#define KILO_VERSION "0.0.

1"

#define _BSD_SOURCE

#define _GNU_SOURCE

#include <termios.h>

#include <stdlib.h>

#include <stdio.h>

#include <errno.h>

#include <string.h>

#include <stdlib.h>

#include <ctype.h>

#include <sys/types.h>

#include <sys/ioctl.h>

#include <sys/time.h>

#include <unistd.h>

#include <stdarg.h>

#include <fcntl.h>

/* Syntax highlight types */

#define HL_NORMAL 0

#define HL_NONPRINT 1

#define HL_COMMENT 2 /* Single line comment. */

#define HL_MLCOMMENT 3 /* Multi-line comment. */

#define HL_KEYWORD1 4

#define HL_KEYWORD2 5

#define HL_STRING 6

#define HL_NUMBER 7

#define HL_MATCH 8 /* Search match. */

#define HL_HIGHLIGHT_STRINGS (1<<0)

#define HL_HIGHLIGHT_NUMBERS (1<<1)

struct editorSyntax {

char **filematch;

char **keywords;

char singleline_comment_start[2];

char multiline_comment_start[3];

char multiline_comment_end[3];

int flags;

};

/* This structure represents a single line of the file we are editing. */

typedef struct erow {

int idx; /* Row index in the file, zero-based. */

int size; /* Size of the row, excluding the null term. */

int rsize; /* Size of the rendered row. */

char *chars; /* Row content. */

char *render; /* Row content "rendered" for screen (for TABs). */

unsigned char *hl; /* Syntax highlight type for each character in render.*/

int hl_oc; /* Row had open comment at end in last syntax highlight

check. */

} erow;

typedef struct hlcolor {

int r,g,b;

} hlcolor;
struct editorConfig {

int cx,cy; /* Cursor x and y position in characters */

int rowoff; /* Offset of row displayed. */

int coloff; /* Offset of column displayed. */

int screenrows; /* Number of rows that we can show */

int screencols; /* Number of cols that we can show */

int numrows; /* Number of rows */

int rawmode; /* Is terminal raw mode enabled? */

erow *row; /* Rows */

int dirty; /* File modified but not saved. */

char *filename; /* Currently open filename */

char statusmsg[80];

time_t statusmsg_time;

struct editorSyntax *syntax; /* Current syntax highlight, or NULL. */

};

static struct editorConfig E;

enum KEY_ACTION{

KEY_NULL = 0, /* NULL */

CTRL_C = 3, /* Ctrl-c */

CTRL_D = 4, /* Ctrl-d */

CTRL_F = 6, /* Ctrl-f */

CTRL_H = 8, /* Ctrl-h */

TAB = 9, /* Tab */

CTRL_L = 12, /* Ctrl+l */

ENTER = 13, /* Enter */

CTRL_Q = 17, /* Ctrl-q */

CTRL_S = 19, /* Ctrl-s */

 CTRL_U = 21, /* Ctrl-u */

ESC = 27, /* Escape */

BACKSPACE = 127, /* Backspace */

/* The following are just soft codes, not really reported by the

* terminal directly. */

ARROW_LEFT = 1000,

ARROW_RIGHT,

ARROW_UP,

ARROW_DOWN,

DEL_KEY,

HOME_KEY,

END_KEY,

PAGE_UP,

PAGE_DOWN

};

void editorSetStatusMessage(const char *fmt, ...);

/* =========================== Syntax highlights DB =========================

* In order to add a new syntax, define two arrays with a list of file name

* matches and keywords. The file name matches are used in order to match

* a given syntax with a given file name: if a match pattern starts with a

* dot, it is matched as the last past of the filename, for example ".c".

* Otherwise the pattern is just searched inside the filenme, like "Makefile").

* The list of keywords to highlight is just a list of words, however if they

* a trailing '|' character is added at the end, they are highlighted in

* a different color, so that you can have two different sets of keywords.
*

* Finally add a stanza in the HLDB global variable with two two arrays

* of strings, and a set of flags in order to enable highlighting of

* comments and numbers.

* The characters for single and multi line comments must be exactly two

* and must be provided as well (see the C language example).

* There is no support to highlight patterns currently. */

/* C / C++ */

char *C_HL_extensions[] = {".c",".cpp",NULL};

char *C_HL_keywords[] = {

/* A few C / C++ keywords */

"switch","if","while","for","break","continue","return","else",

"struct","union","typedef","static","enum","class",

/* C types */

"int|","long|","double|","float|","char|","unsigned|","signed|",

"void|",NULL

};

/* Here we define an array of syntax highlights by extensions, keywords,

* comments delimiters and flags. */

struct editorSyntax HLDB[] = {

/* C / C++ */

C_HL_extensions,

C_HL_keywords,

"//","/*","*/",
 HL_HIGHLIGHT_STRINGS | HL_HIGHLIGHT_NUMBERS

};

#define HLDB_ENTRIES (sizeof(HLDB)/sizeof(HLDB[0]))

/* ======================= Low level terminal handling ====================== */

static struct termios orig_termios; /* In order to restore at exit.*/

void disableRawMode(int fd) {

/* Don't even check the return value as it's too late. */

if ([Link]) {

tcsetattr(fd,TCSAFLUSH,&orig_termios);

[Link] = 0;

/* Called at exit to avoid remaining in raw mode. */

void editorAtExit(void) {

disableRawMode(STDIN_FILENO);

/* Raw mode: 1960 magic shit. */

int enableRawMode(int fd) {

struct termios raw;

if ([Link]) return 0; /* Already enabled. */

if (!isatty(STDIN_FILENO)) goto fatal;

 atexit(editorAtExit);

if (tcgetattr(fd,&orig_termios) == -1) goto fatal;

raw = orig_termios; /* modify the original mode */

/* input modes: no break, no CR to NL, no parity check, no strip char,

* no start/stop output control. */

raw.c_iflag &= ~(BRKINT | ICRNL | INPCK | ISTRIP | IXON);

/* output modes - disable post processing */

raw.c_oflag &= ~(OPOST);

/* control modes - set 8 bit chars */

raw.c_cflag |= (CS8);

/* local modes - choing off, canonical off, no extended functions,

* no signal chars (^Z,^C) */

raw.c_lflag &= ~(ECHO | ICANON | IEXTEN | ISIG);

/* control chars - set return condition: min number of bytes and timer. */

raw.c_cc[VMIN] = 0; /* Return each byte, or zero for timeout. */

raw.c_cc[VTIME] = 1; /* 100 ms timeout (unit is tens of second). */

/* put terminal in raw mode after flushing */

if (tcsetattr(fd,TCSAFLUSH,&raw) < 0) goto fatal;

[Link] = 1;

return 0;

fatal:

errno = ENOTTY;

return -1;

/* Read a key from the terminal put in raw mode, trying to handle
* escape sequences. */

int editorReadKey(int fd) {

int nread;

char c, seq[3];

while ((nread = read(fd,&c,1)) == 0);

if (nread == -1) exit(1);

while(1) {

switch(c) {

case ESC: /* escape sequence */

/* If this is just an ESC, we'll timeout here. */

if (read(fd,seq,1) == 0) return ESC;

if (read(fd,seq+1,1) == 0) return ESC;

/* ESC [ sequences. */

if (seq[0] == '[') {

if (seq[1] >= '0' && seq[1] <= '9') {

/* Extended escape, read additional byte. */

if (read(fd,seq+2,1) == 0) return ESC;

if (seq[2] == '~') {

switch(seq[1]) {

case '3': return DEL_KEY;

case '5': return PAGE_UP;

case '6': return PAGE_DOWN;

} else {

switch(seq[1]) {

case 'A': return ARROW_UP;

 case 'B': return ARROW_DOWN;

case 'C': return ARROW_RIGHT;

case 'D': return ARROW_LEFT;

case 'H': return HOME_KEY;

case 'F': return END_KEY;

/* ESC O sequences. */

else if (seq[0] == 'O') {

switch(seq[1]) {

case 'H': return HOME_KEY;

case 'F': return END_KEY;

break;

default:

return c;

/* Use the ESC [6n escape sequence to query the horizontal cursor position

* and return it. On error -1 is returned, on success the position of the

* cursor is stored at *rows and *cols and 0 is returned. */

int getCursorPosition(int ifd, int ofd, int *rows, int *cols) {

char buf[32];

unsigned int i = 0;
 /* Report cursor location */

if (write(ofd, "\x1b[6n", 4) != 4) return -1;

/* Read the response: ESC [ rows ; cols R */

while (i < sizeof(buf)-1) {

if (read(ifd,buf+i,1) != 1) break;

if (buf[i] == 'R') break;

i++;

buf[i] = '\0';

/* Parse it. */

if (buf[0] != ESC || buf[1] != '[') return -1;

if (sscanf(buf+2,"%d;%d",rows,cols) != 2) return -1;

return 0;

/* Try to get the number of columns in the current terminal. If the ioctl()

* call fails the function will try to query the terminal itself.

* Returns 0 on success, -1 on error. */

int getWindowSize(int ifd, int ofd, int *rows, int *cols) {

struct winsize ws;

if (ioctl(1, TIOCGWINSZ, &ws) == -1 || ws.ws_col == 0) {

/* ioctl() failed. Try to query the terminal itself. */

int orig_row, orig_col, retval;

/* Get the initial position so we can restore it later. */

 retval = getCursorPosition(ifd,ofd,&orig_row,&orig_col);

if (retval == -1) goto failed;

/* Go to right/bottom margin and get position. */

if (write(ofd,"\x1b[999C\x1b[999B",12) != 12) goto failed;

retval = getCursorPosition(ifd,ofd,rows,cols);

if (retval == -1) goto failed;

/* Restore position. */

char seq[32];

snprintf(seq,32,"\x1b[%d;%dH",orig_row,orig_col);

if (write(ofd,seq,strlen(seq)) == -1) {

/* Can't recover... */

return 0;

} else {

*cols = ws.ws_col;

*rows = ws.ws_row;

return 0;

failed:

return -1;

/* ====================== Syntax highlight color scheme ==================== */

int is_separator(int c) {

return c == '\0' || isspace(c) || strchr(",.()+-/*=~%[];",c) != NULL;

}

/* Return true if the specified row last char is part of a multi line comment

* that starts at this row or at one before, and does not end at the end

* of the row but spawns to the next row. */

int editorRowHasOpenComment(erow *row) {

if (row->hl && row->rsize && row->hl[row->rsize-1] == HL_MLCOMMENT &&

(row->rsize < 2 || (row->render[row->rsize-2] != '*' ||

row->render[row->rsize-1] != '/'))) return 1;

return 0;

/* Set every byte of row->hl (that corresponds to every character in the line)

* to the right syntax highlight type (HL_* defines). */

void editorUpdateSyntax(erow *row) {

row->hl = realloc(row->hl,row->rsize);

memset(row->hl,HL_NORMAL,row->rsize);

if ([Link] == NULL) return; /* No syntax, everything is HL_NORMAL. */

int i, prev_sep, in_string, in_comment;

char *p;

char **keywords = [Link]->keywords;

char *scs = [Link]->singleline_comment_start;

char *mcs = [Link]->multiline_comment_start;

char *mce = [Link]->multiline_comment_end;

/* Point to the first non-space char. */

p = row->render;
i = 0; /* Current char offset */

while(*p && isspace(*p)) {

p++;

i++;

prev_sep = 1; /* Tell the parser if 'i' points to start of word. */

in_string = 0; /* Are we inside "" or '' ? */

in_comment = 0; /* Are we inside multi-line comment? */

/* If the previous line has an open comment, this line starts

* with an open comment state. */

if (row->idx > 0 && editorRowHasOpenComment(&[Link][row->idx-1]))

in_comment = 1;

while(*p) {

/* Handle // comments. */

if (prev_sep && *p == scs[0] && *(p+1) == scs[1]) {

/* From here to end is a comment */

memset(row->hl+i,HL_COMMENT,row->size-i);

return;

/* Handle multi line comments. */

if (in_comment) {

row->hl[i] = HL_MLCOMMENT;

if (*p == mce[0] && *(p+1) == mce[1]) {

row->hl[i+1] = HL_MLCOMMENT;

p += 2; i += 2;

in_comment = 0;
 prev_sep = 1;

continue;

} else {

prev_sep = 0;

p++; i++;

continue;

} else if (*p == mcs[0] && *(p+1) == mcs[1]) {

row->hl[i] = HL_MLCOMMENT;

row->hl[i+1] = HL_MLCOMMENT;

p += 2; i += 2;

in_comment = 1;

prev_sep = 0;

continue;

/* Handle "" and '' */

if (in_string) {

row->hl[i] = HL_STRING;

if (*p == '\\') {

row->hl[i+1] = HL_STRING;

p += 2; i += 2;

prev_sep = 0;

continue;

if (*p == in_string) in_string = 0;

p++; i++;

continue;

} else {
 if (*p == '"' || *p == '\'') {

in_string = *p;

row->hl[i] = HL_STRING;

p++; i++;

prev_sep = 0;

continue;

/* Handle non printable chars. */

if (!isprint(*p)) {

row->hl[i] = HL_NONPRINT;

p++; i++;

prev_sep = 0;

continue;

/* Handle numbers */

if ((isdigit(*p) && (prev_sep || row->hl[i-1] == HL_NUMBER)) ||

(*p == '.' && i >0 && row->hl[i-1] == HL_NUMBER)) {

row->hl[i] = HL_NUMBER;

p++; i++;

prev_sep = 0;

continue;

/* Handle keywords and lib calls */

if (prev_sep) {

int j;
 for (j = 0; keywords[j]; j++) {

int klen = strlen(keywords[j]);

int kw2 = keywords[j][klen-1] == '|';

if (kw2) klen--;

if (!memcmp(p,keywords[j],klen) &&

is_separator(*(p+klen)))

/* Keyword */

memset(row->hl+i,kw2 ? HL_KEYWORD2 : HL_KEYWORD1,klen);

p += klen;

i += klen;

break;

if (keywords[j] != NULL) {

prev_sep = 0;

continue; /* We had a keyword match */

/* Not special chars */

prev_sep = is_separator(*p);

p++; i++;

/* Propagate syntax change to the next row if the open commen

* state changed. This may recursively affect all the following rows

* in the file. */
 int oc = editorRowHasOpenComment(row);

if (row->hl_oc != oc && row->idx+1 < [Link])

editorUpdateSyntax(&[Link][row->idx+1]);

row->hl_oc = oc;

/* Maps syntax highlight token types to terminal colors. */

int editorSyntaxToColor(int hl) {

switch(hl) {

case HL_COMMENT:

case HL_MLCOMMENT: return 36; /* cyan */

case HL_KEYWORD1: return 33; /* yellow */

case HL_KEYWORD2: return 32; /* green */

case HL_STRING: return 35; /* magenta */

case HL_NUMBER: return 31; /* red */

case HL_MATCH: return 34; /* blu */

default: return 37; /* white */

/* Select the syntax highlight scheme depending on the filename,

* setting it in the global state [Link]. */

void editorSelectSyntaxHighlight(char *filename) {

for (unsigned int j = 0; j < HLDB_ENTRIES; j++) {

struct editorSyntax *s = HLDB+j;

unsigned int i = 0;

while(s->filematch[i]) {

char *p;

int patlen = strlen(s->filematch[i]);

 if ((p = strstr(filename,s->filematch[i])) != NULL) {

if (s->filematch[i][0] != '.' || p[patlen] == '\0') {

[Link] = s;

return;

i++;

/* ======================= Editor rows implementation ======================= */

/* Update the rendered version and the syntax highlight of a row. */

void editorUpdateRow(erow *row) {

int tabs = 0, nonprint = 0, j, idx;

/* Create a version of the row we can directly print on the screen,

* respecting tabs, substituting non printable characters with '?'. */

free(row->render);

for (j = 0; j < row->size; j++)

if (row->chars[j] == TAB) tabs++;

row->render = malloc(row->size + tabs*8 + nonprint*9 + 1);

idx = 0;

for (j = 0; j < row->size; j++) {

if (row->chars[j] == TAB) {

row->render[idx++] = ' ';

while((idx+1) % 8 != 0) row->render[idx++] = ' ';

 } else {

row->render[idx++] = row->chars[j];

row->rsize = idx;

row->render[idx] = '\0';

/* Update the syntax highlighting attributes of the row. */

editorUpdateSyntax(row);

/* Insert a row at the specified position, shifting the other rows on the bottom

* if required. */

void editorInsertRow(int at, char *s, size_t len) {

if (at > [Link]) return;

[Link] = realloc([Link],sizeof(erow)*([Link]+1));

if (at != [Link]) {

memmove([Link]+at+1,[Link]+at,sizeof([Link][0])*([Link]-at));

for (int j = at+1; j <= [Link]; j++) [Link][j].idx++;

[Link][at].size = len;

[Link][at].chars = malloc(len+1);

memcpy([Link][at].chars,s,len+1);

[Link][at].hl = NULL;

[Link][at].hl_oc = 0;

[Link][at].render = NULL;

[Link][at].rsize = 0;

[Link][at].idx = at;

editorUpdateRow([Link]+at);
 [Link]++;

[Link]++;

/* Free row's heap allocated stuff. */

void editorFreeRow(erow *row) {

free(row->render);

free(row->chars);

free(row->hl);

/* Remove the row at the specified position, shifting the remainign on the

* top. */

void editorDelRow(int at) {

erow *row;

if (at >= [Link]) return;

row = [Link]+at;

editorFreeRow(row);

memmove([Link]+at,[Link]+at+1,sizeof([Link][0])*([Link]-at-1));

for (int j = at; j < [Link]-1; j++) [Link][j].idx++;

[Link]--;

[Link]++;

/* Turn the editor rows into a single heap-allocated string.

* Returns the pointer to the heap-allocated string and populate the

* integer pointed by 'buflen' with the size of the string, escluding

* the final nulterm. */

char *editorRowsToString(int *buflen) {

char *buf = NULL, *p;

int totlen = 0;

int j;

/* Compute count of bytes */

for (j = 0; j < [Link]; j++)

totlen += [Link][j].size+1; /* +1 is for "\n" at end of every row */

*buflen = totlen;

totlen++; /* Also make space for nulterm */

p = buf = malloc(totlen);

for (j = 0; j < [Link]; j++) {

memcpy(p,[Link][j].chars,[Link][j].size);

p += [Link][j].size;

*p = '\n';

p++;

*p = '\0';

return buf;

/* Insert a character at the specified position in a row, moving the remaining

* chars on the right if needed. */

void editorRowInsertChar(erow *row, int at, int c) {

if (at > row->size) {

/* Pad the string with spaces if the insert location is outside the

* current length by more than a single character. */

int padlen = at-row->size;

 /* In the next line +2 means: new char and null term. */

row->chars = realloc(row->chars,row->size+padlen+2);

memset(row->chars+row->size,' ',padlen);

row->chars[row->size+padlen+1] = '\0';

row->size += padlen+1;

} else {

/* If we are in the middle of the string just make space for 1 new

* char plus the (already existing) null term. */

row->chars = realloc(row->chars,row->size+2);

memmove(row->chars+at+1,row->chars+at,row->size-at+1);

row->size++;

row->chars[at] = c;

editorUpdateRow(row);

[Link]++;

/* Append the string 's' at the end of a row */

void editorRowAppendString(erow *row, char *s, size_t len) {

row->chars = realloc(row->chars,row->size+len+1);

memcpy(row->chars+row->size,s,len);

row->size += len;

row->chars[row->size] = '\0';

editorUpdateRow(row);

[Link]++;

/* Delete the character at offset 'at' from the specified row. */

void editorRowDelChar(erow *row, int at) {

 if (row->size <= at) return;

memmove(row->chars+at,row->chars+at+1,row->size-at);

editorUpdateRow(row);

row->size--;

[Link]++;

/* Insert the specified char at the current prompt position. */

void editorInsertChar(int c) {

int filerow = [Link]+[Link];

int filecol = [Link]+[Link];

erow *row = (filerow >= [Link]) ? NULL : &[Link][filerow];

/* If the row where the cursor is currently located does not exist in our

* logical representaion of the file, add enough empty rows as needed. */

if (!row) {

while([Link] <= filerow)

editorInsertRow([Link],"",0);

row = &[Link][filerow];

editorRowInsertChar(row,filecol,c);

if ([Link] == [Link]-1)

[Link]++;

else

[Link]++;

[Link]++;

/* Inserting a newline is slightly complex as we have to handle inserting a

* newline in the middle of a line, splitting the line as needed. */

void editorInsertNewline(void) {

int filerow = [Link]+[Link];

int filecol = [Link]+[Link];

erow *row = (filerow >= [Link]) ? NULL : &[Link][filerow];

if (!row) {

if (filerow == [Link]) {

editorInsertRow(filerow,"",0);

goto fixcursor;

return;

/* If the cursor is over the current line size, we want to conceptually

* think it's just over the last character. */

if (filecol >= row->size) filecol = row->size;

if (filecol == 0) {

editorInsertRow(filerow,"",0);

} else {

/* We are in the middle of a line. Split it between two rows. */

editorInsertRow(filerow+1,row->chars+filecol,row->size-filecol);

row = &[Link][filerow];

row->chars[filecol] = '\0';

row->size = filecol;

editorUpdateRow(row);

fixcursor:

if ([Link] == [Link]-1) {

[Link]++;
 } else {

[Link]++;

[Link] = 0;

[Link] = 0;

/* Delete the char at the current prompt position. */

void editorDelChar() {

int filerow = [Link]+[Link];

int filecol = [Link]+[Link];

erow *row = (filerow >= [Link]) ? NULL : &[Link][filerow];

if (!row || (filecol == 0 && filerow == 0)) return;

if (filecol == 0) {

/* Handle the case of column 0, we need to move the current line

* on the right of the previous one. */

filecol = [Link][filerow-1].size;

editorRowAppendString(&[Link][filerow-1],row->chars,row->size);

editorDelRow(filerow);

row = NULL;

if ([Link] == 0)

[Link]--;

else

[Link]--;

[Link] = filecol;

if ([Link] >= [Link]) {

int shift = ([Link])+1;

[Link] -= shift;
 [Link] += shift;

} else {

editorRowDelChar(row,filecol-1);

if ([Link] == 0 && [Link])

[Link]--;

else

[Link]--;

if (row) editorUpdateRow(row);

[Link]++;

/* Load the specified program in the editor memory and returns 0 on success

* or 1 on error. */

int editorOpen(char *filename) {

FILE *fp;

[Link] = 0;

free([Link]);

[Link] = strdup(filename);

fp = fopen(filename,"r");

if (!fp) {

if (errno != ENOENT) {

perror("Opening file");

exit(1);

return 1;
 }

char *line = NULL;

size_t linecap = 0;

ssize_t linelen;

while((linelen = getline(&line,&linecap,fp)) != -1) {

if (linelen && (line[linelen-1] == '\n' || line[linelen-1] == '\r'))

line[--linelen] = '\0';

editorInsertRow([Link],line,linelen);

free(line);

fclose(fp);

[Link] = 0;

return 0;

/* Save the current file on disk. Return 0 on success, 1 on error. */

int editorSave(void) {

int len;

char *buf = editorRowsToString(&len);

int fd = open([Link],O_RDWR|O_CREAT,0644);

if (fd == -1) goto writeerr;

/* Use truncate + a single write(2) call in order to make saving

* a bit safer, under the limits of what we can do in a small editor. */

if (ftruncate(fd,len) == -1) goto writeerr;

if (write(fd,buf,len) != len) goto writeerr;

close(fd);
 free(buf);

[Link] = 0;

editorSetStatusMessage("%d bytes written on disk", len);

return 0;

writeerr:

free(buf);

if (fd != -1) close(fd);

editorSetStatusMessage("Can't save! I/O error: %s",strerror(errno));

return 1;

/* ============================= Terminal update ============================ */

/* We define a very simple "append buffer" structure, that is an heap

* allocated string where we can append to. This is useful in order to

* write all the escape sequences in a buffer and flush them to the standard

* output in a single call, to avoid flickering effects. */

struct abuf {

char *b;

int len;

};

#define ABUF_INIT {NULL,0}

void abAppend(struct abuf *ab, const char *s, int len) {

char *new = realloc(ab->b,ab->len+len);

if (new == NULL) return;

 memcpy(new+ab->len,s,len);

ab->b = new;

ab->len += len;

void abFree(struct abuf *ab) {

free(ab->b);

/* This function writes the whole screen using VT100 escape characters

* starting from the logical state of the editor in the global state 'E'. */

void editorRefreshScreen(void) {

int y;

erow *r;

char buf[32];

struct abuf ab = ABUF_INIT;

abAppend(&ab,"\x1b[?25l",6); /* Hide cursor. */

abAppend(&ab,"\x1b[H",3); /* Go home. */

for (y = 0; y < [Link]; y++) {

int filerow = [Link]+y;

if (filerow >= [Link]) {

if ([Link] == 0 && y == [Link]/3) {

char welcome[80];

int welcomelen = snprintf(welcome,sizeof(welcome),

"Kilo editor -- verison %s\x1b[0K\r\n", KILO_VERSION);

int padding = ([Link]-welcomelen)/2;

if (padding) {
 abAppend(&ab,"~",1);

padding--;

while(padding--) abAppend(&ab," ",1);

abAppend(&ab,welcome,welcomelen);

} else {

abAppend(&ab,"~\x1b[0K\r\n",7);

continue;

r = &[Link][filerow];

int len = r->rsize - [Link];

int current_color = -1;

if (len > 0) {

if (len > [Link]) len = [Link];

char *c = r->render+[Link];

unsigned char *hl = r->hl+[Link];

int j;

for (j = 0; j < len; j++) {

if (hl[j] == HL_NONPRINT) {

char sym;

abAppend(&ab,"\x1b[7m",4);

if (c[j] <= 26)

sym = '@'+c[j];

else

sym = '?';

abAppend(&ab,&sym,1);
 abAppend(&ab,"\x1b[0m",4);

} else if (hl[j] == HL_NORMAL) {

if (current_color != -1) {

abAppend(&ab,"\x1b[39m",5);

current_color = -1;

abAppend(&ab,c+j,1);

} else {

int color = editorSyntaxToColor(hl[j]);

if (color != current_color) {

char buf[16];

int clen = snprintf(buf,sizeof(buf),"\x1b[%dm",color);

current_color = color;

abAppend(&ab,buf,clen);

abAppend(&ab,c+j,1);

abAppend(&ab,"\x1b[39m",5);

abAppend(&ab,"\x1b[0K",4);

abAppend(&ab,"\r\n",2);

/* Create a two rows status. First row: */

abAppend(&ab,"\x1b[0K",4);

abAppend(&ab,"\x1b[7m",4);

char status[80], rstatus[80];

int len = snprintf(status, sizeof(status), "%.20s - %d lines %s",

 [Link], [Link], [Link] ? "(modified)" : "");

int rlen = snprintf(rstatus, sizeof(rstatus),

"%d/%d",[Link]+[Link]+1,[Link]);

if (len > [Link]) len = [Link];

abAppend(&ab,status,len);

while(len < [Link]) {

if ([Link] - len == rlen) {

abAppend(&ab,rstatus,rlen);

break;

} else {

abAppend(&ab," ",1);

len++;

abAppend(&ab,"\x1b[0m\r\n",6);

/* Second row depends on [Link] and the status message update time. */

abAppend(&ab,"\x1b[0K",4);

int msglen = strlen([Link]);

if (msglen && time(NULL)-E.statusmsg_time < 5)

abAppend(&ab,[Link],msglen <= [Link] ? msglen : [Link]);

/* Put cursor at its current position. Note that the horizontal position

* at which the cursor is displayed may be different compared to '[Link]'

* because of TABs. */

int j;

int cx = 1;

int filerow = [Link]+[Link];

erow *row = (filerow >= [Link]) ? NULL : &[Link][filerow];

 if (row) {

for (j = [Link]; j < ([Link]+[Link]); j++) {

if (j < row->size && row->chars[j] == TAB) cx += 7-((cx)%8);

cx++;

snprintf(buf,sizeof(buf),"\x1b[%d;%dH",[Link]+1,cx);

abAppend(&ab,buf,strlen(buf));

abAppend(&ab,"\x1b[?25h",6); /* Show cursor. */

write(STDOUT_FILENO,ab.b,[Link]);

abFree(&ab);

/* Set an editor status message for the second line of the status, at the

* end of the screen. */

void editorSetStatusMessage(const char *fmt, ...) {

va_list ap;

va_start(ap,fmt);

vsnprintf([Link],sizeof([Link]),fmt,ap);

va_end(ap);

E.statusmsg_time = time(NULL);

/* =============================== Find mode ================================ */

#define KILO_QUERY_LEN 256

void editorFind(int fd) {

char query[KILO_QUERY_LEN+1] = {0};

 int qlen = 0;

int last_match = -1; /* Last line where a match was found. -1 for none. */

int find_next = 0; /* if 1 search next, if -1 search prev. */

int saved_hl_line = -1; /* No saved HL */

char *saved_hl = NULL;

#define FIND_RESTORE_HL do { \

if (saved_hl) { \

memcpy([Link][saved_hl_line].hl,saved_hl, [Link][saved_hl_line].rsize); \

saved_hl = NULL; \

}\

} while (0)

/* Save the cursor position in order to restore it later. */

int saved_cx = [Link], saved_cy = [Link];

int saved_coloff = [Link], saved_rowoff = [Link];

while(1) {

editorSetStatusMessage(

"Search: %s (Use ESC/Arrows/Enter)", query);

editorRefreshScreen();

int c = editorReadKey(fd);

if (c == DEL_KEY || c == CTRL_H || c == BACKSPACE) {

if (qlen != 0) query[--qlen] = '\0';

last_match = -1;

} else if (c == ESC || c == ENTER) {

if (c == ESC) {

[Link] = saved_cx; [Link] = saved_cy;

 [Link] = saved_coloff; [Link] = saved_rowoff;

FIND_RESTORE_HL;

editorSetStatusMessage("");

return;

} else if (c == ARROW_RIGHT || c == ARROW_DOWN) {

find_next = 1;

} else if (c == ARROW_LEFT || c == ARROW_UP) {

find_next = -1;

} else if (isprint(c)) {

if (qlen < KILO_QUERY_LEN) {

query[qlen++] = c;

query[qlen] = '\0';

last_match = -1;

/* Search occurrence. */

if (last_match == -1) find_next = 1;

if (find_next) {

char *match = NULL;

int match_offset = 0;

int i, current = last_match;

for (i = 0; i < [Link]; i++) {

current += find_next;

if (current == -1) current = [Link]-1;

else if (current == [Link]) current = 0;

match = strstr([Link][current].render,query);
 if (match) {

match_offset = [Link][current].render;

break;

find_next = 0;

/* Highlight */

FIND_RESTORE_HL;

if (match) {

erow *row = &[Link][current];

last_match = current;

if (row->hl) {

saved_hl_line = current;

saved_hl = malloc(row->rsize);

memcpy(saved_hl,row->hl,row->rsize);

memset(row->hl+match_offset,HL_MATCH,qlen);

[Link] = 0;

[Link] = match_offset;

[Link] = current;

[Link] = 0;

/* Scroll horizontally as needed. */

if ([Link] > [Link]) {

int diff = [Link] - [Link];

[Link] -= diff;

[Link] += diff;

}
 }

/* ========================= Editor events handling ======================== */

/* Handle cursor position change because arrow keys were pressed. */

void editorMoveCursor(int key) {

int filerow = [Link]+[Link];

int filecol = [Link]+[Link];

int rowlen;

erow *row = (filerow >= [Link]) ? NULL : &[Link][filerow];

switch(key) {

case ARROW_LEFT:

if ([Link] == 0) {

if ([Link]) {

[Link]--;

} else {

if (filerow > 0) {

[Link]--;

[Link] = [Link][filerow-1].size;

if ([Link] > [Link]-1) {

[Link] = [Link]+1;

[Link] = [Link]-1;

}
 } else {

[Link] -= 1;

break;

case ARROW_RIGHT:

if (row && filecol < row->size) {

if ([Link] == [Link]-1) {

[Link]++;

} else {

[Link] += 1;

} else if (row && filecol == row->size) {

[Link] = 0;

[Link] = 0;

if ([Link] == [Link]-1) {

[Link]++;

} else {

[Link] += 1;

break;

case ARROW_UP:

if ([Link] == 0) {

if ([Link]) [Link]--;

} else {

[Link] -= 1;

break;

case ARROW_DOWN:
 if (filerow < [Link]) {

if ([Link] == [Link]-1) {

[Link]++;

} else {

[Link] += 1;

break;

/* Fix cx if the current line has not enough chars. */

filerow = [Link]+[Link];

filecol = [Link]+[Link];

row = (filerow >= [Link]) ? NULL : &[Link][filerow];

rowlen = row ? row->size : 0;

if (filecol > rowlen) {

[Link] -= filecol-rowlen;

if ([Link] < 0) {

[Link] += [Link];

[Link] = 0;

/* Process events arriving from the standard input, which is, the user

* is typing stuff on the terminal. */

#define KILO_QUIT_TIMES 3

void editorProcessKeypress(int fd) {

/* When the file is modified, requires Ctrl-q to be pressed N times

* before actually quitting. */

static int quit_times = KILO_QUIT_TIMES;

int c = editorReadKey(fd);

switch(c) {

case ENTER: /* Enter */

editorInsertNewline();

break;

case CTRL_C: /* Ctrl-c */

/* We ignore ctrl-c, it can't be so simple to lose the changes

* to the edited file. */

break;

case CTRL_Q: /* Ctrl-q */

/* Quit if the file was already saved. */

if ([Link] && quit_times) {

editorSetStatusMessage("WARNING!!! File has unsaved changes. "

"Press Ctrl-Q %d more times to quit.", quit_times);

quit_times--;

return;

exit(0);

break;

case CTRL_S: /* Ctrl-s */

editorSave();

break;

case CTRL_F:

editorFind(fd);

break;

case BACKSPACE: /* Backspace */

case CTRL_H: /* Ctrl-h */

case DEL_KEY:

editorDelChar();

break;

case PAGE_UP:

case PAGE_DOWN:

if (c == PAGE_UP && [Link] != 0)

[Link] = 0;

else if (c == PAGE_DOWN && [Link] != [Link]-1)

[Link] = [Link]-1;

int times = [Link];

while(times--)

editorMoveCursor(c == PAGE_UP ? ARROW_UP:

ARROW_DOWN);

break;

case ARROW_UP:

case ARROW_DOWN:

case ARROW_LEFT:

case ARROW_RIGHT:

editorMoveCursor(c);

break;

case CTRL_L: /* ctrl+l, clear screen */

/* Just refresht the line as side effect. */

break;

case ESC:

/* Nothing to do for ESC in this mode. */

break;
 default:

editorInsertChar(c);

break;

quit_times = KILO_QUIT_TIMES; /* Reset it to the original value. */

int editorFileWasModified(void) {

return [Link];

void initEditor(void) {

[Link] = 0;

[Link] = 0;

[Link] = 0;

[Link] = 0;

[Link] = 0;

[Link] = NULL;

[Link] = 0;

[Link] = NULL;

[Link] = NULL;

if (getWindowSize(STDIN_FILENO,STDOUT_FILENO,

&[Link],&[Link]) == -1)

perror("Unable to query the screen for size (columns / rows)");

exit(1);

[Link] -= 2; /* Get room for status bar. */

}

int main(int argc, char **argv) {

if (argc != 2) {

fprintf(stderr,"Usage: kilo <filename>\n");

exit(1);

initEditor();

editorSelectSyntaxHighlight(argv[1]);

editorOpen(argv[1]);

enableRawMode(STDIN_FILENO);

editorSetStatusMessage(

"HELP: Ctrl-S = save | Ctrl-Q = quit | Ctrl-F = find");

while(1) {

editorRefreshScreen();

editorProcessKeypress(STDIN_FILENO);

return 0;

}/* Kilo -- A very simple editor in less than 1-kilo lines of code (as counted

* by "cloc"). Does not depend on libcurses, directly emits VT100

* escapes on the terminal.

* -----------------------------------------------------------------------

* Copyright (C) 2016 Salvatore Sanfilippo <antirez at gmail dot com>

* All rights reserved.

*
* Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without

* modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are

* met:

* * Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright

* notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.

* * Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright

* notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the

* documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.

* THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS

* "AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT

* LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR

* A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT

* HOLDER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL,

* SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT

* LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE,

* DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY

* THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT

* (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE

* OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.

*/

#define KILO_VERSION "0.0.1"

#define _BSD_SOURCE

#define _GNU_SOURCE
#include <termios.h>

#include <stdlib.h>

#include <stdio.h>

#include <errno.h>

#include <string.h>

#include <stdlib.h>

#include <ctype.h>

#include <sys/types.h>

#include <sys/ioctl.h>

#include <sys/time.h>

#include <unistd.h>

#include <stdarg.h>

#include <fcntl.h>

/* Syntax highlight types */

#define HL_NORMAL 0

#define HL_NONPRINT 1

#define HL_COMMENT 2 /* Single line comment. */

#define HL_MLCOMMENT 3 /* Multi-line comment. */

#define HL_KEYWORD1 4

#define HL_KEYWORD2 5

#define HL_STRING 6

#define HL_NUMBER 7

#define HL_MATCH 8 /* Search match. */

#define HL_HIGHLIGHT_STRINGS (1<<0)

#define HL_HIGHLIGHT_NUMBERS (1<<1)

struct editorSyntax {
 char **filematch;

char **keywords;

char singleline_comment_start[2];

char multiline_comment_start[3];

char multiline_comment_end[3];

int flags;

};

/* This structure represents a single line of the file we are editing. */

typedef struct erow {

int idx; /* Row index in the file, zero-based. */

int size; /* Size of the row, excluding the null term. */

int rsize; /* Size of the rendered row. */

char *chars; /* Row content. */

char *render; /* Row content "rendered" for screen (for TABs). */

unsigned char *hl; /* Syntax highlight type for each character in render.*/

int hl_oc; /* Row had open comment at end in last syntax highlight

check. */

} erow;

typedef struct hlcolor {

int r,g,b;

} hlcolor;

struct editorConfig {

int cx,cy; /* Cursor x and y position in characters */

int rowoff; /* Offset of row displayed. */

int coloff; /* Offset of column displayed. */

int screenrows; /* Number of rows that we can show */

 int screencols; /* Number of cols that we can show */

int numrows; /* Number of rows */

int rawmode; /* Is terminal raw mode enabled? */

erow *row; /* Rows */

int dirty; /* File modified but not saved. */

char *filename; /* Currently open filename */

char statusmsg[80];

time_t statusmsg_time;

struct editorSyntax *syntax; /* Current syntax highlight, or NULL. */

};

static struct editorConfig E;

enum KEY_ACTION{

KEY_NULL = 0, /* NULL */

CTRL_C = 3, /* Ctrl-c */

CTRL_D = 4, /* Ctrl-d */

CTRL_F = 6, /* Ctrl-f */

CTRL_H = 8, /* Ctrl-h */

TAB = 9, /* Tab */

CTRL_L = 12, /* Ctrl+l */

ENTER = 13, /* Enter */

CTRL_Q = 17, /* Ctrl-q */

CTRL_S = 19, /* Ctrl-s */

CTRL_U = 21, /* Ctrl-u */

ESC = 27, /* Escape */

BACKSPACE = 127, /* Backspace */

/* The following are just soft codes, not really reported by the

* terminal directly. */
 ARROW_LEFT = 1000,

ARROW_RIGHT,

ARROW_UP,

ARROW_DOWN,

DEL_KEY,

HOME_KEY,

END_KEY,

PAGE_UP,

PAGE_DOWN

};

void editorSetStatusMessage(const char *fmt, ...);

/* =========================== Syntax highlights DB =========================

* In order to add a new syntax, define two arrays with a list of file name

* matches and keywords. The file name matches are used in order to match

* a given syntax with a given file name: if a match pattern starts with a

* dot, it is matched as the last past of the filename, for example ".c".

* Otherwise the pattern is just searched inside the filenme, like "Makefile").

* The list of keywords to highlight is just a list of words, however if they

* a trailing '|' character is added at the end, they are highlighted in

* a different color, so that you can have two different sets of keywords.

* Finally add a stanza in the HLDB global variable with two two arrays

* of strings, and a set of flags in order to enable highlighting of

* comments and numbers.

*
* The characters for single and multi line comments must be exactly two

* and must be provided as well (see the C language example).

* There is no support to highlight patterns currently. */

/* C / C++ */

char *C_HL_extensions[] = {".c",".cpp",NULL};

char *C_HL_keywords[] = {

/* A few C / C++ keywords */

"switch","if","while","for","break","continue","return","else",

"struct","union","typedef","static","enum","class",

/* C types */

"int|","long|","double|","float|","char|","unsigned|","signed|",

"void|",NULL

};

/* Here we define an array of syntax highlights by extensions, keywords,

* comments delimiters and flags. */

struct editorSyntax HLDB[] = {

/* C / C++ */

C_HL_extensions,

C_HL_keywords,

"//","/*","*/",

HL_HIGHLIGHT_STRINGS | HL_HIGHLIGHT_NUMBERS

};

#define HLDB_ENTRIES (sizeof(HLDB)/sizeof(HLDB[0]))

/* ======================= Low level terminal handling ====================== */

static struct termios orig_termios; /* In order to restore at exit.*/

void disableRawMode(int fd) {

/* Don't even check the return value as it's too late. */

if ([Link]) {

tcsetattr(fd,TCSAFLUSH,&orig_termios);

[Link] = 0;

/* Called at exit to avoid remaining in raw mode. */

void editorAtExit(void) {

disableRawMode(STDIN_FILENO);

/* Raw mode: 1960 magic shit. */

int enableRawMode(int fd) {

struct termios raw;

if ([Link]) return 0; /* Already enabled. */

if (!isatty(STDIN_FILENO)) goto fatal;

atexit(editorAtExit);

if (tcgetattr(fd,&orig_termios) == -1) goto fatal;

raw = orig_termios; /* modify the original mode */

/* input modes: no break, no CR to NL, no parity check, no strip char,

 * no start/stop output control. */

raw.c_iflag &= ~(BRKINT | ICRNL | INPCK | ISTRIP | IXON);

/* output modes - disable post processing */

raw.c_oflag &= ~(OPOST);

/* control modes - set 8 bit chars */

raw.c_cflag |= (CS8);

/* local modes - choing off, canonical off, no extended functions,

* no signal chars (^Z,^C) */

raw.c_lflag &= ~(ECHO | ICANON | IEXTEN | ISIG);

/* control chars - set return condition: min number of bytes and timer. */

raw.c_cc[VMIN] = 0; /* Return each byte, or zero for timeout. */

raw.c_cc[VTIME] = 1; /* 100 ms timeout (unit is tens of second). */

/* put terminal in raw mode after flushing */

if (tcsetattr(fd,TCSAFLUSH,&raw) < 0) goto fatal;

[Link] = 1;

return 0;

fatal:

errno = ENOTTY;

return -1;

/* Read a key from the terminal put in raw mode, trying to handle

* escape sequences. */

int editorReadKey(int fd) {

int nread;

char c, seq[3];

while ((nread = read(fd,&c,1)) == 0);

if (nread == -1) exit(1);

while(1) {

switch(c) {

case ESC: /* escape sequence */

/* If this is just an ESC, we'll timeout here. */

if (read(fd,seq,1) == 0) return ESC;

if (read(fd,seq+1,1) == 0) return ESC;

/* ESC [ sequences. */

if (seq[0] == '[') {

if (seq[1] >= '0' && seq[1] <= '9') {

/* Extended escape, read additional byte. */

if (read(fd,seq+2,1) == 0) return ESC;

if (seq[2] == '~') {

switch(seq[1]) {

case '3': return DEL_KEY;

case '5': return PAGE_UP;

case '6': return PAGE_DOWN;

} else {

switch(seq[1]) {

case 'A': return ARROW_UP;

case 'B': return ARROW_DOWN;

case 'C': return ARROW_RIGHT;

case 'D': return ARROW_LEFT;

case 'H': return HOME_KEY;

case 'F': return END_KEY;

 }

/* ESC O sequences. */

else if (seq[0] == 'O') {

switch(seq[1]) {

case 'H': return HOME_KEY;

case 'F': return END_KEY;

break;

default:

return c;

/* Use the ESC [6n escape sequence to query the horizontal cursor position

* and return it. On error -1 is returned, on success the position of the

* cursor is stored at *rows and *cols and 0 is returned. */

int getCursorPosition(int ifd, int ofd, int *rows, int *cols) {

char buf[32];

unsigned int i = 0;

/* Report cursor location */

if (write(ofd, "\x1b[6n", 4) != 4) return -1;

/* Read the response: ESC [ rows ; cols R */

 while (i < sizeof(buf)-1) {

if (read(ifd,buf+i,1) != 1) break;

if (buf[i] == 'R') break;

i++;

buf[i] = '\0';

/* Parse it. */

if (buf[0] != ESC || buf[1] != '[') return -1;

if (sscanf(buf+2,"%d;%d",rows,cols) != 2) return -1;

return 0;

/* Try to get the number of columns in the current terminal. If the ioctl()

* call fails the function will try to query the terminal itself.

* Returns 0 on success, -1 on error. */

int getWindowSize(int ifd, int ofd, int *rows, int *cols) {

struct winsize ws;

if (ioctl(1, TIOCGWINSZ, &ws) == -1 || ws.ws_col == 0) {

/* ioctl() failed. Try to query the terminal itself. */

int orig_row, orig_col, retval;

/* Get the initial position so we can restore it later. */

retval = getCursorPosition(ifd,ofd,&orig_row,&orig_col);

if (retval == -1) goto failed;

/* Go to right/bottom margin and get position. */

if (write(ofd,"\x1b[999C\x1b[999B",12) != 12) goto failed;

 retval = getCursorPosition(ifd,ofd,rows,cols);

if (retval == -1) goto failed;

/* Restore position. */

char seq[32];

snprintf(seq,32,"\x1b[%d;%dH",orig_row,orig_col);

if (write(ofd,seq,strlen(seq)) == -1) {

/* Can't recover... */

return 0;

} else {

*cols = ws.ws_col;

*rows = ws.ws_row;

return 0;

failed:

return -1;

/* ====================== Syntax highlight color scheme ==================== */

int is_separator(int c) {

return c == '\0' || isspace(c) || strchr(",.()+-/*=~%[];",c) != NULL;

/* Return true if the specified row last char is part of a multi line comment

* that starts at this row or at one before, and does not end at the end

* of the row but spawns to the next row. */

int editorRowHasOpenComment(erow *row) {

if (row->hl && row->rsize && row->hl[row->rsize-1] == HL_MLCOMMENT &&

(row->rsize < 2 || (row->render[row->rsize-2] != '*' ||

row->render[row->rsize-1] != '/'))) return 1;

return 0;

/* Set every byte of row->hl (that corresponds to every character in the line)

* to the right syntax highlight type (HL_* defines). */

void editorUpdateSyntax(erow *row) {

row->hl = realloc(row->hl,row->rsize);

memset(row->hl,HL_NORMAL,row->rsize);

if ([Link] == NULL) return; /* No syntax, everything is HL_NORMAL. */

int i, prev_sep, in_string, in_comment;

char *p;

char **keywords = [Link]->keywords;

char *scs = [Link]->singleline_comment_start;

char *mcs = [Link]->multiline_comment_start;

char *mce = [Link]->multiline_comment_end;

/* Point to the first non-space char. */

p = row->render;

i = 0; /* Current char offset */

while(*p && isspace(*p)) {

p++;

i++;

}
prev_sep = 1; /* Tell the parser if 'i' points to start of word. */

in_string = 0; /* Are we inside "" or '' ? */

in_comment = 0; /* Are we inside multi-line comment? */

/* If the previous line has an open comment, this line starts

* with an open comment state. */

if (row->idx > 0 && editorRowHasOpenComment(&[Link][row->idx-1]))

in_comment = 1;

while(*p) {

/* Handle // comments. */

if (prev_sep && *p == scs[0] && *(p+1) == scs[1]) {

/* From here to end is a comment */

memset(row->hl+i,HL_COMMENT,row->size-i);

return;

/* Handle multi line comments. */

if (in_comment) {

row->hl[i] = HL_MLCOMMENT;

if (*p == mce[0] && *(p+1) == mce[1]) {

row->hl[i+1] = HL_MLCOMMENT;

p += 2; i += 2;

in_comment = 0;

prev_sep = 1;

continue;

} else {

prev_sep = 0;

p++; i++;
 continue;

} else if (*p == mcs[0] && *(p+1) == mcs[1]) {

row->hl[i] = HL_MLCOMMENT;

row->hl[i+1] = HL_MLCOMMENT;

p += 2; i += 2;

in_comment = 1;

prev_sep = 0;

continue;

/* Handle "" and '' */

if (in_string) {

row->hl[i] = HL_STRING;

if (*p == '\\') {

row->hl[i+1] = HL_STRING;

p += 2; i += 2;

prev_sep = 0;

continue;

if (*p == in_string) in_string = 0;

p++; i++;

continue;

} else {

if (*p == '"' || *p == '\'') {

in_string = *p;

row->hl[i] = HL_STRING;

p++; i++;

prev_sep = 0;
 continue;

/* Handle non printable chars. */

if (!isprint(*p)) {

row->hl[i] = HL_NONPRINT;

p++; i++;

prev_sep = 0;

continue;

/* Handle numbers */

if ((isdigit(*p) && (prev_sep || row->hl[i-1] == HL_NUMBER)) ||

(*p == '.' && i >0 && row->hl[i-1] == HL_NUMBER)) {

row->hl[i] = HL_NUMBER;

p++; i++;

prev_sep = 0;

continue;

/* Handle keywords and lib calls */

if (prev_sep) {

int j;

for (j = 0; keywords[j]; j++) {

int klen = strlen(keywords[j]);

int kw2 = keywords[j][klen-1] == '|';

if (kw2) klen--;
 if (!memcmp(p,keywords[j],klen) &&

is_separator(*(p+klen)))

/* Keyword */

memset(row->hl+i,kw2 ? HL_KEYWORD2 : HL_KEYWORD1,klen);

p += klen;

i += klen;

break;

if (keywords[j] != NULL) {

prev_sep = 0;

continue; /* We had a keyword match */

/* Not special chars */

prev_sep = is_separator(*p);

p++; i++;

/* Propagate syntax change to the next row if the open commen

* state changed. This may recursively affect all the following rows

* in the file. */

int oc = editorRowHasOpenComment(row);

if (row->hl_oc != oc && row->idx+1 < [Link])

editorUpdateSyntax(&[Link][row->idx+1]);

row->hl_oc = oc;

}
/* Maps syntax highlight token types to terminal colors. */

int editorSyntaxToColor(int hl) {

switch(hl) {

case HL_COMMENT:

case HL_MLCOMMENT: return 36; /* cyan */

case HL_KEYWORD1: return 33; /* yellow */

case HL_KEYWORD2: return 32; /* green */

case HL_STRING: return 35; /* magenta */

case HL_NUMBER: return 31; /* red */

case HL_MATCH: return 34; /* blu */

default: return 37; /* white */

/* Select the syntax highlight scheme depending on the filename,

* setting it in the global state [Link]. */

void editorSelectSyntaxHighlight(char *filename) {

for (unsigned int j = 0; j < HLDB_ENTRIES; j++) {

struct editorSyntax *s = HLDB+j;

unsigned int i = 0;

while(s->filematch[i]) {

char *p;

int patlen = strlen(s->filematch[i]);

if ((p = strstr(filename,s->filematch[i])) != NULL) {

if (s->filematch[i][0] != '.' || p[patlen] == '\0') {

[Link] = s;

return;

}
 }

i++;

/* ======================= Editor rows implementation ======================= */

/* Update the rendered version and the syntax highlight of a row. */

void editorUpdateRow(erow *row) {

int tabs = 0, nonprint = 0, j, idx;

/* Create a version of the row we can directly print on the screen,

* respecting tabs, substituting non printable characters with '?'. */

free(row->render);

for (j = 0; j < row->size; j++)

if (row->chars[j] == TAB) tabs++;

row->render = malloc(row->size + tabs*8 + nonprint*9 + 1);

idx = 0;

for (j = 0; j < row->size; j++) {

if (row->chars[j] == TAB) {

row->render[idx++] = ' ';

while((idx+1) % 8 != 0) row->render[idx++] = ' ';

} else {

row->render[idx++] = row->chars[j];

row->rsize = idx;
 row->render[idx] = '\0';

/* Update the syntax highlighting attributes of the row. */

editorUpdateSyntax(row);

/* Insert a row at the specified position, shifting the other rows on the bottom

* if required. */

void editorInsertRow(int at, char *s, size_t len) {

if (at > [Link]) return;

[Link] = realloc([Link],sizeof(erow)*([Link]+1));

if (at != [Link]) {

memmove([Link]+at+1,[Link]+at,sizeof([Link][0])*([Link]-at));

for (int j = at+1; j <= [Link]; j++) [Link][j].idx++;

[Link][at].size = len;

[Link][at].chars = malloc(len+1);

memcpy([Link][at].chars,s,len+1);

[Link][at].hl = NULL;

[Link][at].hl_oc = 0;

[Link][at].render = NULL;

[Link][at].rsize = 0;

[Link][at].idx = at;

editorUpdateRow([Link]+at);

[Link]++;

[Link]++;

/* Free row's heap allocated stuff. */

void editorFreeRow(erow *row) {

free(row->render);

free(row->chars);

free(row->hl);

/* Remove the row at the specified position, shifting the remainign on the

* top. */

void editorDelRow(int at) {

erow *row;

if (at >= [Link]) return;

row = [Link]+at;

editorFreeRow(row);

memmove([Link]+at,[Link]+at+1,sizeof([Link][0])*([Link]-at-1));

for (int j = at; j < [Link]-1; j++) [Link][j].idx++;

[Link]--;

[Link]++;

/* Turn the editor rows into a single heap-allocated string.

* Returns the pointer to the heap-allocated string and populate the

* integer pointed by 'buflen' with the size of the string, escluding

* the final nulterm. */

char *editorRowsToString(int *buflen) {

char *buf = NULL, *p;

int totlen = 0;

int j;
 /* Compute count of bytes */

for (j = 0; j < [Link]; j++)

totlen += [Link][j].size+1; /* +1 is for "\n" at end of every row */

*buflen = totlen;

totlen++; /* Also make space for nulterm */

p = buf = malloc(totlen);

for (j = 0; j < [Link]; j++) {

memcpy(p,[Link][j].chars,[Link][j].size);

p += [Link][j].size;

*p = '\n';

p++;

*p = '\0';

return buf;

/* Insert a character at the specified position in a row, moving the remaining

* chars on the right if needed. */

void editorRowInsertChar(erow *row, int at, int c) {

if (at > row->size) {

/* Pad the string with spaces if the insert location is outside the

* current length by more than a single character. */

int padlen = at-row->size;

/* In the next line +2 means: new char and null term. */

row->chars = realloc(row->chars,row->size+padlen+2);

memset(row->chars+row->size,' ',padlen);

row->chars[row->size+padlen+1] = '\0';

row->size += padlen+1;
 } else {

/* If we are in the middle of the string just make space for 1 new

* char plus the (already existing) null term. */

row->chars = realloc(row->chars,row->size+2);

memmove(row->chars+at+1,row->chars+at,row->size-at+1);

row->size++;

row->chars[at] = c;

editorUpdateRow(row);

[Link]++;

/* Append the string 's' at the end of a row */

void editorRowAppendString(erow *row, char *s, size_t len) {

row->chars = realloc(row->chars,row->size+len+1);

memcpy(row->chars+row->size,s,len);

row->size += len;

row->chars[row->size] = '\0';

editorUpdateRow(row);

[Link]++;

/* Delete the character at offset 'at' from the specified row. */

void editorRowDelChar(erow *row, int at) {

if (row->size <= at) return;

memmove(row->chars+at,row->chars+at+1,row->size-at);

editorUpdateRow(row);

row->size--;

[Link]++;
}

/* Insert the specified char at the current prompt position. */

void editorInsertChar(int c) {

int filerow = [Link]+[Link];

int filecol = [Link]+[Link];

erow *row = (filerow >= [Link]) ? NULL : &[Link][filerow];

/* If the row where the cursor is currently located does not exist in our

* logical representaion of the file, add enough empty rows as needed. */

if (!row) {

while([Link] <= filerow)

editorInsertRow([Link],"",0);

row = &[Link][filerow];

editorRowInsertChar(row,filecol,c);

if ([Link] == [Link]-1)

[Link]++;

else

[Link]++;

[Link]++;

/* Inserting a newline is slightly complex as we have to handle inserting a

* newline in the middle of a line, splitting the line as needed. */

void editorInsertNewline(void) {

int filerow = [Link]+[Link];

int filecol = [Link]+[Link];

erow *row = (filerow >= [Link]) ? NULL : &[Link][filerow];

 if (!row) {

if (filerow == [Link]) {

editorInsertRow(filerow,"",0);

goto fixcursor;

return;

/* If the cursor is over the current line size, we want to conceptually

* think it's just over the last character. */

if (filecol >= row->size) filecol = row->size;

if (filecol == 0) {

editorInsertRow(filerow,"",0);

} else {

/* We are in the middle of a line. Split it between two rows. */

editorInsertRow(filerow+1,row->chars+filecol,row->size-filecol);

row = &[Link][filerow];

row->chars[filecol] = '\0';

row->size = filecol;

editorUpdateRow(row);

fixcursor:

if ([Link] == [Link]-1) {

[Link]++;

} else {

[Link]++;

[Link] = 0;

[Link] = 0;
}

/* Delete the char at the current prompt position. */

void editorDelChar() {

int filerow = [Link]+[Link];

int filecol = [Link]+[Link];

erow *row = (filerow >= [Link]) ? NULL : &[Link][filerow];

if (!row || (filecol == 0 && filerow == 0)) return;

if (filecol == 0) {

/* Handle the case of column 0, we need to move the current line

* on the right of the previous one. */

filecol = [Link][filerow-1].size;

editorRowAppendString(&[Link][filerow-1],row->chars,row->size);

editorDelRow(filerow);

row = NULL;

if ([Link] == 0)

[Link]--;

else

[Link]--;

[Link] = filecol;

if ([Link] >= [Link]) {

int shift = ([Link])+1;

[Link] -= shift;

[Link] += shift;

} else {

editorRowDelChar(row,filecol-1);

if ([Link] == 0 && [Link])

 [Link]--;

else

[Link]--;

if (row) editorUpdateRow(row);

[Link]++;

/* Load the specified program in the editor memory and returns 0 on success

* or 1 on error. */

int editorOpen(char *filename) {

FILE *fp;

[Link] = 0;

free([Link]);

[Link] = strdup(filename);

fp = fopen(filename,"r");

if (!fp) {

if (errno != ENOENT) {

perror("Opening file");

exit(1);

return 1;

char *line = NULL;

size_t linecap = 0;

ssize_t linelen;
 while((linelen = getline(&line,&linecap,fp)) != -1) {

if (linelen && (line[linelen-1] == '\n' || line[linelen-1] == '\r'))

line[--linelen] = '\0';

editorInsertRow([Link],line,linelen);

free(line);

fclose(fp);

[Link] = 0;

return 0;

/* Save the current file on disk. Return 0 on success, 1 on error. */

int editorSave(void) {

int len;

char *buf = editorRowsToString(&len);

int fd = open([Link],O_RDWR|O_CREAT,0644);

if (fd == -1) goto writeerr;

/* Use truncate + a single write(2) call in order to make saving

* a bit safer, under the limits of what we can do in a small editor. */

if (ftruncate(fd,len) == -1) goto writeerr;

if (write(fd,buf,len) != len) goto writeerr;

close(fd);

free(buf);

[Link] = 0;

editorSetStatusMessage("%d bytes written on disk", len);

return 0;
writeerr:

free(buf);

if (fd != -1) close(fd);

editorSetStatusMessage("Can't save! I/O error: %s",strerror(errno));

return 1;

/* ============================= Terminal update ============================ */

/* We define a very simple "append buffer" structure, that is an heap

* allocated string where we can append to. This is useful in order to

* write all the escape sequences in a buffer and flush them to the standard

* output in a single call, to avoid flickering effects. */

struct abuf {

char *b;

int len;

};

#define ABUF_INIT {NULL,0}

void abAppend(struct abuf *ab, const char *s, int len) {

char *new = realloc(ab->b,ab->len+len);

if (new == NULL) return;

memcpy(new+ab->len,s,len);

ab->b = new;

ab->len += len;

}
void abFree(struct abuf *ab) {

free(ab->b);

/* This function writes the whole screen using VT100 escape characters

* starting from the logical state of the editor in the global state 'E'. */

void editorRefreshScreen(void) {

int y;

erow *r;

char buf[32];

struct abuf ab = ABUF_INIT;

abAppend(&ab,"\x1b[?25l",6); /* Hide cursor. */

abAppend(&ab,"\x1b[H",3); /* Go home. */

for (y = 0; y < [Link]; y++) {

int filerow = [Link]+y;

if (filerow >= [Link]) {

if ([Link] == 0 && y == [Link]/3) {

char welcome[80];

int welcomelen = snprintf(welcome,sizeof(welcome),

"Kilo editor -- verison %s\x1b[0K\r\n", KILO_VERSION);

int padding = ([Link]-welcomelen)/2;

if (padding) {

abAppend(&ab,"~",1);

padding--;

while(padding--) abAppend(&ab," ",1);

abAppend(&ab,welcome,welcomelen);
 } else {

abAppend(&ab,"~\x1b[0K\r\n",7);

continue;

r = &[Link][filerow];

int len = r->rsize - [Link];

int current_color = -1;

if (len > 0) {

if (len > [Link]) len = [Link];

char *c = r->render+[Link];

unsigned char *hl = r->hl+[Link];

int j;

for (j = 0; j < len; j++) {

if (hl[j] == HL_NONPRINT) {

char sym;

abAppend(&ab,"\x1b[7m",4);

if (c[j] <= 26)

sym = '@'+c[j];

else

sym = '?';

abAppend(&ab,&sym,1);

abAppend(&ab,"\x1b[0m",4);

} else if (hl[j] == HL_NORMAL) {

if (current_color != -1) {

abAppend(&ab,"\x1b[39m",5);

current_color = -1;
 }

abAppend(&ab,c+j,1);

} else {

int color = editorSyntaxToColor(hl[j]);

if (color != current_color) {

char buf[16];

int clen = snprintf(buf,sizeof(buf),"\x1b[%dm",color);

current_color = color;

abAppend(&ab,buf,clen);

abAppend(&ab,c+j,1);

abAppend(&ab,"\x1b[39m",5);

abAppend(&ab,"\x1b[0K",4);

abAppend(&ab,"\r\n",2);

/* Create a two rows status. First row: */

abAppend(&ab,"\x1b[0K",4);

abAppend(&ab,"\x1b[7m",4);

char status[80], rstatus[80];

int len = snprintf(status, sizeof(status), "%.20s - %d lines %s",

[Link], [Link], [Link] ? "(modified)" : "");

int rlen = snprintf(rstatus, sizeof(rstatus),

"%d/%d",[Link]+[Link]+1,[Link]);

if (len > [Link]) len = [Link];

abAppend(&ab,status,len);
while(len < [Link]) {

if ([Link] - len == rlen) {

abAppend(&ab,rstatus,rlen);

break;

} else {

abAppend(&ab," ",1);

len++;

abAppend(&ab,"\x1b[0m\r\n",6);

/* Second row depends on [Link] and the status message update time. */

abAppend(&ab,"\x1b[0K",4);

int msglen = strlen([Link]);

if (msglen && time(NULL)-E.statusmsg_time < 5)

abAppend(&ab,[Link],msglen <= [Link] ? msglen : [Link]);

/* Put cursor at its current position. Note that the horizontal position

* at which the cursor is displayed may be different compared to '[Link]'

* because of TABs. */

int j;

int cx = 1;

int filerow = [Link]+[Link];

erow *row = (filerow >= [Link]) ? NULL : &[Link][filerow];

if (row) {

for (j = [Link]; j < ([Link]+[Link]); j++) {

if (j < row->size && row->chars[j] == TAB) cx += 7-((cx)%8);

cx++;

}
 }

snprintf(buf,sizeof(buf),"\x1b[%d;%dH",[Link]+1,cx);

abAppend(&ab,buf,strlen(buf));

abAppend(&ab,"\x1b[?25h",6); /* Show cursor. */

write(STDOUT_FILENO,ab.b,[Link]);

abFree(&ab);

/* Set an editor status message for the second line of the status, at the

* end of the screen. */

void editorSetStatusMessage(const char *fmt, ...) {

va_list ap;

va_start(ap,fmt);

vsnprintf([Link],sizeof([Link]),fmt,ap);

va_end(ap);

E.statusmsg_time = time(NULL);

/* =============================== Find mode ================================ */

#define KILO_QUERY_LEN 256

void editorFind(int fd) {

char query[KILO_QUERY_LEN+1] = {0};

int qlen = 0;

int last_match = -1; /* Last line where a match was found. -1 for none. */

int find_next = 0; /* if 1 search next, if -1 search prev. */

int saved_hl_line = -1; /* No saved HL */

char *saved_hl = NULL;

#define FIND_RESTORE_HL do { \

if (saved_hl) { \

memcpy([Link][saved_hl_line].hl,saved_hl, [Link][saved_hl_line].rsize); \

saved_hl = NULL; \

}\

} while (0)

/* Save the cursor position in order to restore it later. */

int saved_cx = [Link], saved_cy = [Link];

int saved_coloff = [Link], saved_rowoff = [Link];

while(1) {

editorSetStatusMessage(

"Search: %s (Use ESC/Arrows/Enter)", query);

editorRefreshScreen();

int c = editorReadKey(fd);

if (c == DEL_KEY || c == CTRL_H || c == BACKSPACE) {

if (qlen != 0) query[--qlen] = '\0';

last_match = -1;

} else if (c == ESC || c == ENTER) {

if (c == ESC) {

[Link] = saved_cx; [Link] = saved_cy;

[Link] = saved_coloff; [Link] = saved_rowoff;

FIND_RESTORE_HL;

editorSetStatusMessage("");

return;
} else if (c == ARROW_RIGHT || c == ARROW_DOWN) {

find_next = 1;

} else if (c == ARROW_LEFT || c == ARROW_UP) {

find_next = -1;

} else if (isprint(c)) {

if (qlen < KILO_QUERY_LEN) {

query[qlen++] = c;

query[qlen] = '\0';

last_match = -1;

/* Search occurrence. */

if (last_match == -1) find_next = 1;

if (find_next) {

char *match = NULL;

int match_offset = 0;

int i, current = last_match;

for (i = 0; i < [Link]; i++) {

current += find_next;

if (current == -1) current = [Link]-1;

else if (current == [Link]) current = 0;

match = strstr([Link][current].render,query);

if (match) {

match_offset = [Link][current].render;

break;

}
 find_next = 0;

/* Highlight */

FIND_RESTORE_HL;

if (match) {

erow *row = &[Link][current];

last_match = current;

if (row->hl) {

saved_hl_line = current;

saved_hl = malloc(row->rsize);

memcpy(saved_hl,row->hl,row->rsize);

memset(row->hl+match_offset,HL_MATCH,qlen);

[Link] = 0;

[Link] = match_offset;

[Link] = current;

[Link] = 0;

/* Scroll horizontally as needed. */

if ([Link] > [Link]) {

int diff = [Link] - [Link];

[Link] -= diff;

[Link] += diff;

}
/* ========================= Editor events handling ======================== */

/* Handle cursor position change because arrow keys were pressed. */

void editorMoveCursor(int key) {

int filerow = [Link]+[Link];

int filecol = [Link]+[Link];

int rowlen;

erow *row = (filerow >= [Link]) ? NULL : &[Link][filerow];

switch(key) {

case ARROW_LEFT:

if ([Link] == 0) {

if ([Link]) {

[Link]--;

} else {

if (filerow > 0) {

[Link]--;

[Link] = [Link][filerow-1].size;

if ([Link] > [Link]-1) {

[Link] = [Link]+1;

[Link] = [Link]-1;

} else {

[Link] -= 1;

break;

case ARROW_RIGHT:
 if (row && filecol < row->size) {

if ([Link] == [Link]-1) {

[Link]++;

} else {

[Link] += 1;

} else if (row && filecol == row->size) {

[Link] = 0;

[Link] = 0;

if ([Link] == [Link]-1) {

[Link]++;

} else {

[Link] += 1;

break;

case ARROW_UP:

if ([Link] == 0) {

if ([Link]) [Link]--;

} else {

[Link] -= 1;

break;

case ARROW_DOWN:

if (filerow < [Link]) {

if ([Link] == [Link]-1) {

[Link]++;

} else {

[Link] += 1;
 }

break;

/* Fix cx if the current line has not enough chars. */

filerow = [Link]+[Link];

filecol = [Link]+[Link];

row = (filerow >= [Link]) ? NULL : &[Link][filerow];

rowlen = row ? row->size : 0;

if (filecol > rowlen) {

[Link] -= filecol-rowlen;

if ([Link] < 0) {

[Link] += [Link];

[Link] = 0;

/* Process events arriving from the standard input, which is, the user

* is typing stuff on the terminal. */

#define KILO_QUIT_TIMES 3

void editorProcessKeypress(int fd) {

/* When the file is modified, requires Ctrl-q to be pressed N times

* before actually quitting. */

static int quit_times = KILO_QUIT_TIMES;

int c = editorReadKey(fd);

switch(c) {

case ENTER: /* Enter */

 editorInsertNewline();

break;

case CTRL_C: /* Ctrl-c */

/* We ignore ctrl-c, it can't be so simple to lose the changes

* to the edited file. */

break;

case CTRL_Q: /* Ctrl-q */

/* Quit if the file was already saved. */

if ([Link] && quit_times) {

editorSetStatusMessage("WARNING!!! File has unsaved changes. "

"Press Ctrl-Q %d more times to quit.", quit_times);

quit_times--;

return;

exit(0);

break;

case CTRL_S: /* Ctrl-s */

editorSave();

break;

case CTRL_F:

editorFind(fd);

break;

case BACKSPACE: /* Backspace */

case CTRL_H: /* Ctrl-h */

case DEL_KEY:

editorDelChar();

break;

case PAGE_UP:

case PAGE_DOWN:
 if (c == PAGE_UP && [Link] != 0)

[Link] = 0;

else if (c == PAGE_DOWN && [Link] != [Link]-1)

[Link] = [Link]-1;

int times = [Link];

while(times--)

editorMoveCursor(c == PAGE_UP ? ARROW_UP:

ARROW_DOWN);

break;

case ARROW_UP:

case ARROW_DOWN:

case ARROW_LEFT:

case ARROW_RIGHT:

editorMoveCursor(c);

break;

case CTRL_L: /* ctrl+l, clear screen */

/* Just refresht the line as side effect. */

break;

case ESC:

/* Nothing to do for ESC in this mode. */

break;

default:

editorInsertChar(c);

break;

}
 quit_times = KILO_QUIT_TIMES; /* Reset it to the original value. */

int editorFileWasModified(void) {

return [Link];

void initEditor(void) {

[Link] = 0;

[Link] = 0;

[Link] = 0;

[Link] = 0;

[Link] = 0;

[Link] = NULL;

[Link] = 0;

[Link] = NULL;

[Link] = NULL;

if (getWindowSize(STDIN_FILENO,STDOUT_FILENO,

&[Link],&[Link]) == -1)

perror("Unable to query the screen for size (columns / rows)");

exit(1);

[Link] -= 2; /* Get room for status bar. */

int main(int argc, char **argv) {

if (argc != 2) {

fprintf(stderr,"Usage: kilo <filename>\n");

 exit(1);

initEditor();

editorSelectSyntaxHighlight(argv[1]);

editorOpen(argv[1]);

enableRawMode(STDIN_FILENO);

editorSetStatusMessage(

"HELP: Ctrl-S = save | Ctrl-Q = quit | Ctrl-F = find");

while(1) {

editorRefreshScreen();

editorProcessKeypress(STDIN_FILENO);

return 0;