Rheumatic Heart Disease

Objectives :
1. What is ARF And RHD?
2. Diagnosis
3. Jones Criteria & 2015 revision
4. Differential Diagnosis
5. Investigations, Management
6. Rheumatic Valvular Heart Disease
7. Prevention

Done by :
Leader: Hadeel Awartani
Members: Laila Alsabbagh,Khalid Almutairi, Ebtesam
Almutairi ,Hussain Allami

Revised by :
Yazeed Al-Dossare
Resources :
437 slides, 436 team, Davidson 22nd edition & Kumar 8th
edition.

Important Notes Golden Notes Extra Book

 Epidemiologic Background:
We are concerned about prevalence and incidence because when we want to diagnose a patient with ARF based on the criteria , we have to know which
criteria we should use depending on our country. Saudi Arabia is classified in moderate risk group.
- In developed countries the incidence of ARF has declined
- The incidence of RF and the prevalence of RHD has declined substantially in Europe, North America and
other developed nations. This decline has been attributed to improved hygiene, reduced household
crowding, and improved medical care. Also due to an improve in socioeconomic status and the usage of antibiotics.
- The major burden is currently found in low and middle income countries(India,middle east), and in
selected indigenous populations of certain developed countries (Australia and New Zealand).
- It is a disease of poverty and low socioeconomic status.
- In underdeveloped countries RHD is the leading cause of CV death during the first five decades of life.
- over past 50 years, incidence ranging 0.2 -0.64/100,000 (USA).
- ARF incidence in Eeastern province of SA was 22/100,000, age 5-14 years.
- A study from Western province showed a prevalence of RHD 2.4/1000, age 6-15 years.
- A large study showed an overall prevalence of ARF and RHD in SA 3.1/1000 , age 6-15
- ARF incidence in Kwait 29/100,000, age 5-14 years.
- In Egypt prevalence of RHD, 5/1000 school-children.
- In Yemen 36.5/1000 school-children RHD is A leading cause of CV morbidity & mortality in young
people

Global Burden :
15.6 Millions Total cases with RHD
3 phases:
• phase 1 : throat infection.
3 Million Have congestive heart failure. • Phase 2 : RHF ( after weeks ).
• Phase 3 : RHD ( after years ).

1 Million Require Valve surgery

Why it is important?
1- affects young which will cause
0.5 Million Annual incidence 1 of RF, nearly half develop carditis disability.
2- costly —> needs cardiac surgery.
3- increases mortality.

230,000/YR. Estimated deaths from RHD:

It imposes a substantial burden on health care systems with limited budgets

A- Acute Rheumatic Fever It’s recommended to watch it before

studying this lecture. It is 7:42 minutes.

Incidence
- Acute rheumatic fever usually affects children (most commonly between 5 and 15 years)
or young adults .
- The most common cause of acquired heart disease in childhood and adolescence.

1
New cases per year
 Pathogenesis
- The condition is triggered by an immune-mediated delayed response (manifestations
appearing after a period of 2-4 weeks) to infection with specific strains of group A (beta
hemolytic) streptococci, which have antigens that may cross-react with cardiac myosin and
sarcolemmal membrane protein.
- Antibodies produced against the streptococcal antigens cause inflammation in the
endocardium, myocardium and pericardium, as well as the joints and skin, but the
major effect on health is due to damage to heart valves.
- Histologically, fibrinoid degeneration is seen in the collagen of connective tissues.
*(VERY IMP) Aschoff nodules, are pathognomonic and occur only in the heart.
They are composed of multinucleated giant cells surrounded by macrophages and T
lymphocytes, and are not seen until the subacute or chronic phases of rheumatic
carditis.
Antischkow cells are enlarged macrophages found within granulomas (called aschoff bodies ) associated
with the disease. Larger Antischow cells may coalesce to form multinucleated Aschoff bodies. (See the pic)
* very important to memorize, usually asked about in exams
When the bacteria enter the body it will cause immunological reaction-> the body will produce antibodies against ( M protein )
which is the component of bacteria and similar structure found in heart, skin, joints and brain.

Clinical Features
- Acute rheumatic fever is a multisystem disease that usually presents with fever, anorexia, lethargy
and joint pain, 2–3 weeks after an episode of streptococcal pharyngitis. There may, however, be no
history of sore throat.
- Arthritis* occurs in approximately 75% of patients. Other features include rashes, carditis** and
neurological changes.
- Clinical features are not specific. for example: leukemia, sickle cell anemia and viral
infections can cause joint pain and swelling. So you should diagnose the patient carefully.
As we mentioned, it’s a multisystem disorder that will affect:
1) CNS : mainly basal ganglia
2) Joints and skin : will recover later
3) Heart : permanent damage to the valves.
*not serious because it doesn’t leave permanent damage.
**The major problem , we worry about it, because it Destroy the valve and cause permanent damage.
-Murmure in acute attack indicate carditis , HF in acute attack indicate severe reg.

Diagnosis
- No single test to diagnose ARF.
- The symptoms and signs are shared by many inflammatory and infectious diseases
- Accurate diagnosis is important, because:
- Overdiagnosis will result in individuals receiving treatment unnecessarily
- Underdiagnosis may lead to further episodes of ARF causing damage, and the need for valve
surgery, and or premature death
- Diagnosis is primarily clinical (it's a syndrome) and is based on a constellation of signs and symptoms, which
were initially established as the Jones criteria.
- Only about 25% of patients will have a positive culture for group A streptococcus at the time of diagnosis
because there is a latent period between infection and presentation.
- Serological evidence of recent infection with a raised antistreptolysin O (ASO) antibody titre is helpful.
- A presumptive diagnosis of acute rheumatic fever can be made without evidence of preceding streptococcal
infection in cases of isolated chorea or pancarditis, if other causes for these have been excluded.
 A- Acute Rheumatic Fever
Diagnostic Criteria
In cases of established rheumatic heart disease or prior rheumatic fever, a diagnosis of acute rheumatic fever can be
made based only on the presence of multiple minor criteria and evidence of preceding group A streptococcus
pharyngitis.

1992 Modified jones criteria Very important

Major Migratory Erythema Sydenham Subcutaneous

Carditis
criteria* polyarthritis marginatum chorea nodules

Minor Arthralgia First degree Elevated inflammatory markers

Fever
criteria (Not arthritis!) heart block (ESR, CRP)
It is based upon two or more major manifestations, or one major and two or more minor manifestations, along with evidence of
preceding streptococcal infection.
* Will be discussed in more detail later on.

2015 Revision of jones criteria

The new criteria divided the population into 2 groups : high and low risk populations.

1. In accordance with the degree of prevalence of ARF/RHD in the population:

- low risk populations have been defined as those with ARF incidence < 2:100000 school-age children
or all age prevalence of RHD of < 1:1000 population per year
- Children not from low risk population have been considered to be at moderate or high risk.
-
2. Advocated the use of Echocardiography in all cases of confirmed or suspected ARF or RHD, to
diagnose valvulitis( subclinical carditis) and has been included as a major criterion to diagnose
carditis.
3. Aseptic monoarthritis has been included as a major criteria in moderate or high risk
population.
4. Polyarthralgia has been recognized as a major manifestation for moderate or high risk
population
5. Fever: low risk population: >38.5 c, ESR >60 and or CRP > 3mg/dl, while moderate or
high risk population: fever >38 and ESR >30 and or CRP > 3mg/dl for

A firm diagnosis requires: 2 Major manifestations or 1 Major and 2 Minor manifestations And Evidence of
a recent streptococcal infection. Or 3 Minor. Evidence of Preceding GAS “Group A strept.”Infection:
1) *Increased or rising ASO titer or Anti-Dnase B titer. 2) *A positive throat culture.

1) Because pts with immune deficiency have negative ABO

2) If you have suspicion of GAS you have to get a culture
 A- Acute Rheumatic Fever
Rheumatic Fever Recurrence
- Reliable past history of ARF: 2 major or 1 major and 2 minor or 3 minor manifestations
sufficient for diagnosis.
- Presence of antecedent (previous) streptococcal infection.
- When minor manifestations only present exclude other causes.

Jones Major Criteria

- A ‘pancarditis’ involves the endocardium, myocardium and
pericardium to varying degrees. Its incidence declines with aging,
ranging from 90% at 3 years to around 30% in adolescence.
- Occurs in 50-70% of cases.
Carditis - The only manifestation of ARF that leaves serious permanent damage.
- May be subclinical (without murmurs so we should use Echo).
- Murmurs of MR or AR may occur in acute stage, while mitral stenosis
occur in late stage
- Cardiomegaly and CHF may occur. (in the acute phase)

- This is the most common major manifestation and occurs early when
streptococcal antibody titres are high (present in 35-66% ,Earliest
manifestation of ARF).
- An acute painful asymmetric and migratory inflammation (Migrating,
“Fleeting”polyarthritis) of the large joints typically affects the knees,
Arthritis ankles, shoulders,elbows. The joints are involved in quick succession
and are usually red, swollen and tender. Rarely affects the spine.
- Duration short < 1 week.
- Rapid improvement with salicylates.(Aspirin) The pain characteristically
responds to aspirin; if not, the diagnosis is in doubt.
- Does not progress to chronic disease. (Doesn’t have any late manifestations as the
RHD)

- Also known as Saint Vitus's Dance, occur in 10-30%, female predominance.

- This is a late neurological manifestation (extrapyramidal manifestation) that
appears at least 3 months after the episode of acute rheumatic fever, when all
the other signs may have disappeared (Delayed manifestation of ARF).
- Emotional lability may be the first feature and is typically followed by
Sydenham
purposeless, involuntary, choreiform movements of the hands,face, neck,
chorea
trunk, and limbs.. Speech may be explosive and halting (clumsiness,
deterioration of handwriting,emotional lability or grimacing of face).
- Spontaneous recovery usually occurs within a few months. Approximately
one-quarter of affected patients will go on to develop chronic rheumatic valve
disease..
 - Subcutaneous nodules occur in 10% of patients.
- They are small (0.5–2.0 cm), firm non-tender and painless.
- Best felt over extensor surfaces of bone or tendons (Occur over extensor surfaces of
Subcutaneous joints, on bony prominences, tendons, spine). Key words (firm non tender and its on extensor
surfaces of joints)
nodules - They typically appear more than 3 weeks after the onset of other
manifestations and therefore help to confirm rather than make the diagnosis
- Short lived: last for few days.
- Associated with severe carditis. (When you have it suspect Carditis)

- Erythema marginatum occurs in less than 6% of patients

- The lesions start as red macules that fade in the centre(pale center) but remain red at the edges,
Erythema round or irregular serpiginous (having a wavy margin) borders, non-pruritic, transient rash.
marginatum - The resulting red rings or ‘margins’ may coalesce or overlap.
Very few will have - Occur mainly on the trunk and proximal extremities but not the face.
this - Less common, but highly specific manifestation of ARF.
(means fungal - Associated with carditis.
infection)

DDx of ARF

Extra, from davidson

Investigations
- White blood cells count.
- Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR).
- C-reactive protein (CRP).
- Blood cultures, if febrile.
- Electrocardiogram (if prolonged P-R interval or other rhythm abnormality, repeat in 2 weeks and
again in 2 months, if still abnormal). To look for Heart block (minor criteria)
- Chest X-ray, if clinical or echocardiographic evidence of carditis.
- Echocardiogram Very important* (consider repeating after 1 month, if negative)
- Throat swab (preferably before giving antibiotics): culture for group A streptococcus.
- Anti-streptococcal serology: both ASO and anti-DNase B titres, if available (repeat 10-14 days later
if first test not confirmatory)
*Remember that if you’re suspecting ARF or if you’ve confirmed it, you should do an
echocardiography to confirm or refuse the diagnosis of rheumatic carditis.
*to detect subclinical carditis , subclinical means murmur we can’t heart so we use ECG to detect it.
 Treatment of ARF
NO specific treatment Now you diagnosed your patient with ARF, what treatment options you can offer
him/her?

1. Bed Rest :
It’s important, as it lessens joint pain and reduces cardiac workload. The duration should be guided
by symptoms, along with temperature, leucocyte count and ESR, and should be continued until these
have settled.
2. Salicylates :
Like Aspirin, this usually relieves the symptoms of arthritis rapidly and a response within 24 hours
helps confirm the diagnosis. We should monitor the patient for toxicity (usually he will have tinnitus and
vomiting)
3. Penicillin :
Like Procaine Penicillin 4 million units/day x10 days. (Know the dose)
if the patient is penicillin-allergic, erythromycin or a cephalosporin can be used.
4. Steroids (Prednisolone):
2 mg/kg/day taper over 6 weeks Produces more rapid symptomatic relief than aspirin and is
indicated in cases with carditis or severe arthritis (Given when there is severe carditis).
There is no evidence that long-term steroids are beneficial.
5. Heart Failure Treatment : Like diuretics and ACEI.
If heart failure develops, and does not respond to medical treatment, valve replacement may be
necessary and is often associated with a dramatic decline in rheumatic activity.

Secondary Prevention of Rheumatic Fever (Prevention of Recurrent Attacks) :

Primary prevention is important by improving socio-economical status
- Patients are susceptible to further attacks of rheumatic fever if another streptococcal infection
occurs, and long-term prophylaxis with penicillin should be given as benzathine penicillin Long
acting penicillin (1.2 million U IM monthly), if compliance is in doubt, or oral
phenoxymethylpenicillin (250 mg twice daily).
- Sulfadiazine or erythromycin may be used if the patient is allergic to penicillin; sulphonamides
prevent infection but are not effective in the eradication of group A streptococci.
- Further attacks of rheumatic fever are unusual after the age of 21, when treatment may be stopped.
However, it should be extended if an attack has occurred in the last 5 years, or if the patient lives in
an area of high prevalence or has an occupation (e.g. teaching) with high exposure to streptococcal
infection.In those with residual heart disease, prophylaxis should continue until 10 years after the
last episode or 40 years of age, whichever is later. Long-term antibiotic prophylaxis prevents another
attack of acute rheumatic fever but does not protect against infective endocarditis. “Summarised in
(Imp to memorize and for EXAM ) VERY IMP (Doses too are imp!!)
the picture”
You have to know in which
category the pt is in, in order to
know the duration of
prophylaxis and whether or not
he/she needs life long prophylaxis

The key difference is the presence

of VHD (Valvular heart disease)

No residual VHD means the pt

can only have fever and carditis
and it goes without damage to the Pts under 20 ys give prophylaxis.
Pts >20 if he doesnt have evidence
valves of echo dont give him.
B- Chronic Rheumatic Heart disease Sequelae of ARF if not treated

- A leading cause of CV morbidity & mortality in young people

- Chronic valvular heart disease develops in at least half of those affected by rheumatic fever
with carditis.
- The mitral valve is affected in more than 70% of cases* (usually Stenosis); the aortic valve is
the next most frequently involved (40%), followed by the tricuspid(10%) and then the
pulmonary valve(2%).Valve disease may be symptomatic during fulminant forms of
acute rheumatic fever but may remain asymptomatic for many years.
- Mitral Stenosis is more common in females (3:1), while males have higher incidence of
Aortic Regurgitation. Most common MS followed by AR
*Frequently asked Q/ Which valve is more commonly involved in chronic rheumatic heart disease?

The main pathological process in chronic rheumatic heart disease is progressive fibrosis.
Refresh your memory : The heart sound is basically “LUB” which is S1 - This sound is produced by
closure of Atrioventricular valves- + “DUB” which is S2 - This sound is produced by closure of Aortic
and pulmonary valves .

Mitral Regurgitation
May also follow mitral valvotomy or valvuloplasty. Chronic mitral regurgitation causes gradual dilatation of the LA with
little increase in pressure and therefore relatively few symptoms.

- Asymptomatic
- Dyspnea, orthopnea, and
- PND(parxosymal nocturnal dyspnia)
- Displaced PMI*
Clinical features
- Thrill
- Soft S1 “Wall hugging”
- Pansystolic murmur Best heard on the lateral side when lying on
the side radiating to the axilla

Treatment Surgically
*
The point of maximal impulse (PMI) is simply that... the point where there is a maximal impulse against the chest that can be felt.
Most often, this is from the apex or tip of the heart: also referred to as the apical impulse. However, in certain conditions, the apex of
the heart does not cause the PMI.

Mitral Stenosis* The most common valvular abnormality in RHD

The flow of blood from LA to LV is restricted and left atrial pressure rises, leading to pulmonary venous congestion and
breathlessness. There is dilatation and hypertrophy of the LA, and left ventricular filling becomes more dependent on left
atrial contraction. Ventricular diastolic pressure will remain normal because it is protected by the Mitral Stenosis!

The normal mitral valve area (MVA) = 4-6 cm2 High LAP left atrial pressure

The rise in LAP causes a similar rise in

In severe MS <1.5 cm2
pulmonary capillaries, veins and artery.
*main symptom is SOB.
 Mitral Stenosis cont. The most common valvular abnormality in RHD

Clinical features
- Dyspnea due to pulmonary edema
- Fatigue no enough blood bumped to the body to supply it.
- Palpitation because of arrhythmias from stretching the LA (A-fib is the most common)
- Hemoptysis (10%) due to pulmonary hypertension so the vessels will rupture. B.c of congested lungs
- Hoarseness (Ortner’s syndrome) paralysis of the vocal cords, due to the enlargement of pulmonary artery→ compression of recurrent laryngeal
nerve
- Dysphagia Pressure of LA
- Stroke or peripheral embolization Why ? Left atrium will be enlarged due to stenosis, so the rhythm will be changed from
sinus to atrial and the patient usually develops Atrial Fibrillation. Afib will lead to blood clotting that will form a thrombus which travels to
the brain causing stroke (and sometimes stroke is the main presentation in a patient with Mitral stenosis).
- Cyanosis (Mitral facies2, malar flush (late complication))
- Tapping apex ( S1) Tapping apex beat is present only in mitral stenosis where the left ventricular size and filling is less .
- Parasternal heave It’s precordial impulse that may be felt in patients with cardiac or respiratory
disease. Its either from the pushing of LA or from the hypertrophy of the RV
- Diastolic thrill A vibration felt over the heart during ventricular diastole . it may be caused due to
mitral valve stenosis.
- Accentuated (very obvious) S1
- Accentuated S2
- Opening snap S2 is followed by an opening snap , the distance between S2 and the opening snap
can give an indication as to the severity of the stenosis . the closer the opening snap follows S2 ,
the worst the stenosis .
- Mid-diastolic rumble

Investigations

Chest x- ray ECG Echodopler

- Straightening of the left - LAE (Left Atrial Enlargement) Calcification in MV
heart border “Mitralization of - GOLD STANDARD
the left border” - P Mitrale(left atrial - Very specific
- Double density enlargement) - “Hockey-stick”
- Kerley B lines These are appearance
short parallel lines at the lung
- RV dominance
You can find
periphery - Atrial Fibrillation heart enlargement
Echo in mitral stenosis

Management
Patients with minor symptoms should be treated medically. Intervention by balloon valvuloplasty, mitral valvotomy or
mitral valve replacement should be considered if the patient remains symptomatic despite medical treatment or if
pulmonary hypertension develops.):
➢ B-Blockers ,CCB to increase diastole phase , so there will be more blood filling. Slow them down, allow more time for
filling of LV (BVP)
➢ Digoxin ( AF ) Especially if there is HF and hypotension
➢ Warfarin to prevent thrombus formation in the LA
Definitive therapy: you can have up to 3 times but at the end you have to have
➢ Balloon Valvuloplasty MV replacement
➢ Mitral valve replacement
➢ Diuretics to relieve the congestion
2
distinctive facial appearance associated with mitral stenosis . Someone with mitral stenosis may present with rosy cheeks, whilst the rest of the face has a bluish tinge due to cyanosis. ... It is
due to low cardiac output, and therefore low perfusion of the facial skin, caused by the stenosis.
 Aortic Regurgitation
This condition is due to disease of the aortic valve cusps or dilatation of the aortic root, The LV dilates and hypertrophies to
compensate for the regurgitation. The stroke volume of the LV may eventually be doubled or tripled, and the major arteries are
then conspicuously pulsatile. As the disease progresses, left ventricular diastolic pressure rises and breathlessness develops.

- Water-hammer / collapsing pulse (very imp)

- Wide pulse pressure (markedly increased systolic BP, with decreased diastolic
BP) (very imp)
- Corrigan’s sign (water-hammer pulse)—rapidly increasing pulse that
collapses suddenly as arterial pressure decreases rapidly in late
systole and diastole; can be palpated at wrist or femoral arteries)

- De Musset sign (It’s a rhythmic nodding or bobbing of the head in synchrony

Clinical features with the beating of the heart)
(the signs are imp)
- Muller sign (systolic pulsation of uvula)
- Quincke’s pulse (blanching and flushing, respectively, of the nail bed)
- Hill’s sign (greater systolic BP in the legs than the arms, the difference is >or
= 30 mm Hg)

Early diastolic
murmur
Diastolic murmurs + regurgitation

Aortic valve Replacement (could be done via Transcathter Aortic Valve Replacement)
Treatment

Aortic Stenosis
Triad : VERY IMPORTANT
❏ Angina when the left ventricle enlarges its muscle mass will increase which will increase the oxygen
demand and it cant meet the demand because of the stenosis > chest pain . and its the most common
presentation.
❏ Syncope because there is no enough blood “cardiac output” flow to the brain (low pCO) (exertional)
❏ Dyspnea and PND The worst clinical feature as it indicates HF.
Prognosis: is worse with dyspnea, better in syncope and angina
Without treatment life expectancy is with:
- Angina (5 years)
- Syncope (3 years)
Clinical features - Dyspnea (1 years)
Other clinical features
- Arterial Pulse waveform: Plateau
- Small (Parvus) diminished carotid upstorke Slow rise (Tardus)delayed carotid upstroke Sustained
not displaced PMI
- Systolic thrill S4
- Late peaking of murmur Single S2 : Soft or absent A2
- Paradoxical splitting of S2 (occurs when the splitting is heard during expiration and disappears
*Thickened and fibrotic during inspiration, the opposite of the physiologic split S2)

Aortic stenosis is also seen due to aging calcification.

Aortic valve Replacement (could be done via Transcathter Aortic Valve Replacement)
Treatment why can't we use balloon valvuloplasty like in mitral stenosis ? because the stenosis here is calcification and we
can't ballon calcium very well, where as in mitral stenosis it is fibrosis, and we can ballon fibrotic tissue .
 Summary 436
ARF : immune-mediated delayed response to infection with specific strains of beta hemolytic streptococci
(manifestations after 2-4 weeks), Antibodies produced cause inflammation in the endocardium,
myocardium and pericardium, as well as the joints, skin, and heart valves.

Clinical features Fever, lethargy, anorexia, joint pain, arthritis, carditis, neurological changes.

- 2 Major manifestations
- 1 Major and 2 Minor manifestations And Evidence of a recent streptococcal
infection.
Diagnosis
- 3 Minor
Evidence of Preceding GAS Infection:
1) Increased ASO titer or Anti-Dnase B titer. 2) positive throat culture.
Major : Minor :
Jones criteria 1. Cardritis 1. Fever
(high/lower 2. Migratory polyarthritis 2. Elevated ESR
risk 3. Sydenham Chorea 3. Polyarthralgia ( major in high risk)
population) 4. Subcutaneous Nodule 4. History of rheumatic fever
5. Erythema Marginatum 5. First degree heart block
➢ WBC.
➢ ESR.
➢ CRP.
➢ Blood cultures, if febrile.
Investigation ➢ ECG to look for Heart block.
➢ Chest X-ray, if clinical or echocardiographic evidence of carditis.
➢ Echocardiogram .
➢ Throat swab: culture for group A streptococcus.
➢ Anti-streptococcal serology: both ASO and anti-DNase B titres
➢ Bed Rest
➢ Salicylates
Treatment ➢ Penicillin
➢ Steroids
➢ Heart Failure Treatment

Chronic Rheumatic heart disease : progressive fibrosis

● The mitral valve is affected in more than 70% of cases (usually Stenosis); the aortic valve is the next
most frequently involved (40%), followed by the tricuspid(10%) and then the pulmonary valve(2%)
 Summary 436

Management and
Condition Clinical features
treatment

➢ Accentuated S1 &
➢ Dyspnea (pulmonary S2
venous congestion) ➢ Opening snap
Management:
➢ Fatigue ➢ Mid-diastolic
rumble ➢ B-Blockers ,CCB
➢ Palpitation ➢ On X-ray : ➢ Digoxin ( AF )
➢ Hoarseness Straightening of the
Mitral ➢ Dysphagia left heart border, ➢ Warfarin If there is
atrial fibrillation to prevent
stenosis ➢ Stroke or peripheral Double density, stroke.
Kerley B lines or
embolization pulmonary edema. ➢ Balloon
➢ ECG : Valvuloplasty
➢ Cyanosis
LAE, P Mitrale ➢ Mitral valve
➢ Tapping apex RV dominance
Atrial Fibrillation.
replacement
➢ Parasternal heave
➢ Diastolic thrill ➢ Echo Doppler :
Calcification in MV

➢ Asymptotic
Mitral ➢ Dyspnea, orthpnea and PND Management:
regurgitation ➢ Displaced PMI, thril Surgical
➢ Soft S1

➢ Water hammer / collapsing pulse

➢ Wide pulse pressure
➢ Corrigan’s sign (water-hammer pulse)
Aortic
➢ De Musset sign
regurgitation ➢ Muller sign
➢ Quincke’s pulse
➢ Hill’s sign

➢ Syncope Treatment:
➢ Angina Aortic valve
➢ Dyspnea and PND replacement
➢ Arterial Pulse waveform: Plateau
Aortic ➢ Small (Parvus)
stenosis ➢ Slow rise (Tardus)
➢ Sustained not displaced PMI
(SAD) ➢ Systolic thrill
➢ S4
➢ Late peaking of murmur
➢ Single S2 : Soft or absent A2
➢ Paradoxical splitting of S2
Examine Yourself !!
1. Which one of the following Organisms is the most common cause for Rheumatic Heart Disease?
A. group A beta hemolytic streptococcus
B. group B alpha hemolytic streptococcus
C. staphylococcus aureus
D. E.coli

2. Which one of the following group of people are mostly affected by Rheumatic Heart Disease?
A. Elderly from 40-60
B. Teenagers from 14-18
C. Children from 5-15
D. New born babies

3. Which one of the following Valve is mostly affected by Rheumatic Heart Disease ?
A. Mitral Valve
B. Tricuspid Valve
C. Aortic Valve
D. Pulmonary Valve

4. Which one of the following diseases is Immunologically Mediated ?

A. Hypertension
B. DM
C. Hyperlipidemia
D. Rheumatic Heart Disease

5. Which one of the following serological tests is used to detect recent infection by Group A streptococcus?
A. Antistreptolysin O antibodies
B. Antinuclear antibodies
C. Antimitochondrial antibodies
D. Antigliadin antibodies

6. In order to diagnose Rheumatic Heart Disease, which statement is correct ?

A. Migratory polyarthritis only
B. polyarthralgia + increase ESR only
C. Subcutaneous nodules + fever only
D. Sydenham chorea + Prolonged PR interval + Fever

7.The only manifestation of ARF that leaves serious permanent damage is ?

A. Arthritis
B. Subcutaneous nodules
C. Carditis
D. Erythema Marginatum

13
Examine Yourself !!
8. Which one of the following is seen under the microscope and confirm the diagnosis of ARF ?
A. Aschoff Nodules
B. Lewy Body
C. Caseous Necrosis
D. Mallory Body

9. In order to treat patient with Streptococcal pharyngitis , which of the following is the best for him ?
A. penicillin
B. Ciftriaxone
C. Ciprofloxacin
D. Gentmycin

10. Which one of the following is the main pathological process in Chronic
Rheumatic Heart Disease ?
A. Calcification
B. Necrosis
C. Amyloidosis
D. Progressive Fibrosis

11. Which one of the following is Clinical feature for Aortic Regurgitation ?
A. Collapsing pulse
B. Syncope
C. Dyspnea
D. Angina

12. Which one of the following is Clinical feature for Mitral Regurgitation ?
A. Early diastolic murmur
B. Mid systolic click
C. Pansystolic murmur
D. Systolic Thrill

13. The Radiological feature that is seen on Mitral Stenosis is ?

A. Single Density
B. Kaerle B line
C. Normal left heart border
D. Coin lesion

14. What is the treatment for Aortic Regurgitation ?

A. Warfarin
B. Beta Blockers
C. Calcium Channel Blockers
D. Aortic valve replacement
14
Examine Yourself !!
15. Water-Hammer pulse is feature of which one of the following ?
A. Aortic Regurgitation
B. Aortic Stenosis
C. Mitral Stenosis
D. Mitral Regurgitation

16. Syncope , Angina and Dyspnea are characters for which disease ?
A. Aortic Regurgitation
B. Aortic Stenosis
C. Mitral Stenosis
D. Mitral Regurgitation

17. Enlargement of the Heart can be seen in which of the following ?

A. Aortic Regurgitation
B. Aortic Stenosis
C. Mitral Stenosis
D. Mitral Regurgitation

18. Which one of the following can treat Mitral Stenosis ?

A. Digoxin
B. Warfarin
C. Mitral Valve
Replacement
D. All the above

19. Which one of the following valve is LESS common affected by Rheumatic Heart Disease?
A. Aortic valve
B. Mitral valve
C. Tricuspid
D. Pulmonary

20. Which one of the following is Clinical feature for Mitral Stenosis?
A. Opening Snap
B. Mid diastolic rumble
C. Soft S1
D. A&B

Answer key :
1-A 2-C 3-A 4-D 5-A 6-D 7-C 8-A 9-A 10-D 11-A 12-C 13-B 14-D 15-A 16-B 17-B 18-D 19-D 20-D
15
 Questions
1.Which one of the following Organisms is the most common cause for Rheumatic Heart Disease ?
A-group A beta hemolytic streptococcus
B-group B alpha hemolytic streptococcus
C-staphylococcus aureus
D-E.coli

2. Which one of the following group of people are mostly affected by Rheumatic Heart Disease ?
A-Elderly from 40-60
B-Teenagers from 14-18
C-Children from 5-15
D-New born babies

3. Which one of the following Valve is mostly affected by Rheumatic Heart Disease ?
A- Mitral Valve
B- Tricuspid Valve
C- Aortic Valve
D- Pulmonary Valve

4. Which one of the following diseases is Immunologically Mediated ?

A-Hypertension
B-DM
C-Hyperlipidemia
D- Rheumatic Heart Disease

5. Which one of the following serological tests is used to detect recent infection by Group A streptococcus?
A-Antistreptolysin O antibodies
B-Antinuclear antibodies
C-Antimitochondrial antibodies
D-Antigliadin antibodies

6. In order to diagnose Rheumatic Heart Disease, which statement is correct ?

A-Migratory polyarthritis only
B- polyarthralgia + increase ESR only
C- Subcutaneous nodules + fever only
D- Sydenham chorea + Prolonged PR interval + Fever

7.The only manifestation of ARF that leaves serious permanent damage is ?

A-Arthritis
B-Subcutaneous nodules
C-Carditis
D-Erythema Marginatum
 8. Which one of the following is seen under the microscope and confirm the diagnosis of ARF ?
A- Aschoff Nodules
B- Lewi Body
C- Caseous Necrosis
D- Mallory Body

9.In order to treat patient with Streptococcal pharyngitis , which of the following is the best for him ?
A-penicillin
B-Ceftriaxone
C- Ciprofloxacin
D- Gentamicin

10.Which one of the following is the main pathological process in Chronic Rheumatic Heart Disease ?
A-Calcification
B-Necrosis
C-Amyloidosis
D- Progressive Fibrosis

11. Which one of the following is Clinical feature for Aortic Regurgitation ?
A- Collapsing pulse
B- Syncope
C-Dyspnea
D- Angina

12. Which one of the following is Clinical feature for Mitral Regurgitation ?
A-Early diastolic murmur
B-Mid systolic click
C-Pansystolic murmur
D- Systolic Thrill

13. The Radiological feature that is seen on Mitral Stenosis is ?

A-Single Density
B-Kaerle B line
C-Normal left heart border
D- Coin lesion

14. What is the treatment for Aortic Regurgitation ?

A-Warfarin
B-Beta Blockers
C-Calcium Channel Blockers
D-Aortic valve replacement

15.Water-Hammer pulse is feature of which one of the following ?

A-Aortic Regurgitation B-Aortic Stenosis
C-Mitral Stenosis
D-Mitral Regurgitation
16. Syncope , Angina and Dyspnea are characters for which disease ?
A- Aortic Regurgitation
B-Aortic Stenosis
C-Mitral Stenosis
D-Mitral Regurgitation

17. Enlargement of the Heart can be seen in which of the following ?

A-Aortic Regurgitation
B- Aortic Stenosis
C-Mitral Stenosis
D-Mitral Regurgitation

18. Which one of the following can treat Mitral Stenosis ?

A-Digoxin B-Warfarin
C-Mitral Valve Replacement
D- All the above

19. Which one of the following valve is LESS common affected by Rheumatic Heart Disease?
A-Aortic valve
B- Mitral valve
C-Tricuspid
D-Pulmonary

20. Which one of the following is Clinical feature for Mitral Stenosis?
A-Opening Snap
B-Mid diastolic rumble
C- Soft S1
D-A & B

Answer key :
1-A 2-C 3-A 4-D 5-A 6-D 7-C 8-A 9-A 10-D-11-A 12-C 13-B 14-D 15-A 16-B 17-B 18-D 19-D 20-D