3.

Angelus
RELIGIOUS STUDIES 1 Focuses on the Incarnation of Jesus Christ
o when the Angel Gabriel announced to
the Virgin Mary that she would conceive
and bear the Son of God
“an intimate conversation with God who we
know loves us” 4. 3 o’ Clock Prayer
A loving, personal, conscious relationship with Focuses on God’s mercy and the salvific work of
God Jesus Christ
Always Trinitarian, since it is through Christ that
we have access in One Spirit to the Father

Types Of Prayer
Blessing and Adoration About knowing God
Petitions Rational discourse about God or things
Intercessions divine
Thanksgiving A theology is good if there is a good reason
Praise The science of God and of the relations
Contrition between God and the universe (systematic)
Why Do We Need To Pray?
God, our loving Heavenly Father, want us to 3 Classifications:
communicate with Him through Prayer.
1. Supernatural
When Do We Need To Pray? God → angels (their sins are unforgivable
because of their high intellect – even higher than
As much as we want and as much as we can man) → fallen angels
2. Natural
Postures Morals and values (our sins are forgivable)
Sitting 3. Preternatural
Standing Spirits we don’t know (folklore)
Kneeling Possessed & beings made due to the existence
With one’s face to the ground of evil
With hands lifted up
Early Christian Theology
Agnesian Must-Knows A. The Apostolic Era
1. Morning Praise The Apostles, chosen by Christ, played a
A Christian practice of beginning the day central role in disseminating the teachings
with prayer, acknowledging God’s presence, of Christ.
offering the day’s activities and challenges to The Apostles were considered as
God, and seeking His guidance and blessings authoritative figures
throughout the day o Convey the message of Jesus
accurately
2. Lectio Divina
Began as Benedictine monastic tradition B. Early Ecumenical Councils
Latin for divine reading Existed due to Heresy (false teaching)
Reading and meditating on a passage of
Scripture Council of Nicaea (325 CE) – Nicene Creed
Council of Ephesus (431 CE) – Hypostatic Union
5 Steps: Council of Chalcedon (451 CE) – Two Natures of
Christ
a. Preparatio (Preparation)
b. Lectio (Reading)
c. Meditatio (Reflect) *Jesus is 100% Human and 100% Divine.
d. Oratio (Pray)
e. Contemplatio (Rest in God)
 C. Foundation of the Christian Canon (New C. Sacraments
Testament) Sacrament of Sacrament Sacrament of
The writings of Early Christians were Initiation of Service Healing
collected and evaluated for their authenticity Baptism Holy Order Reconciliation
and theological soundness Anointing of
o New Testament - forms a crucial Confirmation Matrimony
the Sick
part of Roman Catholic scripture Eucharist

Patristic Theology D. Authority

a. Role of the Pope
1. The study and interpretation of Christian b. Magisterium
doctrine, beliefs, and practices as developed • College of Bishops gather at
and articulated by the early Christian Vatican to elect the New Pope
theologians, known as the Church Fathers
E. Mariology
a. Role of Mary
b. Marian Doctrines
Key Figures
• Immaculate Conception
1. St. Augustine of Hippo – Original Sin and • Mary, Mother of God
Problem of Evil • Assumption
2. St. Jerome – Translation of the Bible • Perpetual Virginity
o Original language of the Bible: Armaic
and Greek
o St. Jerome translated it to Latin which
was the dominant language back then. Approaches to Theology
3. St. Athanasius – Defender of the Divinity of
Christ Four Approaches
Scholasticism Biblical
Exegetical
What can’t be seen
Systematic
A philosophical and theological system that
dominated medieval European thought,
Historical
particularly during the High Middle Ages
Biblical Theology
How what we believe about God is revealed
Characteristics: in the scripture.
The unfolding revelation of God during a
1. Rigorous Reasoning
2. Integration of Faith and Reason particular Era.
3. Use of Dialectical Method
4. Focus on Authority
5. Key Figures Historical Theology
a. St. Thomas Aquinas (Summa Discussion of the theology of the great
Theological) theologians over the course of time.
b. St. Anselm of Canterbury (Ontological
Agreement)

Key Theological Concepts:

A. The Nature of God
a. Trinity
b. Divine Attributes

*God is omnipotence (all power), omniscient (all

knowing), omnibonum (all good).

B. Salvation and Atonement

a. Original Sin
b. Role of Jesus Christ
Exegetical Theology
The meaning of Scripture from which our Ecclesiology
theology is derived. The Doctrine of the Church

Systematic Theology Eschatology

Biblical + Historical + Exegetical The Doctrine of the Last Things/The
Express what Christians are to believe, do, Future
and be today based on Scripture.
Limitations of Theology
Practical Theology
How we apply our Christian beliefs to daily Three Limitations
living.
Imperfect methods of study
Inadequate language
Doctrines of Theology Incomplete knowledge

Doctrine Why is theology necessary?

A particular belief held and taught by the Theology is important because it helps
Christian Church. people think and talk about their beliefs
in God and the meaning of life. It gives
Theology Proper guidance on big questions like what's right
The Doctrine of God and wrong. It can also bring people from
different religions together to talk and
Bibliology understand each other better.
The Doctrine of the Bible Is theology relevant in our lives? Why?
It is more than merely getting to know the
Anthropology doctrines and practices of the Catholic
The Doctrine of Man in Relation to God Church which seem to have no connection
with the experiences of people today.
Christology Knowledge of theology may not only be
useful to persons who have institutional
The Doctrine of Jesus Christ functions in the Church but also to ordinary
Catholics.
Soteriology
The Doctrine of Redemption/Salvation
Credits to: Ethan Clark D. Manila’s RS 1 Reviewer (2023)

SCHOLASTICISM

Rigorous Reasoning QUINQUE VIAE – 5 WAYS OF PROVING GOD’S

Integration of Faith and Reason EXISTENCE BY THOMAS AQUINAS
Use of Dialectical Method
Focus on Authority The Quinque Viae represent Aquinas' attempt
Key Figures to reconcile faith and reason, demonstrating
o St. Thomas Aquinas (Summa that belief in God can be supported through
Theologica) rational inquiry and observation of the natural
o St. Anselm of Canterbury (Ontological world.
Argument)
1. ARGUMENTUM MOTUS This necessary being is identified as
GOD AS THE UNMOVED MOVER God.
God, as the necessary being, is the
“MOTION” reason why contingent beings exist
Everything in the world is in a state of and continue to exist.
motion or change.
An object in motion is set in motion by 4. ARGUMENTUM A GRADU ENTIUM
something else. GOD AS THE PERFECT BEING
This chain of motion cannot regress
infinitely; it must have had a starting “DEGREES”
point. In the world, things possess varying
There must be a “First Mover” or an degrees of goodness, truth, nobility, and
“Unmoved Mover” that initiated all perfection.
motion. To measure these degrees, there must
This unmoved mover is identified as be a standard or source of maximum
God. goodness and perfection.
God, as the unmoved mover, is the This standard is identified as God, the
ultimate source of all motion and perfect being.
change in the universe. God, as the source of all goodness
and perfection, serves as the
2. ARGUMENTUM A CAUSIS EFFICIENTIBUS reference point by which we
GOD AS THE UNCAUSED CAUSE recognize degrees of goodness in
this world.
“CAUSE”
Everything in the world is caused by
something else, creating a chain of 5. ARGUMENTUM A FINE
cause and death. GOD AS THE INTELLIGENT DESIGNER
This chain of causation cannot regress
infinitely; there must have been a first “DESIGN”
cause. The natural world exhibits intricate
There must be an uncaused cause, order, purpose, and design.
which is the ultimate source of all This order and design cannot be the
causation. result of random chance but imply an
This uncaused cause is identified as intelligent source.
God. The presence of design in the natural
God, as the uncaused cause, is the world suggests the existence of an
foundation of all causes and effects intelligent designer.
in the universe. God, as the intelligent designer, is
responsible for the order and
purpose observed in the universe.
3. ARGUMENTUM A POSSIBIILI ET NECESSE
GOD AS THE NECESSARY BEING
St. Thomas Aquinas' Quinque Viae are five arguments
“NECESSARY” aimed at demonstrating the existence of God through
In the world, some things exist but are observations of motion, causation, necessity, gradation
not necessary; their existence is of being, and design in the natural world.
contingent.
If everything were contingent, there
would have been a time when nothing
existed.
To avoid this, there must be a necessary
being – one that must exist and cannot
exist.
 NEO-SCHOLASTIC CATHOLICISM

History:

1. OCTOBER 9, 1958 – Pope Pius XII dies

2. OCTOBER 28, 1958 – Pope John XXIII is elected as
the Supreme Pontiff
3. ECUMENICAL COUNCIL – worldwide gathering of
bishops of the Vatican

They discussed that the Church needs to

change through integrating real-life application
into the Scriptures.

4. 1962 – 1965: IN ATTENDANCE

2,000 Bishops and Leaders of Major Catholic
3 FUNDAMENTAL MISTAKES Orders
Bunch of Theological Experts
1. SKEPTICISM Lay People involving 20 Women
Too much reason Non-Catholics
2. FIDEISM
Faith is excessive
3. MYSTICISM
Interpreting everything in the light of the INCULTURATION (general to specific)
Supernatural
Reinterpretation of faith and indigenous
Bad Faith
categories of a people, their ideas and
*Faith – the assent / agreement to the revelation of God terminology.
& “to believe”

5. JUNE 3, 1963 – Pope John XXII dies

6. JUNE 21, 1963 – Pope Paul VI elected as the
Supreme Pontiff continued presiding Vatican II

Changes Made In Vatican II:

1. Embracing Technology
2. Universal Call to Holiness
3. Christian Unity
4. Scripture
5. Eucharist
THE SECOND VATICAN COUNCIL 6. Renew the Church
Focuses on MODERNISM
o The Church keeps up with the
changing world
o Implies to PASTORAL MODERNISM
▪ Last
▪ Least
▪ Lost

*Back then, the First Vatican Council was traditional and

functioned as a Church.
(Vibar, 2023)

4 Pivotal Documents

1. LUMEN GENTIUM (Light of Nations)

Deals with the life of Catholics with in the Church
itself

2. GAUDIUM ET SPES (Joy and Hope)

Pastoral Constitution on the Church in the
Modern World
Relationship of the Church in the Contemporary
Situation

3. SACROSANCTUM CONCILIUM (Sacred

Council)
Importance, relevance, and re-orientation of
worship within Catholicism at the modern time

4. DEI VERBUM (Word of God)

Dogmatic Constitution on Divine – revelation