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60 IMPORTANT RULES OF GRAMMAR

Rule 1:

The subjects Everybody / Everything / Nobody / Nothing

/ Somebody / Something / Anybody / Anything are
singular. Hence, they take singular

verb.

Ex:

1. Everybody is / are ready to do his / their work.

Ans: is & his

2. Anybody can do the work if they try / he tries.

Ans :- Replace “they try” with “he tries” because

anybody is singular

3. Nothing but some books was / were Available

Ans :- was यहाँ but Preposition का काम कर रहा है ।

Preposition के पहले Main Subject Nothing है जो क

singular है ।

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4. Nothing but some students was present.

Ans: - Replace “nothing” with “nobody” because some

students person है और person को indicate करने के लए

nobody का use करगे।

5. Something is / are missing.

Ans :- is

6. Some things is / are missing.

Ans :- are

7. Everybody who wants / want cake should pass his

plate.

Ans :- wants

8. Everyone section of (1) / the society is feeling (2) / the

pinch of rising prices and corruptions (3). / No Error (4).

Ans :- 1

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Explanation :- Replace “Everyone” with “Every” because

everyone is pronoun and section is noun तो noun और

pronoun एक साथ नह ं लखा जाता है तो everyone (pronoun)

को every (adjective) म change करगे।

Note:
Weren’t they
a. Somebody was present, ….………………… ?

Wasn’t it ?
b. Something was present, ………………….
Were they
c. Nobody was present, …..……………… ?

Explanation :- Somebody / nobody person के लए use

होता है तो इसका Question Tag plural बना के करते है । ले कन

something / nothing का use things के लए होता है तो इसका

Question Tag singular बना के करते है ।

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Rule 2:

Each / Every / Either / Neither / Any /

None

Each & Every :-

1) ये pronoun और adjective दोन का काम करता है ले कन

Every को सफ Adjective के प म लख सकते है ।

2) Each का use 2 or more than 2 person/things के लए

जब क Every को more than 2 person/things के लए करते है ।

3) Either :- For two persons/things (in positive

sentences)

Any :- For more than two persons/things (in positive

sentences)

4) Neither :- For two persons/things (in negative

sentences)

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None :

For more than two persons/things (in negative

sentences)

Ex:

1. Each girl was / were present.

Ans :- was

2. Each of the girls was / were present.

Ans :- was

3. Every girl was/were present.

Ans :- was

4. Every of the girls was present.

Ans :- Replace “every” with “each” because we need a

subject (Noun/Pronoun) & each can act as a pronoun.
Every is an adjective.

5. Each student / students wish / wishes to complete

his / her / their work on time.

Ans :- student, wishes & his

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6. Each of the students / student wish / wishes to
complete his / her / their work on time.

Ans :- students, wishes & his

7. Every class is / are ready to attend the seminar.

Ans :- is

8. Practically every part of the banana tree is used by

man.

a. Each part b. Any part

c. Most part d. No improvement

Ans :- No improvement

9. None of the two students did the work.

Ans :- Replace “None” with “ Neither” because none का

use more than 2 person / things के लए होता है जब क

neither का use 2 के लए करते है।

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10. Mr. Sharma has three sons, neither of them is
hardworking.

Ans :- Replace “Neither” with “none”

11. Any of the two students will complete the project.

Ans :- Replace “Any” with “Either” because either का use

2 person/things के लए करते है ।

12. None of the pens is/are working.

Ans :- is

13. Neither of them attended the function, ……Did

they..…….… ?

14. There are four worksheets – please take one of

each/every.

Ans :- each

15. You gave me four toys, and none/any of them works.

They seem broken.

Ans :- None because ये sentence negative म जा रहा है ।

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Rule 3:

Both …. (Used in Positive Sentences)

Both ….. And

Both का use pronoun और adjective दोन के प म कर सकते

है । Both के साथ, verb हमेशा plural होगा।

Ex:

Both were present.

(Pronoun)

Both the students were present.

(Adjective)

1. Both the students as well as the teacher attended the

meeting.

Ans :- Replace “as well as” with “and” because both के

साथ सफ and का use होता है ।

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2. Neither of them went to the cinema.

(a) Both of them did not go (b) Both did not go

(c) Neither did go (d) No improvement

Ans :- No Improvement

3) Both my brother and my friends loves / love cricket.

Ans :- love

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Rule 4:

If two subjects are joined by Either – or / Neither – nor /

Not only – but also, the verb will be according to the
subject, nearer to the verb

Ex:

1. Neither the colour or the size of the clothes suits /

suit me.

Ans :- Replace “or” with “nor” because neither के साथ

हमेशा nor का use होता है । According to Rule of proximity,

the subject is the size which is singular so, verb (suits)

will also be singular.
2. Not only Ram but also his friends was / were present.
Ans :- were

3. Either the students or the principal agree / agrees to

attend the seminar.

Ans :- Agrees

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4. Neither of the scout leaders know (a)/ how to trap
wild animals (b) or how to prepare them for mounting.
(c)/ no error (d)

Ans :- Replace “know” with “knows” because neither के

साथ verb singular होता है । यहाँ एक बात और यान दे ना है क

or यहाँ सह है यो क or conjunction का काम कर रहा है जो क

phrase को phrase से connect कर रहा है।

Rule 5:

Words like hundred, thousand, million, dozen etc are

used in singular form when preceded by a numeral

(number) ये सब सारे words noun और adjective दोन हो

सकते है । Noun का plural बना सकते है ले कन adjective का

plural नह ं बनता है ।

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Ex:

(1) She has donated five-thousand rupees.

Explanation :- Rupees is noun. Noun के पहले लगने वाले

words Adjective होते है । This Sentence is grammatically

correct.

(2) She has donated five-thousands rupees.

Ans :- Replace “thousands” with thousand” because

rupees is noun. Noun के पहले लगने वाले words Adjective

होते है । तो हमलोग thousand का plural नह ं बना सकते है

because यहाँ thousand adjective है ।

(3) She has donated thousands of rupees.

Ans :- This sentence is grammatically correct. Because

यहाँ of लगा हुआ है । Of के पहले thousands है जो Noun का काम
कर रहा है ।

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(4) She brought two dozens eggs.

Ans :- Replace “dozens” with “dozen” because यहाँ dozen

adjective का काम कर रहा है िजसका हम plural नह ं बना सकते

है ।

(5) She bought two dozen eggs.

Ans :- This sentence is grammatically correct.

(6) She bought dozens of eggs.

Ans :- यहाँ “dozens” correct है यो क Noun का काम कर रहा

है ।

(7) Dozens of eggs was / were bought.

Ans :- Were

(8) Two-thousands people were present.

Ans :- Replace “thousands” with “thousand” because

thousand यहाँ adjective का काम कर रहा है ।

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(9) Thousands of people were present.

Ans :- This sentence is grammatically correct. Because

thousand यहाँ Noun का काम कर रहा है ।

Rule 6 :

Uses of Until / Unless / If / Whether / That Until :- ये

conjunction और preposition दोन का काम करता है।

Unless :- ये सफ conjunction का काम करता है । Until का use

time बताने के sense म करते है जब क unless का use

condition के लए करते है ।

Ex

1. I will wait until he comes.

Ans :- Until यहाँ conjunction का काम कर रहा है यो क until

clause को clause से जोड़ रहा है ।

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2. I will wait until Monday.

Ans :- Until यहाँ preposition का काम कर रहा है .

If :- If का use condition और doubt / uncertainty बताने के

sense म use करते है ।

Ex.

1. If he comes, I will go.

Explanation :- यहाँ if condition के बारे म बता रहा है ।

2. I don’t know if he will come. Explanation :- यहाँ if

doubt के बारे म बता रहा है ।

Note :- If के साथ will का use होता है जब doubt के बारे म बोला

जाए ले कन जब condition के बारे म बोले तो will का use नह ं

करते है ।

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Ex.

1. If they will come, I will go.

Ans :- This Sentence is grammatically incorrect.
Remove “will” because यहाँ if condition बता रहा है ।

2. I don’t know if he will come.

Ans :- This Sentence is grammatically correct. Because
यहाँ if doubt बता रहा है ।

Whether :- Whether का use doubt / uncertainty बताने के

sense म करते है ।

That :- That का use certainty/Surety बताने के sense म

करते है ।

Ex.

1. I will wait unless / until he comes

Ans :- until, because unless condition और until time

बताता है पर यहाँ time क बात कह जा रह है।

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2. Unless / Until he works, he will not succeed.

Ans :- Unless, because यहाँ condition बताया जा रहा है ।

Note:

1) he doesn’t work, he will not succeed.

a. Unless b. If

Ans :- If

Note :- What is difference between If & Unless ?

Ans :- If & Unless दोन का use condition बताने म करते है ।

Difference :- If + not = Unless

It means that if के साथ not का use कर सकते है ले कन

unless के साथ not का use नह ं कर सकते है because unless
खुद म ह negative word है ।

Ex.

One can’t succeed in life (a)/ unless one are (b)/ not
punctual in one’s work. (c)/ No error (d)

Ans :- b

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Explanation :- Replace “unless one are” with “if one is”.

Ex.

1. I don’t know if / whether he will come.

Ans :- यहाँ if और whether दोन सह है । आप दोन म से कसी

को भी लगा सकते है ।

2. I don’t know if / whether he will come or not.

Ans :- Whether, because if के साथ or का use नह ं होता है ।

3. I have few doubts that / whether he will come.

Ans :- That, because यहाँ few लगा हुआ है इसका मतलब ये है

क मुझे ना के बराबर doubt है । इसका मतलब ये हुआ क मै sure

हूँ। जब surety क बात हो तो that का use करगे।

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4. I have a few doubts that / whether he will come.

Ans :- Whether, because यहाँ a few लगा हुआ है इसका

मतलब ये है क मझ
ु े at least कुछ तो doubt है । इसका मतलब ये

हुआ क मै unsure हूँ। जब unsurety क बात हो तो whether का

use करगे।

Note :

That के साथ if का use करगे जब condition हो ले कन जब

doubt हो तो that के साथ if का use नह ं करगे।

1. I don’t know that if he will complete the work

on time.

Ans :- This sentence is grammatically incorrect

because यहाँ if doubt बता रहा है ।

2. I know that if he helps me, I will be able to do

the work.

Ans :- This sentence is grammatically correct because

यहाँ if condition बता रहा है ।

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Rule : 7

Avoid using double comparatives and double

superlatives.

Ex.
1. He is more wiser than his brother.
Ans :-

Remove “more” because दो comparative degree (more &

wiser) एक साथ नह ं आ सकते है ।

2. Sachin is capable of doing more better work.

Ans :- Remove “more” because दो comparative degree(

more & better ) एक साथ नह ं आ सकते है ।

3. She is the most smartest girl in the class.

Ans :- Remove “most” because दो superlative degree(

most & smartest ) एक साथ नह ं आ सकते है ।

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4. She is the most intelligent girl in the class.

Ans :- This sentence is correct.

Note:-

More better ❌

Much better ✔

Better के साथ more का use नह ं करते है ले कन better के साथ

much का use कर सकते है ।

Ex.

1. She is feeling much better.

Ans :- This sentence is correct.

Rule : 8

The words “ comparatively” and “relatively” take

adjectives of POSITIVE DEGREE.

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Ex.

1. The weather is comparatively hot / hotter.

Ans :- Hot because comparatively खुद comparison कर ह

रहा है तो इसके साथ comparative degree ना लगा के positive

degree use करते है ।

2. The train is relatively slow / slower.

Ans :- Slow because relatively खुद comparison कर ह रहा

है तो इसके साथ comparative degree ना लगा के positive

degree use करते है ।

3. Earlier job opportunity were comparatively good /

better.

Ans :- Good because comparatively खद

ु comparison कर

ह रहा है तो इसके साथ comparative degree ना लगा के

positive degree use करते है ।

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4. It does more harm than good / better.

Ans :- Good, because than के पहले comparative degree

का use करते है ना क बाद म।

Rule : 9

जब भी sentence म twice, thrice, two times, etc. आ जाये

तो इसका comparative degree “as – as” लगा के करते है । और

जब भी sentence म “as – as” से comparison हो तो “as – as”

के बच म positive degree आएगा।

1. He is twice taller than his brother.

Ans :- Replace “taller than” with “as tall as”

2. He is two times taller than his brother.

Ans :- Replace “taller than” with “as tall as”

3. He is two times as tall as his brother.

Ans :- This sentence is correct.

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4. He is equally as smart as his brother.

Ans :- Remove “equally” because equally और as – as

दोन से comparison नह ं कर सकते है ।

5. How many eggs and money do you need ?

Ans :- Add “how much” before money because egg is

countable noun और money is uncountable noun.

Countable noun के साथ many जब क uncountable noun के

साथ much का use करते है ।

6. These all mangoes are ripe.

Ans :- Replace “these all” with “all these” because this,

that, these, those, are demonstrative adjective. और

adjective noun से पहले लगता है ।

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Rule : 10

If two qualities of the same person/thing are compared,

them comparative degree is made not by using “er” but
by using “more”.
Ex.
1. She is smarter than her sister.
Ans :- This sentence is correct.

2. She is smarter than beautiful.

Ans :- Replace “smarter” with “more smart” because जब

एक ह person क 2 qualities का comparison हो तो इसका

comparison “er” ना लगा के, “more” लगा के करते है ।

3. He is braver than his brother.

Ans :- This sentence is correct.

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4. He is braver than wise.

Ans :- Replace “braver” with “more brave” because जब

एक ह person क 2 qualities का comparison हो तो इसका

comparison “er” ना लगा के, “more” लगा के करते है ।

Rule 11:

Ensure that the verb is according to main subject (and

not qualifier). जब भी main subject और qualifier पहचानने

म problem हो तो आप preposition (of) का सहारा ले सकते है ।

Preposition से पहले वाला subject main subject होता है और

preposition के बाद वाला subject qualifier या preposition

का object होता है ।

Ex.

(a) The box of Nestle’s chocolates is / are missing.

Ans :- is, because the main subject is the box which is

singular.

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(b) The boxes of Nestle's chocolates is / are missing.

Ans :- are, because the main subject is the boxes which

is plural.

(c) The decoration of the rooms is / are beautiful.

Ans :- is, because the main subject is the decoration

which is singular.

1. From my hotel I could see that a flock of birds were

flying over the lake.

a. From my hotel b. I could see

c. over the lake d. were flying

Ans :- d

Explanation :- a flock is singular. So, the verb will also

be singular.

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2. The prices of tomatoes has soared up to Rs. 65 - 70
per kg in many parts of the country.

a. soared up b. No error

c. The prices of tomatoes has

d. in many parts of the

Ans :- c

Explanation :- Replace “has” with “have”.

3. A letter of recommendation (1) / from the principal

and (2) / the Head of English department have helped
him to get the lucrative job. (3) / No Error (4).

Ans :- 3

Explanation :- Replace “have” with “has” because main

subject of the sentence is “a letter of recommendation”
which is singular.

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4. The latest global snapshot of (1) / student
performance show decline in scores (2) / in the US and
stagnant performance in science and reading. (3) / No
Error (4).

Ans :- 2

Explanation :- Replace “show” with “shows” because the

main subject is the latest global snapshot which is
singular.

5. One-third of the pillar has/have rotted away.

Ans :- has, because the main subject is pillar which is

singular. One – third, two-thirds, etc. are numeral

adjective. और कसी भी sentence को subject होने के लए उसे

noun / pronoun होना चा हए।

6. One-third of the pillars has/have rotted away.

Ans :- have
7. Two-thirds of the pillar has / have rotted away.
Ans :- has

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8. Two-third of the (1)/ pillar has (2)/ rotted away (3)/ no
error(4)
Ans :- 1
Explanation :- Replace “two-third” with “two-thirds”

because two लगा हुआ है ।

9. A third of us (a)/ feels compelled to check our phones

(b)/ in the middle ofthe night. (c)/ no error (d)
Ans :- b
Explanation :- Replace “feels” with “feel” because the
main subject is us which is plural.

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Rule 12 :
SUBJECT NOUN VERB
PLURAL PLURAL
1. MANY,
NUMBER
PLURAL PLURAL
2. A MANY,

A NUMBER
SINGULAR SINGULAR
3. MANY A
PLURAL SINGULAR
4. THE MANY,

THE NUMBER
SINGULAR SINGULAR
5. MORE
THAN ONE
PLURAL PLURAL
6. MORE
THAN TWO
PLURAL PLURAL
7. MORE
PERSON
THAN ONE

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Ex.

(i) Many a girl / girls go / goes to college in time.

Ans :- girl & goes

(ii) A good many girl / girls go / goes to college in time.
Ans :- girls & go
III. Many a man have (a)/ come to India
from Canada (b) / to live here permanently.(c)/ no error
(d)
Ans :- has
IV. A great many student (a) have been declared (b)/
successful (c)/ no error (d)
Ans :- Replace “student” with =

“students” because many के बाद noun plural आना चा हए

यो क आगे दे खे तो verb (have) plural है ।

V. More than one room / rooms is /a re vacant.

Ans :- room & is
VI. More than two room / rooms is / are vacant.
Ans :- rooms & are

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VII. More rooms / room than one is / are vacant.

Ans :- rooms & are

VIII. The number of orders is / are small.

Ans :- is

IX. The number of student / students was / were low.

Ans :- students & was

Rule 13:

1. Mr. Sharma is one of our officers who is / are always

alert.

Ans :- are, because जब भी sentence म relative pronoun

आ जाये तो उसका subject ठ क उसके पहले वाला होता है । तो

यहाँ हमारा subject our officers होगा जो क plural है ।

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2. Mr. Sharma is only one of our officers that is/are
always alert.

Ans:- is, because यहाँ only one officer क ह बात कह जा

रह है । िजसका मतलब ये है क सफ एक ह officer क बात हो

रह है ।

3. Mr. Sharma is one of our only officers that is/are

always alert.

Ans :- are, because यहाँ only officers क ह बात कह जा रह

है । िजसका मतलब ये है क कुछ ह officers है जो क plural

sense दे रहा है ।

4. It is I who is/am responsible for the mistake.

Ans :- am, because who is relative pronoun और who के

पहले I है जो क singular है तो verb को भी singular होना

पड़ेगा।

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5. He is one of the best writers that
has / have ever lived.

Ans :- have, that is relative pronoun और that के पहले का

subject writers है जो क plural है।

Rule 14

Use of Tense in Conditional Sentences.

Ex.

a) If you will come, I will go. ❌

b) If you come, I will go. ✔

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Note:-

एक conditional sentence म दो "Future Tense” नह ं use हो

सकता। Conditional वाला Clause "Simple present” म

होगा। Similarly, conditional sentence को past म भी use

कया जा सकता है ।

a. If he comes, I will go.

(Simple Present) (Simple future)

b. If he came, I would go.

(Simple Past) (Simple Past)

c. If he had come, I would have gone.

(Perfect) (Perfect)

NOTE:
(I) If he would have read (a) / the
instructions carefully (b) / he would not have committed
mistakes.(c) / No Error.(d)
Ans :- a

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Explanation :- Replace “would have” with “had read”

because िजस तरह एक conditional sentence म दो will /

shall नह ं आ सकते है उसी तरह दो would / could / should

have नह ं आ सकता है । तो हम if या न conditional clause को

Past perfect करना होगा।

(ii) If we had Mohan (a) / in our team (b) / we would

have won the match. (c) / No Error. (d)
Ans :- a (had had Mohan)

Explanation :- Add “had” after we because sentence के

2nd part को दे खे तो past perfect म है तो 1st part भी past

perfect म होगा।

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Rule 15:

Note :- कसी भी sentence म अगर time पर जोड़ दया जा रहा

है तो उस sentence को simple past म रखगे पर तु action मे

जोड दया जाये तो उस sentence को past perfect/ present

perfect म रखगे।

(a)
I. He has left for London last night.

Ans :- Replace “has left” with “left” because इस

sentence म time पर जोड़ दया जा रहा है तो sentence

को simple past म होना पड़ेगा।

II. He has left for London.

Ans :- This sentence is correct.
(b) She had seen the movie yesterday.

Ans :- Replace “had seen” with “saw” because इस

sentence म time पर जोड़ दया जा रहा है ।

40
(c) Two years ago, the earthquake had destroyed the
city.
Ans :- Replace “had destroyed” with “destroyed”
(d) I was hearing the dog barking last evening.
Ans :- Replace “was hearing” with “heard” because last

evening क बात कह जा रह है ।

(e) Newton has discovered that the force of gravitation

makes apples fall.
Ans :- Replace “has discovered” with “discovered”
(f) I have taken my lunch.

Ans :- This sentence is correct because यहाँ action म

जोड़ दया जा रहा है ।

(g) I have taken my lunch an hour ago.

Ans :- Replace “have taken” with “took”

41
Rule 16:
With expressions such as “IT’S TIME”, “IT’S HIGH TIME”,
“IT’S ABOUT TIME” , always take Simple past.
Ex:
(a) It’s time he goes / went / had gone to school.
Ans :- went
(b) It’s time to do the work.

Ans :- This sentence is correct. Because it’s time के बाद

infinitive आ गया है ।

(c) It’s high time he does / did the work.

Ans :- did

42
Rule 17:
Suppositional sentences having phrases like “I wish”,
“He / She wishes”, “as if”, “ as though”, and indicating
some unfulfilled wish / desire take the simple past.
Ex:
(a) I wish I was / were a doctor.

Ans :- were, because suppositional sentence म tense

हमेशा past होगा और plural form म होगा।

(b) If she was / were a bird, she would fly.

Ans :- were
(c) He behaves as if he knows / knew everything
Ans :- knew
(d) He commands as though he was / were my boss.
Ans :- were

43
Rule 18.
If two nouns are joined by prepositions, the noun on
either side is SINGULAR and the verb is also SINGULAR.
But nouns should be the same.
Ex:
1. Women after women spoke against the cruel
practices of dowry.
Ans :- Woman after woman
2. Days by days, he is becoming
weaker.
Ans :- Day by day
3. Pile on pile of books was/were arranged.
Ans :- was
4. Page after page of the Gita was/were read.
Ans :- was
5. He enquired from doors to doors.
Ans :- door to door

44
Rule 19:
If pronouns like somebody, anybody, everyone,
something etc. are followed by “else”, apostrophe ‘s’ is
used with “else”.
Ex:
(a) Somebody’s purse has been stolen.
Ans :- This sentence is correct.
(b) Somebody’s else’s purse has been stolen.

Ans :- This sentence is wrong because जब भी sentence

म somebody, anybody, everyone, something, etc. के बाद

else आ जाये तो apostrophe else म लगाएंगे।

(c) Somebody else’s purse has been stolen.

Ans :- This sentence is correct.
Note:
(d) Ram’s uncle’s friend.

Ans :- कसी भी sentence म 2 apostrophe एक साथ नह ं आ

सकता है ले कन जब 2 apostrophe conjunction से जुड़ा हो तो

आ सकता है ।

Correct form :- Friend of Ram’s uncle

45
Rule 20:
Two or more nouns joined by “and” implying separate
possession must take separate possessive sign or
apostrophe.
Ex:
a. I went to Ram’s and Sita’s house and found the couple
missing.

Ans :- Replace “Ram’s” with “Ram” because जब भी

sentence म 2 subjects आ जाए और दोन मलकर एक unit म

काम करे या दोन बाते एक ह के बारे म बोला जाए तो

apostrophe 2nd वाले के साथ लगाएंगे।

b. Mala’s and Priya’s account.

Ans :- This is correct. Because यहाँ Mala और Priya दोन

का separate account है तो दोन के साथ apostrophe

लगाएंगे।

46
c. Mala’s and Priya’s joint account.

Ans :- Replace “Mala’s” with “Mala” because यहाँ दोन का

account एक ह है ।

Rule 21:
1. One and a half hour. ❌
2. One and a half hours.✔
3. An hour and a half. ✔
4. Two and a half kilometers. ✔
5. Two kilometers and a half. ✔
Ex:
1. One and a half years was/were wasted.
Ans :- were
2. A year and a half was/were wasted.
Ans :- was

47
Rule 22:
Compound noun is a noun which is made of two or more
words. In order to make compound nouns plural, we
have to add s/es/ies to the root words.

SINGULAR PLURAL
1. Son-in-law 1. Sons-in-law
2. Brother-in-law 2. Brothers-in-law
3. Commander-in- 3. Commanders-in-
chief chief
4. Passer by 4. Passers by
5. Onlooker 5. Onlookers
/lookers-on
6. Maid-servant 6. Maid-servants
7. Step-daughter 7. Step-daughters
8. Book Fair 8. Book Fairs
9. Spoonful 9. Spoonfuls
10. Member of 10. Members of
Parliament Parliament

48
11. Chief Minister 11. Chief Ministers
12. Landlord 12. Landlords
13. Girl student 13. Girl students
14. Man athlete 14. Men athletes
15. Woman athlete 15. Women athletes
16. Man servant 16. Men servants
17. Man hater 17. Man haters
18. Woman lover 18. Woman lovers
19. Bed-room 19. Bed-rooms
20. Man-of-war 20. Men-of-war

NOTE:
1) Haves and haves not ❌
Haves and have nots ✔
2) Whereabout ❌
whereabouts ✔
Ex:
(a) He refused to divulge any information regarding her
whereabouts / whereabout.
Ans :- whereabouts

49
(b) The population of India is divided into two classes -
Haves and Have nots/haves and haves not.
Ans :- Haves and have nots
(c) All his sister-in-laws are married and settled in
London.
Ans :- Replace “sister-in-laws” with “sisters-in-law”
because plural of sister-in-law is sisters-in-law.

Note: जब plural बनाना हो तो root word म “s” लगते है पर

जब possession बताना हो तो last wale word म apostrophe

लगाते है ।

1. The commander’s-in-chief orders arrived late and the

forces had to retreat.
Ans :- Replace “commander’s-in-chief” with
“commander-in-chief’s”
2. I attended my sister’s-in-law marriage yesterday.
Ans :- Replace “sister’s-in-law” with “sister-in-law’s”

50
Rule 23:

Cousin के साथ brother/sister नह ं लगाते है पर जब gender

clear नह ं हो रहा है तो वहाँ लगा सकते है ।

1. He is my cousin brother.

Ans : This is wrong. Because यहाँ cousin के साथ brother

नह ं आएगा यो क इस sentence म he लगा हुआ है िजससे हम
इसका gender पता चल रहा है तो brother लगाने क ज रत नह ं
है ।
2. She is my cousin sister.

Ans : This is wrong. Because यहाँ cousin के साथ sister

नह ं आएगा यो क इस sentence म she लगा हुआ है िजससे हम

इसका gender पता चल रहा है तो sister लगाने क ज रत नह ं

है ।

51
3. I went to the temple with my cousin sister.

Ans :- This sentence is correct. Because यहाँ gender पता

नह ं चल रहा था तो gender बताने के लए sister का use कया

गया है ।

4. It was a blunder mistake.

Ans :- Remove “mistake” because blunder and mistake
both are nouns and give same meaning. 2 nouns cannot
come together. So, we remove mistake.
5. The angry mob attacked the police officers.

Ans :- Remove “angry” because angry crowd को ह mob

कहते है तो mob के साथ angry लगाने क ज रत नह ं है ।

6. He is a coward person.
Ans :- Remove “person” because coward and person
both are nouns. 2 nouns cannot come together. So, we
remove person.
7. What is the passing/pass marks in Mathematics?
Ans :- pass
8. Which is the link / linking road to the city?
Ans :- link

52
9. Put your sign / signature on the documents.
Ans :- signature

Sign (verb) means ह ता र करना

Sign (noun) means च ह

Signature (noun) means ह ता र

10. The documents should have your photo/photograph

attached to it.
Ans :- Photograph
Photo is intangible image
Photograph is physical image
11. He is a pick pocket / pick pocketer.
Ans :- pick pocket
12. The house is made up of bricks.

Ans :- Brick, because brick का plural नह ं बनता है ।

13. I already have the equipments / equipment required

for the work.

Ans :- Equipment, because equipment का plural नह ं होता

है यो क a group of tools is called equipment.

53
14. The train which met with an accident was carrying
some army personnels/personnel.

Ans :- personnel, because personnel आपने आप म plural

है । इसम ‘s’ नह ं लगेगा।

15. The authority/authorities didn’t pay heed to his

matter.
Ans :- authorities
Authority means Power
The authorities means persons in power

Rule 24:

1. You should not boasting of your achievements.

Ans :- Replace “boasting” with “boast” because should is

modal verb और modal verb के बाद verb का 1st form आता

है ।
54
2. The pedestrians should to be cautious while crossing
the road.
Ans :- Replace “to be” with “be” because should is modal

verb और modal verb के बाद verb का 1st form आता है । (To

be infinitive (noun) है ।)

3. The conference will been a celebration of women’s

achievements.
Ans :- Replace “been” with “be” because will is modal

verb और modal verb के बाद verb का 1st form आता है ।

4. We should honest in our dealings.

Ans :- Add “be” after should because जब भी modal verb

के बाद adjective आ जाए तो modal verb के बाद be लगाएंगे।

5. She must not to waste time.

Ans :- Replace “to waste” with “waste” because must is

modal verb और modal verb के बाद verb का 1st form आता

है ।

55
6. A new chapter may been put forth that India gained
independence only in the year and not in 1947.
Ans :- Replace “been” with “be” because may is modal

verb और modal verb के बाद verb का 1st form आता है ।

Rule 25:

(a) Ex.:-

i) We should respect our elders.

(Advice)

ii) Should he work, he will succeed.

(Condition)

Note:-
1. If he works, he will succeed.
2. Should he work, he will succeed.
“Should as a modal verb can also be used to express
“condition”

56
b. He said, “ I shall do the work.
He said that he should/would do the work.
Ans :- would, because past of shall is should and would.

Shall का past should कब use करते है जब कोई कसी को

advice दे रहा हो और जब advice ना हो तो would लगाएंगे।

c. He said, “We should respect our elders.”

He said that they would/should respect their elders.

Ans :- should, because यहाँ advice का sense दे रहा है ।

d. Should/Ought to/Had better ये सारे words duty/advice

का sense दे ता है ।

Had Better(Modal Verb) अपने साथ verb का 1st form लेता

है । और इसका tense present tense होता है ।

Ex.
1. You had better gone/go to school on time.
Ans :- go
2. You should go to school on time.
Ans :- This sentence is correct.

57
3. You had better to stop taking medicine which have
side effect.
Ans :- Replace “to stop” with “stop”

Rule 26:

Used To:- It denotes habit of the past. “Used to” को

“modal verb” और “adjective” दोन तरह से use कर सकते है ।

अगर Modal का काम करे गा तो V1 लेगा ले कन adjective का

काम करे गा तो Gerund (ing) लेगा। Gerund "ing" form म

Noun का काम करता है और adjective Noun को describe

करता है ।

Ex:
1. He used to work hard.

Ans :- यहाँ का used to modal verb है यो क modal verb के

बाद verb का 1st आता है जो क work है ।

58
2. He is used to work/working hard.

Ans :- working, because यहाँ used to adjective का काम

कर रहा है यो क अगर "used to" Modal verb होता है तो

Helping Verb का काम करता है। यहाँ पहले से "is" लगा है जो

Main Verb है । इसी लए यहाँ used to adjective है ।

3. He is used to hard-work.

Ans :- This sentence is correct. (यहाँ hard-work noun है

और used to adjective है ।

4. He got used to work/working hard.

Ans :- working, because यहाँ "got" Main Verb & “used to”

adjective है ।

5. Camels are used to carry/carrying loads.

Ans :- carry, because ये sentence passive म है । जब

passive म हो तो “used to” main verb का काम करता है तो to

के बाद v1 आएगा।

59
Rule 27:
Can / Could :- Both can/could denotes

ability/capability. Can/could के साथ able/capable word

का use नह ं करगे। यो क दोन का meaning same होता है ।

May / Might :- ये दोन words possibility बताता है ।

May/might के साथ possible/likely word का use नह ं करगे।

यो क दोन का meaning same होता है ।

(a) He may possibly attend the party.

Ans :- Remove “possibly”
(b) It may likely rain.
Ans :- Remove “likely” because likely
word bhi possibility batata hai.
(c) I can be able to do the work.
Ans :- Remove “be able to”
(d) Because of heavy rain, the students could not be
able to attend the meeting.
Ans :- Remove “be able to”

60
Rule 28:
The phrases “ with a view to” and “looking forward to”
always take Gerunds. Both are prepositional phrases
which take noun in the form of Gerund(ing).
(1) Looking forward to – expect / anticipate something
positive
(2) With a view to – with the purpose of
Ex:-
1) I come here to teach. ✔
2) I come here with a view to teach/ teaching.
Ans :- teaching
3) I hope to meet you. ✔
4) I am looking forward to meet/ meeting you.
Ans :- meeting
5) I am looking forward to good results. ✔

61
6) We are looking forward (a) / to hear news (b)/ about
the missing fisherman. (c) / No error (d)
Ans :- b
Explanation :- Replace “hear” with “hearing” because

looking forward to के बाद gerund आता है ।

7) With a view to avoid (a) / traffic accidents (b)/ the

road was blocked. (c) / No error (d)
Ans :- a
Explanation :- Replace “avoid” with “avoiding” because a

view to के बाद gerund आता है ।

Rule 29:
Gerund :-
When the “....ing” form of verb acts as a Noun, it is called

Gerund. Gerund होने के लए या तो उस "....ing" form को वा य

म Subject या Object बनना होगा।

62
Ex:
1. Swimming is good for health.
(Gerund)

2. He enjoys swimming.
(Gerund)

3. He is fond of swimming.
(Gerund)

4. No smoking.
(Gerund)

Participle :
When Verb acts as an adjective. It is called participle.
A) Present Participle:- When “...ing” form acts as an
adjective.
B) Past Participle:- When “V3” form acts as an adjective.
Ex:
1) The book is interesting.
(Present Participle)

2) The broken glasses were repaired.

(Past Participle)

63
Note: -
Gerund:- It takes a possessive case.
Participle:- It takes an objective case.

Ex:-
1. I don’t mind him/ his staying late hours.
Ans :- his
2. My father appreciates me/ my working hard.
Ans :- my
3. Due to me (a) / being a new comer (b) / does not
excuse your fault. (c) / No error (d)
Ans :- a
Explanation :- Replace “me” with “my” because due to is

a prepositional phrase और prepositional phrase के बाद

gerund आता है । तो being is gerund. Gerund के पहले

possessive case आता है ।

4. I don’t mind (a)/ Rohan staying (b)/ late hours with his
friends. (c)/ No error (d)
Ans :- b
Explanation :- Replace “Rohan” with “Rohan’s”
64
5. I saw him/ his leaving the house.
Ans :- him
6. My father appreciated me/ my working hard.
Ans :- my
7. He saw us/ our parking the car.
Ans :- us
Rule 30:
INFINITIVE (T0+V1)
An infinitive takes the base form of a verb.
It acts as a Noun (sub/object) in a sentence.
Ex:-
(a) To learn a new language is difficult.
(b) To err is human and to forgive is divine.
(c) He wishes to earn money quickly.
(d) He comes to see me everyday.
(e) The train is about to enter the station
Note:
Bare infinitive (Without “to”)
Certain verbs/ phrases take Bare Infinitives.

65
Ex:-
make/ made, Bid/ Bade, See/ Saw, hear/ heard, let, but,

than, except, would rather, sooner than. ये सारे words

अपने साथ bare infinitive लेते है ।

Ex:-
(a) I ordered him to do the work. (✔)
(b) I bade him to do the work. (❌)
Ans :- Remove “to”
(c) I was bade to do the work.

Ans :- This sentence is correct. Because bade अपने साथ

bare infinitive तब लेता है जब sentence active म हो ले कन

passive म हो तो to+v1 आ सकता है ।

(d) The cruel lady made her servant to do all the

household chores.
Ans :- Remove “to”
(e) I was made to do all the work. ✔(Passive Voice)
(f) I let him to enter the room.
Ans :- Remove “to”

66
(g) He does nothing else but to play.
Ans :- Remove “to”
(h) I would rather go to school than to stay at home.
Ans :- Remove “to”
(I) To die with honour is better than to live with
dishonor.

Ans :- This sentence is correct. Because यहाँ infinitive(to

die) का comparison infinitive(to live) के साथ हो रहा है । जब

comparison क बात हो तो than के साथ to का use करते है ।

Note:

1. Help : Help के साथ infinitive और bare infinite दोन आ

सकता है ।

a) I helped her do the work. ✔

b) I helped her to do the work. ✔

2. See : See अपने साथ bare infinitive और present

participle दोन ले सकता है ।

a) I saw her do the work. ✔

67
b) I saw her to do the work. ❌

Ans :- Remove “to” because saw अपने साथ bare infinitive

लेगा।

c) I saw her doing the work. ✔ (Present Participle)

Note:
(a) He couldn’t help but shed / to shed / shedding tears.

Ans :- shed, because “but” अपने साथ bare infinitive लेगा।

(b) He couldn’t stop himself from shed

/ to shed / shedding tears.

Ans :- Shedding, because “from” is preposition और

preposition के बाद noun आता है तो verb के …ing form वाला

को लगे यो क verb के…ing form gerund का काम करता है।

68
Rule 31:

V1 V2 V3

Lie (untruth) Lied Lied

Lie (on bed) Lay Lain

Lay Laid Laid

Rise Rose Risen

Raise Raised Raised

Fly Flew Flown

Flow Flowed Flowed

Overflow Overflowed Overflow

ed

Hang Hanged hanged

(prisoner)

Hang Hung Hung

(cloths/photos)

69
Bear Bore Born

Bear Bore Borne

Bore Bored Bored

Find Found Found

Found Founded Founded

Hide Hid Hidden

Begin Began Begun

Come Came Come

Run Ran Run

Swim Swam Swum

Cast Cast Cast

Broadcast Broadcast Broadca

st

Telecast Telecast Telecast

70
Forecast Forecast Forecast

Slay Slew Slain

Bid (Auction) Bid Bid

Bid (Order) Bade Bidden

Hold Held Held

Beat Beat Beaten

Bite Bit Bitten

Build Built Built

Send Sent Sent

Spread Spread Spread

Fall Fell Fallen

Fell Felled Felled

Feel Felt Felt

Shoot Shot Shot

71
Wind Wound Wound

Wound Wounded Wounde

d

Burst Burst Burst

Bust Busted Busted

Cost Cost Cost

Grind Ground Ground

Ground Grounded Grounde

d

Ex:
1. He lay / laid in the shade of the tree.
Ans : lay
2. He lied / lay to me yesterday.
Ans : lied
3. The hens have laid / lain eggs.
Ans : laid

72
4. He lay / laid the luggage aside.
Ans : laid
5. The water level raised / rose by two feet.

Ans : rose
6. He raised / rose many questions.
Ans : raised
7. The rivers have overflown / overflowed the banks.
Ans :- overflowed
8. The clothes were hanged / hung.
Ans :- hung
9. The prisoner was hanged / hung.
Ans : hanged
10. He hanged / hung his face in shame.
Ans : hung
11. Such inequalities can be founded/ found in the
constitutions of other countries.
Ans : found
12. He has borne/born many difficulties in life.
Ans : borne

73
13. Gandhi was born/borne on 2nd October.
Ans : born
14. The birds have flown/flowed.
Ans : flown
15. He rose/raised the flag.
Ans : raised
Note:
1) ADVICE : - Noun
ADVISE : - Verb
2) PRACTICE : - Noun
PRACTISE : - Verb
3) LICENCE : - Noun
LICENSE : -Verb
4) EFFECT : - Noun
AFFECT : - Verb
5) COMPLAINT : - Noun
COMPLAIN : - Verb
6) AVENGE : - Verb
REVENGE : - Noun and Verb
When revenge acts like verb, it will take reflexive
pronoun.

74
Ex:
1. He lied on the grass (a) / for hours (b) / enjoying the
cool breeze. (c) / no error (d)
Ans :- a
Explanation :- Replace “lied” with “lay”
2. The process of (a) / receiving figures of damage (b) /
to get additional compensation has began. (c) / no error
(d)
Ans :- c
Explanation :- Replace “began” with “begun” because

has/have/had के बाद verb का 3rd form आता है ।

3. The assassin was convicted (a) / and ordered to (b)/

be hung last month. (c) / no error (d)
Ans :- c
Explanation :- Replace “hung” with “hanged”
4. He was so inquisitive (a) / that he rose many
(b)/questions in the class. (c) / no error (d)
Ans :- b
Explanation :- Replace “rose” with “raised”

75
5. After the allotted time was over (a)/ they torn of all
(b)/ the papers which they had used (c)/ no error (d)
Ans :- b

Explanation :- Replace “torn” with “tore” because ये

sentence simple past म जा रहा है। Tear का v2 tore और v3

torn होता है

6. This pen is (a)/ very good but (b)/ it costed me ten

rupees. (c)/ no error (d)
Ans :- c

Explanation : Replace “costed” with “cost” because ये

sentence present म जा रहा है ।

76
Rule 32:

जब sentence म दो अलग अलग subject आ जाए और एक

singular और दस
ू रा plural हो तो दोन के लए अलग अलग

auxiliary verb का need होगा। पर दोन एक जैसा हो मतलब

दोन singular/plural हो तो एक ह auxiliary verb लगा सकते

है ।

1. Two were killed and one injured.

Ans :- Add “was” after one
2. One was killed and two injured.
Ans :- Add “were” after two
3. He has and will help the poor.
Ans :- Add “helped” after has
4. His assistants have and are still doing great jobs.
Ans :- Add “done” after have

77
Rule 33:
Questions based on stative and action verb
A. Stative Verb It always takes an ADJECTIVE.
Stative Verb :- A stative verb is one used to describe a
state or situation
Ex. :-
Opinions and beliefs: believe, know, think, support,
disagree
Emotions: like, love, hate, need, want, wish, desire, fear
The senses: look, see, appear, taste, sound, hear, feel,
seem, smell
Possession: have, own, possess, belong, control
Condition: weigh, lack, involve, resemble, include
B. Action Verb:- It takes an ADVERB.
Action Verb :- a verb that expresses action
Ex. :- Run, walk, jump, talk, sing, speak, eat, drink, cry,
skip, pull, push, fetch, give, make, bake, try, bring, teach,
study, etc.

78
Ex:
(i) The birds sang sweet/sweetly.
Ans :- sweetly
(ii) He was smiling sweet/sweetly at me.
Ans :- sweetly
(iii) The food tasted sweet/sweetly.
Ans :- sweet
(iv) He was weeping bitter/bitterly.
Ans :- bitterly
(V) The food tasted bitter/bitterly.
Ans :- bitter
(VI) He was bitter/bitterly disappointed.
Ans :- bitterly
(VII) She looks beautiful/beautifully.
Ans :- beautiful
(VIII) She was feeling hungry/hungrily.
Ans :- hungry
(IX) She ate all the food hungry/hungrily.
Ans :- hungrily

79
(X). He is being (a) / very politely (b) / for the reason
best known to him (c) no error (d)
Ans :- b
Explanation :- Replace “politely” with “polite” because

being is stative verb और stative verb के बाद adjective

आता है ।

(XI). Mangoes taste (a) / more sweetly than (b) / any

other fruit of this world (c) / No error. (d)
Ans :- b
Explanation :- Replace “more sweetly” with “sweeter”

because taste is stative verb और stative verb के बाद

adjective आता है ।

Note:
1. The flowers smell so sweetly that I want to pluck
them.
a. Smelling so sweetly
b. will smell so sweet
c. smell so sweet ✔
d. no improvement

80
2. The old man is blindly, (a)/ so don’t call him a liar
when (b)/ he says that he can’t read. (c)/ no error (d)
Ans :- a
Explanation :- Replace “blindly” with “blind” because “is”

is a stative verb और stative verb के बाद adjective आता है ।

3. He is having a meeting tomorrow. ✔

Ans :- Have का …ing नह ं बनता है जब have possession क

बात करे । पर यहाँ possession क बात नह ं कह जा रह है ।

4. I am having dinner. ✔
5. He is seeing the movie.

Ans :- Replace “seeing” with “watching” because जब

दे खने का sense दे तो see का …ing नह ं बनता है ।

6. He is seeing the PM tomorrow. ✔

Explanation :- because यहाँ seeing मलने का sense दे रहा

है ।

7. Seeing is believing. ✔

Explanation :- यहाँ का seeing gerund का काम रहा है ।

81
Note:
1. Every year our association is having a meeting to
elect the officer.
a. has a meeting ✔
b. are having a meeting
c. having a meeting
d. no improvement

Explanation :- Because यहाँ every year क बात हो रह है

इसका मतलब ये है क habitual action क बात हो रह है । जब भी

habitual action क बात हो तो उसका tense हमेशा simple

present होता है ।

2. I think our furniture needing to be polished.

a. needs to be polished ✔ b. need to polish
c. is needing to be polished d. no improvement

Explanation :- Need is stative verb. और stative verb का

…ing form नह ं होता है । Furniture is singular so, verb will

also be singular.

82
3. I can’t go out in the rain as I am not having an
umbrella.
a. have no umbrella b. don’t have an umbrella ✔
c. don’t have the umbrella d. no error

Explanation :- Have का …ing नह ं होता है जब possession क

बात हो।

4. I am thinking (a)/ you were aware (b)/ of the rules

and regulations before joining. (c)/ no error (d)
Ans :- a
Explanation :- Replace “am thinking” with “think”
5. Some people are believing (a)/ that women cannot (b)
compete with men. (c)/ no error (d)
Ans :- a
Explanation :- Replace “are believing” with “believe”

because यहाँ general statement क बात हो रह है । जब

general statement क बात हो तो उसका tense हमेशा simple

present होगा।

83
6. Ramesh smiled when he was remembering (a)/ his
hard early years (b)/ and his long road to success. (c)/
no error (d)
Ans :- a
Explanation :- Replace “was remembering” with

“remembered” because remember का …ing form नह ं होता

है ।

7. People who are not belonging to (a)/ any nationalist

party (b)/ want to divide the country. (c)/ no error (d)
Ans :- a
Explanation :- Replace “are not belonging” with “do not

belong” because belong का …ing form नह ं होता है ।

84
Rule 34:

USES OF PERSONAL PRONOUNS

(1) If two or more pronouns are joined by “AND”, “OR”,
they should be in the same case.
Ex:
a) These books are for you and I. ❌
Ans :- Replace “I” with “me” because I is a subjective
case. But we need an objective case.
b) You and I will do the work. ✔

85
c) Ram or myself will do the work.
Ans :- Replace “myself” with “I” because myself is a

reflexive pronoun. और sentence के subject होने के लए उसे

subjective case होना पड़ेगा।

D. There is an understanding between Ram and I.

Ans :- Replace “I” with “me” because I is a subjective
case. But we need an objective case.
(2) After the word “LET”, the pronoun is always in the
objective case.
Ex:
(a) Let him do the work. ✔
(b) Let us attend the meeting. ✔
(c) The principal ordered the peon to let Ram and I enter
his chamber.
Ans :- Replace “I” with “me” because I is a subjective
case. But we need an objective case.

86
(3) After the phrases “It is” or “It was”, the pronoun is in
the subjective case.
Ex:
(a) It was him/he who helped me to do the work.
Ans :- he
(b) It is me/I who am responsible for the mistake.
Ans :- “I”
NOTE:
Ex:
(a) If I were he/him, I would help her with money.
Ans :- he
(b) If they were I/me, they would not oppose their boss.
Ans :- I
(c) I supposed Ram to be Shyam.
Ans :- This sentence is correct.
(d) I supposed Ram to be he/him.

Ans :- him, because object का comparison object से होगा।

87
(4) After the word “THAN”, the pronoun can be in the
subjective as well as in the objective case.
Ex:
(a) I know better than he/him.

Ans :- he, because यहाँ subject का comparison subject से

हो रहा है ।

(b) I know you better than he/him.

Ans :- him (यहाँ comparison "you " का "him " से हो रहा है

(Objective का objective से)

(c) I know you better than he/him.

Ans :- He (यहाँ comparison "I" का "he" के बच है (Subject

का subject से)

Note :- Sentence (b) & (c) दोन सह है । यहाँ दोन का

possibility हो सकता है पर दोन का meaning different होगा।

88
Rule 35:
Reciprocal Pronouns
EACH OTHER / ONE ANOTHER
(1) Each other For two persons/things.
(2) One another For more than two persons/things.
Ex:-
(a) The two cats were fighting with each other /one
another.
Ans :- each other
(b) All the students of the class help each other / one
another.
Ans :- one another
(c) He was so afraid that his knees knocked against
each other / one another.
Ans :- each other

89
Rule 36

WHO:- Subject के लए use करते है ।

WHOM:- Object के लए use करते है ।

Ex:
1) Marie curie was a scientist who / whom won two
nobel prizes.
Ans :- who
2) The person who / whom helped him is my old friend.
Ans :- who
3) I will visit my parents who / whom live in Delhi.
Ans :- who
4) He is not one of those who / whom will help everyone
he meets.
Ans :- who

90
5) The person to who / whom I am speaking is my old
friend.

Ans :- whom, because जहाँ भी sentence म

preposition(to) दख जाये तो उसके बाद objective case ह

होगा।

6) By who / whom was the Ramayana written ?

Ans :- whom
7) With who / whom did you travel ?
Ans :- whom
Note:
1) The person who / whom I met yesterday is my friend
Ans :- whom
2) The person who / whom met me yesterday is my
friend.
Ans :- who
3) He is the person who / whom, everyone thought, has
stolen the purse.
Ans :- who

91
4. He identified a girl who\whom we found to be the
main culprit.
Ans :- whom
5. He is the person who/whom we appreciate for hard
work.
Ans :- whom
6. I know the boy who/whom they say has stolen the
purse.
Ans :- who

Rule 37:
Concept of One/Ones/One’s

Pronoun
ONE
Adjective

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Ex.:-
A. One of the students was present.
(Pronoun)
(Pronoun)

B. One student was present.

(Adjective)

C. One should help others.

(Pronoun)

Ex:-
(d) One should do one’s / their duties oneself
/themselves.
Ans :- one’s & oneself, because the possessive case of
one is one’s.
(e) Gandhiji said that one should respect their /one’s
religion.

Ans :- one’s because जब भी one का means everybody के

sense म हो तो हम one का possessive one’s लगाएंगे।

(f) One of the students forgot to bring his / her /their

/one’s book.
Ans :- his

93
(g) I don't want the blue pen. I want the red one.
Ans :- The sentence is correct.
(h) I don’t want the blue pens. I want the red ones.
Ans :- The sentence is correct.

Rule 38:
Pronoun and Subject-verb agreement
(1) The students as well as the teacher did his /their
work.
Ans :- their, because when two subjects are joined by
with,along with, except, as well as, together with,
besides, etc. the verb is according to the 1st subject. If
the subject is singular, the verb will be singular and the
subject is plural, the verb will also be plural.
(2) He was one of those students who completed his /
their project on time.
Ans :- their, because “who” as a relative pronoun

students के लए use हुआ है ।

94
(3) Neither Ram nor his friends brought his / their
documents.
Ans :- their, because when two subjects are joined by
or, either-or, neither-nor, not only-but also, the verb
will be according to the nearer subject to the verb.
(4) The treasurer and secretary gave his / their consent.
Ans :- his
(5) The treasurer and the secretary gave his / their
consent.
Ans :- their
(6) He was only one of the students who completed his /
their work on time.
Ans :- his
(7) One of the students forgot to do his / their work.
Ans :- his
8) Everybody should respect his / their elders.
Ans :- his
9) All should do his / their work.
Ans :- their
10) Nobody was ready to leave his / their seat.
Ans :- his

95
Rule 39:
ARRANGEMENT OF PRONOUNS
(1) When in a normal sentence there are 1st, 2nd and 3rd
persons, the arrangement is 231
Ex:-
1. I, you and he shall complete the work on time. ❌
Ans :- You,he and I
Note:
a) But in negative/confessional sentences ( sentences
expressing some mistake or guilt ), the arrangement is
123
Ex:-
1. You, he and I are responsible for the mistake. ❌
Ans :- I, you and he
(b) In case of plural pronouns, the arrangement is 123
Ex:-
1. We, you and they will attend the meeting. ✔

96
(2) When in a sentence, there are 1st and 2nd persons,
the arrangement is 21
Ex:-
1. I and you are ready for the task. ❌
Ans :- You and I
(3) When in a sentence, there are 2nd and 3rd persons,
arrangement is 23
Ex:-
1. He and you have finished the work.
Ans :- You and he
(4) When in a sentence, there are 1st and 3rd persons,
the arrangement is 31
Ex:-
1. I and Priya will complete the work on time.
Ans :- Priya and I

97
Note:

जब भी sentence म तीन person आ जाए मतलब 1st, 2nd &

3rd to possessive case 1st person के according लगाएंगे।

jab 2(1st & 2nd) हो तो possessive 1st person के according

होगा। jab 2(1st & 3rd) हो तो possessive 1st person के

according होगा। jab 2 (2nd & 3rd) हो तो possessive 2nd के

according होगा।

(a) You, he and I will complete your / his / my / our

work.
Ans :- our
(b) You and I will complete your/my/our work.
Ans :- our
(c) Ram and I will complete your/my/our work.
Ans :- our
(d) You and he will complete your/his work.
Ans :- your

98
(e) You as well as I is/are ready to do the work.

Ans :- are (जब भी “as well as” से subject joined हो, verb

first subject के according होगा।)

(f) Ram and I is/are/am intimate friends.

Ans :- are
(g) Ram or I is/am/are intimate
friends.

Ans :- am (“or” से joined हो तो, verb nearer subject(I)

according होगा।)

Rule 40:
Use of Enough
Enough:- 1. It acts as an adjective as well as an adverb.
2. It takes adjective of positive degree.
Ex.
a. We haven’t got enough money to complete the
project. ✔
b. She is smart enough to handle the situation.

99
c. He is enough tall to be selected in the basketball
team.
Ans :- Replace “enough tall” with “tall enough”
d. He is wiser enough to do the work on time.
Ans :- Replace “wiser enough” with “wise enough”

Rule 41:
USE OF VERY / MUCH
VERY:-
(a) It acts as an adverb.
(b) It takes an adjective of positive degree.
(c) It takes Present Participle.
MUCH :-
(a) It acts as an adverb as well as an adjective.
(a) It takes an adjective of comparative degree.
(b) It takes Past Participle.
Ex:-
(a) She is very good / better at painting.
Ans :- good
(b) He is very / much smarter than his brother.
Ans :- much

100
(c) I was much / very shocked to see her pathetic
condition.
Ans :- much
(d) The incident was very shocked / shocking.
Ans :- shocking
(e) The book is very / much interesting.
Ans :- interesting
(f) The matter has been much / very discussed.
Ans :- much

Rule 42:
TOO MUCH / MUCH TOO
Too Much :-
(a) It takes a NOUN with it.

(b) Too Much का use positive और negative दोन sentence

म करते है ।

101
Much Too:-
(a) It takes an ADJECTIVE with it.

(b) Much too का use सफ negative sentence म करते है ।

Ex:-
(a) The task given to him is too much / much too
difficult.
Ans :- much too, because difficult is an adjective.
(b) There was too much / much too snow on the road.
Ans :- too much, because snow is a noun.
(c) I haven’t had too much / much too sleep today.
Ans :- too much because sleep is a noun
(d) The boys are too much / much too lazy to volunteer
for extra work.
Ans :- much too because lazy is an adjective.

102
Rule 43:
Use of So / such
1. So :- Part of the speech is Adverb. It takes an
adjective / adverb with it.
2. Such :- Part of the speech is Adjective. It takes a noun
with it.
Ex:-
(a) He spoke such / so clearly that everybody
understood his point.
Ans :- so, because clearly is an adverb.
(b) He is so / such an idiot that he doesn’t know the
capital of his country.
Ans :- such, because idiot is a noun.
(c) He is so / such strong that he can do the work easily.
Ans :- so, because strong is an adjective.

103
Rule 44:
Position Of Adverbs
Adverbs of frequency are always used before a VERB.
Ex: Always, never, seldom, rarely, scarcely, often, etc.
1. He helps me never.
Ans :- This sentence is wrong. Because adverb of

frequency हमेशा verb के पहले आता है ।

Correct Sentence :- He never helps me.

2. He comes often to my house.
Correct form :- He often comes to my house.
3. She is always making the same mistake.

Ans :- This sentence is correct. Because जब भी दो verb

या न auxiliary and main verb आ जाए तो adverb of

frequency दोन के बच म रखगे।

104
Rule 45:
MPT :- (1) Adverb of Manner
(2) Adverb of Place
(3) Adverb of Time

MPT rule का मतलब ये है क जब भी sentence म Adverb of

Manner, Adverb of Place & Adverb of Time तीन आ जाए

तो इसका arrangement इस कार करगे क पहले Manner

इसके बाद Place तब Time को लखगे।

Ex.
(a) The girl sang beautifully last night at the party.

Ans :- This sentence is wrong. Because MPT का position

गलत है ।

Correct Sentence :- The girl sang beautifully at the party

last night.
(b) Come at 7 o’ clock to my house.
Correct form :- Come to my house at 7 o’clock

105
(c) They last evening went to Jaipur.
Correct form :- They went to Jaipur last evening.
d) He spoke loudly yesterday at the meeting.
Correct form :- He spoke loudly at the meeting
yesterday.

Rule 46:
USE OF “ONLY”
The word “ONLY” should be placed immediately before
the word it modifies or describes.
Ex:-
(a) Only she can speak. ✔

Explanation :- यहाँ “only” she को describe कर रहा है । ( सफ

वह ह बोल सकती है ।)

(b) She can speak only. ✔

Explanation :- यहाँ “only” speak को describe कर रहा है । (वह

सफ बोल ह सकती है ।)

106
(c) He only spoke and everybody was silent.

Ans :- Replace “He only” with “Only he” because यहाँ he

का comparison everybody के साथ हो रहा है ना क spoke का

हो रहा है ।

(d) She only answered two questions.

Ans :- Remove “only” and add before two, because यहाँ

“only” two को describe कर रहा है ।

(e) The only death of her son was shocking.

Ans :- Remove “only” and add before son, because यहाँ

“only” son को describe कर रहा है ।

(f) She only eats strawberries for dinner.

Ans :- Remove “only” and add before strawberries.
(g) They only work when they need money.
Ans :- Remove “only” and add before when.

107
Rule 47:
Uses of Adverbs and Inversion

Inversion :- Subject के पहले verb का आना inversion

कहलाता है । Generally inversion interrogative sentence म

use होता है । But adverbs से start होने वाले कुछ sentences

म भी inversion होता है ।

Some adverbs take inversion.

Such as:- Never, not, few, little, hardly, scarcely, too, so,

etc. ये सारे adverb तब ह inversion लेगा जब sentence इससे

start हो।

Ex.
(i) He never helps me. ✔
(ii) Never he does help me. ❌
(iii) Never does he help me. ✔
(iv) Never I have met a person like him. ❌
(v) Never have I met a person like him. ✔
(vi) I have never met a person like him. ✔

108
(vii) He hardly attended the classes.✔
(viii) Hardly he did attend the classes. ❌
(ix) Hardly did he attend the classes. ✔

Rule 48:
Use Of Articles:
A/An is an indefinite article whereas the is definite
article.

कसी नाम के पहले article का use नह ं करते है पर कभी कभी

करते है ऐसा करने से इसका meaning different हो जाता है।

कसी person क quality बतानी हो तो the का use कर सकते है ।

1. A Mr. Ram has come to meet me. ✔

Explanation :- A Mr. Ram means any Mr. Ram. यहाँ कसी

भी Mr. Ram क बात हो रह है ।

2. Mr. Ram has come to meet me. ✔

Explanation:- Mr. Ram means कसी खास Mr. Ram क बात

हो रह है ।

109
3. The Newton was a great scientist. ❌
4. He is the Newton of our class. ✔

Explanation :- Because यहाँ newton क quality के बारे म

बोला जा रहा है क , he Newton है हमारे class का।

5. The Shakespeare was a great dramatist. ❌

6. Kalidas was the Shakespeare of India. ✔
7. Judge in him prevailed upon and he sentenced his
own son to death.

Ans :- Add “the” before judge, because वो judge नह ं है ।

उसके अंदर क judge क quality क बात हो रह है ।

110
Rule 49:
1. The is used before Superlatives Degree.
Ex:
a) He is the best boy in the class. ✔
b) She is the tallest girl in the family. ✔
2. The is also used before Ordinals (First, second, third,
etc.)
Ex:
a) The first chapter of the book is interesting. ✔
b) Our class is on the second floor. ✔

3. Comparative degree के पहले the का use करते है जब

comparison “of” लगा क कया जा रहा हो। ले कन जब than

लगा के कया जाए तो the का use नह ं करगे।

Ex:
a) He is the better of the two boys. ✔
b) He is the better than the two boys. ❌
Ans :- Remove “the” before better.

111
Note:

कभी कभी of/than लगा के comparison नह ं होता है तब भी the

का use करगे।

a) The higher you go, cooler you feel.

Ans :- Add “the” before cooler
b) Greater the demand, the higher the price.
Ans :- Add”the” before greater
c) The more electricity you use, higher your bill will be.
Ans :- Add “the” before” higher”

Rule 50:
3. When two subjects or things are thought of as a
single unit, article is used before the first subject.
Ex:
1. He was ready with a cup & a saucer.
Ans :- Remove “a” before saucer, because cup & saucer

दोन मल कर के एक unit का काम कर रहे है ।

2. He was ready with a cup and saucer. ✔

112
3. He introduced me to his friend who is a singer and a
scientist.

Ans :- Remove “a” before scientist, because a singer और

a scientist का मतलब दो person है पर यहाँ एक ह

person(friend) क बात हो रह है तो a का use पहले वाले

subject के साथ करगे।

4. He introduced me to his friend who is a singer and

scientist. ✔

Rule 51:
When we talk about a person or thing in general sense,
no article is used. But when a person or thing is
particularised, article is used,
Ex:
1. Man is mortal. ✔

Explanation :- यहाँ general “man” क बात हो रह है तो the

का use नह ं करगे।

113
2. I saw the man in the forest. ✔

Explanation :- यहाँ particular man क बात हो रह है तो the

का use करगे।

3. Water is essential for life. ✔

Explanation :- यहाँ general water क बात हो रह है तो the

का use नह ं करगे।

4. The water of the river is dirty. ✔

Explanation :- यहाँ particular water क बात हो रह है तो the

का use करगे।

5. Gold is a precious metal. ✔

6. The gold of this ring is of inferior quality. ✔

Rule 52:
No article is used with certain idiomatic phrases like –
in danger, in demand, on fire, in problem, by mistake, in
detail, in conclusion, in difficulty, in hope, by train, by
bus, in confusion, in debt, in anger etc.

114
Ex:
1. The house was on a fire. ❌
2. The house was on fire. ✔

Rule 53:
No article is used before the names of languages.
Ex:
1. He studied the English at home. ❌
2. He studied English at home. ✔
3. The English defeated the French. ✔
Explanation :- Here, The English refers to ‘The British’.
4. The French is spoken by the French.

Ans :- Remove “the” from 1st वाला French. Because 1st

वाला the French का मतलब language है और 2nd वाला the

French means the people of France होता है ।

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Rule 54:
Uses of SINCE / FOR
SINCE :- It denotes definite “POINT OF TIME.”
FOR :- It denotes “LENGTH OF TIME.” (Duration)
Ex :-
(a) He has been living here since/ for a month.
Ans :- for
(b) He has been living here since/ for January.
Ans :- since
(c) I have known him since/ for 2014.
Ans :- since
(d) I have known him since/ for a year.
Ans :- for
(e) He has been working since / for Monday.
Ans :- since
(f) He has been working since / for a week.
Ans :- for
(g) He has been working since / for last week.
Ans :- since

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(h) He has been working since / for last two weeks.

Ans :- for, because since के साथ plural का use नह ं करते

है ।

(i) The custom has been in prevalence since / for time

immemorial.
Ans :- since
(j) He has been playing cricket since / for childhood.

Ans :- since, जब stage of life हो जैसे infant, toddler,

childhood, etc. के साथ since का use कर सकते है ।

(k) This custom has been in prevalence since / for

ancient times.
Ans :- since, Ancient Times, Medieval Times & Modern
Times हो तो इसके साथ since का use करते है यो क ये सब
सारे words point of time को indicate करते है ।
Note :-

1. Since का use perfect and perfect continuous म होता है ।

2. For का use Indefinite, perfect and perfect continuous

तीनो म होता है ।

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Ex:
1. He worked for two days. ✔
2. He has worked for two days. ✔
3. He has been working for two days. ✔
4. He has worked since Monday. ✔
5. He has been working since Monday. ✔

Rule 55:
Note:-

कुछ ऐसे भी transitive verbs होते है जो preposition नह ं लेते है

पर वह verb अगर noun का काम करे तो preposition लेता है ।

Ex :-
(1) The thief attacked on the boy.
Ans :- Remove “on” (attacked is a verb)
(2) There was an attack on the boy. ✔(attack is a noun)
(3) He ordered for two cups of coffee.
Ans :- Remove “for” (ordered is a verb)
(4) He gave an order for two cups of coffee.✔ (order is
a noun)

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5. Will you order for a cup of coffee?
Ans :- Remove “for” (order is a verb)
6. He emphasized on the point.
Ans :- Remove “on”
7. He put emphasis on the point. ✔
9. Television affects on our eyes.
Ans :- Remove “on”
10. The poet described about the spring season.
Ans :- Remove “about”
11. The students are awaiting for the result.

Ans :- Remove “for”, but waiting के साथ for का use कर

सकते है ।

12. Despite of hard work, he didn’t succeed in the exam.

Ans :- Remove “of”, but inspite के साथ of का use कर सकते

है ।

13. The police investigated into the matter.

Ans :- Remove “into”, but enter के साथ into लगा सकते है ।

14. He violated against the rules.

Ans :- Remove “against”
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15. The king invaded on the territory.
Ans :- Remove “on”
16. He resembled to his parents.
Ans :- Remove “to”

Rule 56:
MADE OF / MADE FROM
MADE OF :- When the basic material doesn’t change in
the process of making an object. In other sense, we can
say physical change
MADE FROM :- The basic material changes. In other
sense, we can say chemical change.
Ex :-
(1) Paper is made of / from wood.
Ans :- from
(2) The almirah is made of / from iron.
Ans :- of
(3) Curd is made of / from milk.
Ans :- from
(4) Flour is made of / from wheat.
Ans :- from

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(5) Glass is made of / from melted sand.
Ans :- from

Rule 57:
Uses of BESIDE / BESIDES
BESIDE :- By the side of
BESIDES :- In addition to
Ex:
1. Beside / Besides English, he speaks French.
Ans :- Besides
2. The pilgrims took some medicines beside / besides
food.
Ans :- besides
3. There is a temple beside / besides my house.
Ans :- beside

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Rule 58:
Uses of BETWEEN / AMONG
Between :- For two persons/things. It is used when we
talk about things which are “SEPARATE” / “DISTINCT.”

Among :- For more than two persons/things. It portrays

the idea of being part of a “GROUP.”
Ex:
(1) The two cats divided the bread between / among
themselves.
Ans :- between
(2) Innovation distinguishes between / among a leader
and a follower.
Ans :- between
Note :- “Between” can also be used with more than two
persons / things as long as they are separate and
distinct.

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Ex:
1. The negotiations between / among England, America
and Russia are going well.

Ans :- between, because among के साथ कभी भी and नह ं

आता है ।

2. There is a match between / among India, Australia

and England.

Ans :- between, because among के साथ कभी भी and नह ं

आता है ।

Note :- There are certain words which are followed by “

BETWEEN”
Ex :-
Distinguish, differentiate, connection, difference, link,
relationship, choose, divide.
(1) I didn’t want to choose between / among the singers.
Ans :- between
(2) Is there any difference between / among the
brothers?
Ans :- between

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(3) There is no connection between / among all the
incidents.
Ans :- between
(4) Divide the property between / among the members
of the family.
Ans :- between

Rule 59:
Uses of IN / INTO
IN :- No change of medium/state
INTO :- Medium/state changes
Ex :-
(1) He dived in / into the river.
Ans :- into
(2) He was swimming in / into the river.
Ans :- in

(3) The students walked in the room. (पहले से ह room म

था)

Ans :- This sentence is correct.

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(4) The students walked into the room. (बाहर से room म

enter कया)

Ans :- This sentence is also correct. but the meaning of

(3) & (4) will be different.
5. The frog was lying in / into the well.
Ans :- in
6. The frog jumped in / into the well.
Ans :- into
7. The water was in / into the bottle.
Ans :- in
8. He poured the water in / into the bottle.
Ans :- into
9. The residents were in / into trouble.
Ans :- in
10. The residents got in / into trouble.
Ans :- into
11. The pen was in / into the pocket.
Ans :- in
12. He put the pen in / into the pocket.
Ans :- into

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13. The filthy roads were changed in / into clean roads.
Ans :- into
14. Translate the passage in / into English.
Ans :- into
15. Translate the passage from Hindi into/in/to English.

Ans :- to, because from के साथ to का use होता है ।

Note :-
(1) ENTER (Place) – INTO ❌
(2) ENTER(Place) – IN ❌
(3) ENTER(Place) – NO Preposition ✔
Ex :-
(a) He entered in/into the classroom.
Ans :- Remove “in/into” (no preposition)
Correct Form :- He entered the classroom.
(b) He entered in/into the bank.
Ans :- Remove “in/into”
Correct form :- He entered the bank.

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Note:-

जब enter place के sense म हो तो ये कोई भी preposition नह ं

लेगा। ले कन जब enter place का sense ना दे तो preposition

लगा सकते है जैसे :-

enter into an alliance ✔

enter into an agreement ✔
enter into a discussion ✔
Uses of THROW / THREW –
INTO ❌
IN ✔
Ex :-
(a) He threw the paper in/into the dustbin.

Ans:- in, because threw के साथ in का use होता है ।

(b) He threw the bucket in/into the river.

Ans:- in, because threw के साथ in का use होता है ।

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Rule 60:
Uses of OF/OFF
OF :-
(1) It shows possession/ownership
(2) It shows cause/reason
(3) It shows what something is made of
(4) It also used for choice/selection
Ex :-
1. The dramas of Shakespeare are very interesting.
✔(possession)
2. He died of cancer. ✔(cause)
3. The water of the Ganga is dirty. ✔(origin)
4. She wore a necklace made of gold. ✔
Note :-
Given below are some fixed prepositions:-
(1) He died of Malaria. (disease) ✔
(2) He died in an accident. (accident) ✔
(3) He died from wound. (injury/over-eating) ✔
(4) He died of hunger. (starvation/thirst) ✔

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(5) He died with grief. (shame/sorrow) ✔
(6) He died by violence. ✔
(7) He died in the Gujarat riots. ✔
(8) He died for his country. ✔
Off :- It is used for separation/detachment
1. Switch of/off the fan.
Ans :- off
2. The wheel came of/off the cart.
Ans :-off
3. The plane took of/off.
Ans :- off
Note:-
1. Switch off the fan. ✔
Put off the candle. ❌
Because put off means postpone, so we can use put out
which means extinguish.
2. Dispose/rid/rob/acquit/shortage/

deprive/guilty/accused/keepclear/lack/ devoid के साथ of

का use होता है ।

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3. Dispense के साथ with का use होता है ।

4. Vex with a person

5. Vex at a thing

Uses of WITH / BY
WITH :-
(1) It is used to indicate “being together.”
Ex :-
(a) I will be with you shortly. ✔
(b) He was working with his sister. ✔

(2) With का use instruments / weapons के लए करते है और

िजसके वारा कया जा रहा है तो by का use करते है (by the

doer).
Ex :-
(a) He opened the box with / by a screwdriver.
Ans :- with
(b) He cut his finger with / by a knife.
Ans :- with
(c) I wrote the answers with / by a blue pen.
Ans :- with
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(d) I wrote the answers in blue ink. ✔
BY :-
(1) It is used in sense of NEAR/CLOSE/BESIDE/NEXT TO
Ex :-
(a) The house is by the lake. ✔
(b) She came and sat by me. ✔
(c) I will stand by you through thick and thin. ✔
(2) “BY” also indicates the “DOER” in passive voice.
Ex :-
(a) The work was done by him. ✔
(b) She was taken to the hospital by her friends. ✔
(c) He was killed by / with a dagger by / with a
highwayman.
Ans :- with & by

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