LESSON 16

Instruction: Write T if the statement is correct and F if it is wrong. Write your answer on the
space provided before the number. Check your answers against the Key to Corrections found
at the end of this SAS. Write your score on your paper.
T 1. The main source of the excess carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is the burning of fossil
fuels.
F 2. Food security is already being impacted in number of Asian countries as dated.
F 3. Methane is a greenhouse gas that stabilizes climate change.
T 4. The effect of human that caused climate change range more frequent and severe droughts
to snow storms and extreme winter weather fronts.
T 5. One of the many effects of climate change is the warming of ocean temperature.

Activity 1: What I Know Chart, PART 1 (3 mins)

Instruction: Please write under the WHAT I KNOW column the things that you already knew about
the questions for today’s topic. Please ONLY answer the “What I Know” column and wait until
you finish answering all the activities before you answer the “What I Learned” column.

What I Questions What I Learned

Know (Activity 4)

1. What is El Niño and La Niña?

2. What are the different effects of El Niño and La
Niña?

3. What are the different things to do during El Niño

and La Niña?

[Link] LESSON

Activity 2: Content Notes (13 mins)

El Niῆo is a spectacular oceanographic/ meteorological phenomenon that develops in the

pacific” mostly off Peru. It is caused by the warming of sea surface temperature in the Pacific
and can affect air and sea currents.

Camilo Carillo coined the term El Niῆo in 1892. He was a fisherman in Port Paita of Peru who
kept on talking about the Corriente del Niῆo or “Current of Christ child”.

El Niño is caused by the warming of sea surface temperature in the Pacific and can affect air
and sea currents. This phenomenon resulted in reduced rainfall that led to dry spells, droughts
and stronger typhoons.

The Philippines has experienced four episodes of El Niῆo: 1948- 1959, 1961-1973.1974- 1988,
1989-9196. Two of these episodes are rated extreme El Niῆo related droughts: between 1982 –
1992. The country was not prepared then, resulting in a month- long flood in central and
southern Luzon in 1972 that caused 15 billion pesos in damages.

In 1997- 1998, the Philippines experienced one of the worst El Niῆo. This was described as
“spectacular” by climatologist.

According to the Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical, and astronomical Services

Administration (PAGASA), El Niῆo will be known by the following characteristics:
1. It occurs in the pacific basin every 2-9 years.
2. It usually starts during the Northern winter (December to February.
3. Once established, it last until the first half of the ensuing year, although at ties, it is
longer
4. It exhibits phase- locking to annual cycles, meaning El Niῆo and rainfall fluctuations
associated with it tend to recur at the same time of the year
5. It usually has biennial cycle with La Niῆa events often preceded or followed by La Niῆa.

Effects of El Niῆo
 1. On Crops- this could affect grain formation and reduce yield, El Niῆo could bring about
drought- included pest, locust among them, and diseases
2. On forest- Temperature above 45 C could kill seedlings, or cause desiccation of tissues
0

of big trees thus stunting their growth and rendering them vulnerable to pests. Forest Fires
could have long-term effects on the diversity of the ecosystem.
3. On Livestock- there could be low supply of high energy feeds brought about by high cost,
low production, poor pasture and low water supply.
4. On Fisheries- surface seawater will get warmer by 3-4 C, thus affecting surface dwellers
0

such as tuna, sardines and round scads which will go to cooler waters. Also fishponds
production will be affected because no rainfall will increase the salinity of brackish where
Bangus fry thrive.
5. For Household- shortage of water in the kitchen, toilet and bathroom. Recycling of used
water is advised.

La Niῆa is the cooling of the water in the equatorial Pacific, which occurs at irregular intervals,
and is associated with widespread changes in weather patterns complementary to those of El
Niño, but less extensive and damaging in their effects.

La Niña is characterized by unusually cold ocean temperatures in the Equatorial Pacific,

compared to El Niño, which is characterized by unusually warm ocean temperatures in the
Equatorial Pacific.
Effects of La Niῆa

1. Drought and dry conditions

LaNiña is the opposite of El Niño; hence, it presents drought and dry conditions in the eastern
side of the equatorial Pacific as opposed to the western side. The dry spells and droughts are
mostly witnessed in the coastal regions of Peru and Chile which may result in poor crop yields.
These conditions are experienced because the normal wind cycles that fetch rain is reversed
due to the shift of the global wind cycle circulation in the equatorial pacific.

2. Flooding and Heavy Rains

The changes brought about by La Niña conditions after El Niño may as well prevail for many
months and with the ocean temperatures becoming cooler towards the east, the ensuing rainy
weather patterns in the oceans bring about heavy rains and floods that may last for extended
periods.

Just like the El Niño, the heavy rains and floods are experienced far beyond the ocean shores in
the mainland, destroying property and rendering people homeless for months. La Niña is
associated with the higher than normal rainfall in the central Andes (South America), often
causing catastrophic flooding. Very heavy rains and flooding in the Philippines, Brazil, Malaysia,
and Indonesia are also largely determined by the La Niña.

3. Occurrence of Typhoons, Hurricanes, and very cold weather

The strengthening of trade winds in La Niña events is associated with some of the incidences of
serious typhoons, hurricanes and very cold weather in various parts of the world. In Asia, the
formation of severe tropical cyclones which heightens the landfall threat to China is correlated
with the westward shifts across the western Pacific Ocean brought about by the La Niña.

La Niña also allows for the development of stronger than normal hurricanes in the Atlantic and
equatorial Pacific areas. In Canada, La Niña is tied to the cooler and snowier winter such as the
very harsh snowy winter of 2007/2008 registered in Eastern Canada.

Activity 3: Skill-building Activities (18 mins + 2 mins checking)

Let me know what’s on your mind.

Instruction: Answer the question in 2 to 3 sentences only. Write your answer inside the box
provided. You may refer to the Key to Corrections for possible feedback.

1. Why do typhoons, hurricanes and very cold weather appear during La Niῆa?
Nice try, you may now proceed to the second activity.

B. Instruction: Look the picture above. The picture shows the extreme effect of La Niῆa. Can
you list all the possible things you can do when this phenomenon happens? You may write your
answer inside the box on the next page.

Answer:

Wow, that was great!

Activity 4: What I Know Chart, PART 2 (2 mins)

Instruction: Please go back to Activity 1 “What I Know Chart” and finish answering the third
column “What I Learned”. Do this in 2 minutes. Are there any changes in your answer to the
given questions? If there are, then congratulations for you have learned something new today.
Bravo!

Activity 5: Check for Understanding (5 mins)

Let us check how much you have learned.

Instruction: Identify if the following statements describe La Niῆa phenomenon or El Niῆo

phenomenon. Write A for El Niῆo and B for La Niῆa. Write the letter of your choice on the space
provided. Check your answers against the Key to Corrections found at the end of this SAS.
Write your score on your paper.

_____ 1. Flooding and heavy rains

_____ 2. It occurs in the pacific basin.

_____ 3. It is a cooling of water in the equatorial pacific.

_____ 4. Temperature can reach above 45 C. 0

_____ 5. Shortage of water in household such as kitchen, and toilet.

_____ 6. Cause diseases brought by mosquitos such as dengue and malaria.

C. LESSON WRAP-UP

Activity 6: Thinking about Learning (5 mins)

A. Work Tracker

WOW! You are almost done with this session!

Let’s track your progress. Please shade the session number you just completed.

B. Think about your Learning

Can we talk? Please tell me something about today’s lesson. Write your answer on the
opposite box.

1. Tell me at least 3 things you’ve learned from today’s lesson.

2. What are those 2 things in the lesson you found interesting?

3. Ask me 1 thing that made you curious about the lesson but we were not able to
discuss.

FAQs
1. Why is drought and dry condition still take place even if there is an occurrence of La
Niῆa?

La Niña is the opposite of El Niño; hence, it presents drought and dry conditions in the
eastern side of the equatorial Pacific as opposed to the western side. The dry spells and
droughts are mostly witnessed in the coastal regions of Peru and Chile which may result in poor
crop yields. These conditions are experienced because the normal wind cycles that fetch rain is
reversed due to the shift of the global wind cycle circulation in the equatorial pacific.

Ecological Insight:
“The Earth is a closed system, everything goes some place
somewhere.”

KEY TO CORRECTIONS

Introduction:
1. T 2. F 3. F 4. T 5. T
Activity 3: Skill-building Activities
A.*
The strengthening of trade winds in La Niña events is associated with some of the incidences of
serious typhoons, hurricanes and very cold weather in various parts of the world.
*Answers may vary

B.
Answers may vary. It depends on the interpretation of the student.

Possible answers:

-Stay inside a house or building during heavy rains.

- Avoid wading and taking baths in floodwaters.
- When a flood advisory is issued, residents in low lying areas should seek for higher
grounds.
- Avoid crossing low-lying areas and bridges during evacuation.

Activity 5
1. B
2. A
3. B
4. A
5. A
6. B

LESSON 17

Activity 2: Content Notes (13 mins)

The Philippines is rich in natural resources. It has fertile, arable lands, diverse flora and fauna,
extensive coastlines, and rich mineral deposits. About 30% of the land area of the country was
determined to be geologically prospective by the Philippine Mines and Geo-Sciences Bureau.

Philippine copper, gold and chromite deposits are among the largest in the world. Other
important minerals include gold, nickel, silver, coal, gypsum, and sulfur. The Philippines also
has significant deposits of clay, limestone, marble, silica, and phosphate.

The Department of Environment and Natural Resources ( DENR ) is the primary agency
responsible for the conservation, management, development, and proper use of the country’s
environment and natural resources, specifically forest and grazing lands, mineral resources,
including those in reservation and watershed areas, and lands of the public domain, as well as
the licensing and regulation of all natural resources as may be provided for by law in order to
ensure equitable sharing of the benefits derived therefrom for the welfare of the present and
future generations of Filipinos.

The Natural Resources of the Philippines

Our Bodies of Water

The Philippines boast of many different kinds of natural water forms, such as bays, rivers, lakes
falls, gulfs, straits, and swamps. Because it is made up of islands, the country's coastline, if laid
end-to-end, would measure around 17.5 thousand kilometers. The Philippines is blessed with
excellent natural harbors for ports like Manila Bay. Other excellent harbors with port potentials
are found in Ilocos, Pangasinan, Visayas, and Mindanao.

Our Land
The Philippines’ primary source of livelihood is its fertile land. Rich, wide plains suitable for
farming are found in the Cagayan Valley, Central Luzon, South western Bicol, Panay, Negros,
Davao, Cotabato, Agusan and Bukidnon. The country‘s six major crops
are rice, corn, sugarcane, coconut, abaca and tobacco. Except for rice and corn, all these
products are exported, along with bananas and pineapples
Our Forests
The Philippines also boasts of wide tracts of lush, green forests. In fact, almost half of the
country’s total land area is forested. Sixty per cent of these forests are found in Mindanao.
Mineral resources
Except for petroleum and several metals, mineral resources abound in Philippine soil. The
country’s mineral deposits can be classified into metals and non-metals. Our metal deposits are
estimated at 21.5 billion metric tons, while non-metal deposits are projected at 19.3 billion metric
tons. Nickel ranks first in terms of deposits and size; it is found in Surigao del Norte, Davao,
Palawan, Romblon, and Samar.

Iron is found in Ilocos Norte, Nueva Ecija, Camarines Norte and Cotabato. While copper in
Zambales, Batangas, Mindoro, Panay and Negros. Among non-metal deposits, the
most abundant are cement, lime, and marble. Other non-metals include asbestos, clay, guano,
asphalt, feldspar, sulfur, talc, silicon, phosphate, and marble.

Fishery Resources
With its territorial waters measuring as much as 1.67 million square kilometers and located in
the worlds fishing center, the Philippines is rich in marine resources. Of the 2,400 fish species
found in the country, 65 have good commercial value. Other marine products
include corals, pearls, crabs and seaweeds. Some of the country’s best saltwater fishing areas
are found in Sintangki Island in Sulu Estancia in Bohol, Malampaya in Palawan, Lingayen Gulf
in Pangasinan, San Miguel lake in Camarines Norte, Bantayan Channel in Cebu, and the seas
of Quezon and Sorsogon.

The Regions of the Philippines with their Products

CAR Banana, Coffee, Corn, Palay, Potato and Sweet Potato
Region 1 Corn, Palay, Banana, Mango, Tomato, Tobacco and Coconut
Region 2 Corn, Palay, Sugarcane, Tomato, Peanut, Coffee, Coconut and Sweet Corn
Region 3 Corn, Palay, Banana, Mango, Tomato, Tobacco and Coconut
Region 4- ( CALABARZON) - Corn, Palay, Coconut, Sweet Potato, Banana, Coffee,
A Pineapple
Region 4- ( MIMAROPA ) - Corn, Palay, Banana, Mango, Coffee, Coconut, Sweet Potato,
B Pineapple
Region 5 Corn , Palay, Sugarcane, Banana, Jackfruit, Coconut, Pineapple
Region 6 Corn, Palay, Banana, Coconut, Sugarcane
Region 7 Corn, Palay, Banana, Coconut, Sugarcane, Sweet Potato
Region 8 Corn, Palay, Jackfruit, Coconut, Sweet Potato
Region 9 Corn, Palay, Banana, Coconut, Coffee
Region 10 Corn, Palay, Banana, Coconut, Pineapple, Sugarcane
Region 11 Corn, Palay, Banana, Sugarcane, Coconut, Durian, Pineapple
Region 12 Corn, Palay, Banana, Coconut, Durian
CARAGA Corn, Palay, Banana, Coconut, Sweet Potato
ARMM Corn, Palay, Banana, Coconut, Pineapple, Durian

Activity 3: Skill-building Activities (18 mins + 2 mins checking)

Let me know what’s on your mind.

A. Instruction: Did you find your notes amazing? Now answer this activity below to test if you
already know the different products produced from different regions. Answer the questions with
Yes or No. You may check your answers against the Key to Corrections found at the end of
this SAS. Write your score on your paper.

1. Region VI produces sugarcane. ________

2. Region II produces tomatoes. ________
3. CARAGA region produces durian. ________
4. Region IV-A produces coffee. ________
5. CAR Region produces sweet potato. ________

Can you recall the content notes from the main lesson? Answer the next activity for you
to find out. I already answered the first one for your reference.
.
B. Instruction: List down at least 5 resources (products) that can be found in the area
(source). You may check your answers against the Key to Corrections found at the end of this
SAS. Write your score on your paper.

Source Resources

Land
Tree, Rice, sweet potato, Mango, Sugarcane

Rock

Soil

Water

Wow, you had an amazing memory!

You may now proceed to the next activity on the next page.
Activity 4: What I Know Chart, PART 2 (2 mins)

Instruction: Please go back to Activity 1 “What I Know Chart” and finish answering the third
column “What I Learned”. Do this in 2 minutes. Are there any changes in your answer to the
given questions? If there are, then congratulations for you have learned something new today.
Great!

Activity 5: Check for Understanding (5 mins)

Let us check how much you have learned.

How far did we go? Answer this activity to complete your task for today. Feel free to write
anything that you know. Your response is highly appreciated. The first item is already answered
for your reference.

Natural Resources Examples Location (if applicable)

Bodies of Water Rivers, Seas, Bays Agusan, Philippine Sea, Manila

Land
Mineral Resources
Fishery Resources

Good job!

C. LESSON WRAP-UP

Activity 6: Thinking about Learning (5 mins)

A. Work Tracker
 WOW! You are almost done with this session!

Let’s track your progress. Please shade the session number you just completed.

Well done!

B. Think about your Learning

Can we talk? Please tell me something about today’s lesson. Write your answer on the
opposite box.

1. Tell me at least 3 things you’ve learned from today’s lesson.

2. What are those 2 things in the lesson you found interesting?

3. Ask me 1 thing that made you curious about the lesson but we were not able to
discuss.

FAQs
1. What is the main goal of the ASEAN Environmental Education Action Plan for Sustainable
Development?
This law has reiterated the policy of the State to protect and advance the right of the people to a
balanced and healthful ecology in accord with the rhythm and harmony of nature. The law has
further recognized the vital role of the youth in nation building, and the role of education to foster
patriotism and nationalism, accelerate social progress and provide total human liberation and
development.

2. How can we conserve our natural resources if we need them to sustain our living?
Sustainable development is very important in the conservation of our natural resources. It
promotes the use and consumption of the resources without sacrificing its innate beauty and
availability for the future generations.

KEY TO CORRECTIONS

Activity 3: Skill-building Activities

A. 1. Yes 2. No 3. No 4. Yes 5. Yes

B.

Source Resources
Land
Tree, Rice, sweet potato, Mango, Sugarcane
Rock
Copper, diamond gold, nickel, silver, coal, gypsum, and
sulfur
Soil Clay, limestone, marble, silica, and phosphate.

Water Fish, Sea weeds (Algae), Shells, Octopus, corals, Shark,

Activity 5 Check for Understanding

Natural Examples Location
Resources
 Bodies of Rivers, Seas, Bays Agusan, Philippine
Water Sea, Manila
Land rice, corn, sugarcane, coconut, abaca and tobacco Cagayan Valley,
Central Luzon, South
western Bicol,
Panay, Negros,
Davao, Cotabato,
Agusan and
Bukidnon
Mineral Nickel, Iron, copper, cement, lime, Surigao del Norte,
Resources and marble, asbestos, clay, guano, asphalt, feldspar, Davao, Palawan,
sulfur, talc, silicon, phosphate, and marble. Romblon, Samar,
Ilocos Norte, Nueva
Ecija, Camarines
Norte, Cotabato,
Zambales, Batangas,
Mindoro, Panay and
Negros
Fishery Different variety of fishes, corals, pearls, crabs and Bohol, Malampaya in
Resources seaweeds Palawan, Lingayen
Gulf in Pangasinan,
San Miguel lake in
Camarines Norte,
Bantayan Channel in
Cebu, and the seas
of Quezon and
Sorsogon.

Globally, which of the following economic sectors emits the largest

percentage of greenhouse gas emissions? *

1/1

Electricity and heat production

Feedback

The electricity and heat production sector emits the largest percentage of global
greenhouse gas emissions at 25%. The agriculture, forestry and other land use
sector is a close second at 24%.
Which of these countries emits the most carbon dioxide? *
1/1

China
Feedback

According to the International Energy Agency, China is currently the top emitter
of carbon dioxide, accounting for 28% of global carbon emissions. The United
States ranks as the second top emitter at 15%.

Which has been the hottest year on record? *

1/1

2016
2020
All of the above

Feedback

2020 has effectively tied 2016 as the hottest year on record, with the global
average temperature 1.84 degrees Fahrenheit (1.02 degrees Celsius) warmer
than the baseline 1951-1980 mean. The last seven years have been the warmest
seven years on record.

Which of the following are consequences associated with climate

change? *
1/1

The ice sheets are declining, glaciers are in retreat globally, and our oceans are more acidic than
ever.
Surface temperatures are setting new heat records about each year.
More extreme weather like droughts, heat waves, and hurricanes.
Global sea levels are rising at an alarmingly fast rate — 17 centimeters (6.7 inches) in the last
century alone and going higher.
All of the above
Feedback

All of these are problems associated with climate change. The majority of
scientists agree that many of these effects are caused by human contribution to
the greenhouse effect. Extreme weather events, droughts, heat waves and rising
sea levels are already having devastating effects on the most vulnerable
countries and communities.

What can you do to help fight climate change? *

1/1
Divest from fossil fuel companies.
Engage yourself in the science behind climate change.
Vote for political candidates who will advocate for climate-related legislation and policy
improvements.
All of the above

Feedback

Along with these important steps, we also suggest adding your voice to the
issues surrounding climate change, investing in clean energy companies and
taking personal actions to reduce your impact on the planet.

Wasting less food is a way to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. *

1/1

True

False

Feedback

More than a third of food produced globally never makes it to the table. Some of
this wasted food spoils in transit, while consumers throw some of this food out.
Food loss and waste account for around 8.2 percent of the total human-made
greenhouse gas emissions.
What was agreed to in the "Paris Agreement" that came out of COP-
21, held in Paris in 2015? *
1/1

To protect biodiversity and end the deforestation of the world’s rainforests.

To keep global temperature rise well below 2℃ pre-industrial levels and to pursue a path to
limit warming to 1.5℃.

To limit sea level rise to 3 feet above current levels.

To pursue a goal of 100% clean, renewable energy.

Feedback

The Paris Agreement is an international treaty on climate change. It aims to

keep the overall increase in global temperatures below 2 degrees Celsius, with
the hope of limiting it to 1.5 degrees Celsius. Scientists believe that these are
the largest increases in global temperature that we could experience without
causing catastrophic change to the Earth’s climate.

The overwhelming majority of scientists agree that climate change is

real and caused by humans. *
1/1

True
False

Feedback

Studies show that 97 percent (or more) of climate scientists who are actively
publishing agree that climate change is likely due to human activity. Most of the
prominent scientific organizations across the globe have issued statements that
publicly endorse this view.

Which of the following is a greenhouse gas? *

1/1

carbon dioxide
methane
water vapor
all of the above

Feedback

Greenhouse gases may be a result of natural occurrence or human activity.

These gases include carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), water vapor, nitrous
oxide (N2O) and ozone (O3). Fluorinated gases are also considered to be
greenhouse gases. Greenhouse gases act like a heat-trapping blanket, making
the Earth habitable for humans. However, human activities have increased
emissions of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere beyond what the Earth can
support, resulting in climate change.

What is the Greenhouse effect? *

1/1
The name of climate change legislation that was passed by Congress.
When you paint your house green to become an environmentalist.
When the gases in our atmosphere trap heat and block it from escaping our planet.

When you build a green house.

Feedback

The Earth receives solar radiation from the sun. Passing through the
atmosphere, some radiation is absorbed by the Earth, while some is reflected
back to space. When the exchange of incoming and outgoing radiation occurs,
some of the radiation becomes trapped by gases in the atmosphere. This creates
a “greenhouse” effect and warms the planet.

What percentage of the global greenhouse gas emissions does the

transportation sector emit? *
1/1
1%
14%

33%
70%
Lesson 19
There are four groups of natural resources, namely:
 Renewable Resources - those that can be used and replaced.
 Non-renewable Resources - like iron, petroleum, coal that cannot be replaced.
 Recycled Resources - resources that can be used more than once.
 Inexhaustible Resources - resources which are considered inexhaustible because
they have always the same amount present on Earth.

Why do we need to conserve these natural resources?

We need to conserve them primarily because our survival ultimately depends on the availability
of these resources. And since our population size is increasing, the demand for these resources
also increases. Hence, in order to meet the increasing demand and to maintain the quality of
our lives, conservation of natural resources is very vital.

There are different kinds of conservation, namely:

 Soil Conservation
 Water Conservation
 Forest Conservation
 Wildlife Conservation

Are you familiar with these different kinds of conservation? Which of the 4 kinds of conservation
is the most critical for you? Why?

All the four kinds of conservation are equally important, thus they are also equally critical. Below
are the issues concerning the conservation, protection and rehabilitation of the environment and
natural resources.

 Uncontrolled dumping of raw sewage in coastal areas, particularly those that are thickly
populated or used heavily by tourists, contributes to dangerous water contamination
levels. The lack of point-source and nonpoint-source pollution controls are the main
factors that contribute to the degradation of water quality in the Philippines.

 The problem of solid waste disposal is most serious in urban centers, particularly Metro
Manila, because of high population density, high consumption rates, and the
concentration of packaged goods, and packaging materials, some of which are toxic and
non-biodegradable.
 Although water is still abundant in certain areas, the country faces the threat of emerging
water scarcity. Lack of urban planning, indiscriminate urban development, lack of
investment in water, problems of water resource management, and the impact of climate
change threaten water security and sustainability.

 Around 267 watersheds with a total area of 10.6 million hectares have been identified as
needing immediate rehabilitation. These priority watersheds support national irrigation
systems and are the major source of domestic water supply. Storage and distribution of
water to deficient areas and proper water-resources management are also areas of
concern.

 The quality of land resources has deteriorated steadily because of erosion, pollution, and
land conversion. Twenty-one percent of the country’s agricultural lands and 36 percent
of nonagricultural lands are moderately or severely eroded. Soil erosion has affected the
productivity of land, limited the rehabilitation or restoration of degraded lands, lowered
the quality of surface water, and modified hydrologic conditions by changing land
resources and land management.

 The main threats to Philippine forests come from the collection of fuel wood, settlements
in forestlands, and conversion to agricultural uses, kaingin and forest fires, and illegal
logging. There are approximately 20 million people living in upland watershed areas, half
of whom are dependent on shifting cultivation for their livelihood.

 Most of the plant and animal species in the country are unique and cannot be found
anywhere else. The country’s species are among the world’s top 10 in terms of
endemism. Given the land density and the density of both flora and fauna, the
Philippines may even be the world’s most megadiverse country.

 Biodiversity in the Philippines, however, is also among the most endangered in the
world. As of 2008, 221 species of fauna and 526 species of flora have been included in
the list of threatened species. The continually increasing demands for food, energy, and
other goods, coupled with the pressures exerted by rapid development and economic
growth, have put much stress on the country’s natural environment resulting in the
destabilization of ecosystems, destruction of natural habitats and an alarming rate of
biodiversity loss. The introduction of invasive alien species (IAS) has threatened
biodiversity and destabilized ecosystems.

 Some unsustainable human activities, however, cause great stress to coastal and
marine resources. Coastal development and climate change impacts such as sea-level
rise and increasing sea-surface temperature add to the stress on these resources.
Sedimentation in coastal areas due to unsustainable land use in upland areas continues
to threaten coastal ecosystems.

 The productivity of the country’s coral reefs, mangrove forests, sea grass, and algal
beds and fisheries is declining at an alarming rate. Of the 27,000 sq km. of coral reef,
over 70 percent are of poor or fair quality and only five percent are in excellent condition.
The Philippine reefs may already be in a steady state of decline from 5 percent to 3
percent to less than 1 percent.

 Mangroves protect the coast from waves, tidal currents, and typhoons and provide
habitats, shelter, breeding, sites, and food sources to various groups of fish and other
coastal wildlife. The ecological functions of mangroves as land builder and coastline
stabilizer are also widely known. Mangrove cover, however, has declined from 450,000
hectares in 1918 to only about 140,000 hectares in 2008. The development of mangrove
swamps into aquaculture ponds, salt beds, reclamation areas and other agricultural
activities has extensively degraded this resource.
  Several mining projects, however, have been alleged to have caused environmental
degradation, physical displacement of indigenous people, and cultural dislocations.
Legal and illegal mining operations posed serious threat to the forest and to local rivers
because of forest clearing and the release of toxins. Many of these concerns stem from
the failure of many small and large-scale mining companies to adhere to stringent,
globally defined standards for responsible mining.

From the above issues, I hope that it is now clear to you that conservation, protection and
rehabilitation of our natural resources is really a must.

The following are ways to improved conservation, protection, and rehabilitation of natural
resources:

 Sustainably manage forests and watersheds

 Improve protection and conservation of biodiversity
 Enhance coastal and marine resources management
 Improve land administration and management
 Manage a more equitable utilization of mineral resources
 Develop and implement environment-friendly enterprise and livelihood opportunities.

In what way can you help?

____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
________________________

Wow, that was great!

Activity 3: Skill-building Activities (18 mins + 2 mins checking)

May I know what’s on your mind?

Instruction: Identify which group of resources the following items belong. Write R for
Renewable, N for Non-Renewable, RE for Recycled and IN for Inexhaustible on the space
provide before each number. Check your answers against the Key to Corrections found at the
end of this SAS. Write your score on your paper.

_______1. Sunlight _______9. Coal

_______2. Plants _______10. Aluminum
_______3. Phosphate _______11. Trees
rock _______12. Iron
_______4. Animals _______13. Uranium
_______5. Peat _______14. Biofuels
_______6. Water _______15. Petroleum
_______7. Soil
_______8. Air

How do feel about you score? Encircle the emoji.

Now, please proceed to the second activity.

B. Instruction: Read the following statements and write TRUE if the statement is correct. If
FALSE, change the underlined word/phrase to make the statement correct. Check your
answers against the Key to Corrections found at the end of this SAS. Write your score on
your paper.
____________1. Sedimentation in coastal areas due to unsustainable land use in upland areas
continues
to threaten coastal ecosystems.
____________2. Around 267 watersheds with a total area of 11.6 million hectares have been
identified as
needing immediate rehabilitation.
____________3. Waterways in major urban centers, especially rivers, are unfit for human
activity, despite
recent clean-up efforts.
____________4. Conservation of natural resources includes all things that help support life,
such as water,
soil, plants, and animals.

____________5. The Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) levels of 10 rivers in the country are
already
within standard and BOD levels of rivers have improved.
____________6. The country’s species are among the world’s top 10 in terms of extinction.
____________7. Although water is abundant in certain areas, the country faces the threat of
emerging
water scarcity.
____________8. Watersheds support national irrigation systems and are the major source of
domestic
water supply.
____________9. Twenty-two percent of the country’s agricultural lands and 36 percent of
nonagricultural
lands are moderately or severely eroded.
____________10. There are approximately 18 million people living in upland watershed areas,
half of whom
are dependent on shifting cultivation for their livelihood.

Activity 4: What I Know Chart, PART 2 (2 mins)

Instruction: Please go back to Activity 1 “What I Know Chart” and finish answering the third
column “What I Learned”. Do this in 2 minutes. Are there any changes in your answer to the
given questions? If there are, then congratulations for you have learned something new today.
Bravo!

Activity 5: Check for Understanding (5 mins)

Let us check how much you have learned.

Instruction: How far did you go? Answer the question below to complete your task for
today. Limit your answer in 2 sentences only.

If you consider yourself an environmental advocate, what will you do to conserve the
natural resources in your locality?

Good job!

C. LESSON WRAP-UP

Activity 6: Thinking about Learning (5 mins)

 A. Work Tracker

WOW! You are almost done with this session!

Let’s track your progress. Please shade the session number you just completed.

Well done!

B. Think about your Learning

Can we talk? Please tell me something about today’s lesson. Write your answer on the
opposite box.

1. Tell me at least 3 things you’ve learned from today’s lesson.

2. What are those 2 things in the lesson you found interesting?

3. Ask me 1 thing that made you curious about the lesson but we were not able to
discuss.

FAQs
1. As a student, how can I help in the conservation, rehabilitation and protection of the
natural resources?
There are different approaches to address the conservation, rehabilitation and protection of our
natural resources. It can range from bottom-up approach or top-down approach. But as a
student, a simple living arrangement is a great help, such as walking or riding a bicycle when
going to near places, using both sides of the paper, turning off the lights when not in use,
planting, recycling of used bottles and the like.

KEY TO CORRECTIONS

Activity 3: answers may vary

A.
1. IN 2. R 3. N 4. R 5. N 6. IN 7. R 8. IN 9. N 10. RE

11. R 12. N 13. N 14. R 15. N

B.
1. TRUE
2. 10.6 million
3. esteros
4. TRUE
5. TRUE
6. endenism
7. TRUE
8. TRUE
9. Twenty-one
 10. 20 million

Activity 5

*Answers may vary (you may refer to the FAQs for possible feedback)

SESSION 20
The aggressive pursuit for economic growth, by developing countries like the Philippines, has
resulted in the manufacture, distribution and use of products and generation of wastes that
contributes to environmental degradation and global climate change. Along with the country’s
economic progress, the rapid growth in population has also made waste management a major
environmental challenge for the country.

The Ecological Solid Waste Management Act of 2000 (Republic Act 9003) was approved in
January 26, 2001 and came into effect on February 16, 2001. Ecological Waste Management is
the systematic administration of activities which provide for segregation at source, segregated
transportation, storage, transfer, processing, treatment, and disposal of solid waste and all other
waste management activities which do not harm the environment´. In the country, the local
government units (LGUs) hold the primary responsibility for the effective and efficient solid
waste management. Despite this law, however, poor solid waste management in the Philippines
is still prevalent since open and controlled dumps are being used in the country.

Waste generations by residents in the Philippines, especially in the urban areas, have
accelerated recently due to fast pace industrialization, urbanization and population growth.
Since incineration of solid waste is not allowed under Republic Act 9003 for the safety of human
health and protection of environment, land filling and the 3 R’s integrated waste management
method (Reduce, Reuse and Recycle) are the main types of SWM in the country. The law also
requires the mandatory segregation at source of solid waste into containers labelled as:
compostable, recyclable, non-recyclable, or special use.

[Link] LESSON

Activity 2: Content Notes (13 mins)

Ecological Solid Waste Management Act (Republic Act 9003)

  Environmentalists stress that RA 9003 calls for the adoption of the best environmental
practices in ecological waste management and explicitly excludes waste incineration as
an ecological option

 Improvements in recycling, collection, and disposal will become even more critical as
garbage production continues to increase with population growth and economic
development.

 Past efforts to promote waste segregation at source have minimal impact despite the
presence of Republic Act 9003

 RA 9003 further calls for the establishment of materials recovery facilities, or ecology
centers, in every barangay or cluster of a barangay.

According to environmental advocates, composting is a great way to reduce our food waste
and contributions to greenhouse gas emissions. But it can also seem like a difficult task and
how do we make sure it doesn't stink? And what even is composting?

Composting isn't as hard (or as smelly) as you've been led to believe. Anyone can compost
in any location, as long as they understand the basics of this all-natural process. Learn how
it works, why it's beneficial to the environment, and how to make it work for you through our
guide below:

What is compost?
Compost is simply decayed organic matter — and "organic matter" is a pretty wide-ranging
label. A twig can be organic matter, but so can a banana peel. When you mix a bunch of
these items together in a compost pile, they break down naturally into a nutrient-rich fertilizer
that helps gardens grow.

What can be composted?

Almost anything that comes from the ground can be composted. Cucumber ends, apple
cores, carrot peels, cantaloupe rinds, avocado pits, an old pumpkin leftover from Halloween
— any vegetable or fruit scrap will do. But grains also sprout from soil, which means you can
throw stale bread, cereal, and pasta in your compost heap, too.

How can composting impact the environment?

When the food in your trash goes to a landfill, it emits methane, a greenhouse gas that
contributes to climate change. Composting is a way to minimize those methane emissions,
but it does a lot more than that. Because compost is used as a fertilizer, it reduces the need
for chemical options, which can be harsh on the earth.

Kinds of Composting

Aerobic – in aerobic composting the compost pile passes through different stages: a warming-up stage
from 40 degrees to 60 degrees Celsius until it reaches its peak at 73 and a cooling down period,
a return to 40 to 45 degrees Celsius. Once steam is released, the process is complete.

Anaerobic – (throw it and forget it) is slower and rarely destroys seeds of the weed or disease spores.
Usually bacteria and fungi will work at it.

Worm composting – needs a container of moistened bedding and red worms. Such container must be
covered to keep it moist and dark. Worms need ventilation and a bedding of shredded
newspaper, grass, chopped plants, straw loam or other materials. The bedding which provides
the first food must be kept moist and should include egg shells to prevent its becoming acidic.

What is Recycling?

Unless you have been on another planet for the last century, then you have probably heard of it.
Recycling is the process of breaking down and re-using materials that would otherwise
be thrown away as [Link] help reduce the pollution that may result from disposal of
various waste materials. Recycled wastes provide materials for a variety of products such as
aluminum, glass, and fuel oil.
Relevance of Recycling Waste

1. Recycling could cut waste volumes and reduce the pressure on disposal systems.

2. Lowers demands for raw materials/resources.

3. Reduces energy consumption.

4. Helps reduce litter.

5. Reduces air pollution.

6. It is a better alternative to either dumping or burning wastes.

7. Saves land space.

8. Saves money.

Activity 3: Skill-building Activities (18 mins + 2 mins checking)

May I know what’s on your mind?

Instruction: To test your knowledge about the lesson, identify the following pictures. Words are
provided below for your choices. Check your answers against the Key to Corrections found at
the end of this SAS. Write your score on your paper.

DUMPIN DISPOSA RECYCLIN COMPOSTIN

G L G G

1. ____________________ 2.___________________
 3.___________________ 4.____________________

How do feel about you score? Encircle the emoji.

Now, please proceed to the second activity.

B. Instruction: List down at least 5 activities that show recycling. An example below is given
as your reference. You may refer to the Key to Corrections for possible feedbacks.

Example: Empty water bottles recycled as flower pots.

1. ________________________________________________________________
2. ________________________________________________________________
3. ________________________________________________________________
4. ________________________________________________________________
5. ________________________________________________________________

Activity 4: What I Know Chart, PART 2 (2 mins)

Instruction: Please go back to Activity 1 “What I Know Chart” and finish answering the third
column “What I Learned”. Do this in 2 minutes. Are there any changes in your answer to the
given questions? If there are, then congratulations for you have learned something new today.

Activity 5: Check for Understanding (5 mins)

Let us check how much you have learned.

Instruction: How far did you go? Answer this question to complete your task for today. Limit
your answer in 2 sentences only.

Good job!

C. LESSON WRAP-UP

Activity 6: Thinking about Learning (5 mins)

A. Work Tracker
 WOW! You are almost done with this session!

Let’s track your progress. Please shade the session number you just completed.

Well done!

FAQs
1. How can we prevent garbage crisis?
The impending garbage crisis can be prevented if we only practice waste segregation at source,
recycling, and composting as what the law requires.
2. What are the environment consequences of waste mismanagement?
 ground and surface water contamination,
 local flooding,
 air pollution,
 exposure to toxins, and
 spread of disease.

KEY TO CORRECTIONS

Activity 3:
A.
[Link]
2. Composting
3. Disposal
4. Dumping

B.
Old notebook sheets used as notepads.
Empty water bottles recycled as flower pots.
Used plastic straw recycled into grocery bags.
Used bottle crowns assembled into doormats.
Empty plastics alcohol bottles recycled into kiddie toy cars.

SESSION 21

Activity 2: Content Notes (13 mins)

The Philippines’ Environment Law issued in 1977 has the following objectives:
1. To create, develop, maintain and improve conditions under which man and nature can
thrive in productive and enjoyable harmony with each other.
2. To fulfil the social, economic and other requirements of the present and future
generations of Filipinos.
3. To ensure the attainment of an environment that is conducive to a life of dignity and well-
being.

Inclusive of these laws are as follows:

 RA 6969 (Toxic Substances and Hazardous and Nuclear Wastes Control Act of 1990),
which prohibits the importation, storage, or transport of toxic or nuclear wastes into or
though the Philippines.
 RA 7586 (National Integrated Protected Areas System Law), aims for biodiversity
conservation and sustainable development against a backdrop of the rapid loss of forest
cover and other critical areas.
 House Bill 5668 (Imposition of Environment Hazard Fee), penalizes all chemical, thermal
and industrial plants and factories found to be violating environmental protection laws.
 House Bill 8622 (Act to Revise the Philippine Environmental Code), endorses emission
and water pollution charge systems by promoting cooperation and self-regulation among
industries and market-based instruments.
  House Resolution 766, the investigation of industrial establishments operating without
wastes treatment facilities.
 RA 9003 (Ecological Solid Waste Management Act), includes a comprehensive plan of
waste management from waste generation up to disposal.
 DENR Department Administrative Order No. 1994-28 (Interim Guidelines for the
Importation of Recyclable Materials Containing Hazardous Substances).
 DENR Department Administrative Order No. 2000-18 (Chemical Control for Ozone-
depleting Substances).
 RA 8749 (The Clean Air Act), bans almost all forms of garbage incineration and imposes
higher emission standards on oil products to lower the amount of pollution they
generate.

Bureaus Concerned with Environment and Natural Resources

All these Bureaus are placed directly under the DENR (Department of Environment and
Natural Resources).

1. LMB- Lands Management Bureau

2. FMB- Forest Management Bureau
3. ERDB- Ecosystem Research Development Bureau
4. EMB- Environmental Management Bureau
5. MGB- Mines and Geo-Sciences Bureau
6. PAWB- Protect Areas and Wildlife Bureau

Global Environmental Agreements

1. Basel Convention on the Control of Trans- Boundary Movement of Hazardous Wastes
and their Disposal
2. United Nations Environmental Program Convention on Biological Diversity
3. Montreal Protocol
4. Earth Summit
5. United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change

Activity 3: Skill-building Activities (18 mins + 2 mins checking)

Now, let me know what’s on your mind.

Instructions: Assemble the scrambled phrases from an article in the Philippine
Constitution to create a sentence with thought. Write only the number seen above the
phrase in order on the space provided below. Check your answers against the Key to
Corrections found at the end of this SAS. Write your score on your paper.

1 2 3 4 5

the rhythm and

and advance healthful ecology in the State people to a
harmony of
the right of the accordance with shall protect balanced and
nature

_______ _______ _______ _______ _______

That was good! Now, please proceed to the second activity

B. Instruction: Match the following laws and resolutions in Column A to their corresponding
equivalent in Column B. Write your answer on the space provided before the number. Check
your answers against the Key to Corrections found at the end of this SAS. Write your score
on your paper.

Column A Column B
______1. A. The investigation of industrial establishments
 DENR Department
Administrative Order No.
1994-28 operating without wastes treatment facilities.
B. Act to Revise the Philippine Environmental
______2. RA 7586 Code
C. Interim Guidelines for the Importation of
Recyclable Materials Containing Hazardous
______3. House Resolution 766 Substances
DENR Department
Administrative Order No.
______4. 2000-18 D. Ecological Solid Waste Management Act
E. National Integrated Protected Areas System
______5. House Bill 5668 Law
F. Toxic Substances and Hazardous and Nuclear
______6. RA 8749 Wastes Control Act of 1990

______7. RA 9003 G. The Clean Air Act

______8. RA 6969 H. Imposition of Environment Hazard Fee

I. Chemical Control for Ozone-depleting
______9. House Bill 8622 Substances

Activity 4: What I Know Chart, PART 2 (2 mins)

Instruction: Now, please go back to Activity 2 and answer the What I Learned column. You
have 2 minutes.

Activity 5: Check for Understanding (5 mins)

Let us check how much you have learned.

Instruction: Choose the best answer and write the letter of your choice on the space
provided. Answer in CAPITAL LETTERS. Check your answers against the Key to
Corrections found at the end of this SAS. Write your score on your paper.

_____ 1. This bill penalizes all chemical, thermal, and industrial plants and factories found to be violating
environmental protection laws.
A. Imposition of Environment Hazard Fee
B. Act to Revise the Philippine Environmental Code
C. House Resolution 766
D. Department Administrative Order No. 2000-18

_____ 2. Toxic Substances and Hazardous and Nuclear Wastes Control Act of 1990 is also known as
______?
A. RA 9696 B. RA 6969 C. RA 7676 D. RA 6767

_____ 3. RA 8749 is also known as_______.

A. Clean Water Act B. Clean Land Act C. Clean Waste Act D. Clean Air Act

For items 4 and 5, write the meaning of the following Acronyms:

1. ERDB- __________________________________________________

5. PAWB- __________________________________________________
C. LESSON WRAP-UP

Activity 6: Thinking about Learning (5 mins)

A. Work Tracker

WOW! You are almost done with this session!

Let’s track your progress. Please shade the session number you just completed.

Well done!

B. Think about your Learning

Can we talk? Please tell me something about today’s lesson. Write your answer on the
opposite box.

1. Tell me at least 3 things you’ve learned from today’s lesson.

2. What are those 2 things in the lesson you found interesting?

3. Ask me 1 thing that made you curious about the lesson but we were not able to
discuss.

FAQS
1. How do environmental laws/policies and agreements help in maintaining a healthy
and sustainable environment?
The main purpose of these environmental laws/policies and agreements is to prevent or limit the
adverse effects of pollution and environmental degradation that may enhance global climate
change and ecological imbalance, thereby promoting a healthy and sustainable environment.
KEY TO CORRECTIONS

Activity 3 Skill-building Activities

A.
4, 2, 5, 3, 1

B.

1. C 2. E 3. A 4. I 5. H 6. G 7. D 8. F 9. B

Activity 5: Check for Understanding

1. A
2. B
3. D
4. Ecosystem Research Development Bureau
5. Protect Areas and Wildlife Bureau