Green Seal
Issues of Sonora, that has ever been prepared. The
book is 6x9 inches in size, beautifully arranged and
printed on the finest deckle edge rag paper. No
more handsome philatelic handbook was ever pre-
pared at so low a price.

This book tells all that is known about these

stamps, it was written by Mr. George Ward Linn,
recognized as the authority on these stamps. If you
are interested in these stamps you can not get along
without this book.

Over 100 pages of text including exhaustive and

complete check list, besides twenty five full page
plates showing the different printings of the various
issues. Really a remarkable work and brim full of
honest reliable information.

PRICE ONE DOLLAR, POSTPAID

GEORGE W. LINN COM PA NY

COLUMBUS, OHIO
[90]
PAY $5.00 A MONTH
A Fine Specialized Collection
OF OVER

1000 MEXICAN WAR STAMPS

FOR ONLY
SEVENTY -FIVE DOLLARS
PAYABLE IN EASY MONTHLY PAYMENTS

WEMexican
offer a specialized collection of over 1000
War Stamps, both used and unused,
single copies, pairs, blocks, covers, etc. Mounted in
100 page Linco Loose Leaf Album. All stamps in
good condition and guaranteed to be a better lot
than you can find elsewhere for the money.
The price is $75.00, less 10% if you pay spot
cash. Or you can pay $15 with your order and pay
the balance of $60 in easy monthly payments of
only $5.00 per month. Just a few cents per day.
We were the largest buyers of Mexican War
Stamps. We have accumulated a stock worth
several thousand dollars from an original investment
of $25. We can afford to give you a bargain that
no one else can duplicate for we want to turn our
stock into cash for the purchase of other lines.
Descriptive circular and full particulars sent
on request. We have only 100 of these collections
to offer and they should not last long at the price
we offer them.

[Link], O.
George W. LINN Company,

[91]
 MI
\ Loose Leaf
Spring Back
ALBUM
We are now prepared to offer the albums that have been advertised as
greatest bargain in a LOOSE LEAF, wonders at prices as high as $2.00
SPRING BACK ALBUM that has
ever been offered to stamp collectors. to
? $3.00 each. We can offer a full
We have succeeded in producing an size spring back, loose leaf album for
album that is equal in many ways to only a

Dollar and Fifty cents (TM')

The binder is finished in full black you to return it if not satisfied, and
cloth, 9x111/4 inches in size. Spring we will refund your remittance of
back, just the same as albums retail- $1.50.
ing at $5.00 and up. The pages are This album was offered in our last
made of light weight 20-lb. bond issue at $1.00. We find that ad-
paper and printed in a light tint vanced costs are such that we will
with Quadrille ground with neat bor- not be able to continue it at this low
der. At top is a large panel for price, although all who bought ex-
names and dates. The pages are pressed themselves as highly pleased
made of this quality paper because and the demand from dealers has
the hinges will peel well from it. been such that we are forced to in-
Soft, pulpy paper always peels when crease the price so that the book may
hinges are removed from it. The be wholesaled. The paper is superior
pages are not linen hinged but by to the cheap pulpy paper used in the
using this light weight paper they English albums and several dealers
lie open at any point and the book have already placed orders for a
is really a wonder at the price. Pages supply of these books.
are put into a neat stiff card case for Illustrated circulars can be sup-
inserting in album. Size of pages, plied and we will be very pleased to
8%x11 inches. have sample orders from any dealer.
We feel so sure that this book will Order one sample now and be satis-
satisfy anyone that we offer to send fied that we offer you the best thing
a copy oh receipt of price and allow that has ever come down the pike.

Price Only
$1.50
POSTAGE EXTRA
Shipping Weight 3 lbs.