CENTRAL ASIAN JOURNAL OF SOCIAL SCIENCES AND HISTORY
VOLUME: 04 ISSUE: 10 | OCT 2023 (ISSN: 2660-6836)
CENTRAL ASIAN JOURNAL OF
SOCIAL SCIENCES AND HISTORY
Journal homepage: https://cajssh.centralasianstudies.org
Samarkand Under the Leadership of Vali Muhammad Khan
Parvina Rahmonova
Samarkand State University, PhD student
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Abstract:
In this article, the processes of the political life of the ARTICLE INFO
Article history:
Ashtarkhanid dynasty and the importance of the Samarkand region
Received 12-Aug-23
in it, the Battle of Samarkand, the seizure of power by Imam Quli Received in revised form 20-Aug-23
Khan with the help of Khoja Hashim Dahbedi, a descendant of Accepted 07-Sep-23
Samarkand Sheikh Mahdumi Azam, the execution of the fathers Available online 12-Oct-2023
Shahbek Kokaltash and Nazir Kokaltash by Imam Quli Khan and
Nadr Muhammad, are the events of Samarkand. it is mentioned that Key word: Samarkand, council,
it was carried out in the territory. "revolt of rulers"
Imamkulinoma, emir, Dostum
Arghun, Shahbi kokaltash,
Nazir kokaltash, Khoja Hashim
Dahbedi.
INTRODUCTION
The unexplored sides of history will never come to an end. The more we explore it, the more it
shares information from its ocean. In this place, sources and handwritten literature, historical monuments
are very important. By studying such informative rare works and historical monuments, we can learn
about that period, place, and times. The service of IT technologies is great in conveying our historical
heritage to the next generation. For example, Polish scientists are making a significant contribution to
(ISSN: 2660-6836) Hosting by Central Asian Studies. All rights reserved..
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License (CC BY).To view a copy of this license, visit https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
CENTRAL ASIAN JOURNAL OF SOCIAL SCIENCES AND HISTORY (ISSN: 2660-6836) | Volume: 4 Issue: 10 | Oct-2023 39
the digitization of the heritage of the history of Samarkand during the Ashtarkhanid period.
The current appearance of Registan square, the heart of the city of Samarkand, was formed during
the Ashtarkhanid era. The complex attracts local and foreign researchers with its magnificence and
hospitality. The use of IT technologies in the preservation and study of historical monuments in the
complex is carried out in cooperation with Polish scientists*. It was mentioned in the previous article†.
This article talks about the events that took place in Samarkand during the early rulers of the
Ashtarkhanid dynasty.
Battles for the throne. After the death of Baqi Muhammad Khan‡, Vali Muhammad Khan took
the throne. He appointed Imamquli to Samarkand§ and Nadr Muhammkhan to Shahrisabz. In the early
years of Vali Muhammad Khan's reign, relations with the princes were very good.
Like Baqi Muhammad Khan, Vali Muhammad Khan (1605-1611)** was initially forced to guard
the southern borders of the country. Imamquli and Nadr Muhammad helped him in this regard in the
early years. For example, Nadr Muhammad helps him in suppressing the rebellion of Abdullah, the son
of Mahmud Sultan, the ruler of Hissar.
In 1606, the Bukhara army again marched to Balkh with the help of the Safavids. This time, the
Bukhara armies won, and the Safavid army, consisting of red-headed people, was forced to flee to Iran.
Although the Turkestan army that chased them was close to taking Herat under the control of Bukhara
again, the goal was not realized due to heavy snow and severe cold. Since the Khurasan region was
considered the main region where the interests of Bukhara and the Iranian states collided, the leadership
in these regions was getting stronger. This area passed from hand to hand between the Ashtarkhanis and
*
Miłosz Marek, Miłosz Elżbieta, Montusiewicz Jerzy. Determination of ceramic tile colour surface areas on the medieval
Sher-Dor Madrasah mosaic in Samarkand – Problems and solutions. In: Digital Applications in Archaeology and Cultural
Heritage, 2020, vol. 16, p. 1-6.
Milos Marek, Kayumov Rakhim, Samarov Khonkul. Cooperation in the digiizaion of cultural heritage // Echo of Hisory.
2021 № 1. – P. 24-25.
Каюмов Рахим. Музейному комплексу Мирзо Улугбека в Самарканде передана серебряная монета с изображением
великого польского астронома Николая Коперника // Народное слово 10 сентября 2021 года № 189.
Kęsik Jasek, Miłosz Marek, Montusiewicz Jerzy, Samarov Khonkul. Documenting the geometry of large architectural
monuments using 3D scanning – the case of the dome of the Golden Mosque of the Tillya-Kori Madrasah in Samarkand. In:
Digital Applications in Archaeology and Cultural Heritage, 2021, vol. 22, p. 1-11.
Samarov Khonkul. The Registan Ensemble – an Architectural Jewel of the Silk Road // Tangible Cultural Heritage of the
Silk Road from the Area of Modern Uzbekistan, Lublin-2021, Page 15. (9-16)
†
Rahmonova Parvina. The use of IT technologies in the study and preservation of historical monuments of Samarkand of the
Ashtarkhanid era // Computer technologies in sharing the Cultural Heritage and education of the Silk Road from Uzbekistans.
– P. 241-248.
‡
His death is given in different sources. For example: Iskandarbek Munshi, "History of Alamoroi Abbasi" gives the year
1605, "Bahr ul-asror" gives the year 1606.
§
Mahmoud ibn Wali "Bahr ul-asror" Bodleian Library №. 515. - V 76b.
**
Eshov B. "History of state and local administration in Uzbekistan" second book. - Tashkent:. 2019 New century generation,
B-60.
(ISSN: 2660-6836).. Hosting by Central Asian Studies. All rights reserved.
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CENTRAL ASIAN JOURNAL OF SOCIAL SCIENCES AND HISTORY (ISSN: 2660-6836) | Volume: 4 Issue: 9 | Sep-2023 40
the Savafis††.
In 1607, the princes helped to overcome the unrest in Badakhshan. When a local Badakhshan
named Mirza Hasan, who claimed to be a Timurid prince, claimed Kunduz, Imamquli and Nadr
Muhammad defeated him ‡‡. The success of the princes in such battles worried Wali Muhammad Khan.
Fearing that they would usurp power from him, he sent fathers to control each prince to restrain their
behavior. Nazarbi appoints Kokaltash to Samarkand to supervise the Imamkuli, and in order to distance
Nadr Muhammad from his brother as governor of Balkh region, Nazarbi's brother Shahbi sends
Kokaltash to monitor the actions of the prince§§. In addition, the local officials in the country gradually
became dissatisfied with the policies of Wali Muhammad Khan.
Thomas Welsford based on Muhammad Salim's work "Silsilat al-Salatin" and wrote about the
"revolt of the rulers" in the country during the first years of the rule of the Ashtarkhanid dynasty (1610-
1611). This uprising consisted mainly of the Ashtarkhani princes' struggle for power. Despite the fact
that they were the sons of the late Din Muhammad and the nephews of King Wali Muhammad, they
fought for power with each other. According to Mahmud bin Vali, in the course of mutual struggle, in
1611, the emirs Nadirbek, Shukurbi Saray, Muhammad Baqi Kalmaq, Yalangtushbi and others were
transferred by Vali Muhammad (1606-1611) to Imam Quli Khan (1611-1642)***. Despite the internal
chaos in the country, the Ashtarkhanids won several times over the Safavids.
Vali Muhammad Khan's loss of power. Shah Abbas, the ruler of the Safavids, who was defeated
by the Ashtarkhans several times in a row, began to end the case through diplomacy. For example, he
sends an ambassador to the residence of Wali Muhammad Khan and offers mutual neighborliness and
friendship. For some reason, Vali Muhammad Khan, who had a high hand, agreed and sent ambassadors
to Iran. As a result, a number of big officials, who have suffered a lot and shed blood for Khurasan, start
to be dissatisfied with this policy of Wali Muhammad Khan. After all, as a result of the mentioned
exchange of embassies, the status of Bukhara, which was restored in Khurasan in the following years,
was easily lost. This situation made Bukhara emirs indifferent to Wali Muhammad Khan. Khan also
found out about this and punished some of them. This did not turn the situation in the direction the king
expected. The rest of the emirs went from open to open confrontation and came to the stage of placing
Imamkuli Sultan, the nephew of Vali Muhammad Khan, the governor of Samarkand, on the supreme
throne†††. Researcher J. Sangirov's article states: "Iskandarbek Munshi notes that in the end they will
agree on the removal of Vali Muhammad Khan from power. They even prepare documents and stamp
them. However, the letter about the rebellion of the emirs fell into the hands of Vali Muhammad Khan
and he presented it to those who planned the rebellion in the council and asked them for an explanation.
††
Tumanovich N.N. Herat in the 16th-18th centuries. – M.: Nauka, 1989. – P. 141.
‡‡
Thomas Welsford “Four types of loyalty in Early modern Central Asia”, Leiden.Boston, 2013, P.246.
§§
Thomas Welsford “Four types of loyalty in Early modern Central Asia”, Leiden.Boston, 2013, P. 247; B. Ahmedov.
"Lessons from history". Tashkent. "Teacher", 1994, p. 231.
***
Akhmedov B.A. History of Balkha (16th - first half of the 18th century). - Tashkent: Science, 1982. - S. 105.; Alekseev
A.K. Srednyaya Azia pri Ashtarkhanidakh v XVII-XVIII centuries. - St. Petersburg, 2004. - S. 143.
††† Ziyoyev A. The history of Uzbek statehood. Tashkent: Sharq publishing house, 2000. - B. 259-260.
(ISSN: 2660-6836). Hosting by Central Asian Studies. All rights reserved.
Copyright (c) 2023 Author (s). This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of Creative Commons Attribution License
(CC BY).To view a copy of this license, visit https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
CENTRAL ASIAN JOURNAL OF SOCIAL SCIENCES AND HISTORY (ISSN: 2660-6836) | Volume: 4 Issue: 10 | Oct-2023 41
When they did not confess, he showed the letter and the seals of the emirs in his hands and sentenced
them to death‡‡‡. For example, in 1610, the killing of Dostumbi, Hajibi Kushchi, and Shah Kuchubi
Dorman, who tried to rebel against him, caused Vali Muhammad Khan to increase his enemies. His
efforts to strengthen his rule in this way will not bear fruit. Nadr Muhammad and Imamquli soon kill
their fathers who were sent for them.
In this situation, the arbitrariness and tyranny of some governors began to increase. For example,
Shahbek was from a tribe of Uzbeks called Polotchi and was appointed governor of Balkh region by
Vali Muhammad Khan. The punishment he used on the people and the sinners was so cruel and cruel
that he built a stone wall and placed two executioners there. he would tear the burnt body to pieces.
Gradually, such oppression increased the enmity of the people and the officials towards the ruler. As a
result, the officials and the people began to be dissatisfied with the policy of Vali Muhammad Khan. His
execution of Amir Dostum Arghun in Samarkand was another reason for the discontent of the officials.
About the behavior of this ruler, the source says: آن شهریار بر متکای جاه و جالل بوده بداد رسی و مظلوم پرسی اقدام
می نمود و اکثر بشرب مدام و مثتی بردوام و کردارات ناپسند همچون مردان ماهروی و زنان عنبرین موی مشغول میکردید از ین
افال او مردوم دلگیر شده ضمنا به امامقلیجان عرایض ارسال نمودند و اورا به سلطنت بخارا خوشدل گردانیدند. Content: Relying
on his authority in the state, he did many dirty deeds, indulged in alcoholism and engaged in many dirty
deeds. This increased the number of people against him among the officials, and they decided to put
Imam Qulikhan on the throne. This information in the work "History of Muqimkhani" related to the
Ashtarkhanid dynasty can be said to be related to the last years of his reign.
The chapter of the work "Imamqulinoma" is "The story of the execution of Shahbek Kokaldosh in
the Samarkand region and the decision of Imam Qulikhan to execute Nazr Kokaltash"§§§. From this, it
can be said that Shahbek Kokaldosh was executed in Samarkand. But when comparing it with the work
"History of Muqimkhani", the place where the incident happened is inconsistent. Because in the work
"History of Muqimkhani", the emirs who were dissatisfied with the policy of Vali Muhammad Khan
called Imam Qulikhan, encouraged him to take over the state power, and gathered the princes and nobles
in Bukhara and ordered them to capture Shahbek. But at that time he fled to Abdullah Khan's madrasa
and hid there. The soldiers destroyed the wall of the madrasa, tied his hands and feet, brought him to
Imam Quli Khan and subjected him to the same punishment as he had inflicted on the guilty in Balkh ****.
But the interesting thing is that the same story is mentioned in the work "Imamqulinoma" as follows:
It was said that it took place in Samarkand:
††††
اشتهار یافتن قتل شه بیک کوکلتاش در والیت سمرقند و کمر کین بستن خان خاقان نشان بقتل نظر کوکلتاش
Content: The spread of the news about the killing of Shahbek Kokaltash in Samarkand region and
‡‡‡
Sangirov J. "Illumination of the activities of the supreme council in the sources of the Ashtarkhanid dynasty. Infolib//
Tashkent: page 93
§§§
See: Imamqulinoma. ShQF. Manuscript number pages 29-30
**** History of Muqimkhani, copy of SamDU, 96.
††††
See: Imamkulinama. O. S. M. Fund. Manuscript number,89, page 30.
(ISSN: 2660-6836).. Hosting by Central Asian Studies. All rights reserved.
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the Khagan's initiation of action to kill Nazir Kokaltash.
The author of "History of Muqimkhani", Muhammad Yusuf Munshi ibn Khoja Baqah, was one of
the great scholars who lived in the 17th century and was born in Balkh. During the reign of Subhankuli
Khan and Muhammed Muqim Khan ‡‡‡‡ , he was glorified as "palace tugronavisi" §§§§ in the Balkh
province, and he worked in the position of munshi, whose duty was to write down and confirm the
wishes of the ruler and deliver them to their owners*****. Taking into account that this work was written
in Balkh, we can say that the work "Imamkulinama" is the primary source, based on the fact that it was
written in the palace of the Bukhara Khanate. Because Hafiz Tanish Bukhari†††††, the storyteller who
was recognized as the author of the work and wrote under the pseudonym Suhail, lived in the time of
the Ashtarkhani rulers Baqi Muhammad, Wali Muhammad, and Imam Quli Khan. This issue will be
clarified in further studies.
Enthronement of Imam Quli Khan. After the execution, Imam Quli Khan invited the emirs and
scholars to hold a council. The main issue discussed in it was Imam Quli Khan's accession to the
throne‡‡‡‡‡. In 1611, as a result of the help given by Shah Abbas, Vali Muhammad Khan temporarily
occupied the throne, but in October of the same year, he was defeated by Imam Quli Khan in the battle
in Samarkand§§§§§.
The abdicated Vali Muhammad Khan marched again with an army of 80,000 men sent to help by
Shah Abbas. When Vali Muhammad Khan with an army of 80,000 men sent to help by Shah Abbas was
coming against Imam Quli Khan, Imam Quli Khan came to his teacher, Sheikh Khoja Hashim Dahbedi,
kissed his hand and asked for advice. Then the sheikh told him that he should be calm and gave him a
white blessing, and in the battle Vali Muhammad Khan was captured and executed by the order of the
sheikh******. Kattayev K. and Azamat Zia wrote that Vali Muhammad Khan was killed.
As a result of the battle, Vali Muhammad Khan's children and ten thousand soldiers went to the
service of Shah Abbas in Herat region of Khurasan. Imamkuli Khan went back to Samarkand††††††.
It should be said that, unlike Vali Muhammad Khan, Imam Quli Khan was very devoted to the
sheikhs of Samarkand. Just one example, right before the battle of Samarkand, he received a white
blessing from Sheikh Khoja Hashim‡‡‡‡‡‡. However, Vali Muhammad Khan relied on the sheikhs of
Bukhara. In fact, in order to strengthen these relations, he gave his sister Jonikhon to Muhammad Islam's
grandson Abdurahim Khoja, and in turn took Abdurahim's sister as his wife. And the sheikhs of
‡‡‡‡
Muhammad Muqimkhan is the grandson of Subhanqulikhan, the son of Iskandar
§§§§
Muhit al-Tawarikh page 57.
*****
Madjma' al-arkam. S. 96-105; Tazkirat ash-shu'aro. page 363; Environment at-Tawarikh. Page 69.
†††††
Abdullanoma. The first book. Pages 27-28.
‡‡‡‡‡
See: Imamqulinoma. ShQF. Manuscript number 89, page 31; Abu Tahirkhoja "Samaria" Tashkent "Kamalak" 1991,
page 67.
§§§§§
The history of Sayyid Rakim SamDu 260-261b, 2. In "History of Uzbek statehood".
2. Azamat Ziya "History of Uzbek statehood" Sharq publishing house, Tashkent:.-2000, page 260
******
The history of Sayyid Rakim SamDU 209b.
††††††
The history of Sayyid Rakim SamDU 210b
‡‡‡‡‡‡
The history of Sayyid Rakim SamDU 209b
(ISSN: 2660-6836). Hosting by Central Asian Studies. All rights reserved.
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CENTRAL ASIAN JOURNAL OF SOCIAL SCIENCES AND HISTORY (ISSN: 2660-6836) | Volume: 4 Issue: 10 | Oct-2023 43
Samarkand§§§§§§. It can be seen that this sheikh had his place in the administration of the country and
was highly respected. What generation did Khoja Hashim Dahbedi belong to?
Muhammad Hashimkhoja Dahbedi is one of the most prominent representatives of the Dahbedi
family. This breed is the grandson of Mahdumi Azam******* and the son of Khoja Kalon. Apart from
Khoja Hashim, Khoja Kalonhoja had two children, Salihhoja and Muhammad Yusufhoja. Salihkhoja
was active in Balkh (Khorasan), Muhammad Yusufkhoja (father of Afaqkhoja) was active in Eastern
Turkestan†††††††, and Khoja Hashim Dahbedi was active in Samarkand and called the people to guidance.
He even personally participated in the ruler's political activities. We can know this from the relationship
between Wali Muhammad and Imamquli. The activity of this sheikh during the time of Imam Quli Khan
requires a separate study. Not only did he participate in the political activities of the rulers, but he directly
participated in the coming to power of regional governors in the country. According to Kamilkhan
Kattayev, by the will of Khoja Hashim Dahbedi, Nalangtushbi was placed on the throne of
Samarkand‡‡‡‡‡‡‡.
Based on the above information, the following opinions and comments can be expressed:
During the Ashtarkhanid dynasty, the status of Samarkand was no less than Bukhara. In managing
the country, the rulers of the dynasty received help and support from the sheikhs of Samarkand. We can
see this in the time of Imamkuli Bahadir Khan. The decisive battle of Imamquli Khan's seizure of power
took place in Samarkand. So, we can easily call Samarkand the second capital of the dynasty. During
the Ashtarkhanid dynasty, the status of Samarkand was no less than Bukhara. In managing the country,
the rulers of the dynasty received help and support from the sheikhs of Samarkand. We can see this in
the time of Imamkuli Bahadir Khan. The decisive battle of Imamquli Khan's seizure of power took place
in Samarkand. So, Samar is the second capital of the dynasty.
Some political and diplomatic actions of Baqi Muhammad's brother Wali Muhammad in the
management of power led to the end of his rule, and the brothers Imamquli and Nadr Muhammad took
advantage of this favorable situation.
The role of the sheikhs of Dahbed in the administration of Samarkand was incomparable during
the time of some Timurid rulers and during the time of Bukhara Khanate Imam Quli Khan.
Studying the subsequent activities of Khoja Hashim Dahbedi, who helped Imamquli Khan to come
to the throne, is of urgent importance in illuminating the history of Samarkand. The activity of this sheikh
during the time of Imam Quli Khan requires a separate study.
§§§§§§
Thomas Welsford “Four types of loyalty in Early modern Central Asia”, Leiden.Boston, 2013, P.245-248.
*******
949 (1542), a great mystic who lived in the 16th century. died; real name is Ahmad ibn Jalaluddin Kosani
†††††††
Kattaev K. The history of Makhdumi Azam and the perfect sect of Dahbedis. - Samarkand: Makhdumi Azam Dahbedi
Scientific Research Foundation, 2011. - B. 95. (- 92 p.)
‡‡‡‡‡‡‡
Kattaev K. The history of Makhdumi Azam and the perfect sect of Dahbedis. - Samarkand: Makhdumi Azam Dahbedi
Scientific Research Foundation, 2011. - B. 95. (- 144 p.)
(ISSN: 2660-6836).. Hosting by Central Asian Studies. All rights reserved.
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CENTRAL ASIAN JOURNAL OF SOCIAL SCIENCES AND HISTORY (ISSN: 2660-6836) | Volume: 4 Issue: 9 | Sep-2023 44
References:
1. Miłosz Marek, Miłosz Elżbieta, Montusiewicz Jerzy. Determination of ceramic tile colour
surface areas on the medieval Sher-Dor Madrasah mosaic in Samarkand – Problems and
solutions. In: Digital Applications in Archaeology and Cultural Heritage, 2020, vol. 16, p. 1-
6.
2. Milos Marek, Kayumov Rakhim, Samarov Khonkul. Cooperation in the digiizaion of cultural
heritage // Echo of Hisory. 2021 № 1. – P. 24-25.
3. Каюмов Рахим. Музейному комплексу Мирзо Улугбека в Самарканде передана
серебряная монета с изображением великого польского астронома Николая Коперника
// Народное слово 10 сентября 2021 года № 189.
4. Kęsik Jasek, Miłosz Marek, Montusiewicz Jerzy, Samarov Khonkul. Documenting the
geometry of large architectural monuments using 3D scanning – the case of the dome of the
Golden Mosque of the Tillya-Kori Madrasah in Samarkand. In: Digital Applications in
Archaeology and Cultural Heritage, 2021, vol. 22, p. 1-11.
5. Samarov Khonkul. The Registan Ensemble – an Architectural Jewel of the Silk Road //
Tangible Cultural Heritage of the Silk Road from the Area of Modern Uzbekistan, Lublin-
2021, Page 15. (9-16)
6. Rahmonova Parvina. The use of IT technologies in the study and preservation of historical
monuments of Samarkand of the Ashtarkhanid era // Computer technologies in sharing the
Cultural Heritage and education of the Silk Road from Uzbekistans. – P. 241-248.
7. His death is given in different sources. For example: Iskandarbek Munshi, "History of
Alamoroi Abbasi" gives the year 1605, "Bahr ul-asror" gives the year 1606.
8. Mahmoud ibn Wali "Bahr ul-asror" Bodleian Library №. 515. - V 76b.
9. Eshov B. "History of state and local administration in Uzbekistan" second book. - Tashkent:.
2019 New century generation, B-60.
10. Tumanovich N.N. Herat in the 16th-18th centuries. – M.: Nauka, 1989. – P. 141.
11. Thomas Welsford “Four types of loyalty in Early modern Central Asia”, Leiden.Boston, 2013,
P.246.
12. Thomas Welsford “Four types of loyalty in Early modern Central Asia”, Leiden.Boston, 2013,
P. 247; B. Ahmedov. "Lessons from history". Tashkent. "Teacher", 1994, p. 231.
13. Akhmedov B.A. History of Balkha (16th - first half of the 18th century). - Tashkent: Science,
1982. - S. 105.; 10.Alekseev A.K. Srednyaya Azia pri Ashtarkhanidakh v XVII-XVIII
centuries. - St. Petersburg, 2004. - S. 143.
14. Ziyoyev A. The history of Uzbek statehood. Tashkent: Sharq publishing house, 2000. - B.
259-260.
15. Sangirov J. "Illumination of the activities of the supreme council in the sources of the
Ashtarkhanid dynasty. Infolib// Tashkent: page 93.
16. History of Muqimkhani, copy of SamDU, 96.
17. See: Imamkulinama. O. S. M. Fund. Manuscript number,89, page 30.
18. Muhammad Muqimkhan is the grandson of Subhanqulikhan, the son of Iskandar
(ISSN: 2660-6836). Hosting by Central Asian Studies. All rights reserved.
Copyright (c) 2023 Author (s). This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of Creative Commons Attribution License
(CC BY).To view a copy of this license, visit https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
CENTRAL ASIAN JOURNAL OF SOCIAL SCIENCES AND HISTORY (ISSN: 2660-6836) | Volume: 4 Issue: 10 | Oct-2023 45
19. Muhit al-Tawarikh page 57.
20. Madjma' al-arkam. S. 96-105; Tazkirat ash-shu'aro. page 363; Environment at-Tawarikh. Page
69.
21. Abdullanoma. The first book. Pages 27-28.
22. See: Imamqulinoma. ShQF. Manuscript number 89, page 31; Abu Tahirkhoja "Samaria"
Tashkent "Kamalak" 1991, page 67.
23. The history of Sayyid Rakim SamDu 260-261b, 2. In "History of Uzbek statehood".
24. Azamat Ziya "History of Uzbek statehood" Sharq publishing house, Tashkent: - 2000, page
260
25. The history of Sayyid Rakim SamDU 209b.
26. The history of Sayyid Rakim SamDU 210b
27. The history of Sayyid Rakim SamDU 209b
28. Thomas Welsford “Four types of loyalty in Early modern Central Asia”, Leiden.Boston, 2013,
P.245-248.
29. 949 (1542), a great mystic who lived in the 16th century. died; real name is Ahmad ibn
Jalaluddin Kosani
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