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Offices of St. Catherine of Alexandria. A Study of Parchment Fragments from Swedish

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Grajewski Czesław
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Grajewski Czesław: Offices of St. Catherine of Alexandria. A Study of Parchment
Fragments from Swedish National Archives (Riksarkivet), Liturgia Sacra. Liturgia -
Cytuj tę wersję / Cite this version
Musica -Ars, Uniwersytet Opolski , vol. 59, no. 1, 2022, pp. 287-315,
DOI:10.25167/ls.4818
 Liturgia Sacra 29 (2022), nr 1, s. 287–315
DOI: 10.25167/ls.4818

Czesław Grajewski
Cardinal Stefan Wyszyński University in Warsaw
ORCID: 0000-0002-2692-8232

Offices of St. Catherine of Alexandria

A Study of Parchment Fragments from Swedish National Archives

(Riksarkivet)

Oficja o św. Katarzynie Aleksandryjskiej

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Studium fragmentów pergaminowych

w Szwedzkim Archiwum Narodowym (Riksarkivet)

Abstract

The Swedish National Archives (Riksarkivet) houses the largest collection of parchment
books’ fragments in Northern Europe (ca. 23 000), a great number of which is liturgical. Out
of them a little over 5 000 were available online as of 2020. The author of this article isolated
67 fragments containing texts and chants of the Liturgy of the Hours in honour of St. Cath-
erine of Alexandria. By the time of the Council of Trent numerous Offices of St. Catherine
were created, out of which four became the most widely represented. These four Offices are
characterized with a high degree of diversification, which can serve as a clue during prov-
enance studies of the respective fragments.

Keywords: St. Catherine of Alexandria, Manuscript, Office Hours, Liturgy.

 288 Czesław Grajewski

Abstrakt

Spośród ponad 5000 fragmentów ksiąg pergaminowych dostępnych online w Szwedzkim

Archiwum Narodowym w Sztokholmie wyizolowano 67, które zawierały teksty poświęco-
ne św. Katarzynie Aleksandryjskiej. Fragmenty te udało się przyporządkować do następują-
cych oficjów: Virginis eximiae, Inclita sanctae virginis, Ave virginum gemma, Ave virgo spe-
ciosa. Zauważono także jeden fragment oficjum wspólnego o dziewicach, które stosowane
było w liturgii na wczesnym etapie rozwoju kultu św. Katarzyny. Kolejne pięć fragmentów
zawiera teksty katarzyńskie, jednak ze względu na znikomość materiału analitycznego nie
udało się ustalić, do którego oficjum należą.

Słowa kluczowe: św. Katarzyna Aleksandryjska, rękopis, oficjum godzin, liturgia.

Research on liturgical work dedicated to St. Catherine of Alexandria shows

vast richness of repertoire, especially in the area of the liturgy of the Canonical
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Hours. The first Office of St. Catherine (passio, not preserved) was composed
in the first half of 11th century by a Benedictine monk named Ainard (Aenardus,
Ainardus, Aynardus, d. 10781), a monastic liturgist and musician2. This informa-
tion can be found in Historia Ecclesiastica chronicle, by an English historiogra-
pher Ordericus Vitalis (c. 1075 – c. 1142). The following Offices start appearing
towards the end of 12th century and in the early 13th century, with creative pro-
cesses still thriving in mid-15th century (locally even longer), bearing good fruit
and, first and foremost, being a testimony of a dynamic development and sustain-
ability of the Sinai Virgin’s cult.
By the time of the Council of Trent (practically, by the end of 16th century),
numerous versions of one main Office, as well as several other ones, were created.
The most widely represented ones, and at the same time the earliest ones, are the
following four Offices:

Virginis exmimiae3;

1
Biographical Index of the Middle Ages, vol. I, ed. B. Wispelwey, München 2008, p. 104.
2
V. Gazeau, Normannia monastica, vol. 2 Prosopographie des abbés bénédictins (Xe–XIIe
siècle), Caen 2007, p. 299–300.
3
Catherine Offices are characterised by an unusual feature. Namely, whole sets of chants (anti-
phons and responsories) are interchangeable between particular Offices. It leads to serious difficulties
in classifying particular pieces. Offices beginning with the antiphons Virginis eximiae or Inclita sanc-
tae virginis but also Ave gemma claritatis, Ave virginum gemma, Passionem gloriosae, Prudens virgo
lampadae are basically variants. This is one of the reasons why Analecta Hymnica is not an exhaustive
 Offices of St. Catherine of Alexandria 289

Ave virgo speciosa4;

In bello victus5;
Gratulemur in honore6.

Each of these Offices has its own distinctive chants, which can be an identifying
criterion during provenance studies of the manuscripts.
Out of 5000 fragments of parchment sheets preserved in the resources of the
Swedish National Archives (Riksarkivet)7, 67 fragments containing breviary chants
of St. Catherine were isolated and analysed. Obviously, there are more fragments in
Riksarkivet containing chants in honour of St. Catherine, but these are parts of mis-
sals, graduals, lectionaries, collectaries, sequentiaries, i.e. books whose repertoire
is outside the scope of this paper. Fragments of books of the Liturgy of the Hours
containing only hymns or breviary readings, but no indicative chants (antiphons,
responsories, invitatories, etc.), have not been analysed either.
Overall, the analytical material was divided into four main groups, depending
on the variant of the Office and the condition of sheets (classical Latin spelling
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of the titles):
1. Grand Office
1.1. Virginis eximiae
1.2. Inclita sanctae virginis
1.3. Ave virginum gemma
1.4. Remaining fragments of the Grand Office
2. Ave virgo speciosa
3. Office common of virgins
4. Fragments of unidentified Offices of St. Catherine

The Grand Office (Officium magnum) can be described as such because it is

represented in the largest number of sources in several variants. The principle ac-
cording to which the first antiphon of Vespers is also the title of the whole office

source of knowledge about Offices of St. Catherine. The Office Virginis eximiae/Inclita sanctae virgi-
nis seems to be proper to France, but obviously it is present all over Europe.
4
The biggest concentration of this Office is in the Germanic areas.
5
This is an Office without first antiphons of Vespers. The first Matins antiphon begins with the
words In bello victus. This is an Office present almost exclusively in sources of Norman provenance.
6
This office is typical of the liturgy of Liège.
7
The author examined exclusively fragments available online. However, Riksarkivet houses the
largest collection of medieval books’ fragments in Northern Europe, ca. 23 000 fragments, most
of which are liturgical. J. Brunius, From Manuscripts to Wrappers. Medieval Book Fragments in the
Swedish National Archives, Stockholm 2013, p. 11.
 290 Czesław Grajewski

does not apply to Catherine Offices. A considerable number of chants can be found
in various Offices. Moreover, whole groups of antiphons/responsories are present
in particular sub-types. For example, a group of antiphons Passionem gloriosae,
appearing in one breviary in Lauds, can be present in another one in Vespers. This
is why we can, and we should, speak of one Office with a high degree of diver-
sification. Thus, it seems appropriate to call it ‘Grand’, considering its absolute
domination among all other Offices of St. Catherine, as well as its presence all over
Europe (in various repertoire variants). After these methodological remarks, we
should take an attempt at classifying these 67 parchment fragments and assigning
them to respective types listed above.

1. Officium magnum, variant Virginis eximiae

It is the most frequent variant of the Office, where the 1st Vespers begin with the
title antiphon Virginis eximiae. This Office is common in liturgical books, both in
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cathedral (saecularis) and monastic forms, practically in the whole of Europe. Out
of the fragments present in Riksarkivet, ten were isolated that definitely contain
chants from this Office. These are: Fr. 8936 (12th –13th c.), 23320 (13th – 14th c.),
22567 + 22569, 426 and 22251 (all from 14th c.), 11338 (15th c.), 29802 (15th/16th
c.) as well as two fragments with undetermined dating 22250 and 29781. In all
of them, the beginning of the 1st Vespers was preserved, thus there is no difficulty
in recognising and classifying them.
Two fragments 22567 and 22569 are two subsequent pages of one breviary
(474). It is proven by the text of the invitatory, which begins on one page and fin-
ishes on the next one: Adoretur virginum rex in saeculorum saecula virgini qui Ca-
tharinae con(22569)tulit caelestia. To make the Office complete, two more pages
are missing that contain responsories of the 2nd and 3rd Nocturne, the whole Lauds
as well as the 2nd Vespers. They could not be found in Riksarkivet resources.
Seven fragments represent cathedral form8 (8936, 23320, 22567 + 22569, 426,
22250, 22251), one – monastic form (29802). Nothing certain can be said, how-
ever, about the two remaining fragments (11338, 29781) due to scarcity of analyti-
cal material.
Nearly all fragments of the Office Virginis eximiae with cathedral form rep-
resent the most common version, i.e. the one where the fifth Vespers antiphon is

8
The cathedral form (cursus cathedralis) means five Vespers antiphons as well as three Noc-
turnes, each with three antiphons and three responsories in Matins.
 Offices of St. Catherine of Alexandria 291

O quam mirificis Deus ordinat. In this light, two fragments, 14799 and slightly later
23320, seem unique. Their distinctive feature is the fifth antiphon Aures inclina
nostris precibus. This piece has not been confirmed in other sources so far, so it
is highly probable that it was created locally. One should not, however, fall into
temptation of associating both fragments with each other, as in spite of the antiphon
text being identical, the melodic layer exhibits substantial difference: In the earlier
fragment, the melody of the antiphon is composed in the FA modus with the added
psalm cadence Lauda Ierusalem in the 5th tone:

The later fragment includes this antiphon in the 1st modus (transposed) with the
psalm cadence also in the 1st modus:
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The antiphon concluding Vespers is included in seven fragments, while in two

other fragments it has not been preserved due to defective sheets. In five cases it is
the commonly present chant Inclita sanctae virginis, but in 22251 from 14th cen-
tury and 7896 from 13th century10 it is Prudens et vigilans virgo. Again, one may
conclude that these sources are unique liturgically, since this antiphon as an ad
Magnificat chant was not registered in medieval European sources.
In the case of Fr. 29802, an antiphon ad Magnificat is Ave gemma claritatis.
This is not uncommon – it often happens, especially in the Offices Ave virgo
speciosa and Inclita sanctae virginis, and sporadically in others, too. This distinc-
tive difference is justified by the monastic provenance of the antiphonary, which
is shown by four antiphons in Vespers, despite their melodies written in Gothic
script (rhomboid noteheads) in 5-line staves. The Catherine repertoire included
in the described above sheets is illustrated in Table 1 (classical Latin spelling in
all tables; only antiphons and responsories in all tables. List of chants at the end
of the article).

9
Fragment 1479 does not have preserved first antiphon. Probably, it might have been Virginis
eximiae, but there is no certainty.
10
In Fr. 7896 in Vespers there are only one collect and three canticle antiphons recorded. Thus,
there is no certainty whether we are really dealing with the variant of Virginis eximiae.
 292 Czesław Grajewski

Tab. 1. Grand Office chants (variant Virginis eximiae)

Fr 22567 (Br 474) 14th c.

Fr 22569 (Br 474) 14th c.

Fr 22251 (Ant 232) 14th

Fr 29781 (Ant 346) ? c.

Fr 29802 (Ant 365) 15-
Fr 23320 (Br 1020) 13-

Fr 22250 (Br 279) ? c.

Fr 8936 12-13th c.

Fr 11338 15th c.
Fr 426 14th c.
14th c.

16th c.
c.
I Vesp.
an1 a48 a48 a48 a48 a48 a48 a48 a48
an2 a23 a23 a23 a23 a23 a23 a23 a23
an3 a15 a15 a15 a15 a15 a15 a15 a15
an4 a24 a24 a24 a24 a24 a25 a24
an5 a36 a06 a36 a36 a36
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r r21 r21 r21 r21 r20

Magnificat a28 a28 a28 a28 a43 a07 a28

Compl.
an a10

Matutinum
inv i02 i02 i02 i02 i01 i02

I Nocturn
I an1 a50 a50 a50 a28 a50
I an2 a45 a45 a45 a22 a45
I an3 a46 a46 a46 a32 a46

I r1 r13 r13 r13 r13

I r2 r10 r10 r10
I r3 r05 r05

II Nocturn
II an1 a17
II an2 a31
II an3 a12
 Offices of St. Catherine of Alexandria 293

Tab. 2. Grand Office chants (variant 2. Officium magnum, variant Inclita sanctae
Inclita sanctae virginis) virginis

Fr Fr Fr This variant is the second most frequently

8304 20106 8201 represented one in sources. In Riksarkivet, its
(Ant (Ant (Ant traces were found in three fragments belonging
49) 49) 49) to the Antiphonary 4911, according to the bib-
15th 14th 15th liographic description available in 2020. These
c. c. c. are: Fr. 20106 (14th c.), Fr. 8201 (15th c.) and Fr.
I Vesp. 8304 (15th c.).
an1 a28 a28 Contradiction in the dating of these frag-
r r20 ments aside, we can see that only two fragments
Magnificat a07 can be associated with each other: 20106 and
8201. The first argument is the continuity of the
Matutinum text of the second antiphon of the 1st Nocturne:
inv i01 (20106) Specie corporis decora nimis enituit
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h sed fide (8201) pulchrior sponso superno pla-

cuit. The second argument is the structure of lit-
I Nocturn urgy. It is impossible, in one antiphonary, for
I an1 a50 the same Office to begin twice: De sancta Kath-
I an2 a45 a45 erina super psalmos feriales. Beyond doubt, Fr.
I an3 a46 20106 and 8201 are compatible, but Fr. 8304 is
a part of another manuscript, although certainly
I r1 r13 written by the same hand.
I r2 r10 The fragments of the Office Inclita sanctae
I r3 r05 virginis which have been preserved in Rik-
sarkivet do not exhibit any distinctive features
II Nocturn that could differentiate them from other Euro-
II an1 a17 pean sources. However, it is worth mentioning
II an2 a31 that these are sheets most likely originating in
II an3 a12 Germany or in the Baltic states

11
There are more fragments of the Antiphonary 49 preserved in Riksarkivet, but since they do not
contain chants of St. Catherine, they remain outside the scope of this paper.
 294 Czesław Grajewski

3. Officium magnum, variant Ave virginum gemma

This Office, infrequent in liturgical books, is not an independent type, either.

It is a variant of the Grand Office, which can be proven by the lists of: Matins
antiphons (Virgo sancta Catharina), Matins responsories (Nobilis et pulchra) and
Lauds antiphons (Passionem gloriosae). A distinguishing factor of this Office is the
first title antiphon of Vespers, Ave virginum gemma.
This Office has been identified in four fragments: 178, 23949, 29963 and
21956. The first three date back to 13th century and the last one to 14th – 15th
century. For the most part, they are small in terms of size: Fr. 178 contains only
the beginning of the first antiphon, Fr. 21956 and 29963 record only the 1st Ves-
pers. Only Fr. 23949, apart from Vespers, contains a fairly substantial fragment
of Matins and Lauds.
This Office is typical of the English Salisbury rite. Only Anglo – Saxon sourc-
es contain jointly the chant Ave virginum gemma as the first antiphon of Vespers,
the responsory O mater nostra and the antiphon ad Magnificat Inclita sanctae
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virginis. Such constructed Vespers were represented only in breviaries from the
British Isles12.
There are certain doubts as to the origin of Fr. 23949 and 29963, as the Vespers
responsory present there is different: Virgo flagellatur, which is only confirmed
in the breviary from Besançon (13th – 14th century)13. Nevertheless, it is too faint
of a trace to associate these sources with each other. If more Matins chants had
been preserved in both fragments, the conclusion could be more certain, as the
French breviary contains original chants, not found in any other source (e.g. re-
sponsory Ave festiva ferculi Salomonis, antiphon Beata virgo Dei Catharina con-
stante animo). Since these chants have not been found anywhere else except in the
Besançon breviary, it must be concluded that Fr. 23949 and 29963 are more likely
associated with England than with France.
Comparing the repertoire of Vespers in Fr. 23949 and 29963 with Fr. 21956,
one can conclude that either they do not represent the same liturgical tradition, i.e.
they come from different places (which seems more probable), or Fr. 21956 con-
tains liturgy that had already been slightly modified. The difference, apart from the

12
Among others, an English breviary London BL ms. Add 52359 (1300–1319), f. 462v; Breviary
from Norwich, London BL, ms. Stowe 12 (1322–1325), f. 334v; Welsh breviary, Aberystwyth, Lly-
frgell Genedlaethol Cymru, ms. 20541 E (1320 – 1390), f. 297r; Breviary from Salisbury, Paris
BNdF, ms. Lat 17294 (14th/15th c.), f. 663r; Breviary from Aberdeen, printed by Walter Chepman,
Edinburgh 1510, reprint Toovey, London 1854, f. 170v; Montréal, McGill University – Humanities
and Social Sciences Library, ms. CDN-Mlr 18 (uncertain dating), f. 23r.
13
Frauenfeld, Kantonsbibliothek Thurgau, ms. Y 24, p. 404.
 Offices of St. Catherine of Alexandria 295

Tab. 3. Grand Office chants (variant Ave virginum gemma)

Fr 29963 (Ant 492)

Fr 23949 (Br 1515)

Fr 21956 (Br 129)

Fr 178 [Link] c.

14-15th c.
[Link] c.

[Link] c.
I Vesp.
an1 a08 a08 a08 a08
r r21 r21 r15
Magnificat a28 a28 a28
Matutinum
inv i02
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I Nocturn
I an1 a50
I an2 a45
I an3 a46

I r1 r13
I r2
I r3

III Nocturn
III r3 r15
Laudes
an1 a39
an2 a42
an3 a19
an4 a52
an5 a44
Benedictus a11
II Vesp.
Magnificat a43
 296 Czesław Grajewski

responsory, can be seen in the prose, hymn and versicule. The prose Aeterne virgo
memoriae in Fr. 23949 appears at the end of Matins (nothing can be said about the
situation in 29963), but in Fr. 21956 it appears in Vespers. It is not easy to draw
any definite conclusions, though, as both options appear in English sources, even
simultaneously.

4. Remaining fragments of the Grand Office

Apart from the fragments mentioned above, Riksarkivet is in possession of 36

other ones which contain chants undoubtedly belonging to Officium magnum.
However, due to the lack of the first antiphon of Vespers, it is difficult to precisely
determine the variants. These are (chronologically): Fr. 23262 (12th c.), 23969 (12th
–13th c.), 5795, 3498, 24549 (all from 1st half of 13th c.), 1479, 6169, 6958, 7896,
20900 + 2090214, 24972, 25010, 29874 (13th c.), 22740, 5885 + 5913 (13th –14th
c.)15, 6173 + 617416, 6284, 10980, 22067, 22090, 22779, 30888 (all from 14th c.),
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1836, 4051 (14th –15th c.), 1707, 7668, 9988, 10602 (all from 15th c.). Furthermore,
five fragments were preserved in Riksarkivet without determined dating: 22476 +
2247517, 22507, 23385 and 23550.
The fact that the fragments 20902 and 20900 (in this order) are pages of one
Antiphonary (205) can be proven by the continuity of the responsory in the 3rd
Nocturne: (20902) Horrendo subdenda rotarum machinamento virgo Deum clamat
(20900) caelum tonat angelus astat… The fact that Fr. 5885 and 5913 belong to
one book can be proven by the continuity of the text of the second breviary reading
(5885) Hinc ve(5913)hementi dolore. The complementarity of the fragments 6174
and 6173 (in this order) can be attested by the prose text Aeterno virgo memoriae
at the end of Matins.
All these fragments of the Grand Office exhibit cursus saecularis form. Most
of them contain typical chants which are not indicative of their provenance. Never-
theless, there are a number of fragments that are worth noting:
1. Fr. 23262 contains the antiphon ad Nunc dimittis Ave virgo speciosa.
Generally, it is rare for Completorium chants to be placed in the books
of the Liturgy of the Hours. If Completorium is present, most often the

14
Two subsequent fragments of the Antiphonary 205.
15
Two subsequent fragments of one breviary.
16
Two subsequent fragments of one breviary.
17
Two fragments of the Breviary 410.
 Offices of St. Catherine of Alexandria 297

antiphons Ordo puellarum or Voce cordis et oris appear as an antiphon

ad Nunc dimittis. The antiphon Ave virgo speciosa, on the other hand, is
found in German sources (Regensburg, Köln) but from a later period: 15th
and 16th centuries.
2. Fr. 3498 contains the antiphon Cum caetu angelico in the 3rd Nocturne. It is
an isolated case that could indicate local characteristics, as in all available
offices this chant is present in Cum caetu virgineo version.
3. Fr. 7896 represents a considerably reduced Office, but still, it exhibits the
continuity of the script. It practically contains only three canticle antiphons:
Prudens et vigilans virgo (ad Magnificat, 1st Vespers), Inclita sanctae virgi-
nis (ad Benedictus) and Quia devotis laudibus (ad Magnificat, 2nd Vespers).
All these chants were widely spread. However, the liturgical moments in
which they were performed provoke reflection. For instance, placing Pru-
dens et vigilans at the end of the 1st Vespers in Fr. 7896 and 22251. Simi-
larly, the antiphon Inclita sanctae virginis placed at the end of Lauds in
Fr. 7896 and 6169. Such solutions are not to be found in medieval books,
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thus it is worth examining the connections between Fr. 6169, 7896 and
22251 further. The last of these three, Quia devotis laudibus is nowhere
to be found at the end of the 2nd Vespers. Moreover, the collect Deus qui
in summitate in Fr. 7896 has an unusual form, most closely resembling
the version from the Benedictine manuscript from Evreux18. Thus, it seems
almost certain that Fr. 7896 could represent local liturgical tradition which
does not have its counterpart in other centres in Sweden.
4. Fr. 1479, apart from the mentioned antiphon Aures inclina nostris precibus,
contains more puzzling details. For instance, the hymn Catharinae collau-
demus has a melody different from other sources. Moreover, the antiphon
ad Magnificat Ave virgo Catharina ave is not present in medieval sources,
or at least its presence has not been indicated so far. Due to defective page,
the whole piece cannot be reconstructed, but it can be said that it is a unique
chant. Most of text of the antiphon could be deciphered: A(ve virgo? Katha)
rina caeli regem huc incli(ta) …. Adiuva mundi rerum a..v(…) sublevetur
animus caeli cho(rus …) Katerina te laudantes cum (glo)ria prece viva
petimus.
Five fragments point to the association with the liturgy of Normandy. This as-
sociation is visible in three features:

18
Evreux, Bibliothèque Municipale, ms. lat. 120, f. 379v (after 1228).
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298

inv

I r3
I r2
I r1
an5
an4
an3
an2
an1

II r3
II r2
II r1
I an3
I an2
I an1

II an3
II an2
II an1
Magn.
Matut.
Tab 4a

I Noct.
I Vesp.

II Noct.
?
i02
Fr 23262 (Br 974) 12th c.

r21
r08
r16
r05

a31
a17
a46
a45
a50
Fr 23969 (Br 1532) 12-13th c.

r05

a12
a31
a17
Fr 3498 1. half 13th c.

r21
?
Fr 5795 1. half 13th c.

r08
r16
Fr 24549 (Br 1976) 1. h. 13th c.

r21
Tab. 4. Remaining fragments of the Grand Office

i02
Fr 1479 13th c.

r15

a46
a45
a50
a09
a06
a24
a15
a23
Fr 6169 13th c.

i02
Fr 6958 13th c.

r16
r05
r10

a12
a31
a17
a46
a45
a50
Fr 7896 13th c.

a43 Fr 20902 (Ant 205) 13th c.

r21
r08
r16
r05
r10

a12
a31
a17
Fr 20900 (Ant 205) 13th c.
i02
Fr 24972 (Br 2308) 13th c.

r05
a46
a45
a50
Czesław Grajewski
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an
an5
an4
an3
an2
an1
III r3
III r2
III r1

Magn.
Tab 4a

III an3
III an2
III an1

Bened.
Laudes

II Vesp.
III Noct.
Fr 23262 (Br 974) 12th c.

r06
a18
a27
a21
Fr 23969 (Br 1532) 12-13th c.

Fr 3498 1. half 13th c.

r06
a18
a27
Offices of St. Catherine of Alexandria

Fr 5795 1. half 13th c.

Fr 24549 (Br 1976) 1. h. 13th c.

r15
r17
r06

a11

a43
a44
a52
a19
a42
a39
a18
a27
a21
Fr 1479 13th c.

Fr 6169 13th c.

r15
r17
r06

a43
a28
a44
a52
a19
a42
a39
a18
a27
a21
Fr 6958 13th c.
Tab. 4a cont. Remaining fragments of the Grand Office

Fr 7896 13th c.

a44
a28
Fr 20902 (Ant 205) 13th c.
a18
a27
a21

Fr 20900 (Ant 205) 13th c.

r15
r17
r06 r06

a11

a43
a44
a52
a19
a42
a39
Fr 24972 (Br 2308) 13th c.
299
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300

inv

I r3
I r2
I r1
an5
an4
an3
an2
an1

II r3
II r2
II r1
I an3
I an2
I an1

II an3
II an2
II an1
Magn.
Matut.
Tab 4b

I Noct.
I Vesp.

II Noct.
Fr 25010 (Br 2327) 13th c.

r05
r10
r13

a12
a31
a17
a46
a45
Fr 29874 (Ant 427) 13th c.

Fr 22740 (Br 586) 13-14th c.

i03

r13
a04

a46
a45
a50
Fr 5885 13-14th c.
Tab. 4b Remaining fragments of the Grand Office

r16
r10
Fr 5913 13-14th c.

Fr 6174 14th c.

r08
r16
r05

a12
a31
a17
Fr 6173 14th c.

i03
a28
a36

a45
a50
r07?
a09?
Fr 6284 14th c.

Fr 10980 14th c.

r08
Fr 22067 (Br 210) 14th c.

r10
Fr 22090 (Br 220) 14th c.

r08
r16
Czesław Grajewski

Fr 22779 (Br 621) 14th c.

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an
an5
an4
an3
an2
an1
III r3
III r2
III r1

Magn.
III an3
III an2
III an1
Tab 4b

Bened.
Laudes

II Vesp.
III Noct.

r14

a43

a08
a52
a19
a42
a39

a37?
Fr 25010 (Br 2327) 13th c.
Offices of St. Catherine of Alexandria

Fr 29874 (Ant 427) 13th c.

r17
Fr 22740 (Br 586) 13-14th c.

Fr 5885 13-14th c.

a11

a43
a44
a52
a19
a42
a39
Fr 5913 13-14th c.
Tab. 4b cont. Remaining fragments of the Grand Office

r15
r17
r06
Fr 6174 14th c.

a11

a43
a44
a52
a19
a42
a39
Fr 6173 14th c.

Fr 6284 14th c.
r15
r17
r06

Fr 10980 14th c.

Fr 22067 (Br 210) 14th c.

Fr 22090 (Br 220) 14th c.

Fr 22779 (Br 621) 14th c.

301
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302

inv

I r3
I r2
I r1
an5
an4
an3
an2
an1

II r3
II r2
II r1
I an3
I an2
I an1

II an3
II an2
II an1
Magn.
Matut.
Tab 4c

I Noct.
I Vesp.

II Noct.
Fr 30888 (Br 308) 14th c.

r21
Fr 1836 14th c.

Fr 4051 14-15th c.

Fr 1707 15th c.

r21
r08
r16
a12
a31
a17
Tab. 4c Remaining fragments of the Grand Office

Fr 7668 15th c.

Fr 9988 (Br 1224) 15th c.

Fr 10602 15th c.

r21
Fr 22475 (Br 410) ? c.

i02

r10
r13
r21

a46
a45
a50
a28
a36
a24
a15

Fr 22476 (Br 410) ? c.

a12
a31
Fr 22507 (Br 421) ? c.

r09
r07

Fr 23385 (Br 1067) ? c.

r16
r05

a12
a31
a17
Fr 23550 (Br 1182) ? c.
Czesław Grajewski
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an
an5
an4
an3
an2
an1
III r3
III r2
III r1

Magn.
III an2
III an1

III an3

Bened.
Laudes

II Vesp.
III Noct.

r15
r17
r06
a18
Fr 30888 (Br 308) 14th c.

r15
r17
r06

a19 a19
a42 a42
a18
a27
a21
Fr 1836 14th c.
Offices of St. Catherine of Alexandria

r15
r17
r06

a39 a39 a39

a18
a21
a27
Fr 4051 14-15th c.

a08
a43
a44
a52
a19
Fr 1707 15th c.

Fr 7668 15th c.

r15

a11

a39
a44
a52
a19
a42
Tab. 4c cont. Remaining fragments of the Grand Office

Fr 9988 (Br 1224) 15th c.

a11

a07 a07
a44
a52
a19
a42
a39 a39
Fr 10602 15th c.
a18
a27
a21

Fr 22475 (Br 410) ? c.

Fr 22476 (Br 410) ? c.

Fr 22507 (Br 421) ? c.

Fr 23385 (Br 1067) ? c.

303

Fr 23550 (Br 1182) ? c.

 304 Czesław Grajewski

a. The 1st Matins responsory In civitate Alexandrina present in numerous Nor-

man sources19, but also in some Germanic monastic ones 20.
b. The very distinctive invitatory Laudetur Dominus Sabaoth included in three
fragments: 5885, 6284 and 838521. This invitatory is clearly visible in books
from Normandy, including the oldest ones. In Fr. 6284 the text appears as
follows: (Laudetur Dominus Sabaoth cui) nomen (est) agnus. Per (q)uem
(s)acrilegum vicit Katheri(n)a tyrannum.
c. Two antiphons of the 3rd Nocturne: Ac Katherina Deum servat and Post
haec carnifici present in Fr. 24574. These chants in the Norman books ap-
pear in Lauds. It is difficult, however, to definitely claim that this fragment
contains chants of the Grand Office.

5. Office Ave virgo speciosa

First off, one methodological remark: This Office is not a variant of the Grand
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Office; it is a separate piece with proper chants. There are eight fragments in Rik-
sarkivet that contain the Office Ave virgo speciosa: Fr. 8385 (2nd half of 12th c.),
23097, 29683 (12th –13th c.), 2089, 9986, 24598 (13th c.), 312 (14th –15th c.) and
8284 (15th c.).
This Office is characterised by three pieces: the title antiphon at the beginning
of the 1st Vespers, the 1st Matins antiphon Virgo regalis and the antiphon opening
Lauds Aeterno regi caelo. These chants make it possible to identify the Office even if
the opening antiphons of the Office are not present. This is the case of six fragments:
312, 2089, 8284, 9986, 23097 and 29683. The antiphon opening Vespers in the oldest
Fr. 8385 (Ave gemma claritatis) is misleading as the subsequent chants preserved in
this fragment undoubtedly belong to the Office Ave virgo speciosa. This fragment has
already been discussed in the context of the Norman tradition.
At least two fragments out of those mentioned above exhibit cursus monasticus.
The first one is Fr. 312, of Benedictine provenance. Two chants present there: the anti-
phon ad canticum Concentus suaves et cantica laudis and the responsory Multi lumen
de paganis may point to associations with the liturgy of Normandy, as both chants are

19
E.g.: Napoli, Biblioteca Nazionale, ms. XIII.G.24 (12th/13th c.), f. 6v; Bayeux, Bibliothèque du
Chapitre, ms. 74 (13th c.), f. 418r, Paris, BNdF, ms. lat. 750 (13th c.), f. 240r, Le Mans, Bibliothèque
Municipale, ms. 188 (13th c.), f. 456r.
20
E.g. Engelberg, Stiftsbibliothek, ms. 102 (12th c.), f. 146r; Karlsruhe, Badische Landesbiblio-
thek, ms. Aug perg 60 (12th/13th c.), f. 190r.
21
Fr. 8385 contains chants from the Office Ave virgo speciosa.
 Offices of St. Catherine of Alexandria 305

basically found in sources only from that area. The second fragment, with most prob-
ably monastic form and also showing associations with Normandy, is Fr. 29683. Nor-
man connections could be attested by the antiphon Mons legis Sina at the end of the 2nd
Vespers, which is frequently observed in sources from Normandy.
Fr. 8284 from 15th century is, in turn, very typical of the Teutonic liturgy (Ordo
Teutonicorum). This fragment belonged to an antiphonary originating in the State
of the Teutonic Order (currently Poland). There are two strong arguments for this
thesis:
1. Distinctive psalm ending of the 3rd tone:
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It had not been rendered precisely in the manuscript, but it has to be remem-
bered that euouae formulas in antiphonaries often were not written down precisely.
In other Teutonic sources this ending takes the correct form22:

This ending is rarely found in diocesan or monastic books; however, interest-

ingly enough, it is frequently observed in Teutonic antiphonaries.
2. Double indication of the memorial of St. Elisabeth of Thuringia is an even
stronger argument for the Teutonic provenance of Fr. 8284. This indication was
placed for the first time at the end of Lauds: Oratio ut supra. Memoria Petri Ale-
xandrini et beate Elyzabeth. For the second time, at the end of the 2nd Vespers:
Oratio ut supra. Memoria beatae Elyzabeth per antiphonam Gaude caelum, oratio
Tuorum cor.
22
E.g. Darmstadt, Universitäts und Landesbibliothek, ms. 872 (c. 1300), f. 193r; Praha, Knihovna
Národního Muzea, ms. XIII.A.7 (1412), f. 249v; Pelplin, Seminary Library, ms. L6 (1419), f. 93r (see
photo).
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306

inv

I r4
I r3
I r2
I r1
an5
an4
an3
an2
an1

I an6
I an5
I an4
I an3
I an2
I an1
Tab 5

Matut.

I Noct.
I Vesp.

Magnif.

i03

r22
a07
Fr 8385 2 half 12th c.

r18 r18
a32
a22 a22
Fr 23097 (Br 858) 12-13th c.

Fr 9986 13th c.
Tab. 5a. Office Ave virgo speciosa

i02 i02

a49 a49 a49 a49

a07 a07
a28
a36
a24
a48
a10
Fr 24598 (Br 2014) 13th c.

Fr 24574 (Br 1998) 13th c.

Fr 2089 13th c.

r22
r05
r03
r13
a13
a33
a14
Fr 312 14-15th c.

Fr 8284 15th c.
Czesław Grajewski
 Offices of St. Catherine of Alexandria 307

Tab. 5b. cont. Office Ave virgo speciosa

Fr 23097 (Br 858) 12-13th c.

Fr 24598 (Br 2014) 13th c.

Fr 24574 (Br 1998) 13th c.

Fr 8385 2 half 12th c.

Fr 312 14-15th c.
Fr 9986 13th c.

Fr 2089 13th c.

Fr 8284 15th c.
II Noct.
II an1 a21
II an2 a27
II an3 a18
II an4 a29
II an5 a30
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II an6 a47
II r1 r18
II r2 r19 r19
II r3 r17 r02 r02
II r 4 r21
ad Canti- a 16
cum
III Noct.
III an1 a29 a29
III an2 a01 a30
III an3 a41 a47
III r1 r04 r04 r06
III r2 r15 r20 r12
III r3 r14? r14 r17
III r4 r14
 308 Czesław Grajewski

Tab. 5c. cont. Office Ave virgo speciosa

Fr 23097 (Br 858) 12-13th c.

Fr 24598 (Br 2014) 13th c.

Fr 24574 (Br 1998) 13th c.

Fr 8385 2 half 12th c.

Fr 312 14-15th c.
Fr 9986 13th c.

Fr 2089 13th c.

Fr 8284 15th c.
Laudes
an1
an2 a05
an3 a02
an4 a26
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an5 a38
Bened. a43
II Vesp.
an a03
Magnif. a51
memoria a20

The memorial of St. Peter, the bishop of Alexandria is not surprising; in li-
turgical calendars, still from the 1st half of 15th century, his memorial was joined
with St. Catherine’s. Whereas the celebration of St. Elisabeth on 25th November
is indicative of the celebration of the whole octave (from 19th to 26th November).
This Saint was honoured to the highest degree in the Teutonic liturgy as one
of the main patronesses of the Order. Unfortunately, the fragment 8284 does
not include the 1st Vespers, so it is not known which antiphon the 1st Vespers
began with. It is known, though, that in Teutonic books created before the mid-
dle of 15th century the Office of St. Catherine began with the antiphon honouring
St. Elisabeth (sic!) Dominus Elyzabeth induit. The occurrence of the celebration
of St. Catherine and St. Elisabeth is a reliable provenance indication of the Teu-
tonic liturgy.
 Offices of St. Catherine of Alexandria 309

6. Office common of virgins

Apart from proper Offices of St. Catherine, especially at the initial stage of the
development of her cult, the Office common of virgins and martyrs was performed
in some places. One fragment (22850) has been preserved in Riksarkivet that docu-
ments this phenomenon. It is a fragment of Breviary 677 from 12th century, so it is
definitely an early one. Unfortunately, the script of this Office was reduced to the
most widely spread version of the collect Deus qui dedisti legem Moysi in summi-
tate montis Sinai. A similar situation can be observed in Fr. 22381 (see below), as
well as in a large number of early sources from various centres in Europe.

7. Fragments of unidentified Offices of St. Catherine

Finally, five other fragments should be noted which undoubtedly contain chants
of St. Catherine, but could not be assigned to any particular Office. These are: Fr.
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20293, 22381, 24574, 24621 (all from 13th c.) and 20059 (from 14th c.). The first
of these fragments contains almost complete Lauds and the 2nd Vespers, whose rep-
ertoire might lead to the conclusion that they belong to the Grand Office, but it
is not certain. As to Fr. 24574, it could be supposed that it is a part of the 2nd and
3rd Nocturne of the Office Ave virgo speciosa, due to the presence of the antiphon
Machina paenalis, but it is only a supposition. Two sheets of the Breviary 302
(13th c.)23 should be also categorised as unidentified fragments. These, however,
are outside the scope of this paper, as they do not contain any chants, but only parts
of breviary readings, though certainly dedicated to 25th November.
The dating of Fr. 22381, without a risk of major error, can be moved to the be-
ginning of 13th century and thus it can be acknowledged that this fragment was cre-
ated in the early period of the development of St. Catherine’s cult in Sweden. For it
does not include Office chants yet, but only a collect. It is a similar situation to Fr.
22850. Interestingly, the version of the text of this collect – not very frequent (Deus
qui in summitate monte Sinai legem dedisti Moysi)24 – is identical to Fr. 7896. It is

23
In Riksarkivet, this fragment was tagged with two signatures: 8423 and 30887, but these are the
same page.
24
The most frequent form of the collect: Deus qui dedisti legem Moysi in summitate montis Sinai
et in eodem loco corpus beatae Catharinae virginis ac martyris tuae per sanctos angelos tuos mira-
biliter collocasti, concede propitius, ut eius meritis et intercessione ad montem qui Christus est per-
venire valeamus. Per eundem Dominum… A comparative study of the texts of this collect (unfortuna-
tely in Polish) see: Cz. Grajewski, Kolekta o św. Katarzynie Deus qui dedisti legem Moysi. Źródła,
struktura, przemiany, „Liturgia sacra” 26, 2020, 1, p. 189–214.
 310 Czesław Grajewski

Tab. 6. Fragments of unidentified Offices of St. Catherine

Fr 24574 (Br 1998) 13th c.

Fr 24621 (Br 2037) 13th c.

Fr 20293 (Ant 113) 13th c.

Fr 20059 (Ant 32) 14th c.

Fr 22381 (Br 357) 13th c.
Tab. 6

Matut.
I Noct.
I r1 r13
I r2
I r3
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II Noct.
II r1 r19
II r2 r06
II r3 r17

III Noct.
III an1 a29
III an2 a01
III an3 a41
III r1 r04
III r2 r15
III r3 r14? r15
Laudes
an1 ?
an2 a42
an3 a19
an4 a52
an5 a44
Bened. a43
II Vesp.
an a39
r15 vel
r r06
Magnif. a11
 Offices of St. Catherine of Alexandria 311

possible that in the centres where both books were created, the cult of St. Catherine
stemmed from a common source (Fig. 1 and 2).

Fig. 1. Stockholm, Riksarkivet, Fr. 7896. Collect of St. Catherine

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Fig. 2. Stockholm, Riksarkivet, Fr. 22381. Collect of St. Catherine

 312 Czesław Grajewski

Recapitulation

The analysis of the fragments of Offices of St. Catherine that are preserved in
the resources of Riksarkivet in Stockholm (over 5000 available online 2020) has
shown that they predominantly contain universal repertoire, i.e. such as in numer-
ous medieval European sources, belonging to the general legacy of the Catholic
Church. However, in some cases, the researchers’ attention is drawn to the place-
ment of a popular chant (most often an antiphon) in a different liturgical moment
than it can be observed in most books from outside Sweden. Such phenomenon
could indicate non-uniformity of the liturgy of the day of St. Catherine in indi-
vidual centres in Sweden. Undoubtedly, also a small number of chants must be
noticed that are characteristic because they have not been identified anywhere
outside Sweden. All this supports a thesis that the cult of St. Catherine, at least in
some Swedish centres, developed independently of traditions established in other
countries.
Generally, in the fragments from Riksarkivet, the Grand Office of St. Catherine
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predominates in two variants: Virginis eximiae and Inclita sanctae virginis. This is
not surprising, as these are Offices widely spread all over Europe. Moreover, the
preserved fragments prove the reception of English influences in the form of the
Office Ave virginum gemma (four fragments), which is typical of the English rite
of Salisbury25. Eight fragments contain chants from the Office Ave virgo speciosa,
most frequently observed in German areas. Some association with Normandy can
also be noticed (in the form of chants typical of that area), but it is not dominating.
Thus, it can be assumed that the parchment fragments from Stockholm represent
at least four liturgical traditions manifested in the repertoire of the chants of the
Liturgy of the Hours for the day of St. Catherine. This attests greater liturgical vari-
ety in Sweden than, for example, in Finland, where two traditions of Offices of St.
Catherine could be identified26.
No chant, however, has been identified in Riksarkivet that could indicate the
presence of the Office Ave gemma claritatis. This infrequent variant can be ob-
served in French sources, as well as those from Central Europe. No traces of the
Office Gratulemur in honore could be found either, typical of the church in Liège,

25
Associations between English and Swedish centres can be attested by fragments of liturgical
books, even 11th-century missals, rituals, which have been preserved in Swedish collections. J. Bru-
nius, From Manuscripts to Wrappers, p. 50–51, 57.
26
I. S. Taitto, Catalogue of medieval manuscript fragments in the Helsinki University Library.
Fragmenta membranea IV:1, Antiphonaria. Text, Helsinki 2001, p. 166.
 Offices of St. Catherine of Alexandria 313

where it was present until the end of 18th century. Interestingly enough, a fragment
of this Office was found in neighbouring Norway27.
Abundant research material has been collected in Riksarkivet, Stockholm, in
the form of parchment fragments of liturgical books. It is important that a surpris-
ingly large number of them comes from books written in the earliest period of the
development of St. Catherine’s cult, i.e. in 12th century and at the beginning of 13th
century. This cultural heritage has been meticulously secured and studied, which
deserves appreciation. Finally, it would be proper to express hope that this pa-
per will contribute to shedding more light onto the image of the medieval Liturgy
of the Hours in Sweden.
transl. by Tomasz Książczak
approv. by Małgorzata and Christopher Benson
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Bibliography (no liturgical sources):

Wispelwey Berend. Ed. 2008. Biographical Index of the Middle Ages. Vol. 1. München: K.G. Saur
Verlag 2008.
Brunius Jan. 2013. From Manuscripts to Wrappers. Medieval Book Fragments in the Swedish Nation-
al Archives. Stockholm: Kungl. Vitterhetsakademien.
Gazeau Véronique. 2007. Normannia monastica. Vol. 2: Prosopographie des abbés bénédictins (Xe–
XIIe siècle). Caen: Publications du CRAHM.
Grajewski Czesław. 2020. “Kolekta o św. Katarzynie Deus qui dedisti legem Moysi. Źródła, struktura,
przemiany”. Liturgia Sacra 26 (1): 189–214.
Taitto Ilkka Sakari. 2001. Catalogue of medieval manuscript fragments in the Helsinki University
Library. Fragmenta membranea IV:1. Antiphonaria. Text. Helsinki: Helsinki University Li-
brary.

Czesław Grajewski Professor of Humanities, Director of Institute of History of Art, Head of Artistic
Culture Unit at the Cardinal Stefan Wyszyński University in Warsaw. e-mail: graczes@[Link]
Czesław Grajewski profesor tytularny nauk humanistycznych, dyrektor Instytutu Historii Sztuki
UKSW, kierownik Katedry Kultury Artystycznej.e-mail: graczes@[Link]

27
Oslo, Arkivverket, fragm. 569,1–2; 681,15–16.
 314 Czesław Grajewski

Index of main chants:

Antiphons a39 Passionem gloriosae

a01 Ac Catharina Deum servat a40 Percussa gladio dat
a02 Ad laudes vigilem a41 Post haec carnifici
a03 Aeterno regi caelo a42 Post plurima supplicia
a04 Amica Dei Catharina a43 Prudens et vigilans
a05 Atria Ierusalem a44 Quia devotis laudibus
a06 Aures inclina nostris precibus a45 Specie corporis decora
a07 Ave gemma claritatis a46 Traditur ergo a patre
a08 Ave virginum gemma a47 Virginis ex oleo
a09 Ave virgo Catharina ave a48 Virginis eximiae
a10 Ave virgo speciosa a49 Virgo regalis fidei
a11 Benedictus Dominus Rex a50 Virgo sancta Catharina
a12 Caesar electos convocat a51 Voce cordis et oris
a13 Caesar ut invictam a52 Vox de caelis/caelo intonuit/insonuit
a14 Caesaris intrepide
a15 Coepit amare Deum Invitatory
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a16 Concentus suaves et cantica laudis i01 Adoremus virginum regem

a17 Cum adhuc esset/Cum esset adhuc i02 Adoretur virginum Rex
a18 Cum caetu virgineo/Cum caetu ange- i03 Laudetur Dominus Sabaoth
lico
a19 Exspecto pro te gladium
a20 Gaude caelum (ad s. Elizabeth) Responsories
a21 Gloriosam virginem r01 Caesar electos convocat
a22 Haec Dominum caeli r02 Christus sanctam tenebroso
a23 Haec mundum spernens r03 Cogit Caesar Christi
a24 Hanc pius in propriam r04 Corpus virgineum
a25 Iam Christi thalamum r05 Haec quinquagenos oratores
a26 Ignibus exstinctis r06 Horrendo subdenda
a27 Illa Deo dum agit r07 Iam Christi thalamum
a28 Inclita sanctae virginis/Inclita sanctae r08 Impius hanc Caesar
Catharinae virginis
a29 Machina paenalis r09 In civitate Alexandrina
a30 Martyr ut oravit r10 Martyrium sitiens
a31 Maxentius instat r11 Maxentius instat
a32 Membra Redemptoris r12 Multi lumen de paganis
a33 Non cedens monitis r13 Nobilis et pulchra
a34 O Christi pietas r14 O Christi pietas
a35 O mater nostra ter sancta r15 O mater nostra/O martyr nostra
a36 O quam mirificis Deus r16 O quam felices per te
a37 O virgo (?) r17 Percussa gladio dat
a38 Ordo puellarum r18 Sancta virgo Catharina
r19 Sponsa Christi gloriosa
Pobrano z [Link] / Downloaded from Repository of Cardinal Stefan Wyszyński University in Warsaw 2024-07-18

Offices of St. Catherine of Alexandria

r21 Virgo flagellatur

r22 Virgo prudens et electa
r20 Surge virgo et nostras sponso
315