wt! building code requirements for minimum design loads in buildings and other structureswo Secretariat ANSI A58.1-1972 Awision of 88.1-1955 American National Standard Building Code Requirements for Minimum Design Loads in Buildings and Other Structures National Bureau of Standards Approved July 20, 1972 ‘American National Standards Institute, Inc Abstract This revision of American Standard Building Code Requirements for Minimum Design Loads in Buildings and Other Structures, AS8.1-1955, gives assumptions for dead, ive, wind, snow, and earthquake loads suitable for inclusion in building codes, The basis of the requirements is dis cussed in an appendix which also gives supplementary information useful to those engaged in preparing and administering local building codes. While recommended dead loads are essentially those contained in the 1955 publication, new provisions for concentrated live loads and load combinations are contained in this revision. Rec- ‘ommended minimum roof live loads are those contained in the Uniform Building Code, 1970 edition, ‘The section on wind loads has been completely revised, New distributions of extreme fastest tile winds in the United States for various mean recurrence intervals are based on the latest National Weather Service data. A major innovation is the concept of varying load requirements, both with the dynamic properties of the building and with the nature of the terrain. This edi- tion aids the designer 10 understand the dynamic nature of wind loads and their application to teal structures. This insight is expected to produce designs for buildings and other structures of more uniform safety and thus of greater economy. Provisions for snow loads have been greatly expanded and are based on ground snow load for various mean recurtence intervals, Use is made of snow load coefficients, based on roof geom: etty and exposure to wind, to account for local snow accumulation and redistribution due to sliding ‘The provisions relating to earthquake loads are largely based on the Recommended Lateral Force Requirements, 1960 (revised 1968), Seismology Committee, Structural Engineers AS sociation of California. A new seismicity zoning map is contained in the appendix to aid de- signers to anticipate where destructive future carthquakes are likely to occur. Although Zone has been elinated within the continental United States, shear walls or braced frames may be used in lieu of a ductile moment-resisting space frame under cestain conditions.American National Standard ‘An American National Standard implies a consensus of those substantially concerned with its scope and provisions, An American National Standard is intended 38 a guide to aid the manv- facturer, the consumer, and the general public. The existence of an American National Stan- dard does not in any respect preclude anyone, whether he has approved the standard or not, from manufacturing, marketing, purchasing, or using products, processes, ot procedures not conforming to the standard. American National Standards ate subject to periodic review and Users ate cautioned to obtain the latest editions CAUTION NOTICE: This American National Standard may be revised or withdrawn at any time. The procedures of the American National Standards Institute require that action be taken to reaffirm, evise, or withdraw this standard no later than five years from the date Of publication. Purchasers of American National Standards may reveive cucrent information ‘on all standards by calling or wating the American National Standards Institute Pubished by American National Standards Institute 1430 Broadway, New York, New York 10018 Copyright © 1972 by American National Standards Institute, Ine All rights reserved. [No part ofthis publication may be reproduced in any form, ac sm anclectronic retrieval system of otherwie,walhout the prior wntten permission of the pubinher Printed in the United States of America Hsims767790Foreword (This Foreword is not part of American National Standatd Building Code Requirements for Minimum De sign Loads in Buildings and Other Structures, ASB1-1972.) American National Standard Building Code Requirements for Minimum Design Loads in Build- ings and Other Structures, ASB.1-1972, gives assumptions for dead, live, wind, snow, and earth quake Joads suitable for inclusion in building codes. The basis of the requirements is discussed in the appendix, which also gives supplementary information useful to those engaged in pre- paring and administering local building codes. In 1924, » report of the Department of Commerce Building Code Committee, entitled “Mini- ‘mum Live Loads Allowable for Use in Design of Buildings,” was published by the National Bureau of Standards. The recommendations contained in that document were widely used in revision of local building codes and were quoted in many textbooks, Those recommendations, based on a study of data obtained from available sources, represented the considered judgment of experienced architects and engineers In 1945, the ASA Sectional Committee on Building Code Requirements for Minimum Design Loads in Buildings, AS8, issued a report which represented a continvation of work in this field This commitive took into consideration the work of the previous committee and also additional facts that had developed in later investigations. American Standard Building Code Require: ‘ments for Minimum Design Loads in Buildings and Other Structures, AS8.1-1945, covered a somewhat wider field than the 1924 report, Loads were consirued to include weight of materials and equipment, weight of occupants and movable contents, wind pressures, weight of snow, and earthquake forces ‘The 1945 standard was updated by the committee in 1955 and resulted in the issuance of American Standard Building Code Requirements for Minimum Design Loads in Buildings and Other Structures, A5B.1-1955. In accordance with the procedure of the American National Standards Institute, the committee reviewed the standard issued in 1955 and prepared these revised recommendations which em- body results of further research on the subject. ‘This standard is one of a series of related standards that represent recommended basic building. code requirements which are being developed by technical committees under the procedures of the American National Standards Institute, ‘American National Standards Committee on Building Code Requirements for Minimum Design Loads in Buildings and Other Structures, ASB, had the following members at the time it de- veloped and approved ths revision of the standard Edward Cohen, Chairman RD. Marshall, Secretary Organcorion Represented Name of Representative Levon Seon Emil J, Srendy (AL) ‘American Instte of Architects American Insurance Assocation cseseoe coseees Gesald M. Watson ‘American Soviet af Chil Engineers EI sigmund Roos General Sevvices Administration, Pubic Buildings Service TIL perteand G. Berube Intemational Conference of Bulding Officials EINEIIIS ames €. bine Telephone Group IID RUT Ingratgsen US. Depurtseat of the Air Force, Direciorate of Ci Engineering Water €. Buchholz US. Depurinent of the Atty, Office of the Chit of Engineers «++. William A. Heltmaan US. Depariment of Comineree, Envizonmental Data Sevice, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). - H.C.$.Thom US. Depaineat of Commerce, Environmental Research Laboravories, NOAA... Dean $. Carder US. Depariment of Commerce, National Bureau of Standards LD RED Marshall James 0. Bryson (Al) US. Departient of Housing and Urban Development, Federal Hosting Administration (Liason) «= sees Marshall R Hopper ® 8COvgonizetion Represented Nome of Representative US, Department of the Navy, Naval Facies Engineering Conimand JV. Tynell India Members ‘Thomas EB Ray W. Clough Edward Cohen RC. Corson Aahby T. Gibbons, Jr 1W. Hubler ‘Woiam R. Lippincott J LC. Maugh Robert B. B, Moorman David L. Newer. Je (Nathan M, Newmatk Raymond C. Reese Hebert . Satfir Roland L. Sharpe Kail V. Sicinbroge El. Stephenson ‘Alan H. Yorkdale Subcommittee on Dead and Live Loads Raymond C. Reese, Chairman James. Bir. Sigmund Roos ‘Thomas E.Brasell WER, Sctviever 41. W. bier Levon Seton Murvan M, Mawel E00, Stephenson Robert B.B, Moorman Bertold E. Weinberg ‘Subcommittee on Wind and Snow Loads H.C. S, Thom, Chairman Edward Cohen Norman C. Teter LC Maugh Joseph Velozah Herbert’ 8. Safe Subcommittee on Earthquake Loads Dean S. Carder, Chairman RW, Binder Roland L. Sharpe Nathan M Newark Karl V. Sieinbronse Contents s*T™* General 2 11 Scope 12. Definitions 13. Safe Support Required... 14 Additions (o Existing Structures 1S Load Tests 2. Dead Loads. 21 Weights of Materials and Constructions 22 Weigh of Fixed Sevier Equipment 2.3. Provision for Partitions 3. Live Loads 3.4 Uniformly Distributed Loads 3.2 Concentrated Loads 3.3. Partial Loading 3.4 Impact Loads 35 Reduction in Live Loads ....- 0022s 3.6 Posting of Live Loads .....-- +0020 ee 3.7 Restrictions on Loading - ed 3.8 Minimum Roof Loads... 4, Combination of Loads 4.1 Combining Loads 42. Probability Factor 43 Dead Load Counteracting Live LoadSECTION PAGE 5. Soil and Hydrostatic Pressure 5.1 Pressure on Basement Walls . 5.2 Uplift on Floors 6. Wind Loads. 61 General 62 Procedure for Caesaing Wine Loads 6.3 Basic Data 64 Pressure Coefficients ~ General. 65 Buildings and Other Enclosed Structures 6.6 Roofs Over Nonenclosed Structures. 6.7 Chimneys, Tanks, and Similar Structures. 6B Signs and Outdoor Display Structures «2... + 6.9. Square- and Triangular-Section Trussed Towers. 6.10 Overturning and Sliding... 6.11. Stresses During Erection... 7. Snow Loads ... +14 7.4 Basic Snow Loads -m4 7.2 Roof Snow Load . . +25 8. Earthquake Loads . +25 B81 General . +25 8.2. Minimum Earthquake Forces for Structures 32 83 Distribution of Horizontal Shear 84 Drift. 7 8.5. Horizontal Torsional Moments 8.6 Overturning 8.7 Setbacks . 88 Structural Systems 8.9 Design Requirements . 9, Revision of American National Standards Referred to in This Document ‘Tables Toble 1 Minimum Uniformly Disteibuted Live Loads Table 2 Concentrated Loads... Table 3. Minimum Roof Live Loads .....-- 0.0.02. 0eeees i Table 4 Hawaii and Puerto Rico, Basic Wind Speeds in Miles per Hour, V3q- - Table § Effective Velocity Pressures for Ordinary Buildings and Structures, qe, Eaposures A-C 2. -2 ee Table 6 Effective Velocity Pressures for Pars and Portions of ‘Buildings and Structures, qy, Exposures A-C. Table 7 External Pressure Coefficients for Walls, Cp...» Table 8 External Pressure Coefficients for Arched Roofs, Cp Table 9 External Pressure Coefficients for Windward Sto bled Roofs, Cp fi . ‘Table 10 Local Peak Exieinal Pressure Coeficients for Roofs, Cy Table 11 Internal Pressure Coefficients for Buildings, Cpi - Table 12. Effective Velocity Pressures for Calculating Intern Pressures, qyy Exposures AC. ‘Table 13. Net Pressure Coefficients for Flat Plates, Cy «=. +--+ Table 14 Location of Center of Pressure, X/C, for Flat Plates... . Table 15 Net Pressure Coefficients for Chimneys and Tanks, Cy... Table 16 Net Pressure Coefficients for Signs At and Above Ground Level, Cy « Table 17 Net Pressure Coefficients for Latticed Frameworks, Cy. Table 18 Net Pressure Coefficients for Square- and Triangular-Section Towers, Cp sesso Table 19. Ratio of Drag on Towers with Rounded Members to Drag on Towers with Flat-Sided Members able 20. Wind-Loading Coefficients for Guys, Cp and Cysection PAGE Table 21. Horizontal Force Factor Cp for Parts or Portions of Buildings or Table 22. Horizontal Force Factor K for Buildings or Other Structures. - Figure’ Fig. Fig. 2 Fig.3 Fig. 4 Fig. 5 Fig.6 Fig.7 Appendix ALB ALS And 43.11 AB.13 A321 ABS ABS ARG 43.8.1 46.1 463.2 A634 6.3.4 A635 AGA 16.5.4 16.9.6 ATA An2 AI24 8, Tables Table Tabl Table Table Table Figures Fig, Fig. Fig, Fig, Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. 31 32 Other Structures. Basie Wind Speed in Miles per Hour — Annual Extreme Fastest-Mile Speed 30 Feet Above Ground, $0-Year Mean Recurrence Interval 3 Basic Wind Speed in Miles per Hour ~ Annual Extreme Fastest-Mile ‘Speed 30 Feet Above Ground, 100-Year Mean Recurrence Interval 14 Snow Load in Pound-Force per Square Foot on the Ground, $0-Year Mean Recurrence Interval . eee 20) Snow Load in Pound Force per Squate Foot on the Ground, 100-Year Mean Recurrence Interval . Bosoe0nd0 21 ‘Snow Load Distributions and Coefficients . . Snow Load Distributions and Coefficients . . ‘Snow Load Distributions and Coefficients « Safe Support Required - Load Tests . Weights of Materials and Constructions . Required Live Loads... 5 ‘Thrusts on Handeailings Roof Trusses Partial Loading . - Reduction in Live Loads. Posting of Live Loads Fat, Ptched, or Curved Roofs General . ee Basic Wind Speeds - : Effective Velocity Pressures — Variation with Height and Exposure... 42 11 Effective Velocity Pressures for Ordinary Buildings and Structures ........ 44 Shietding and Channeling . . st Pressure Coefficients st Internal Pressure Coefficients. 5 Pattern Wind Loads . . Basic Snow Loads Roof Snow Load Snow Load Coeffiei Earthquake Loads 36-38 38-39 39-40 - 40 58-60 le AL Minimum Design Dead Loads. . le A2_ Range in Weight of Masonry Construction le A3_ Minimum Uniformly Distributed Live Loads. le Ad Minimum Design Loads for Materials - le AS. Important Earthquakes of the United States and Adjoining Regions « 'AL Basic Wind Speed in Miles per Hour — Annual Extreme Fastest Mile Speed 30 Feet Above Ground, 25-Year Mean Recurrence Interval A2 Velocity Pressure Coefficients, Ky « A3_ Exposure Factor, T/z) Ad Gust Power Factor, P...---- AS Gust Coreelation a6 'A7- Snow Load in Pound-Force per Square Foot on the Ground, 25-Year Mean Recurrence Interval 165 [AB Risk Zones and Damaging Earthquakes ofthe U.S. Through 1968...» 55American National Standard eo Building Code Requirements for Minimum Design Loads in Buildings and Other Structures 1. General LA Scope. These requirements are intended to govern assumptions for dead, live, and other loads in the de- sign of buildings and other structures which are subject to building code requirements. The loads specified herein are the minimum suitable for use with stresses ‘and load factors recommended in current design speci fications for concrete, steel, wood, and any other struc tural materials used in buildings. 1.2 Definitions building official, The officer or other designated thority charged with the administration and enforce- iment of the building code or his duly authorized repre sentative, dead load. The weight of all permanent construction, including walls, oors, roofs, partitions, stairways, and fixed service equipment. live load, The weight superimposed by the use and oe: ccupancy of the building or other structure, not includ- ing the wind load, snow load, earthquake loud, or dead load, 1.3 Safe Support Required. Buildings or other struc tures, and all parts thereof, shall be designed and cons structed to support safely all loads, including dead Toads, without exceeding the allowable stresses (or ul- timate strengths when appropriate load factors are ap- plied) for the materials of construction in the struc- tural members and connections. When both wind and ‘earthquake loads are present, only that one which pro- duces the greater stesses need be considered, and both need not be assumed 10 act simultaneously. 1.3.1 Progressive Collapse. Buildings and structural systems shall provide such structural integrity that the hazards associated with progressive collapse, such as that due 10 local failure caused by severe overloads or abnormal loads not specifically covered hevein, are 1 duced to a level consistent with good engineering prac- tice. 1.4 Additions to Existing Structures. When an existing building or other structure is enlarged or otherwise al tered, all portions thereof affected by such enlarge- ‘ment or alteration shall be strengthened, if necessary, 0 that all loads will be supported safely without ex- ceeding the allowable stresses (or ultimate strengths when appropriate load factors are applied) for the materials of construction in the structural members and connections, 1S Load Tests. The building official may require a load test of any construction, whenever there is reason {0 question its safety for the intended occupancy oF 2. Dead Loads ¢ 2.1 Weights of Materials and Constructions. In esti- ‘mating dead loads for purposes of design, the actual weights of materials and constructions shall be used, provided that in the absence of definite information, values satisfactory to the building official may be as- sumed. NOTE: For information on dead loads see Appendix, Table Al 2.2 Weight of Fixed Service Equipment. In estimating dead loads For purposes of design, the weight of fixed service equipment, such as plumbing stacks and risers, clecttieat feeders, heating, ventilating and air-con ditioning systems, shall be included, whenever i is ear. ried by structural members. 2.3 Provision for Partitions. In office buildings or other buildings, where partitions might be subject to erection or rearrangement, provision for partition weight shall, ‘be made, whether or not partitions are shown on the plans, unless the specified live load exceeds 80 pst (pound-force per square foot) 3. Live Loads a 8 a1 formly Distributed Loads 3.1.1 Requited Live Loads, The live loads to be as-AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD AS8.1-1972 Table 1 Minimum Uniformly Distributed Live Loads Live Lost Occupaney or Use 0) Occupancy or Use sf) Apartments (ee Residential) Oftice buildings: ‘Atmories snd dill roms 150 Offices 50 ‘Assembly halls and othe places of assembly: Lobbies 100 Fixed cate “o Corridors, sbove fist loor 0 Movable seats 100 File and computer rooms require heavier Platforms (asembly) 100 loads based upon anticipated eccupancy Balcony (exter) 100 Penal institution (On one and two fly residences only and Celt blocks 40 ‘not exceeding 10054 ft 6 Corridors 100 Bowling alleys, poolzooms, and similar Residential recreational areas 1 ‘Multifamily houses Comsdors: Private partments 40 First Noor 100 Public rooms 100 Other floors, same a8 occupancy sewed Corridors 80 except as indicated Dwellings: Dance halls and ballrooms 100 First floor 0 Dining rooms and restaurants 100 Second foot and habitable attics 30 Dwellings Gee Residential) Uninhabitabe attics 20 Fire escapes 100 Hotel: ‘On mul or single fail residentiat ‘Guest rooms 40 ‘ulldings only 40 Public rooms 100 Garages (pastenget cas onl) 50 Corridor serving public rooms 100 or trucks apd buses use AASHO® lane Condor 80 loads (ae Table 2 for concentrated Reviewing stands and bleachers} 100 Toad requsements) Schools! Grandstands ee Reviewing stands) ‘Chssrooms 0 P Gymnasiums, main Mlooes and balconies 100 Corridors ry ¢ Hospitals: Sidewalks, vehicular driveways, and yards, ‘Operating rooms, laboratories 60 subject to trucking 250 Prvate rooms 0 ‘Skating rinks 100 Wards 40 Stalis and exitways 100 Corridors, sbove fst oor 80 Storage warehouse Hotels ice Residential) ns Libraries 250 Reading rooms 60 Stack rooms (books & shelving at 6S pet) ‘but not les han 150 100 Corridors, above ist oor 80 Upper floors 15 Manufacturing Wholesle 125 Light 12s ‘Trent: Heavy 250 ‘isis, coridors, and lobbies 100 Marquees 15 Orchestra Noort 0 Balconies 60 Stage ors 150 ‘American Association of State Highway Officials Yards and teriaces, pedestrians {For detailed recommendations sce American National Standard for Tents, Grandstands, and Air-Supported Structures Used for Places of Assembly, Z20,31967 (NFPA No. 102-1967). sumed in the design of buildings and other structures shall be the greatest loads that probably will be pro- duced by the intended use or occupancy, but in no ‘ease Tess than the minimum uniformly distributed unit loads required by Table 1 NOTE: For additional information on live toads, see Appendix, ‘Tables AD and Ad, 3.1.3 Thrusts on Handrailings, Stairway and balcony railings, both exterior and interior, shall be designed to resist a vertical and a horizontal thrust of 50 pounds 3.1.2 Loads Not Spsifed. For occupancies oes ae ee enna ofthe rang, 2 ot listed in 3.1.1 oF 3.2, the live load shall be deter. rined in a manner satisfactory to the building offical 3.2 Concentrated Loads. Floors shall be designed to 8Table 2 Concentrated Loads Lad Location ay) levator machine room grating (om area of 43 300 Finish ight Noor plate construction (on aes of I sq in) 200 Garages * Office Nooss 2000 Scuttle, skylight ribs, and accesible ceilings 200 Sidewalks 000 Stair treads (on area of 4 sq ina center of wwead) 300 ‘Poors in garages of portions nf buildings used for storaee of rotor veils shall be designed for fhe uniformly discbuted Tre louds of Table Lor the fallowing concentrated loads: (1) or passenger ears accommodating not move than nie passen- sets 2000 pounds ating onan area of 20 4 in; (2) mechanical Parking structures without slab of deck, pasenger cars only, 1500 pounds per wheel; (3) for mucks or buses, maximum axle Toad om an ates af 20 5 in, support sufely the uniformly distributed live loads pre- seribed in 3.1 or the concentrated loadin pounds given in Table 2, whichever produces the greater stresses. Un- tess otherwise specified, the indicated concentration shall be assumed to occupy an area of 2-1/2 feet square and shall be so located as to produce the maximum stress conditions in the structural members 3.2.1 Roof Trusses. Any panel point of the lower chord of roof trusses or any point of other primary structural members supporting roofs over garage, ‘manufacturing, and storage loots shal be capable of carrying safely 2 suspended concentrated load of not Jess than 2000 pounds 3.3 Partial Loading. The full intensity of the appro: pristely reduced live load applied only to a portion of the length ofa structure or member shall be con: sidered if it produces 2 more unfavorable effect than the same intensity applied over the full length of the structure or member 3.4 Impact Loads. The live louds specified in 3.1.1 shall be assumed to include adequate allowance for ordinary {impact conditions. Provision shall be made in the struc tural design for uses and loads which involve unusual vibration and impact forces. 3.4.1 Elevators, All moving elevator loads shall be increased 100% for impact, and the structural supports shall be designed within the limits of deflection pre scribed by American National Standard Safety Code for Elevators, Dumbwaiters, Escalators, and Moving. Walks, A17.1-1971, and American National Standard AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD AS8.1-1972 Practice forthe Inspeetion of Elevators (Inspectors! Manval), A17.2-1960. 3.4.2 Machinery. For the purpose of design, the weight of machinery and moving loads shall bein creased as follows 10 allow for impact (1) elevator me chinery, 100%; (2) light machinery, shaft or motor driven, 20%; (3) reciprocating machinery or power. driven units, 50%; (4) hangers for floors or balconies, 233%; all percentages increased if so recommended by the manufacturer 34.3 Craneways, All eraneways shall have their de» sign loads increased for impact as follows: (1) a vertical force equal to 259% of the maximum wheel load: (2) a lateral force equal 10 20% ofthe weight of trolley and lifted load only, applied one-half at the top of each rail; and (3) a longitudinal force of 10% of the maxi ‘mum whee! loads ofthe erane applied at top of al 3,5 Reduction in Live Loads 3.5.1 Live Loads 100 Pound:-Force per Square Foot or Less. For live loads of 100 psf or less, the design live toad on any member supporting 150 square feet oF more may be reduced at the rate of 0.08% per sq ft of area supported by the member, except that no reduce tion shall be made for areas to be occupied as places of public assembly, for garages, oF for roofs. The reduce tion shall exceed neither R as determined by the fot Jowing formula, nor 60%: alie2 where R= reduction in percent ‘D= dead load per square foot of area supported by the member = design live load per square foot of area sup- ported by the member 3.5.2 Live Loads Exceeding 100 Pound-Force per ‘Square Foot, For live loads exceeding 100 psf, no re duction shall be made, except that the design live loads con columns may be reduced 20%. 16 Posting of Live Lands, tn every building or other structure, or part thereof, used fur mercantile, bus ness, indus or storage purposes, the loads approved ty the building official shall be marked on plates of approved design which shal be supplied and securely affixed by the owner ofthe building, o his duly au thorized agent ina conspicuous pace ech space to wih they relate, Such plates shall nt be removed or Gefuced and if lest, removed, or defaced, shall ber placed bythe owner o his agenteAMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD ASB.1-1972 «Table 3 Minimum Roof Live Loads® ‘Tributary Loaded Ares in Square Feet for any ‘Structural Member Roof Slope 0.200 201 10600 Over 600 Flat or ste less than 4 Inches per foot| 20 6 2 ‘Arch or dome with rise Jess than 1/8 of span Rise 4 inches pe foot to Jess than 1? inches per foot 6 “4 2 Arch or dome with rie 11/8 of span to lest ‘an 3/8 of span Rise 12 inches pe foot snd greater 2 2 2 ‘Atch or dome with rise 3/8 of span or greater “In pound force per quare foot of horizontal projection 3.1 Restrictions on Loading. A load greater than that for which a Nloor or roof is approved by the building, official shall not be placed, or caused or permitted to be placed, on any floor or roof of a building or other structure. 3.8 Minimum Roof Loads 3.8.1 Flat, Pitched, or Curved Roofs. Ordinary roofs, cither flat, pitched, or curved, shall be designed for the live loads as specified in Table 3 or the snow load as specified in 7.2, whichever produces the greater stresses, 3.8.1.1 Ponding, For roofs, care shall be taken 10 provide drainage or the load shall be increased to rep- resent all likely accumulations of water. Deflection of | roof members will permit ponding of water accom panied by increased deflection and additional ponding. 3.8.2 Special-Purpose Roofs. When used for inciden tal promenade purposes, roofs shall be designed for a minimum live Toad of 60 psf; and 100 psf, when de- signed for roof-garden or assembly uses. Roofs to be used for other special purposes shall be designed for appropriate loads, as directed or approved by the build- ing official 4, Combination of Loads 4.1 Combining Loads, Except when applicable codes make other provisions, all loads listed herein shall be considered to act in the Following combinations, which- 10 ever produce the most unfavorable effects in the build ing, foundation, or structural member concerned, re- duced when appropriate, according to 3.5, The most unfavorable effect may occur when one or mote of the contributing loads are not acting, (or (Q)D4L (3) D+ Work) Patper~ (S)D+L+ Work) (OD+L+T (D+ Work) +r ()D+L+ Work) +T where D = dead load consisting of: (@) the weight of the member itself (b) the weight of all materials of construction incorporated into the building to be perma- nently supported by the member, including built-in partitions (©) the weight of permanent equipment (@ forces due to prestressing L = loads due to intended use and oceupancy (In- cluding loads due to movable partitions and to traveling cranes); snow, ice, of rain; earth and hydrostatic pressure; horizontal components of static or inertial forces. For combinations with earthquake, see 8.9.4 T = loads, forces, and effects due to contraction or expansion resulting from temperature changes, shrinkage, moisture changes, creep in compo- nent materials, movement due to differential settlement or combinations thereof 4.2 Probability Factor. The total of the combined load effects may be multiplied by the following load com- bination probability factors: An increase in the allow- able stresses will not be allowed in conjunction with a decrease due to the above load combinations. (a) 1.00 for combinations (1) through (4) (0) 0.75 for combinations (5) through (7) (6) 0.66 for combination (8) 4.3 Dead Load Counteracting Live Load. When loads other than dead counteract dead loads in a structural member or joint, speciat care shall be exercised by the designer to ensure adequate safety for possible stress reversals, 5, Soil and Hydrostatic Pressure 5.1 Pressure on Basement Walls. In the design of basesent walls, and similar approximately vertical struc: tures below grade, provision shall be made for the lateral pressure of adjacent soil. Due allowance shall be made for possible surcharge from fixed or moving loads, When a portion, or the whole, of the adjacent soil is below a free-water surface, computations shall be based on the weight ofthe soil diminished by buoy- ancy, plus full hydrostatic pressure, 5.2 Uplift on Floors. In the design of basement floors and similar approximately horizontal construction be- low grade, the upward pressure of water, if any, shall be taken as the full hydrostatic pressure applied over the entire area. The hydrostatic head shall be measured from the underside of the construction 6. Wind Loads 6.1 General, Provisions for calculating wind loads on buildings and other structures are described in the fol lowing subsections, These provisions apply to the cal- culation of wind loads on structures as a whole and on individual structural elements. In all cases, the cal- culated wind loads act normal to the surfaces to which they apply. Use is made of new distributions of annus ‘extreme, fastestsmile winds in the United States for various mean recurrence intervals; and the concept of varying load requirements, based on the dynamic prop- erties of the structure and on the nature of the sur- rounding terrain, is employed. The provisions described herein do not apply to buildings and other structures of unusual shape, exposure, or structural characteristics which would make them susceptible to wind-excited oscillations. In such cases, special investigations are re quired for safe and economical design. 6.1.1 Symbols and Notations. The following sym bols and notations apply only to the provisions of Sec tion 6, Wind Loads: rea in squat fet eater dimension of sign in feet = smaller dimension of sign in feet stance between windward and leeward edges of roof in feet rag coefficient et pressure coefficient ft coefficient ternal pressure coefficient ee intemal pressure coefficient 8 diameter or least horizontal dimension of struc ture in feet a= depth of protruding elements in feet Ge = gust factor for ordinary buildings and structures AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD AS8.1-1972 ust factor for parts and portions of buildings and structures stance between bottom of sign and ground in feet eight-to-width ratio. vertical dimension of the building or structure in feet K= factor which depends upon orientation of sign telative to the wind locity pressure coefficient at height z which depends upon type of exposure tio of open area to solid area of a wall nd pressure in psf (pound-force per squate foot) effective velocity pressure acting over area A (200 $A < 1000) in psf ag = elfective velocity pressure for ordinary buildings and structures in psf internal pressure in psf ‘fective velocity pressure in psf for calculating internal pressures dp = effective velocity pressure for parts and portions of buildings and structures in psf basic wind pressure in pst se-to-span ratio V0 # basic wind speed in miles per hour W-= wind load in pounds w= least width of building in feet X= distance to center of pressure from windward, edge of roof in feet 2 = height above ground in feet a= angle between wind direction and plane of roof in Ky % a degrees {B= angle between wind direction and direction of the chord of the guy in degrees roof slope from horizontal in degrees ratio of length of the windward edge of the roof to the distance between windward and leeward edges patio of solid area to gross area of a sign oF tower 6.2 Procedure for Calculating Wind Loads. Wind loads fon buildings and other structures shall be determined, using the following procedure: (1) A mean recurrence interval shall be selected which depends on the intended operational usage, am ticipated life of the structure, degree of sensitivity to wind, and risk to human life and property in ease of failure. (See 63.1.) (2) A basic wind speed is selected from Table 4 or Figs. 1 and 2. This basic wind speed may require ‘modification, as indicated in 6.3.3 (3) The basic wind speed is converted to effective velocity pressures q, oF gp by the fOrmulas of 6.3.4 For convenience, values of @g for ordinary buildings and structures and dp for parts and portions have been. o » WAMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD AS8,1-1972 ° Table 4 and Puerto Rico, Basic Wind Speeds in Miles per Hour, V50 Haws Mean Recurrence Interval (Years) Exposure as 0100 Havait Werterly oo 6s 8 asteily 70 80 90 tabulated in Tables 5 and 6, respectively. Note that certain restrictions are placed on the application of these tables. (4) The design pressures or design loads are obtained. by multiplying the effective velocity pressures by the appropriate pressure coefficients, as indicated in 6.4. Pressure coefficients are given in 6.5 through 6.9. 6.3 Basie Data t 6.3.1 Mean Recurrence Interval. A basic wind speed witha 50-year mean recurrence interval shall be used forall permanent structures except those that, inthe judement of the engineer or authority having jursdic- tion, present a high degree of sensitivity to wind and an unusually high degree of hazard to life and property case of failure. In the latter case, 8 100-yeat mean re- curtence interval shall be used. For structures that have rio human occupants or where there is negligible risk to human life, « 25-year mean recurrence interval may be used. (See Fig. Al.) 6.3.2 Basie Wind Speeds. The basic wind speeds to bbe used in the determination of wind loads on build- ings and other structures are given in Table 4 and in Figs. 1 and 2 for the United States. These speeds cor- respond to the fastest-mile speeds for 50-and 100-year mean recurrence intervals and are based on observed air flow in open level country at a height of 30 feet above ground. Tornadoes have not been considered in de- veloping the basic wind-speed distributions 63.3 Special Wind Regions. Although the wind maps apply to winds from all types of storms except tornadoes, special consideration shall be given to regions where unusual channeling o: lifting may occur, For ocean promontories, mountains, orges, and other ‘unusual exposures, where wind records or experience indicate that the wind speeds given in Table 4 and in Figs, | and 2 are inadequate, higher basic wind speeds may be prescribed by the building official. All mouns tainous and hilly exposures must be carefully examined for such unusual conditions. 6.3.4 Effective Velocity PressuresVariation with eight and Exposure. Wind speeds shown in the wind 2 ‘maps may be converted to velocity pressures, using the formula 30 = 0.00256 753 (&42) where {30% basic wind pressure in pound-force per square foot Vg = basic wind speed in miles per hour ‘The effective velocity pressures of winds for build- ings and structures, @-, and for parts and portions, %p, at various heights above the ground shall be computed in accordance with the following formul (43) (Eq 4) where K, isa velocity pressure coefficient which de- pends upon the type of exposure and height z above ground, and Ge and Gp are gust factors which depend upon the type of exposure and dynamic response chat- acteristics of the structure, or parts and portions thereof. 9p 7K, Gr 430 4p *K, Gr aso 4.1 Effective Velocity Pressures for Ordinary Buildings and Structures, For convenience, values of 4p for ordinary buildings and structures and @p for parts and portions have been tabulated for a range of wind speeds in Tables 5 and 6, Effective velocity pressures at heights intermediate to those listed inthe tables may be obtained by interpolation. A step funetion of pressure with height may also be useds in that case, the specified effective pressure at a given height shall be applied over a height zone defined by one-half the difference in adjacent heights for which effective pressures are specified. For example, the pressure at 100 ft would be applied over a height zone that extends from 75 to 125 f. The effective velocity pressures given in Table 5 take into account the dynamic response to gusts of ordinary buildings and structures in a direction parallel to the wind and should be considered as a minimum. They do not provide forthe effects of vortex shedding or instability due to galloping or Nutter. (See Appendix, AG6.3.4.) Where a dynamic approach to the action of wind gusts is required, the procedure given in Appendix, A6.3.4.1 should be used to obtain the effective velocity pressures. For buildings whose height exceeds five times the least horizontal dimension, and for buildings whose dynamic properties tend to make them wind:sensitive, a detailed analysis shall be required. 6.3.4.2 Effective Velocity Pressures for Parts and Portions, For parts and portions of structures, such asAMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD ASB.1-1972 Fig. asic Wind Speed in Miles per Hour ‘Annual Extreme Fastest-Mile Speed 30 Feet Above Ground, $0-Year Mean Recurrence Interval oPusyey soeatmooy Seay 3,001 “‘Punoin atoqy 1204 of peed amp seeeg sung LY nog sed somo peed puny ang way@ for Ordinary Buildings: Table S Effective Velocity Pressures 1d Structures, dp. EXPOSURE A* AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD AS8.141972 Height Basie Wind Speed (onph) «o, 50 60 0 0 90 100 no 0 130 Less than 30 3 4 5 ‘ 7 9 10 2 “ 30 3 4 3 1 9 un a 15 8 50 3 5 a 9 n B 16 1» B 100 5 7 9 2 1s 8 2 2 uM 150 6 8 n ry 6 2 n 2 38 200 6 9 2 16 n 26 ra 3 3 250 1 10 4 B B 2 a 4a “ 300 8 1s 20 Fu 31 8 4s 3 350 8 1 2 2 Bt a 4° 37 400 9 18 23 2» 36 4“ 32 a 450 10 9 4 3 3 4 38 6 500 10 20 % 2 o 0 38 ss 350 n 2 2 M a st 6 1 600 u 2 28 6 “ st 6 15 650 uw 2 29 ” 4“ 56 66, B 700 n B 3 39 a 38 oo a 150 2 m 2 40 30 oo n uM 800 B 25 3 a st a ” 7 +A: Centers of larg cities and very rough, hilly terrain, Interpoltions ofthe values of yp Table § Effective Velocity Pressures for Ordinary Buildings and Structures, dp. EXPOSURE B* ray be vied for intermediate height Basie Wind Speed mph) Height e) 0 60 0 80 90 100 no 120 0 Less than 30 s ‘ 8 3 6 20 B 2 30 5 1 10 16 20 Fs 8 3 30 6 5.2 » ™ » 3a 0 100 7 a 1s ” 30 36 a 3 150 3 2 ” 2 28 M a 0 8 200 9 1 w ” 3 8 46 34 6 250 10 15 20 26 2 a ° 39 69 300 n 6 2 6 35 3 32 6 DB 350 n 16 2 » 7 4“ 55 6s n 400 2 " 2 ET 39 “a 38 3 a 450 2 B rr 2 0 30 © n u $00 B is 2 3 2 st a us a 550 B 9 % uM 3 3 6 % 90 600 % 20 n 35 4 8s 6 2 92 650 4 2» 8 36 6 37 6 2 96 700 “ 4 2% ” a 38 0 8 38 750 1s 2 » 38 “a 9 2 % 100 800 15 n 30 39 0 6 B a7 102 intermediate heights. : Suburban areas, towns, city outskirts, wooded are at, and rolling terrain, Inerpolations of the values of gz may be used for 15 @AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD ASB 11972 : Table § Effective Velocity Pressures for Ordinary Buildings and Structures, 4, 7 EXPOSURE C* a ‘ase Wind Speed (omph) Height Co) 50 60 7» 80 90 100 no 120 10 Less than 30 1 u 1 20 2% 2 9 4s 30 2 16 n n 3 0 ao 56 50 i“ 18 4 Ft FY “ s4 oa 100 16 Pa 2 3s a“ 33 6 % 150 1" 2B rT 39 a 38 6 a 200 18 25 3 a st a m % 250 9 26 M 3 3 6s n 30 300 20 2 36 “5 56 68 30 % 350 2 2B ” a 8 70 8 7 400 2 » 38 « 9 n 8 100 450 2 30 » 4 6 ” 86 103 300 n 30 0 50 8 1 30 10s 550 2 3 41 82 64 0 9 108, 00 23 2 2 3 65 * 3 10 650 Fn 3 a 54 66 80 96 na 700 m4 B a 35 61 8 °° us 750 25 uM “a 55 oo 5 9 16 00 2s a “5 37 0 as 101 18 Pat open county, open at coastal Belts and rastnd,Interpoatons ofthe values of maybe wed for intermediate heights git, purlins, windows, spandrels, ete, and tributary areas less than 200 59 ft, the velocity pressures given in ‘Table 6 shall be used. For tributary areas from 200 to 1000 sq ft,¢@p may be reduced linearly to the values specified in Table 5. This may be accomplished at height z by the formula: 1000 ¢ a Afr-ae)rer 5) where an eetv velocity presie over wea A (200 <4 < 1000) 6.3.5 Shielding and Channeling. No reductions in pressures from those obtained in 6.3.4 are to be made for the effects of direct shielding afforded by other buildings and structutes or by terrain features. How: ever, any increases in pressure or suction on buildings and structures as ¢ result of such obstructions are to be allowed for in design. : 64 Pressure Coefficients ~ General, In the following sections, external pressure coefficients, Cp, and net pressure coefficients, Cy, are given for various building shapes. Pressure coefficients define the pressure acti at local positions on the surface of a building or struc ture, Net pressure coefficients apply to the direct eal- culation of the wind load acting over the projected area 16 ofa structure and are dependent on its external shape and orientation with respect to the wind, The coefti- cients specified hereinafter have not been increased by a factor of safety. In the calculation of design wind loads on buildings and structures or elements thereof, the pressure dif- ference between opposite faces shall be taken into ac- count. Where more than one coefficient is specified, teach shall be considered in determining the maximum. stresses. Therefore, the resultant design wind pressure ‘acting on an element of an enclosed structure is P= aly — AMC pi (Eq 6) where q equals 4 oF @p, whichever is appropriate, Cy is the external pressure coefficient and qyy and Cy 1 as defined in 6.5.4, A negative value for p indicates that the resultant pressure acts outward. “The total design wind load on a building or struc» ture may be obtained by calculating the vector sum of the resultant forces that act on its elements. In certain cess, where net pressure coefficients are available, the total design wind load may be calculated directly by the following formula WeaGa (a7) Here q and Gyare as defined above and A isthe pro jected area of the structure on a vertical plane normalTable 6 [AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD AS8.1-1972 Pressures for Parts and Portions of Buildings and Structures, ¢, EXPOSURE A¢ ie Wind Speed (mph) Height uw) so cy 70 80 90 100 0 120 130 30 or less 3 5 ‘ 8 10 B 1s 1B 50 4 6 8 10 B 6 9 2B 100 5 8 10 “ ” a 2% 1 150 6 9 2 16 2 2s 3 2 200 1 10 4 8 2m » 3s 2 250 8 2 6 a 2% 2 39 46 300 9 B 0 a » 35 a st 350 10 4 19 Fy 3 38 4“ 35 400 10 is 20 2% 3 a eo 38 450 n 8 2 2 35 a 32 a 500 1 16 n 2 37 4s ss 65 350 2 ia B 30 38 ” 37 68 600 2 18 3 40 ° 9 n 650 B 18 35 3 2 3 62 ” 700 3B 19 26 34 “a 3 64 n 750 4 0 n 3s S 35 6 n 800 “ 20 8 36 “ 3 oe a +A: Conters of large cities and very rough, hilly erain.Interpolations ofthe values of ¢ may be used for intermediate helghts Effective Velocity Pressures for Parts and Portions Table 6 ‘of Buildings and Structures, dy EXPOSURE BY sic Wind Speed (mph) I Height « 50 60 0 80 90 100 no 120 130 30 or less ‘ 8 2 1s 8 ™ 28 a 40 50 1 10 a 1 2 n 3 39 4% 100 a 2 7 2 ” a a a 37 150 10 “4 19 2 au 3s 6 3s 6s 200 n Is py n M 2 st 6 2 250 n 16 2 29 37 “ ss 66 n 300 2 v - 31 % a 39 0 aa 350 a 1s 2s 2 a sh 6 B be 400 3B 19 % a 3 3 6s n %0 450 1% 20 D 35 45 ss 1 80 93 500 “4 a 2» 3 o 3 10 8 7 580 1s an » a a 39 n as 100 00 1s 2 30 a9 9 ot ” 8 103 650 16 2 30 40 50 o 15 90 105 700 ie 2 3 4 3 6 8 2 108, 750 6 4 2 a 3 66 80 95 Mm 00 "7 Fy 3 a 4 a ar 36 n3 +: Suburban ates, owns city outskirts, wooded area and tolling ferain. Intexpolations of the va intermediate heights rs of gp may be vied for ” 6AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD AS8.1:1972 . Table 6 Effective Velocity Pressures for Parts and Portions of Buildings and Struct EXPOSURE C* 8. yp Basie Wind Speed (rnp) Height —— = eo so oo 70 80 100 no 120 130 30 or ess “ 19 u 3 38 “6 ss 30 18 2 n aM a si a 100 18 4 3 9 9 39 10 150 9 6 M 3 3 6s n 200 20 Fd 36 “ 3 cy a 250 2 » 8 a 39 n % 300 2 30 39 $0 6 ” a8 350 2 3 4a 2 64 ” 2 ‘00 24 2 2 3 66 20 95 450 4 3 “3 s or a 96 500 25 Fy “4 56 6 84 9 550 2 Fy 4s 3 0 as 101 600 26 35 “6 38 n a7 104 630 26 36 46 39 n 8 108 700 n 36 6 6o 1 30 107 150 n 3” 45 ol 16 3 109 800 2 37 9 a % 2 no +c: Flat, open country, open fat coastl belt, and grassland, Interpolations of the values of ¢p may be used for intermediate heights to the wind direction, The net pressure shall, in any case, not be less than 10 psf (total design wind load_ Givided by projected area) for the design of structural frames than 1 of parts and portions of structures, The pressure coefficients applicable ata given height fon a building o structure shall be multiplied by the velocity pressure occurring at that height, except that for roofs the coefficients shall be multiplied by the ef fective velocity pressure that occurs at the mean height of the roof, 6.5 Buildings and Other Enclosed Structures 6.5.1 General. All buildings and other enclosed structures shall be designed to withstand the sliding and overturning effects of wind, allowing for the wind that is normal to any wall. The pressure distributions. shall be determined by employing the appropriate pres sute coefficients specified below. 6.5.2 Pressure Coefficients. The pressure coeffi cients given in this section apply to typical rectangular buildings and other enclosed structures that have ver tical walls which may have doors, openable windows, ete, The positive and negative pressure coefficients in- dicate positive pressure and suction pressure, respec: pressure coefficients, listed in Table 7, shall be used for 18 calculating pressures on external surfaces of buildings 6.5.3.1 Walls ~ Local Pressure Coefficients. A _pressute coefficient of ~2.0 sh fall walls, The pressure shall ssumed to act on “vertical strips of width O.1w, where w is the least width of the building, and the computed pressure shall be applied outward, These local pressures shall not be in- cluded with the net external pressure when computing, overall loads, 68.3.2 Roofs 6.5.3.2.1 General, For buildings with a ratio Cf wall height to least width less than 2.5, an external suction pressure eoeffieient of ~0.7 shall be used for the roof und the computed pressure shall be assumed uniform over the entite roof area. For buildings in which the height-width ratio is 2 or greater, a value of -0.8 shall be used for the entire roof area. These coelficients allow for wind parallel to the surfaces of flat, arched, and sloped roofs, 65.3.2.2 Arched Roofs. For wind perpen: dicular to the avis of the arch, the coefficients of Table B shall be used. 6.5.3.2.3 Gabled Roofs. For wind perpendic- ular to the ridge of gabled roofs, a pressure coefficient ‘of -0.7 shall be used for the leeward slope, together with a coefficient for the windward slope which de- pends on the roof slope and the height-width ratio of the building, as given in Table 9. These coefficientsTable 7 External Pressure Coefficients for Walls, Cp Location of Wal Protsore Coefficient Windward wall os Leeward wall both heightwidth and ineighttength ratios of building > 2.5 06 Other od -0s Side walls =07 may also be used for shed and other sloped roofs of buildings. 6.5.3.2.4 Local Pressure Coefficients. The pressure coefficients given in Table 10 shall be used at the ridges, eaves, cornices and 90-degree corners of roofs. The pressure shall be assumed to act on strips of width 0.1w and the computed pressure applied out- ‘ward at these locations along the ridge, eaves, and cor nices. w = least width of building normal to ridge, ‘These local pressures shall not be included with the net external pressure when computing overall loads. 6.5.4 Internal Pressure Coefficients, Pressures acting on the interior surfaces of walls and roofs of buildings AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD AS8.1-1972 shall be computed in accordance with the following formula: = Any (E48) where y= internal pressure in pst y= effective velocity pressure in psf at height 2 Cpi = internal pressure coefficient ‘The pressure is assumed to be uniform on all int nal surfaces at a given building height and shall be cal- culated using the coefficients given in Table 11. Both positive and negative coefficients shall be con- sidered in calculating the maximum stresses. Values of dug for the three terrains ate presented in Table 12. 6.6 Roofs Over Nonenclosed Structures 6.6.1 Net Pressure Coefficients. The net pressure coefficients C, for horizontal or inclined flat roofs over rnonenclosed structures, such as open-air parking ga- rages, shelter areas, outdoor arenas, stadiums and theaters, shall be as given in Table 13 in which a is the angle between the wind direction and the plane of the roof and ) is the ratio of the length of the windward cedge to the distance between the windward and lee: ward edges (aspect ratio). Table 8 External Pressure Coefficients for Arched Roofs, Gj Risesto'Span Windward Center’ "°° “Leeward Ratio, ‘Quarter Halt Quarter Roof on o25) Round (d Vg > 2.5) Moderately smooth* $687 Rough did = 0.02) U7 OO Very rough (id= 0.08) Oe eo a = height of structure in feet; d = dismeter or leat horizontal dimension in fet locity pressure in ps fom Table $. ‘Metal, timber, concret Table 16 Net Pressure Coefficients for Signs At and Above Ground Level, Cy AtGround Level De 6 0 ee my AD G12 1a ar 182 178 hae 20 Above Ground Level ah <6 10 16 20 40 ooo (CF ea va) Taz ees sa) ets faa! at) Table 17 Net Pressure Coefficients for Latticed Frameworks, Cy Rounded Members Pratsided rs Members aygers AVG > 28 Less than 0.1 1a os OF too r os 03 10.0.7 us uw ‘Within + 0.05 ofthe common boundary of tie ranges of tie mean values ofthe net pressive coetficients foe the 10 ranges may be used. fepth in fect of protruding elements such a ribs and spoilers; q = the effective ve ficients for lattices that are comprised of flatsided or rounded elements, where gis the ratio of the solid area to the gross area, d is the diameter in feet of a typical clement, and q isthe velodty pressure in psf, Weighted average coefficients may be used for signs with both. flat-sided and rounded elements, 6.8.4 Appurtenances and Supports, The wind load- ig ON appurtenances and supports shall be accounted for separately by using the appropriate net pressure coefficients. Allowance may be made for the shielding effect of one element on another, 6.9 Square- and Triangular-Section Trussed Towers 6.9.1 Towers with Flat-Sided Members. The net pressure coefficients to be applied to Table 5 for square: and (iangular-seetion towers with similar faces ‘comprised of structural angle or similar flatsided mem: bers, and with the wind normal 0 face, shall be as given in Table 18. Here yis the ratio ofthe solid area to the gross area ofthe face and the net pressure coef: ficient applies to the solid area of the face. For square towers, the coefficients do not allow for any unmasked (outstanding) lacing on the side faces; sch lacing shall be accounted for separately by using the appropriate net pressure evefficients for these elenients and by neglecting the interference effects of the other parts of the tower. 6.9.2 Towers with Rounded Members. For square: and tiangulat-section towers with rounded members, and with wind normal to a face the net pressure coef ficients shall be determined by multiplying the above covicients for towers with flatsided members by the factors in Table 19 for coresponding values of. B 8 °AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD AS8,1-1972 Weighted average coefficients may be used for towers with both flatsided and rounded members. 6.9.3 Oblique Wind Incidence 6.9.3.1 Squire-Section Towers. To allow for the ‘maximum horizontal wind load on square-section trussed towers, which occurs when the wind is oblique to the faces, the wind load for normal wind incidence shall be multiplied by a factor of (1.0 + 0.759) (for y ‘<0.5) and shall be assumed as acting along a diagonal, 6.9.3.2 Triangular-Section Towers. For oblique incidence, the wind force on triangular-section trussed towers (although lower than for normal wind in- cidence) shall be assumed to be the same as for normal incidence. 6.9.4 Tower Appurtenances. The wind loading on. tower appurtenances, such as ladders, conduits, lights, elevators, etc, shall be calculated by using the appro- priate net pressure coefficients for these elements and the effective velocity pressures of Table 6. The contri- bution of these elements to the tower wind loading shall be based on the effective velocity pressures of Table 5. Allowance may be made for shielding effects. 6.9.5 Tower Guys. The minimum net pressure coef- ficient for wind normal to the chord of tower guys shall be 1.2. For oblique wind incidence, the net pres- sure coefficients shall be as given in Table 20 in which is the angle between the wind direction and the chord of the guy, Cp is the drag coefficient which de- fines the horizontal component of the wind force in the direction of the wind, and Cy, is alift coefficient Table 18 [Net Pessure Coefficients for Square- and Triangular-Section Towers, Cy ’ Square Towers Triangular Towers Less than 0.025 40 36 0.025 to 0.45 413 5.189 BM 447g, 045007 18 7 a7 010 13340679 1o+y Table 19 Ratio of Drag on Towers with Rounded Members to Drog on Towers with Flat-Sided Members® ’ Factor Less than 0.3 23 (0.694047) 10 03 1008 0.8101.0 *For dVq < 2.5, where andq typical member diameter in feet locity pretsure inp 24 Table 20 Wind-Loading Coefficients for Guys, Cp and 6 10 20 30 aor so 6 To BT 90" Cp 005 0.1 02 035 06 08 1.03 116 12 L004 O.1s 027 0, 36 045 043 033 O18 0 which defines that component acting normal to the wind and in the plane containing the angle f. The coef: ficients apply to the exposed area of the guys, Ld, L being their chord length and d their diameter. The co- efficients shall be used in conjunction with the effec- tive velocity pressures of Table 5. 6.9.6 Pattern Wind Loads. For guyed towers, a re- duction of 25% of the design pressure, in any span be- tween guys, shall be made for the determination of maximum and minimum moments and shears. The can- tilever portion shall be designed for 125% of the design pressure. 6.10 Overturning and Sliding 6.10.1 Overturning, The overturning moment due to the wind load shall not exceed 66-2/3% of the sta bilizing moment of the building or other structure due to the dead load only, unless the building or other structure is anchored 50 as to resist the excess overturn- ing moment without exceeding the allowable stresses for the materials used. The axis of rotation for com- puting the overturning moment and the moment of stability shall be taken as the intersection of the out side wall line on the leeward side and the plane repre- senting the average elevation of the bottoms of the footings. The weight of earth superimposed over foot- ings may be used in computing the moment of stability due to dead toad. 6.10.2 Sliding. When the total resisting force due to friction is insufficient to prevent sliding, the building cor other structure shall be anchored to withstand the excess sliding force without exceeding the allowable stresses for the materials used. Anchors provided to resist overturning moment may also be considered as, providing resistance to sliding. 6.11 Stresses During Erection, Provision shall be made for wind stress during erection of the building or other structure. 7. Snow Loads 7.1 Basic Snow Loads. The basic snow loads to be as- sumed in the design of buildings or other structures are given in Figs. 3 and 4 for the portion of the United